Subordinating connection
Subordination, or subordinating connection- the relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.
In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - like dependent.
The linguistic concept of “subordination” is preceded by more ancient concept- “hypotaxis”.
Features of subordinating communication
To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between the parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without prejudice to general content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.
The significant difference between a subordinating connection (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogical unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal nature of means of expression, Secondly .
Subordination in phrases and simple sentences
Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences:
- coordination
- adjacency
Subordination in a complex sentence
The subordinating relationship between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is made using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. Difficult sentence with such a connection is called complex. The independent part in it is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.
Types of subordinating connection in a complex sentence:
- allied subordination
- subordination of sentences using conjunctions.
I don't want the world to know my mysterious story(Lermontov). - relative subordination
- subordination of sentences using allied (relative) words.
The moment came when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov). - indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
- submission using interrogative relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate part with the main part, in which the explained subordinate clause a member of a sentence is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of statement, perception, mental activity, feelings, internal state.
At first I couldn’t realize what exactly it was(Korolenko). - sequential submission (inclusion)
- subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to, the second subordinate clause, etc.
I hope that this book says quite clearly that I was not shy about writing the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter). - mutual submission
- mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, in which the main and subordinate clauses are not distinguished; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm by the governor(Gogol). - parallel subordination (subordination)
Notes
Links
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See what a “Subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries: The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence: one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent one. New textbook
, execution of the plan, answer correctly. see coordination, control, adjacency; IN… … A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Compositional connection, see essay...
Dictionary of linguistic terms A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Compositional connection, see essay...
A connection of words that serves to express the interdependence of the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection. Coordination… The connection that arises between the components of a complex sentence. Contents 1 Description 2 Types syntactic connection
3 Notes... Wikipedia Subordinating relationship, formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (words, sentences) from another. On the basis of P., syntactic units of two types of phrases and complex sentences are formed. Word (in... ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
This article or section describes a certain linguistic phenomenon in relation only to the Russian language. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages and typological coverage... Wikipedia
- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main part and the subordinate clause. The subordinating relationship in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is main part assumes... ... Wikipedia audiobook
In which there is a subordinating or coordinating connection, they differ significantly from similar phrases and simple sentences. Further in the article we will consider the main differences between the mentioned structures.
General information
If we talk about phrases and simple sentences, then it is fair to note that a subordinating relationship can only appear in the first version, while coordinating type is more often used in the second. IN the latter case the task of transformation into a common construction is performed, creating series of homogeneous members. IN complex structures coordinating and subordinating connections do not have such sharp differences. This is due to the fact that the same statement can be formulated using conjunctions of both types.
First difference
The use of composition and subordination helps to identify the semantic relationships that exist in simple and complex formulations. At the same time, there is a difference in the very structure of the utterance. Thus, the coordinating connection does not create such clear boundaries. When using the second type of connection, parts of the utterance are highlighted, indicating the need to pay more attention to a certain fragment of the message.
Thus, we can say that those used in different options conjunctions differ in the way they reveal connections in expressions. In the case of a subordinate relationship, such types of relationships as concessional, conditional-effect and cause-and-effect take on an unambiguous form. Moreover, they are expressed by conjunctions “although”, “because”, “if”. A coordinating connection in a sentence allows you to use the same conjunction. It is represented by the connecting element “and”. But there are situations when the coordinating conjunctions “a” and “but,” which are usually considered contrastive, can give the statement a connotation of concession, condition, consequence, comparison and contrast. In expressions that have the form of an incentive, conjunctions can create a condition in the message, which in a subordinating clause is expressed by the elements “if (the particle “not” is allowed instead)... then.” Some interaction is found between composition and submission due to the fact that they cannot be considered absolutely opposite concepts.
Second difference
In complex constructions, coordinating connection is an important independent element. But in simple structures Its task is to determine the relationships between members of a homogeneous sequence. In addition, a coordinating connection is included in a simple construction in order to enrich the statement with additional members. This is how it is transformed into a widespread one. In multi-part structures, coordinating communication is more important.
Third difference
If we compare subordination and composition with non-union, then the last two types of connection have much in common. This is explained semantic relation inside the structure. Thus, the coordinating connection reveals them in expression to a lesser extent. However, let's compare them in more detail. The coordinating connection is not only syntactic, but also in a lexical way interactions. Thus, the relationships that arise between phrases do not have specific meaning, but only receives a certain characteristic. Coordinating conjunctions can also be combined with subordinating and various lexical elements. This creates a variety of syntactic constructions. As examples of a conjunction, we can cite various combinations of auxiliary parts of speech “and”, “here”, “a”, “well”, “therefore”, “therefore”, “means”. Subordinating conjunctions do not need additions, since they themselves can create clear boundaries for semantic segments.
Special cases
If a coordinating or non-union connection does not allow one to fully study the relationships that exist in these sentences, then it is necessary to turn to additional factors. They may be general structure statements, as well as introductory words, particles, various pronouns, phrases present in it. In addition, moods and tense forms can highlight individual parts and indicate their features. IN allied structures the meaning of condition and consequence is more noticeable when interaction occurs imperative mood in the first sentence (in the case of a complex formulation, this means its main part) and other moods or other forms of tense found in the second element (in the subordinate part).
Fourth difference
In complex sentences, the subordinating relationship is less multifaceted than in phrases and simple phrases. There are cases when part of the meaning complex design, formed from a set of simple ones, is not realized. This may be due to the fact that there is likely to be a contradiction in the meaning of the subordinating conjunction, as well as its complete change. An example would be the connector "when". It is used in subordinating clauses. Its main value is the time indicator. However, if the main part of the sentence describes any feelings, emotions or someone's state, then this union may turn from temporary into investigative. When something is evaluated in a subordinate clause, trying to determine importance or significance, the “when” element acquires the target meaning. In addition, this union may have comparative value and carry an indication of inconsistency.
If dependent word answers the question how? and is an adverb, then the adjacency connection is used in the phrase. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Agreement is a subordinating relationship in which the dependent word agrees with the main word in the form of gender, number and case. A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence.
Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, then you have control. When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. IN complex interaction two organisms, to distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility.
See what a “subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:
Examples: writing poetry, faith in victory, satisfied with the answer. This pair of words should not be written out, since the grammatical bases in which the words are connected coordinating connection, that is, equal, are NOT a phrase. The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence: one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent one. Subordination is a subordinating relationship, a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another.
PARATAXIS - linguistic. the coordinating connection of two or more clauses within one complex sentence; connection between parts of a sentence. All types of subordinating connections: control, coordination, reflection, adjunction express the dependent position of one word in relation to another. The subordinating relationship is most often expressed using various inflectional suffixes of number, case, and possessive suffixes.
Sometimes the gender, number and case of nouns associated with management are the same, so in such cases it is possible to confuse management with agreement, for example: the director of a college. If the dependent word does not change, then this is a phrase with management: from the director of the college - to the director of the college. Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in a phrase is the main one and which is the dependent one, for example: slightly sad, I like to eat.
In phrases in the form of a verb + infinitive, the main word is always the verb, and the dependent word is the infinitive. Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences. In count grammar basics sentences are divided into simple (one grammatical stem) and complex (more than one grammatical stem).
You mean: Now I saw that the rain had stopped↓, ↓ that the cloud had moved on.↓ By the way, I listened to this option for myself - at first glance, it seems possible. 1. There cannot be a descending phrase in the middle of the SPP - otherwise the intonation of the enumeration, and with it the coordinating connection, will be preserved. They also write about this on the Internet. When the main word changes, the dependent word also changes.
In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. 1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another. We determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. 3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.
I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. Mom called ambulance, and we went to the regional hospital. Subordination is characterized by irreversible relationships between parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without damaging the overall content. Examples: little boy, summer evening; our doctor, on Lake Baikal. Examples: female astronaut, excellent student. 4](word order, lexicality and intonation).
The independent part in it is called main part, and the dependent one is a subordinate clause. Suddenly, the insidious prisoner stunned me with the handle of a pistol, as you might guess (uncommon introductory sentence, where the highlighted words are subject and predicate), my own pistol."
Example 2. SPP: NOW AND I SAW THAT THE RAIN IS ENDED, THE CLOUD IS GOING FURTHER. There are three types of subordinating relationships between the main and dependent words in a phrase: agreement, control and adjacency. In a complex sentence, a subordinating relationship exists between the main and subordinate clauses. Students and the examiner are not collocations, because the connection between words is coordinating, not subordinating (that is, it is impossible to distinguish between the main and dependent words).
Phrase.
Using the site, you can easily learn to determine the type of subordinating connection.
Subordinating connection is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main one (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).
Collocation is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically.
green eyes, writing letters, difficult to convey.
In a phrase, the main word (from which the question is asked) and the dependent (to which the question is asked) are distinguished:
Blue ball. Relax outside the city. Ball and rest are the key words.
Trap!
The following are not subordinating phrases:
1. Combination independent word with official: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing;
2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: beatscrew around, play the fool, headlong;
3. Subject and predicate: night has come;
4. Compound word forms : lighter, will walk;
5. Groups of words united by a coordinating connection: Fathers and Sons.
Video about types of subordinating connections
If you like the video format, you can watch it.
There are three types of subordinating connections:
| connection type | what part of speech can a dependent word be? | what question is asked to the dependent word |
| agreement (when the main word changes, the dependent word changes): seashore, reading youth, first snow, my home |
adjective, participle, ordinal number, some categories of pronouns | Which? Questions may vary by case! |
| control (when the main word changes, the dependent word does not change): | noun or pronoun in oblique case with or without preposition | questions indirect cases(who? what? - about whom? about what?) Remember! The prepositional case form of a noun can be an adverbial form, so adverbial questions are asked for these forms (see below) |
| adjacency (dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech!): listen carefully, walk without looking back, soft-boiled egg |
1. infinitive 2. participle 3. adverb 4. possessive pronouns(his, her, theirs) |
1. what to do? what to do? 2. doing what? what did you do? 3. how? Where? Where? where? When? For what? Why? |
Distinguish!
Her coat is an adjunction (whose), to see her is control (of whom).
In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. The personal pronoun answers the questions of indirect cases, and it participates in the subordinating connection - control, and the possessive answers the question whose? and is immutable, it participates in contiguity.
Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining.
Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. They may have same questions! If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, then you have control.
Algorithm of actions No. 1.
1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another.
2) Determine the part of speech of the dependent word.
3) Pay attention to the question you ask about the dependent word.
4) Based on the identified signs, determine the type of connection.
Analysis of the task.
What type of connection is used in the phrase BUILD MECHANICALLY.
We define the main word and ask a question from it: catch (how?) mechanically; catch – the main word mechanically – dependent. Determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question How? and is an adverb, then the connection is used in the phrase adjacency.
Algorithm of actions No. 2.
1. In the text it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.
2. If you need agreement, look for the word that answers the question Which? whose?
3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.
4. If you need to find a junction, look immutable word(infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).
5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.
Teacher's comments on the material being studied
| Possible difficulties | |
| It can be difficult to distinguish between a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous predicates and a complex sentence, especially if one of the parts complex sentence represents incomplete sentence. For example: I was late because I forgot my watch at home. | It should be remembered that homogeneous members Sentences can only be connected by coordinating conjunctions. Do not confuse a coordinating conjunction, which connects parts of a complex sentence, and a coordinating conjunction, which connects homogeneous members of a sentence: I was tired and lay down to rest. - the union binds homogeneous predicates; I was tired and I wanted to rest. - a conjunction connects parts of a complex sentence. If there is a subordinating conjunction in a dubious sentence, then you have a complex sentence, the second part of which is an incomplete sentence: I was late because I forgot my watch at home. I was in a hurry, but I was still late. |
| Can be confused with part of a complex sentence isolated member sentence, clarifying member of the sentence, introductory construction, comparative turnover. For example: Having rounded a high cape, the ship entered the bay. Many gases, such as hydrogen, are lighter than air. I think his name is Ivan. | Make sure that this is part of a complex sentence with an independent grammatical basis, and not any of the listed structures. It should be especially noted that the target phrase with the conjunction so is the subordinate part of a complex sentence, the grammatical basis of which consists of a predicate expressed by an infinitive: To memorize the poem, she read it out loud six times. |
| If subordinate clause turns out to be inside the main one, you can make a mistake in counting the number of parts of a complex sentence (in the answer options for a task of this kind, the number of parts of a complex sentence is sometimes indicated). | Find the grammatical bases of the sentences that make up the complex. There are exactly as many parts to a sentence as there are grammatical principles. For example: He quickly studied what was then known in the field of mathematics, and even began his own research. The basis of the first part: he studied and studied. The basis of the second part: what was known. Therefore, a complex sentence has two parts. |
| It can be difficult to determine the types of connections between parts of a complex sentence with different types of connections. For example: It was impossible to stop: as soon as I stopped moving, my legs were sucked in, and my footprints filled with water. | The type of connection is determined by the union. Find conjunctions that connect parts of a complex sentence. If there is no union between some parts, then the connection between them is non-union, if the union is coordinating or subordinating, then the connection is coordinating or subordinating, respectively. In the example given, the sentence consists of four parts. The first (it was impossible to stop) and the third (my legs were sucked in) are connected by a non-union connection, the second (as soon as I stopped moving) and the third (my legs were sucked in) are connected by a subordinating connection using a subordinating conjunction as soon as possible, the third and fourth (the footprints were filled with water) - a coordinating connection using the coordinating conjunction a. |
Difficult sentence. Types of Complex Sentences
In addition to simple sentences, complex sentences are often used in speech, with the help of which we express thoughts in more detail, connecting them with each other.
Complex sentences are sentences consisting of two or more simple clauses. Simple sentences as part of a complex sentence do not have intonation completeness, do not have own goal statements are combined in meaning and pronunciation into one whole.
The storm has already subsided, the wind has weakened.
As it comes back, so will it respond.
The frost was terrible, but the apple trees survived.
Simple sentences are combined into complex ones in two main ways. In allied complex sentences, parts are combined using intonation and conjunctions (or allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs). In non-union complex sentences, parts are combined only with the help of intonation (without conjunctions or allied words).
The sun is shining over the lake, and the glare is blinding your eyes(union).
Sentences with conjunctions and allied words are divided into two groups: complex sentences, complex sentences.
Compound sentences are those in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.
June turned out to be hot, and the windows in the houses were opened wide at night.
The fur coat was moth-eaten, but the mittens were like new.
Complex sentences are those in which one of the sentences is subordinate in meaning to another and is connected with it by a subordinating conjunction or union word. An independent sentence as part of a complex sentence is called the main one, and a dependent sentence, subordinate to the main one in meaning and grammatically, is called a subordinate clause.
If you're in Myshkin(adverbial clause), go to the Efimkins(The main thing).
I want to find a pebble(The main thing), which you don't have(adverbial clause).
Complex sentences with various types union and non-union communications
If a complex sentence consists of three or more parts, then some of them can be connected using coordinating conjunctions, others - with the help of subordinating conjunctions, others - without conjunctions. Such a sentence is called a complex sentence with different types union and non-union connections.
There was no one too strong vice in me that would have stood out more clearly than all my other vices, there was no picture-perfect virtue in me that could have given me some kind of picture-perfect appearance, but instead, in me there was a collection of all possible nasty things, a little bit of each, and in such a multitude that I have never seen before in any person. (N.V. Gogol).
(This is a complex sentence consisting of six simple ones, the parts of which are connected by subordinating, coordinating and non-conjunctive connections.)