The ending is ness in English. Noun suffixes in English

From the point of view of word formation, it would be more accurate to say not “ English words with the ending tion", and words with allomorphic(that is, almost identical) suffixes “tion / ion / ation”. They can be distinguished only by knowing the origin of the word; the suffix “sion” is similar to them. Words ending in “tion” are words that denote actions, processes, concepts, properties, qualities, sciences and objects.
Examples:

Sense-sensation
Collect-collection
Nominalize- nominalization
Produce-production
Intend-intention

These words in turn can form new ones:

Nation - national
Constitution - constitutional

In order to independently form one word from another, knowledge of suffixes will not be enough, so you should expand lexicon.

The suffix -tion, comes from -cion, which existed in the Middle Ages English language and changed later under the influence French.

Many words with the indicated suffixes were borrowed from other languages (English, French, Latin) and turned into Russian using morphological transfer. The beginning of the word is copied letter by letter (transliteration), the suffix is changed in the Russian manner and the Russian ending is added: revolution - revolution, selection - selection. With this transition, “-tion” turns into “-tion”, and “-sion” into “-sia”. Borrowed words can also be recognized by prefixes characteristic of foreign languages: structure - restructuring, information - disinformation.

The meaning of the word may change slightly or remain the same. For example, in English “selection” means choice in the broad sense of the word, and in Russian the word “selection” usually means the science of breeding animal breeds and plant varieties. Knowing the meaning of similar Russian words, it is easier for a person to remember or guess the translation of English and vice versa - to understand new Russian terms. Among the borrowed words there are both widely known and familiar words, as well as terms found only in specialized literature or a narrow field, for example, affirmation, accommodation, extrapolation. If a word ending in “tion” appears in a colloquial phrase or literary text, it is advisable to translate it without borrowing. If the text is about science, business, politics, technology, it is appropriate to use borrowings.

How to read

The combination of letters -tion [ʃ(ǝ)n] at the end of a word read in Russian as [shn] or [sheng], the exception is the word question, where the last letters are read as [chn]. The stress in words with such suffixes falls on the last vowel before the letters “tion”. The pronunciation of a stressed vowel depends on which letter, vowel or consonant, is located before these letters.

If there is a vowel before “tion”, then it has an alphabetical reading, as in an open syllable, and if it is a consonant, then the vowel before it is read briefly, as in closed syllable. The exception is the letter i, which is pronounced [i] in both cases.

This is a lesson from the series and in it we will look at common noun suffixes: -er/or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence/ance (5). The exercises will help you understand how nouns are formed in English, and also prepare for English language exams in the form of the OGE and the Unified State Exam.

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Basic suffixes of nouns in English (grade 9)

Remember these 5 main suffixes. Next, let's take a closer look at each of them.

er/or
ence/ance

1. Suffixes of nouns formed from a verb

verb + Ʌ =noun

-er/or(doer suffix)
dance - dancer (dance - dancer)
work - worker
collect - collector (collect - collector)
invent - inventor
-tion(process suffix)
collect - collection (collection, collection)
invent - invention
-ing
suffer - suffering (to suffer - suffering)
warn - warning
mean - meaning

Remember three suffixes -er (-or), -tion, -ing, with the help of which nouns are formed from a verb.

2. Suffixes of nouns formed from an adjective

adj + Ʌ =noun

-ness
ill - illness (patient - illness)
kind - kindness
-ance/ -ence(corresponding adjectives have suffixes: -ant/ -ent)
important - importance (important - importance)
different - difference

Remember two suffixes: -ness, -ence (ance), with the help of which nouns are formed from an adjective.

Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises

-ness & -tion- the most common suffixes of nouns.

Exercise 1. Suffix -ness.Translate specified nouns and indicate the adjectives from which they are formed.

foolishness, happiness, seriousness, illness, readiness, richness, strangeness, carelessness, whiteness, cleverness, greatness, brightness

Note. Please note that the letter “y”, as a rule, occurs at the end of a word, but in the middle of the word its double is used - the letter “i”: happ i ness - happy y.

Exercise 2. Suffix –tion and its varieties -ation /-ion/ -sion/ -ssion.Translate the indicated nouns and indicate the verb from which they are formed.

translation, explanation, admiration, celebration, continuation, invitation, pronunciation, exhibition, demonstration, conversation, competition, communication

Exercise 3. Suffix –tion.Rephrase the sentence using a verb derived from it instead of a noun.

EXAMPLE. Their acting was very good. —— They acted very well.

1.His collection of books was mainly on art.
2. The farmer's quick actions saved the building from fire.
3.Her translation of the poem was so good that the professor invited her to take part in a translation contest.
4. The teacher's explanation of the task was clear to everyone.

Exercise 4. Guess the suffix and form nouns with it. Translate them.

weak
polite -
fresh -
ugly -
cold -
dark —
careful -

Exercise 5. Suffix –er.Guess the profession.

EXAMPLE. Someone who bakes bread is a baker

Someone who interviews people is a….
Someone who plays football is a…
Someone who eats well is a…
Someone who sleeps well is a…
Someone who rules the country is a…
Someone who explores new lands is a…
Someone who makes or repairs shoes is a…
Someone who always causes trouble is a…
Someone who makes films is a…
Someone who has traveled to another place for a holiday is a…

Remember:

trouble maker- bully, hooligan
holiday maker- vacationer

Exercise 6. If you know the verbs, then adding a suffix –tion you can easily form new words. Translate them into Russian.

collect -
explain -
protect —
prepare -
found -
inform
celebrate -
compose -
create -
decorate —

Exercise 7. Suffix –er/or.Form nouns from these words using suffixes: -er/-or.

Remember: to fail - failure

to construct, to direct, to protect, to transport, to fail, to educate, to manage, to govern, to achieve, to build, to sing, to act, to sleep

Exercise 8. Suffix –ence/ance.Translate and remember pairs of words with the suffixes -ence/-ance:

import ant-import ance
differ ent- differ ence
indifferent - indifference
independent - independence
dependent - dependence
patient - patience
persistent - persistence
insistent - insistence
indulgent - indulgence

Starting to study foreign language, we face many problems, including limited vocabulary. If you understand the principle of word formation in English, then the vocabulary can be expanded very easily. Affixation is one of the ways of forming new words on the basis of others by adding parts of a word to the beginning or end of a language unit. Suffixes are used much more often in English than prefixes. They can like create other parts of speech, so add a different shade of meaning.

Nouns

Nouns have the greatest variety of suffixes than any other part of speech in English. Often this morpheme carries a certain semantic connotation and helps to determine that what we have in front of us is a noun.

Popular suffixes -er (-or) indicates that a person belongs to a profession, actor, while the basis is usually a verb: to build (build) - builder (builder), to invent (invent) - inventor (inventor). In addition, this suffix means belonging to a particular locality: London (London) - Londoner (resident of London). Or a weapon: to roll (roll) - roller (roller). The suffixes –er and -or are essentially synonymous, but the former is the most common in the language.

Suffix -ness, as a rule, added to adjectives, gives a connotation of property or quality and corresponds to Russian -ot-, -ost, -in-: dark (dark) – darkness (darkness), fanciful (sophisticated) – fancifulness (sophistication), deep (deeply ) – deepness (depth).

In modern English there are both native suffixes and those borrowed from other languages. An excellent example of the first is the suffix –ship, with the help of which: friend (friend) – friendship (friendship), partner (companion) – partnership (company).

Most suffixes ( -age, -ence) are formed by abstract nouns: to leak (leak) - leakage (leakage), silent (quiet) - silence (silence). English affix –tion often corresponds to the Russian -tion: to present (to represent) – presentation (presentation). If you add to a verb or adjective -th, then you can observe changes in the vowel in the root of the word: strong (strong) - strength (strength), to die (die) - death (death).

Suffix –ment, borrowed in the 12th century from French, has the meaning of the result of an action: to amaze (surprise) - amazement (surprise). The same function is performed by -ade: to block (block) – blockade (blockade).

Verbs

We rarely see suffixes. Usually they themselves are the basis for the formation of words. However, such verbal morphemes still exist. For example, the suffix –fy found in the words to terrify (terrify), to signify (mean), to mystify (mystify). Verbs are also formed using –en, -ise/-ize: broad (wide) – broaden (expand), real (real) – realize (realize). The British version is considered to be the one with the letter “s”, the American version is considered to be the one with “z”.

Adjectives

One of the suffixes of adjectives is –able (-ible). It gives the word the meaning of possibility, ability to do something: to work (work) - workable (worker), to translate (translate) - translatable (translatable). The suffix also indicates the presence of quality –al, which often coincides with Russian –al-: nation (nation) – national (national).

Suffix -ful gives meaning to the completeness of something. For example, beauty (beauty) – beautiful (beautiful = full of beauty), tact (tact) – tactful (tactful = full of tact).

Suffix -ish expresses nationality or a weak degree of quality of an object: Polland (Poland) – Pollish (Polish), girl (girl) – girlish (girlish). Often also used to indicate nationality -(i)an or –ese: Russia (Russia) – Russian (Russian), China (China) – Chinese (Chinese).

Suffix -less denotes the absence of something: end (end) – endless (endless), heart (heart) – heartless (heartless).

Adverbs

Most adverbs are formed from adjectives using the suffix –ly: bad (bad) – badly (badly), regular (regular) – regularly (regularly). But there are other less productive (used) suffixes, for example, -ward in the word backward (backward).

The word independent prompted me to write this article. I constantly make the same mistake, no matter how often I see it. Every time it comes out of my pen independent. And every time I flatter myself that my (relative) knowledge of the French language influences me so much (compare ind?pendant), but you and I know that this is self-deception. Similar suffixes – ance/– ence and correspondingly - ant/- ent, and - ancy/-ency productive and often cause spelling confusion. For example, according to OEC (Oxford English Corpus) misspelling independent found in publications such as The Guardian, American Zoologist, etc., whose articles are always subject to proofreading. In total, the OED gives exactly 737 examples. Of course, it is encouraging that even journalists admit it. It seems that then we are even more allowed to write independent. But think about it: even if rules are meant to be broken, our minds are very biased, many recoil in horror from misspelled text and instantly form an unflattering opinion of the writer. This can even be called discrimination against the illiterates! Well, that serves it right. Spelling errors in your text can make the reader question your competence and general intelligence.

Why do we confuse these suffixes?

Because in colloquial speech they sound exactly the same, because they are always unstressed, and the vowel in them is the so-called neutral “schwa” /?/. However there are several simple rules, which will help you choose: a or e, instead of rummaging through the dictionary every time.

- anceor -ence?

These suffixes form nouns and denote quality or state (e.g. ignorance) or action (e.g. emergence). Their spelling in most cases depends on the words from which they are derived.

- ance

- y, - ure, or – ear, then the suffix is added to it –ance. For example, apply – appliance; assurance – assurance; appear – appearance.

2. If the noun comes from a verb ending in –ate, then in most cases it acquires the suffix –ance: deviate – deviance; hesitate – hesitance etc.

3. If the root word ends in c (sounding /k/ as in cab) or g (/g/ as in get), then the suffix is used –ance: significance; elegance.

4. As for other cases of use –ance, then they are not subject to any rules, and they are easier to simply remember. For example, abundance, guidance, resistance, resemblance, etc.

- ence

1. If a noun is formed from a verb ending in – here, then the suffix is added to it - ence. For example, adhere – adherence, interfere – interference. I can already hear you asking me indignantly: why? perseverance written with –ance, if it is formed from persevere? This is an exception, deal with it.

2. If the noun comes from a verb ending with a stressed suffix –er, then it acquires the suffix –ence: conference – conference; prefer – preference, transfer – transference etc.

Please note that difference written with –ence despite the fact that in the verb differ the stress falls on the first syllable.

3. If the word contains –cid-, -fid-, -sid- or –vid-, standing directly before the final suffix, then this final suffix will be –ence. For example: confidence, evidence, residence.

4. If the root of a word ends in c (/s/ as in cell) or g (/dg/ as in gin), then the suffix is used –ence: indulgence, license. There are exceptions here, such as: vengeance.

5. And again, some words do not obey any rules, and you just need to remember them: absence, excellence, patience, sentence etc.

- ancyor -ency?

With the help of these suffixes, nouns are formed that denote quality or state. For example, infantility or fluency.

The spelling rules are the same as in –ance/-ence. For example:

If a noun comes from a verb ending in –ate, then it will acquire the suffix – ance: hesitate - hesitancy; vacate – vacancy.
If the root word ends in c (/s/ as in cell) or g (/dg/ as in gin), the suffix is used –ence: urgency, emergency.
Etc.

-antor–ent?

Suffixes -ant And –ent used for education:

Adjectives denoting quality or condition: arrogant, convenient, different etc.

Nouns denoting the performer of an action, that is, the agent: accountant, resident etc.

The same rules apply, for example:

Words formed from a verb ending in - y, add a suffix –ant. For example, defy – defiant; occupy – occupant.
Words formed from a verb ending in – ate, acquire the suffix –ant: deviate – deviant; hesitate – hesitant etc.
If a word comes from a verb ending in –ere, the suffix is added to it –ent: cohere – coherent; adhere – adherent.
In addition, the same rule applies with c and g: if they are pronounced as /k/ and /g/, then use – ant, For example: communicant, extravagant; if they are pronounced as /s/ and /dg/, then the suffix will be used -ent, For example: intelligent, recent etc.
Etc.

Dependent/dependantAndpendant/pendent

The spelling of these adjectives depends on the part of speech to which they belong.

Let's start with dependent/dependent:

In British English, a noun can be written with a suffix –ent, and with the suffix – ant: He is a single man with no dependents/ dependants. In American English the only correct option is dependent.
If we are talking about an adjective, then in both versions of the language the correct spelling will be dependent (We're dependent on his goodwill). Please note: independent always written with a suffix –ent, be it a noun or an adjective.

The situation with pendant/pendent a little simpler. Pendant can be both an adjective and a noun ( She wore a silver pendant; pendant catkins), while pendent- it's only an adjective ( pendent catkins).

I agree that at first glance it seems that it is easier to check every time or simply learn the spelling of words than to apply these rules. But that's not true. Rules relating to one pair of suffixes, e.g. -ence And - ance, work with the rest, and this greatly simplifies our task. So, being confident in writing competence, you will not be mistaken in competent and competency.

Follow the rules! But don't be afraid to experiment.

In this article from the “” series we will look at 10 main adjective suffixes in English: -ful, -less, -ous, -al, -y, -ic, -ish, -able, -ive, -ent (10), We will also devote significant time to practicing these suffixes. Word formation exercises will not only help you prepare for English language exams in the form of the OGE and the Unified State Exam, but will expand your vocabulary and contribute to the development of linguistic conjecture.

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Word formation of adjectives

1. Suffixes of adjectives formed from nouns

noun + Ʌ = adj

-ful (expresses the presence of quality; beautiful, colorful)
-less (expresses lack of quality: colourless, useless)
-ous (words of French origin, analogue of ful: courageous, famous)
-al (central, formal)
-y (cloudy, dirty)
-ic (poetic, domestic)
-ish (expresses nationality: Scottish, English, and also weak degree qualities: brownish - brownish, reddish - reddish)

The exception is the suffix -ly, because this suffix serves to form adverbs. However, there are a number of adjectives and quite common ones that are formed using this suffix, for example: friendly(friendly), lovely(charming), lively(active, active)

2. Suffixes of adjectives formed from verbs

verb + Ʌ = adj

-able /-ible (expresses the ability to undergo an action indicated by the verb: to change – changeable (change – changeable); to eat – eatable (eat – edible)
-ive (active, talkative)
-ent /-ant (different, important)

Note that the vowel in the adjective suffix is e nt/- a nt is the same as in the noun suffix - e nce/- a nce and vice versa, that is:

differ ent- differ ence
import ant-import ance

Adjective suffixes in English. Exercises

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.

The suffix -ful means “be full of” e.g. beautiful means “be full of” beauty.

She was very grateful for our help.
She likes colorful clothes.
She is a very forgetful girl.
We are not make sure that our team will win, but we are hopeful.
They lived a peaceful, happy life.
He was always as helpful as possible.

Exercise 2.1. Translate into Russian.

The suffix -less means "without" e.g. hopeless means “without” hope.

a moonless night, a cloudless sky, a noiseless machine, numberless heroes, a motherless girl, a heartless woman, a homeless cat, a leafless tree, a nameless author, a sunless room, a endless war, a lifeless body, a colorless liquid , a friendly child, a sleepless night, careless people, a doubtless victory

Exercise 2.2. Translate into English.

A cloudless sky, a helpless child, a silent car, countless heroes, a lifeless body, a carefree child, a heartless woman, a stray cat, a tree without leaves, a nameless author, a room without sun, an endless war, a colorless liquid. It was a moonless night. He looked tired after a sleepless night.

Exercise 3.

The suffix - ous means “full of” which comes from French e.g. danger + ous = dangerous

A. Form adjectives from nouns and translate them.

SAMPLE nerve + ous = nervous (nerve - nervous)

fame - ..., humor - ..., courage - ..., glory (y->i) - ..., poison - ..., space (i) - ...

IN. Use the words in the sentences.

We don’t know if these chemicals are ____________ to people.
She became ____________as a writer.
I like to read___________stories.
There are a lot of ________ snakes in the jungle.
It was a _________victory.
He was a ____________soldier.
They liked the _______________rooms in their new house.

Exercise 4. The suffix -y.

A. Translate into Russian.

windy day, sunny weather, cloudy sky, sleepy child, dreamy girl, icy wind, healthy food

B.Form adjectives from the nouns and translate them.

SAMPLE swamp - swampy (swamp - swampy)

sand - ... , rock - ... , juice - ... , grass - ... , star(r) - ... , bone - ... , skin(n) - ..., water- ... , fog (g) - ..., swamp - ...

C. Put the adjectives from B into this sentences to make them complete.

This … land is very good for farming. Cows and sheep can feed here all the year round.
Peter, eat some more roast beef. You should eat more: you have grown so… (2 options)!
On such … mornings it’s very difficult to drive, as you can’t see the road clearly.
These are... apples. I like them most of all.
My little brother never eats fish if it is….
Holidaymakers love the…beaches in the south of Australia.
Why does this coffee taste so... ?
The picture shows the … mountains of Scotland.
The sky is unusually… tonight.
… places have a lot of water in all seasons.

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian the adjectives, ending with the suffix — ic.

gigantic hound, scientific expedition, domestic animal, academic year, Olympic games, thematic collection, basic knowledge

Exercise 6. Make up adjectives with the help of suffix -al and translate them.

SAMPLE music – musical (music – musical)

industry – …, culture – …, region – …, tradition – …, nature – …, nation – …, agriculture – …, comic – …

Exercise 7. Nationality suffixes

SAMPLE Britain – British

Scotland - ..., Spain - ..., Sweden - ..., Finland - ..., Denmark - ..., Poland - ..., Turkey - ...

SAMPLE Russia – Russian

America — …, Australia — .., Canada — …, Hungary — …, Belgium — …, Egypt — …, Italy — …, Europe — …

SAMPLE Japan – Japanese

China - ... , Portugal - ...

Mind: Germany - German, France - French, Holland - Dutch, Greece - Greek

Exercise 8. The suffix – able.

Suffix able has the value "can": movable means can move - can be moved (movable)

A. Form the words with the suffix – able.

move — .., count — …, eat — …, drink — …, comfort — …, imagine — …, break — …, read — …, respect — …., forget — …, believe — …

B. Use the words in the sentences:

Though the cup is made of thin glass it is not……….(break).
She thought of all names………to guess the name of their new classmate. (imagine).
Everybody respects him. He is very …….. (respect).
I can't read the book. It is not……(read).
The nouns are divided into …………. and un…………… (count).

Exercise 9. Form the words with the suffix –ive.

create - ... , impress - ... , progress - ... , act - ... , mass - ... , impulse - ...

Exercise 10. Read the adjectives and spell the suffixes used in forming them.

SAMPLE changeable— The adjective changeabl e is formed with the help of the suffix -able.

successful, cloudless, collective, central, comic, satirical, dangerous, faultless, misty, courageous, aggressive, national, breakable

Exercise 11. Translate these combinations; say what words the adjectives are formed from.

a washable shirt, a skilful worker, democratic forces, the postal service, groundless suspicions, a humorous story, a gloomy scene, salty ham, professional interest, peaceful labour, a noiseless machine, a courageous soldier, a lucky ticket, a continental climate , a dusty road.

Exercise 12. Copy and translate all these adjectives. Learn them by heart

B. Listen to the adjectives and translate them by ear.

Word formation in English (repetition)

Noun suffixes. Repetition

Exercise 13. Form nouns from these adjectives using suffixes from the table.

able, near, distant, long, wide, strong, wise, kind, electric, short, white, probable, persistent, dependent, insistent, indifferent, unstable, patient, responsible, important, stupid, curious

That's all for now! I would be glad if my article is useful to you and you share the link on social networks!

Sources: exercises taken from various manuals, partially redone and modified. In particular, the textbooks “English language grades 5-11” by Afanasyeva O.V., Mikheeva I.V. were used.