Pope - term used to refer to rulers catholic church since its formation. The history of the papacy includes many truly great representatives of the Catholic Church - for example, Pope Gregory I the Great gave the world a calendar, which we all use to this day. Meanwhile, in the history of the papacy there is a lot of bloodshed - many representatives of the Catholic Church were brutally killed.
10. Pope Saint Peter
One of the disciples of Jesus Christ and the first followers of Christianity, the Apostle Peter aroused the wrath of the Roman Emperor Nero, who despised Christians and even blamed them for the Great Fire of Rome in July 64. The emperor ordered Peter to be captured, but the apostle managed to escape from Rome. During his wanderings, Peter had a vision of Jesus, who convinced the apostle to return to Rome and accept martyrdom. According to legend, Peter asked to be crucified on the cross to repeat the martyrdom of Jesus, but upside down, because he considered himself unworthy to die the same way as Jesus. Crucifixion upside down prolonged the suffering of Peter, who after his death was revered as the first Pope.
9. Pope Saint Clement I
'99
According to legend, Saint Clementius I was exiled from Rome to the quarries. Seeing the thirsty prisoners working in the quarries, Clement knelt down in prayer and saw a lamb on the hillside. After hitting the ground where the lamb stood, a spring began to emerge from under the ground with a hoe. clean water. Having seen a miracle, local residents and the prisoners turned to Christianity. Clementius was executed by the guards, who tied an anchor to his neck and threw the preacher into the sea.
8. Pope Saint Stephen I
Hieromartyr Stephen I served as Pope for only three years, becoming a victim of controversy within and outside the Catholic Church. Followers of the Catholic Church were divided over the issue of rebaptizing lapsed Catholics. At the same time, the Roman Emperor Valerian, once former ally Christians, but then turned away from them and began persecuting the church. The emperor's soldiers burst into the church while Stephen I was preaching, seizing the Pope and beheading him. The throne, stained with the blood of the Pope, was kept by the Catholic Church until the 18th century.
7. Pope Sixtus II
Shortly after the assassination of Pope Stephen I, Sixtus II was chosen as the new head of the church. At the same time, Emperor Valerian indicated that all Christians were obliged to participate in ceremonies in honor of the Roman gods in order to avoid conflict with the authorities. As Pope, Sixtus II could avoid participating in such ceremonies. Unfortunately, soon after this decree, the Roman emperor issued another one, condemning all Christian priests, deacons and bishops to death. Pope Sixtus II was captured by the emperor's soldiers while preaching and beheaded.
6. Pope John VII
The grandson of a senator and the son of a statesman, John VII became the first Pope from a noble family. John VII led the Catholic Church during the "Byzantine Papacy", when all Popes had to receive the approval of the Emperor of Byzantium. The killer of John VII was not the emperor and his minions, but the husband, who caught his unfaithful wife in bed with the Pope and beat John VII to death.
5. Pope John VIII
Most historians consider John VIII to be one of the greatest church leaders in the history of the papacy. The name of John VIII is associated primarily with political intrigues, of which the Pope himself ultimately became a victim. What exactly was the reason for the murder of John VIII - a conspiracy or simple envy of the riches of the church - is unknown. John VIII died at the hands of one of his relatives, who poisoned the Pope's drink and hit him on the head with a heavy hammer.
4. Pope Stephen VII
August 897
Pope Stephen VII is best known for the ritual execution of his predecessor, Pope Formosa. Formosus, who died under mysterious circumstances, was put on trial at the Corpse Synod, symbolically executed and thrown into the river. All orders of the former Pope were annulled. Unfortunately for Stephen VII, the Synod of Corpse caused a wave of discontent among the followers of the Catholic Church, as a result of which the Pope was first imprisoned and later executed by strangulation.
3. Pope John XII
In the eyes of most, the Pope is an inspiring leader, the personification of piety. John XII was not such a Pope. Soon after his election at the age of only 18, John XII literally went into all serious troubles - he was ordered to gambling, theft, political assassinations and even incest. Pope Leo VII tried to overthrow John after he transferred part of the lands of the Catholic Church to the German king Otto I, but John XII soon restored the rights to the papacy. The killer of John XII was a jealous husband who caught the Pope in bed with his own wife in his house.
2. Pope Benedict VI
June 974
Pope Benedict VI, who led the Catholic Church after the assassination of John XIII, was forced to deal with many of the problems created by his predecessor. During his reign, John XIII turned against himself many powerful enemies - representatives of noble families of Europe. Pope John was captured and sent into exile, but managed to return and take revenge on several of the enemies who sent him to prison. John XVIII ultimately died in his own bed, but his successor Benedict VI was not nearly as lucky. Just a year and a half after his election, Benedict VI was strangled by the priest Crescentius I, brother of Pope John XIII.
1. Pope John XXI
John XXI is known not only as the Pope, but also as a scientist and philosopher, who wrote several treatises on logic, philosophy and medicine. John XXI was immortalized in Dante's classic poem " The Divine Comedy" In August 1277, shortly after the completion of a new wing at the Pope's palace in Italy, part of a poorly secured roof collapsed onto the bed of the sleeping John XXI. Eight days later he died from his injuries.
List of popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica. Marble slab at the entrance to the sacristy in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican List of popes, divided by period, with annotations and indication of periods of reign. Note: Only in 384... ... Wikipedia
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- (lat. union) the merging of the Orthodox and Catholic confessions, and, on the one hand, the primacy of the pope, purgatory, the presence of the Holy Spirit and from the Son are recognized, on the other hand, the marriage of white clergy and worship is allowed native language, With… … encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE- BIBLIOGRAPHY [from Greek. βιβλίον book and γράφω I write] THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE, information about publications related to the complex of scientific theological disciplines. The term "bibliography" appeared in Dr. Greece and originally meant “rewriting books.”… … Orthodox Encyclopedia
- (Belorussian. Belarusian prozvishchy) were formed in the context of a pan-European process. The oldest of them date back to the end XIV beginning XV century, when the territory of Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, multi-ethnic and... ... Wikipedia
- (Latin Patrolology) a collection of works by Latin-speaking Christian authors, including 217 huge volumes, the first part “ Full course patrolology" (Patrologiae Cursus Completus), the second part of Patrologia Graeca. Published by Abbot Min... ... Wikipedia
- (from λιτός general and εργον business) the name of the most important of Christian services, existing, although not in the same form and meaning, among all Christian denominations and expressing the main ideas of the Christian worldview and the main goals... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
This is not the story of a young father with children, but Popes, which is already much more attractive.
Pope Pius XIII... I go to Wikipedia - oops... there was no such pope in the history of the Vatican. There was Pius HP, who supported fascist regime- not that...
A Pope Pius XIII, allegedly coming from the American Catholic Church, - fictional character. He lives in our time, next to today's life with its problems and technologies (homosexuality, abortion, MacBooks, selfies, Brodsky's poems and even a meeting with the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - such a grandfather, a little reminiscent of Patriarch Kirill, but less attractive. What they talked about , they didn’t tell us, but our patriarch left his dad under “Kalinka”...).
Yes... and a cigarette in your mouth or in your hands - constantly and everywhere (one after another).
I started watching the series and couldn’t stop, I realized that it was mine! I was captivated by the story, the surroundings, and of course the acting, the characters, especially the main character.
It must be difficult for a woman to pass by indifferently Jude Law (Pius XIII), which is confirmed by stories about his terrible popularity among the female audience of Hollywood. The result is noticeable: a bunch of children (five!) from three women.
Well, God be with them! He captivated me precisely in this role: smart, subtle, ironically sarcastic, hard and soft, saint and devil, ambitious and vulnerable, devilishly handsome, strong and weak at the same time, endlessly lonely... How this man combines anger, insolence, cruelty, arrogance, compassion, love, holiness!
A stunningly complex image, charismatic and cruel, evoking both sympathy and denial. He easily talks about sex and gender with colleagues, and uses slang words when communicating with high-ranking people.
The Pope is a saint, he has a gift: when he begins to earnestly talk with the Lord, miracles and strange things happen - people are cured, barren women give birth to children, and villains and selfish people get what they deserve.
He performed his first miracle back in adolescence, when his prayer addressed to heaven raised his friend's dying mother from her bed.
In addition, dad is also clairvoyant. He knows everything about his surroundings: it is impossible to hide anything from him.
It is very interesting to watch his constantly changing expression on his face and eyes (from strict, sometimes even evil, to a charmingly childish, mischievous or sly expression in them, accompanied by the same innocent childish smile). That mysterious smile of his...
By the way, how “modestly” he speaks about himself (in the scene with the Italian Prime Minister):
"A few weeks before the elections, Pope Pius XIII will appear to the people for the first time. The whole world will be excited: Pius XIII appears before them with his beautiful blue eyes and tender lips. A striking image - so bright that it literally blinds people."
It seems...
So one day a boy Lenny Belardo ended up in a shelter sisters mary- It is unknown why mom and dad brought him to the gates of the orphanage and left him there. They never appeared again, but Lenny dreams of meeting them. And from time to time (both in childhood and as an adult) they appear to him - either in dreams, or in dreams. However, the picture of these “meetings” still remains sad: the parents silently leave, again and again leaving him alone.
This is how he carries his burden of orphanhood through life, probably trying to understand how, why, why? Although sister Mary and friend Andrew somehow brighten up his life in their own way, trying to help him bear this heavy cross.
Mary raised him and prepared him for a career as a priest. When Lenny grew up, she handed him over to the influential American cardinal and theologian Michael Spencer, who was one of the likely candidates for the position of pope. But something strange happened. Lenny became the dad.
How did this young (by the standards of gray-haired cardinals) man become the head of the Vatican? According to Lenny himself, the Holy Spirit chose him for the role of pontiff, whom he himself frantically prayed for this... The gentlemen cardinals helped, judging that the young moderate American would become a convenient puppet in their hands and would fulfill their will. But that was not the case.
The elected Pope Pius XIII (Belardo received this name after ascending the throne) turned out to be a tough man and almost a tyrant. He begins “perestroika” - both within the papal department and in general in the politics of the Catholic Church.
He does not accept anyone's advice (especially the Secretary of State - an influential cardinal Angelo Voiello, other cardinals, even sisters mary, whom he invited to the Vatican and made him his secretary; he categorically refuses to go out in public; outside the palace no one has ever seen the pope’s face; does not allow himself to be filmed or photographed, creating an image of mystery and unattainability; prohibits the production and sale of various small items under its brand (magnets, key rings, pens, plates, notebooks, etc.). He is often harsh and cruel, easily getting rid of ideological opponents, for example, exiling to serve in Alaska and accompanying his decree with poems by Brodsky.
He does not hide his plans for the reform of the Holy See: how to treat God, the church, deviations from the commandments in the behavior of representatives of the papal throne, gay priests, celibacy, orphans, abortion and parents abandoning their children, new saints, religion...
All the clergy are shocked by Pius XIII, and not only in the Vatican, the church is losing parishioners - they are starting to grumble around.
But, as they say, the wrong person was attacked...
The scene of Pius XIII speaking to the cardinals in the Sistine Chapel is good; here are excerpts from his speech:
"Knock-knock, knock-knock...We are not at home. Brother cardinals, from this day we are not at home, no matter who knocks on our door. We are only for the Lord. From this day on, everything that was wide open, It will be closed.
...Conversion to Christianity - we have already done it, ecuminism - it happened, it happened. Tolerance - she no longer lives here - she was evicted, she vacated the house for a new tenant, who has completely different tastes for new decoration.
...We have been trying to reach others for many years. It's time to stop. We're not going anywhere. We are here because we are - what? - we are cement and do not move. We are the foundation, and the foundation is not moving anywhere.
...We don't have windows, we don't look at external world...we have no need to look at the outside world. Look there... What do you see? This door is the only entrance - small and extremely inconvenient, and everyone who wants to know us must figure out how to enter this door.
...Brother cardinals, we need to once again become inaccessible, unattainable and mysterious. This is the only way we will become desirable again, this is the only way stories about great love. The church does not need weekend believers. I want a story of great love, I want to see fanatics, because fanatics are love, everything else is exclusively surrogates, there is no place for them in the church (stunned cardinals)
...I only need absolute love and complete devotion to the Lord.
...our squares are filled with people, but there is no Lord in their hearts.
...sin will no longer be forgiven on demand...
You must obey Pius XIII.. There is no longer a place for gratitude in this church... from me for sure and from you too. I don't care about people's politeness and manners.
...I expect you to do what I told you to do - you must obey Pius XIII and nothing more. Hell awaits you for disobedience. Hell, which you may know nothing about. But I know. Because I created it myself. Right behind this door.
...I have been creating hell for you for the past few days, which is why I came to you late.
...I know that you will obey, because you have already realized that this pope is not afraid of losing believers if they are even a little unbeliever.
And this means that dad will not negotiate - not for any kind and with anyone. And you won’t be able to blackmail this dad. From this very day the word "compromise" is not in your vocabulary. I just deleted it. When Jesus willingly suffered on the cross, he did not compromise. And I won't go either."
After which he stuck out his leg (for a kiss). The stunned cardinals reached for this leg. And when the Secretary of State (his main opponent and adversary) hesitated (he could not bring himself to do it), the pope’s second leg helped him bend down and kiss the pope’s beautiful shoe.
The series is very beautiful: the interiors of St. Peter's Cathedral, the Pope's chambers and numerous courtyards and gardens of the Vatican, bright, colorful, chic costumes and decorations, elaborate outfits of the clergy, and all around are the little things we are used to - cigarettes, a phone in hand, a billiard cue...
Meanwhile, the series was filmed in many places, but not in the Vatican!
Eh, it’s a pity, the series ended quickly, and it ended on a dramatic note: Pius XIII came to Venice (in the hope that he would see his parents, who, as he found out, live here), went out to the people for the first time, and said another great speech, I saw a man and a woman, whom I supposedly recognized as parents, and how they were trying to quickly pass through the crowd of parishioners and leave... (in Once again!) Dad either faints or has a heart attack. He lies, reminiscent of Christ, who has just been taken down from the cross.
In the Middle Ages, there was a struggle for primacy between spiritual power and secular power. The emperors actively participated in the selection. Hundred Years' War in France and church schism weakened the influence of the Pope. It was only in 1929 that the pope was given back the opportunity to rule the Vatican City State.
IN modern times The election of the pope takes place at a meeting of cardinals. The Camerlengo, who is the temporary head of the College of Cardinals, announces the death of his predecessor. A conclave is convened and a new pope is elected. Until the pontiff is declared, the College manages affairs. The chosen dad changes his name and selects a number. For example, Julius I.
List of last popes, years of reign (beginning)
- Julius II - 1503 The first pope to be embalmed.
- Leo X - 1513 At the time of his election he did not have holy orders. Died at the age of 45.
- Adrian VI - 1522 Fought against the Reformation.
- Clement VII - 1523 The pontificate had many mistakes and failures.
- Paul III - 1534 Supported and developed sciences. I trusted astrologers and consulted them every time I made an important decision.
- Julius III - 1550 Restored holidays and carnivals in Rome.
- Marcellus II - 1555 Proficient in Latin, Greek and Italian languages. He was very erudite. He knew mathematics, architecture, astronomy and much more.
- Paul IV - 1555 The oldest pope at the time of election.
- Pius IV – 1559. Friendly and sincere. Founded the first theological seminaries.
- Pius V – 1566. A stern personality leading an ascetic lifestyle. Allowed torture and punishment.
- Gregory XIII – 1572 The last dad having illegitimate children. Introduced the Gregorian calendar.
- Sixtus V - 1585 Fought against banditry, drained swamps, tidied up streets and squares, built fountains.
- Urban VII - 1590. Struggling with smoking, died of malaria. Most short term(13 days).
- Gregory XIV - 1590 Was quiet and sickly.
- Innocent IX – 1591 Supported the policy Spanish king Philip II.
- Clement VIII – 1592 Wise statesman. He blessed coffee and contributed to the spread of the drink in Europe.
- Leo XI – 1605 Nicknamed “Lightning Pope.” He remained at the head of the church for 28 days.
- Paul V – 1605 Began his career as a lawyer. Strict and decisive, he defended the privileges of the church and sought to maintain the unity of the structure.
- Gregory XV - 1621 Issued a bull against magicians and witches. Papal elections were held by secret ballot.
- Urban VIII - 1623 Elegant and sensible, had refined taste. He patronized poets and financed the work of sculptors and artists.
- Innocent X - 1644 Condemned Jansenism.
- Alexander VII - 1655 Showed interest in architectural projects that later became masterpieces of the Baroque era.
- Clement IX - 1667 Treated people kindly and gave alms to the poor. Assisted in the construction of a musical theater.
- Clement X - 1670 Called to love each other, daily proving devotion to the Almighty through trust, generosity and prudence.
- Innocent XI - 1676 Engaged in charitable activities, helping the population during floods and plague. Banned gambling. He lived modestly.
- Alexander VIII – 1689 Reclaimed Avignon.
- Innocent XII - 1691 The last pope to wear a beard. Destroyed the practice of nepotism.
- Clement XI – 1700 Received doctorate in the field of law (canonical and civil). A subtle diplomat and peacemaker. During the reign, the Academy of Painting and Sculpture appeared.
- Innocent XIII - 1721 Reign calm and prosperous.
- Benedict XIII - 1724. An ascetic in life, he did not know how to govern. He discovered the Spanish Steps and was the founder of the University of Camerino.
- Clement XII - 1730 The 78-year-old pope, blind and ill, carried out reconstruction programs, built a port and advocated for the Roman and Orthodox Church reunited.
- Benedict XIV - 1740 Patronized scientists and artists.
- Clement XIII - 1758 Opponent of the Enlightenment. Indecisive and unsure.
- Clement XIV - 1769 Adopted a position of reconciliation between secular and ecclesiastical authorities. Eliminated the Jesuit order.
- Pius VI - 1775 Opposition french revolution contributed to the loss of Avignon and the county of Venescens.
- Pius VII - 1800. The agreement signed with Napoleon assumed the possibility of the state to interfere in the activities of the church (finance, land).
- Leo XII – 1823 Noble and modest. I could not appreciate the events of my time.
- Pius VIII - 1829 Recognized mixed marriages (Catholics and Protestants). Was poisoned.
- Gregory XVI - 1831 He was the last non-bishop to be elected pope.
- Pius IX – 1846 Proclaimed the dogma of the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary.
- Leo XIII - 1878 Doctor of Divinity, published 88 encyclicals.
- Pius X - 1903 Issued a decree stating that children were allowed to receive communion at the age of 7 (instead of 14).
If you analyze the list, you can see short terms of office. This is explained by soreness and old age. Some of them, taking honorable duty to stand at the head, sometimes did not understand the essence of their activities. But the wise, literate and far-sighted left a noticeable mark on history and religion. Honor and praise to those who thought about the development of the state, carrying out reforms and issuing special laws of honor.
The 266th Pope is an unusual person. He chose the name Francis first. Has a diploma in chemical engineering. I didn’t come to the church right away. Getting carried away humanities and received academic degree in philosophy, Jorge taught at the college. IN free time visited nightclubs and enforced discipline.
Not embarrassed by his work as a laboratory assistant and cleaner, Jose gradually approached the clergy. Leadership skills helped achieve our goals. Living modestly in a small apartment, the future dad wanted to achieve justice and equality. When, according to his status as a cardinal, he was entitled to a personal limousine with a driver, the choice was clear - to refuse.
Conclave convened in 2013, after the abdication Benedict XVI, proclaimed the name of the next pope. It turned out to be Jorge Mario Bergoglio. The decision of the majority of Argentine bishops showed the prestige of the candidate for international level. Francis was the first pope from the New World.
The motto for the coat of arms was a line from Matthew, which prompted the seventeen-year-old boy to desire to live according to the commandments of Christ and lead people. It talked about simple truths: to be useful to everyone, to endure insults, to avoid petty honors, not to seek own benefit and glory.
Popes, list and years of reign - many will find this information tedious and irrelevant. But analyzing the activities of the heads of the Catholic Church and simply identifying the special traits of leading personalities is sometimes useful and instructive.
Innocent III is the Pope who ruled the Roman Catholic Church from January 8, 1198 to June 16, 1216. Innocent the Third was one of the youngest and at the same time the most educated and influential pontiffs of the Medieval era. It was he who managed to establish the power of the church in Europe, expand the boundaries of the papal state and make 11 kings his personal vassals. A favorite saying of Innocent III was a phrase attributed by historians to Pope Gregory the Seventh: “The Pope occupies the middle between God and man. He is less than God, but he is higher than man.” Some historians consider Innocent III a wise and far-sighted ruler and reformer of the church, while others consider him a dictator in the papal tiara, who launched a crusade against Christians and contributed to the rise of the Inquisition. The truth, as always, is somewhere in the middle.
Innocent III: birth, education and first steps to the Papal throne
The one who ascended the mountain on January 8, 1198 Holy See and took the name Innocent III, was born into a noble family in Italy, in the commune of Gavignano (near the city of Anagna) and at birth received the name Lotario Conti, Count of Segni, Count of Lavagni. The exact year of birth of the future Pope is unknown - according to some sources, it is 1160, and according to others - 1161. Lothario's father was Count Trasimondo from the Conti family - the family from which 9 Popes came. Innocent III's mother, Clarissa Scotti, was born into a noble and influential Roman patrician family. But biggest role His uncle Paolo Scolari, better known as Pope Clement III, played a role in the formation of the future pontiff.
According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Lothario from childhood was distinguished by perseverance, determination and outstanding intellectual abilities. Like all children from noble families, he received elementary education at home. Then the future Pope studied theology at the University of Paris and jurisprudence at University of Bologna. Moreover, in Bolonia, Lothario’s teacher was Ugutius of Pisa himself - one of the most famous philologists and jurists of that time.
After completing his studies, Lothario Conti made a pilgrimage to Canterbury, to the cathedral, where Archbishop Thomas Becket was martyred in 1170. After returning to Rome, the future pontiff held various fairly high positions in the clergy and was known both among church ministers and among the laity as one of the best lawyers in Italy.
In September 1190, Pope Clement III elevated his nephew to the rank of cardinal. Since Lothario was only 30 years old at that time, he became one of the youngest cardinals in the Pope’s entourage, and many representatives high clergy treated him with prejudice. It is therefore natural that after the death of Clement III in 1191, the newly elected Pope Celestine III sent the young cardinal to perform spiritual service in Anagna.
However, historians also consider another reason for the disgrace of Cardinal Lothario Conti during the papacy of Celestine III. Celestine III belonged to the Orsini family, which was at enmity with the family of Lothario's mother. It is therefore possible that it was a family feud that prompted the pontiff to expel Cardinal Lothario from the Papal Palace.
Years of disgrace in Ananya
While living in Anagna, the future Pope most spent time in the library. He studied the works of previous rulers Roman Catholic Church, and also expanded his knowledge of jurisprudence. It was probably during these years that Lothario Conti read the treatise of Gregory the Seventh, which described 27 points of papal power. Based on the principles described in this treatise, Innocent III, during his papacy, built the relationship of the church with secular authorities. Also, according to historians of the XIX century, it was from the works of Gregory the Seventh that he drew the idea that the Pope takes the place of Christ on Earth.
In the period from 1191 to 1198, the future pontiff wrote hundreds of letters in which he described theological ideas and theories, and issues related to medieval law, and his thoughts on strengthening the role of the church in Europe. Some of these letters have survived, and from them historians have made an unambiguous conclusion that Innocent III was one of the most educated people that time.
Also, during his stay in Anagna, the future Pope wrote his most famous works– treatise “De Miseria Humanae conditionis” (Latin – “On the insignificance of human lot”).
Election to the throne and first reforms
On January 8, 1198, Pope Celestine III died, and on the same day the cardinals unanimously elected Lotario Conti as the new Pope. Moreover, the reason for such a decision by the supreme clergy of the church remains a mystery to this day. Some historians believe that Celestine III himself, just before his death, appointed the disgraced cardinal as his successor, while others argue that the cardinals chose Lothario for personal reasons, and Celestine III wanted to see Giovanni Colonna on the throne after himself. The ceremony of Lothario Conti accepting the papal tiara was very magnificent and was attended by both the nobility of Italy and the rulers of a number of European states.
Immediately after becoming pontiff, Innocent III started conduct internal reforms in the church. In particular, he strengthened and improved the bureaucratic apparatus, thanks to which he gained greater control than his predecessor both over the treasury and over high-ranking clergy who were not part of the pontiff’s immediate circle.
His next step was to spread the power of the church in Italy and expand the boundaries of the papal state by annexing the Ancona March and Spoleto. Innocent III managed to get the perfect of Rome to take a vassal oath. And after the head of the eternal city became a vassal of the Pope, many aristocrats of Italy followed his example.
Establishment of the power of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe
Innocent III, at the request of the Queen of Sicily, Constance of Normandy, became the guardian of the infant heir to the throne, Frederick II of Staufen, in 1198, thus gaining temporary control of the kingdom. He also managed to wisely take advantage of the turmoil in Germany, and in 1208, having supported the candidate for king Otto IV, he placed him on the throne. Moreover, Otto did not live up to the hopes of Innocent III, and a year later he was overthrown, and the throne was taken by the protege and vassal of the Pope, Frederick II. In addition to the king of Germany, the rulers of France, Portugal, Leon, Norway, Hungary, Sweden, Aragon and England became the vassals of the pontiff.
The Pope also blessed the creation of the Franciscan Order and Teutonic Order- one of the most influential knights Catholic orders in the Middle Ages.
Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade was launched by Pope Innocent III to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims. However, the knights never reached the Holy City - the army simply did not have enough money to cross the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore, the crusaders first captured Zara, and then Constantinople. And although Innocent III at first tried to stop the army, later he not only forgave most of the participants in the campaign, but also led the process of forming a Latin Empire on the ruins of Constantinople, placing his vassal at its head.
Death
The idea of liberating Jerusalem from Muslim rule never left Innocent III, and in 1216 he headed to northern Italy to reconcile the cities of Pisa and Genoa. He also planned to receive money from the rulers of these cities to organize the fifth crusade. However, on the way, the pontiff contracted malaria and died suddenly at the age of 55 (according to other versions - 56) years. The burial of Innocent III took place in Perugia. But in 1891 his remains were reburied in the Lateran Palace in Rome.
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