Nizhny Novgorod Fair (Russia) - description, history, location. The exact address, phone, website. Tourist reviews, photos and videos.
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For more than a century, the Nizhny Novgorod fair attracted traders from almost all over Russia. One of the oldest places in the city, today it is a large exhibition center that continues the traditions of Nizhny Novgorod. The fair is located in the part beyond the river - on Lenin Square. In the 17th century it was called Makaryevskaya and was located in the area of the city of Lyskovo, downstream of the Volga. The fair had to be moved to Nizhny due to a fire in the early 19th century. It was left behind the river and connected to the residential part of the city by a floating bridge.
After the resettlement, the fair gained strength and became very popular. True, I didn’t like this flourishing Soviet authorities, who closed it as a “hostile phenomenon.” The fair was brought back to life in 1991. And for more than 20 years it has been one of the most famous exhibition complexes in the country.
The buildings at the Fair now are exactly those that were built under Alexander the First. They were, of course, restored, but the houses did not lose their flavor. It is worth noting two cathedrals that belong to the fair complex - Old Fair and New Fair. Interestingly, the second one constantly ends up on postcards with views of Nizhny Novgorod. The panorama is as follows: from the Kanavinsky Bridge over Strelka and the port to the New Fair Cathedral.
Address: st. Sovnarkomovskaya, 13, Nizhny Novgorod
Address: Russia, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Nizhny Novgorod, Sovnarkomovskaya street, 13
Date of construction: 1890
Architect: Treiman K.V., von Gauguin A.I., Trambitsky A.E.
Coordinates: 56°19"42.4"N 43°57"39.4"E
Even those who have never been to the Volga city have heard about the famous Nizhny Novgorod fair. It appeared here at the beginning of the 19th century and quickly became not only a vibrant place for buying and selling, but also a real cultural center. Thanks to the fair, the service sector developed in the city, new hotels and restaurants appeared. These days, the revived fairground occupies a much smaller size. However, it has gained recognition by hosting international and Russian exhibitions and forums.
View of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair from opposite side Okie
What happened before the Nizhny Novgorod fair
After the troops of Ivan IV the Terrible conquered Khanate of Kazan, the place of active trade in the middle reaches of the Volga became the left bank near the Makaryevsky Monastery, 85 km down the river from the city. At first, merchants traded here only once a year - on the day of remembrance of the founder of the monastery, St. Macarius (July 25, old style). The fair that emerged was convenient for everyone and grew from year to year.
In 1641, Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov allowed the monastery to collect a fee from merchants once a year. By the 60s of the 17th century, people began to come here not only Russian traders, but also merchants from other countries. The noisy fair lasted two weeks. And gradually its area expanded so much that it also captured the right bank of the river.
TO early XVIII About 60 thousand people traded at the Makaryevskaya Fair, and the annual turnover was 1/10 of the then Russian budget. Salt, handicrafts, horses, livestock, Siberian furs and bells were sold here. Merchants brought here English cloth and Indian fabrics, steel and copper, gold items and carpets.
The buildings for the fair were made temporary, because trade did not take place all year round, but was carried out only in summer time. And the fair was filled with wooden shops, taverns and booths, which quickly deteriorated. IN mid-18th century century, it was decided to build a new one at the fair Gostiny Dvor from stone, and to early XIX century, the reconstruction of the fair complex was completed.
Nizhny Novgorod fair complex from a bird's eye view
However, very little time passed, and in 1816 there was a strong fire that destroyed almost all the fair buildings, with the exception of the new stone building. And although the auction had already ended at that time, the loss from the fire amounted to more than two million rubles. This fire and insufficient space near the monastery caused the fair to be moved to a new location. After much thought and calculations, the Strelka between the Oka and the Volga was chosen for the noisy and large-scale market.
History of the construction of the fair complex in Nizhny Novgorod
The construction of an economic center in the Volga region was so important for the treasury that, by decision of Emperor Alexander I, the money initially allocated for perestroika Winter Palace, sent to the construction of a new fair. Lead construction work They sent the famous architect-builder Augustin Augustinovich Betancourt.
The new fair was founded in February 1817. And in the summer of 1822, trade was already taking place here. Moreover, the fair lasted more than a month and ended on August 25. The territory of the retail space was amazing in scope - the fair buildings spread over 8 square meters. km.
The central place on it was occupied by a large guest courtyard, which consisted of 60 separate buildings. There were more than 2,500 shops inside them. The main square was framed by the Main Fair House and administrative buildings, built in the traditions of classicism. To prevent spring floods from flooding this place, it was raised 3.5 m above the rest of the territory by constructing an artificial embankment.
View of the main entrance to the Main Fair House
Mostly Orthodox Christians traded at the fair. But there were many merchants and other religions. Therefore, it was decided to build several churches at once for the fair complex. In the center of the artificial embankment peninsula, a large five-domed Spassky (Old Fair) Cathedral was built. To build this majestic temple, Betancourt invited the famous architect Auguste Montferrand. The cathedral took 4 years to build and was consecrated in 1822.
After some time, under the leadership of engineer Baus, a mosque and an Armenian-Gregorian temple appeared at the fair. Unusual Chinese rows were also built on the cathedral square, where Asian merchants traded. The main product they sold was tea.
To serve such a large-scale fair, a vaulted sewage system was created for the first time in Russia. Two 640 m underground galleries were built under the buildings, the floors, walls and vaults of which were lined with brick.
In the second half of the 19th century, the Nizhny Novgorod Fair experienced a period of prosperity. It has acquired international significance. And every year goods worth almost 50 million rubles in silver were sold here. The most popular of them were cotton fabrics, wool and silk products, as well as tea and metals.
The city at that time was inhabited by about 20 thousand people. And more than 200 thousand traders and buyers came to the fair every year. Guests had to be served. Thus, brisk trade became the impetus for the construction of new city hotels, inns, tea houses, restaurants and baths.
View of the Main Fair House
The fairground itself continued to be built up. Three chapels appeared here at once - Holy Cross, Pechersk and Makaryevskaya. In honor of the arrival of Emperor Alexander II, the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was built at the fair. Consecrated new temple in 1881 in the presence Alexandra III and members of the royal family.
In the 1860s, the first lights were installed on the fairgrounds, and by 1885 it was electric lighting. Big crowds The people visiting the fair could find a lot of entertainment here. From the very beginning, the fair had its own theater, the repertoire of which, according to the famous Russian playwright A.N. Ostrovsky, was not inferior to the best Moscow theaters. Concerts were held at the Main Fair House. Opera and ballet troupes from other cities came here on tour. In addition, everyone could attend circus performances.
At the end of the 19th century, the rebuilt and updated fair hosted the All-Russian Exhibition. At the same time, the first trams were launched in the city.
What was the fair like in the 20th century?
First World War greatly undermined the Russian economy. The fair in Nizhny Novgorod was no exception. During the war years, little goods were brought to the city. And the empty premises began to be given to refugees and the military.
In 1918, by decision of the new authorities, goods sold at the fair were allowed to be exchanged exclusively for bread. And because of this most of The products brought to the fair remained unsold.
View of the south-eastern façade of the building
The new economic policy (NEP) gave the fair a second wind, and trade turnover from 1922 to 1929 increased almost 10 times, reaching 300 million rubles. During this period, the fair acquired the status of an All-Union Exhibition. However, in 1930 the authorities decided to fight the NEP and stopped fair trade. For several decades, the fair premises were used for housing. Moreover, the houses were kept in such a condition that they looked more like slums. As unnecessary, religious buildings were destroyed at the fair - all the chapels, the mosque and the Armenian Gregorian temple. Only two cathedrals escaped a sad fate.
The revival of the fair began in 1990. Construction began here, and the territory was repeatedly visited by top officials of the state.
Fair today
Nowadays, the fair in Nizhny Novgorod is a modern exhibition complex. Of the old buildings, not counting the two cathedrals, only the Main Fair House has survived. There are 6 exhibition pavilions open on the territory. There is its own bank, hotel, cafes and restaurants. The fair is used to host large-scale Russian and international exhibitions, conferences and representative forums, and the sale of goods is organized in a shopping arcade with an area of 1500 sq. m.
The basis of trade in Russian Empire there were 18.5 thousand fairs in different parts - in villages, cities.
The top of this pyramid was the Nizhny Novgorod Fair - the largest in terms of trade turnover not only in Russia, but also in the world.
At the turn of the century, it was usually explained to foreigners: we have three main centers: St. Petersburg is political, Moek is economic, and the Lower “pocket” of Russia.
Nizhny itself occupied 23rd place in Russia in the list of cities in 1914 - 111 thousand inhabitants. By July 15, the population of the provincial city increased annually to one million. It was a special day - the opening of the country's main fair.
Many came to Nizhny in the summer not only for trade affairs, but simply to attend performances with the participation of famous Russian and foreign performers or to attend a debut. It was here that the singer Nadezhda Plevitskaya shone in 1909, and here one could see the first demonstration of a movie camera. There were trams in the city, but in St. Petersburg you still had to wait 11 years for their call. The phone worked. With the opening of navigation, warehouses were filled with goods especially intensively. Actually, the fair was born by the river.
After the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, ships from below, which were pulled by barge haulers, met with ships that floated downstream near the walls of the Makaryevsky Monastery. The exchange began.... The monastery began to provide shopping arcades. The money from the transactions went to him.
The state recognized the spontaneous market that arose in 1641 under the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich. At the last Romanov The fair achieved its highest turnover ever.
In 1816, State Chancellor Count Rumyantsev came to the fair. But he was poorly received by the owner of the village of Lyskovo, which is opposite the monastery, Prince Gruzinsky - he did not even give the St. Petersburg nobleman horses for the return journey. The reaction was to transfer the fair for a year a hundred miles up the river to the provincial city. The 1817 season was successful, no one thought of returning to the old place, but according to tradition the fair was called Makaryevskaya.
When the question of which road to start railway communication in Russia was discussed, Pushkin wrote to V.F. Odoevsky in 1836: “There would still be a (railway) road from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod more important than roads from Moscow to St. Petersburg and my opinion would be: start there..." We started not with her, but with Nikolaevskaya.
But in 1862, during the fair, the first train would leave for the capital, and it would be the most modern road at that time.
On a summer evening, at the end of the century, carriages dashingly approached the wooden building of the Nizhny Novgorod station, flooded with lights and decorated with advertising. Crews from Zamoskvorechye with the Tretyakovs and Bakhrushins, the Shchukins in the Guchkovs, the Ryabushinskys and the Alekseevs (the Stanislavsky family - they lived in the same area, their factory was also here). Savva Morozov also arrived, from 1891 to 1897 - chairman of the Fair and Exchange Committees. He took this post at the age of 29.
And here is the raising of the white-blue-red national commercial flag. Then everyone headed to the Armorial Hall of the Main Fair House (it was recently restored and again decorated with 62 coats of arms Russian provinces). There was a ceremonial part, the participants made a deposit of up to one hundred rubles. This is the price of toast. If the merchant did not say it, but only exchanged impressions with his neighbors at the table, then he could receive the money in the morning. This was done on purpose - otherwise the banquet would not have ended.
Over the course of a century it has developed the whole city around the Main Fair House: with cathedrals, mosques, Opera House, with one of the world's best circuses of the Nikitin brothers, the stock exchange, restaurants and line streets.
In 1888, the governor of the fair, Governor Nikolai Mikhailovich Barakov, whose name was known throughout Russia as a hero (being the commander of the converted passenger ship Vesta, he sank a Turkish battleship), wrote in a memo to St. Petersburg: “The fair consists of two squares: one on land “16,840 shops and warehouses operating up to a billion rubles, another on the water - caravans of ships of up to 3 thousand standing at the same time.”
At this time, the largest trade deals in the country were being concluded. And so on until August 25th. Then the closure, and for several more weeks the shipment of goods to the timber rafting continued, And the city hibernated until spring, And the country knew: the fair was successful, which means it will be a good year. In the decade before the revolution, all seasons were successful. IN financial world on many
exchanges preferred the ruble to the dollar. Russia had a trade surplus. From 1886 to 1913, it exported goods worth 25.3 billion gold rubles, but imported only 18.7 billion rubles.
In general, walking around the fair was tiring. It's hard to imagine now. They offer you something all the time. You are looking for goods, and the clerks are looking for buyers. Trade has always been moral concept. All the leading positions at the fair at the turn of the century belonged to the Old Believers. Official religion fought with them, although the origins of the schism arose in the Makarievsky monastery itself, where Nikita Minich, a native of the nearby village of Veldemanova, once sat at the same table in the refectory ( future patriarch Nikon) and, originally from the neighboring village of Grigorov, Avvakum Petrov. Two poles of spiritual schism.
In the annual ring of world fairs, Nizhny Novgorod was the largest. Behind it began the Leipzig Autumn, the second in terms of turnover.
In Germany, they were eagerly waiting to see what prices were set for fur in Nizhny. At the Polish fairs, everyone was worried about the prices of fabrics, and everyone in the world was worried about the prices of flour and wood, and other important items in the economy.
And when in 1917, on August 26, the Russian merchants, solemnly celebrating the centenary of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, left by train for Moscow, it never occurred to anyone that they would not return here again.
As soon as the decision was made about a new economic policy, the Council of People's Commissars had no questions about where the center should be market economy. In 1923, Rykov, having arrived in Nizhny, will say: “Here I see the image of the future country.” Alexey Ivanovich did not think that seven years later his economic course would be recognized as erroneous.
I was born in the city of Gorky. There is a place in the city center - the Black Pond. Despite this name, Fyodor Chaliapin made a date here with his future wife Iola Tornaghi, then an Italian ballerina. Nearby there was once a photo studio of one of the chroniclers of the fair, M. N. Dmitriev. When I was a child, they didn’t talk about the fair that much, but it was always like the eighth wonder of the world. And in other cities, when they heard the word “fair,” only Gogol’s Mirgorodskaya was remembered.
NIZHNY NOVGOROD FAIR - the largest fair in the Russian Empire in the 19th - early 20th centuries. There was a connection with all the leading Russian fairs and with the Leipzig fair - the largest one in terms of turnover -tu in Europe.
It arose after the re-no-sa in 1817 of the Ma-kar-ev-skaya fair-mark on the left, pro-ti-in-false from Nizh-ne -go Nov-go-ro-da, bank of the river. Oka at its confluence with the river. Vol-ga. At this place, in 1817-1822, the treasury built the largest trade complex in Europe - the State Yard (project engineer A.A. Be-tan-ku-ra; not preserved). On its territory there were the main fair-roach house and 56 two-story brick buildings, in some there were 2530 trade shops, as well as Spassky Cathedral (1822, architect O. Montferran; later, in 1827, an unpreserved ar-mya-no-gri-go-ri-an-church and a mosque were built according to the design of the architect A.L. Lee-ra), numerous state-ti-ni-tsy, res-to-ra-ny, truck-ti-ry, entertainment facilities and summer atr.
For communication with Nizhny Novgorod, a flat bridge across the Oka was built every year. At the Nizhny Novgorod fair there was a pro-ve-de-na ka-na-li-za-tion, which was a new element in the establishment of public complexes owls in Russia; for anti-hot purposes around the Nizhny Novgorod fair, on three sides, the so-called. Be-tan-ku-rov-sky canal. Over time, outside the State courtyard, wooden shops and warehouses began to appear (for example, in 1890, about 3.4 thousand), built Kre-sto-voz-dvi-zhen-skaya (1852, architect A.P. Bryullov), Pe-cherskaya (1859, architect I.K. Ko-st-ryu-kov), Ma-kar-ev-skaya (Flag-naya; 1866, architect D.I. Gu-shchin) cha-sov-ni (not preserved), as well as Alek -san-d-ro-Nevskaya cha-sovy-nya (1869, architect L.V. Dal).
In accordance with the general plans of 1860 and 1886, the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair expanded and benefited settled down. Boulevards, squares, streets and squares were established, they were powerful. Since the 1860s, trade shops (without land) were sold by the treasury into the ownership of the traders (to end of the 19th century centuries, almost the entire State court became a privately owned one; Since 1864, most of the affairs related to the economic management of the Yar-Mar-Koy have been carried out by the elected Yar-Mar-Roch Committee). In the 1860-1870s, the building of the Gos-ti-no-go yard re-kon-st-rui-ro-va-ny, pro-ve-den water-do-pro-water (1870 year), installation of electrical equipment (1885), installation of a tram line (1896), etc.
The Nizhny Novgorod fair was connected with the Moscow and Sanki-Peter-bur-g Mo-s-kov-sko-Nizhe-gorod-skaya railway (1858-1862 ) - one of the first railway networks in the country, later - with the South of Russia.
New great buildings were built, including the Aleksandr Nevsky Cathedral (1867-1881, architect ry R.Ya. Ki-le-vane, L.V. Dal), at the place of the vet-shav-she main yar-ma-roch-no-go house - decided in non-Russian style, one of the largest pas-sage in Russia (1889-1890, arch-technologists K.V. Treiman, A.I. von Go -gen and G.A. Trambitsky). By the beginning of the 20th century, the Nizhny Novgorod Fair presented its own “city” with a regular layout: over 30 streets, 10 squares -sha-dey; about 7 thousand ma-ga-zi-nov and la-vok, so-called. Large theater for 1.6 thousand seats (1878, architect Key-le-vane), circus (1887, architect N.P. Ivanov), stage show (1896) (all - not saved), etc.
The Nizhny Novgorod fair was held annually, officially, from July 15 to August 25, according to the Yuli-an-sko-mu ka-len-da-ryu, one-on-ko trade almost always lasted until September 1, and sometimes even longer. At the end of the 1850s, there were about 15 thousand people at the trade fair (they were charged special fees to the treasury), including about 700 foreigners -countries; service per-so-nal (re-mes-len-ni-ki, servant-ga, black-work-chie, from-cart-chi-ki, su -do-work) - about 100 thousand people. The number of people is up to 250 thousand people per day at the height of the fair (August 10-20) and up to 2 million people per season.
Pre-ob-la-da-la op-to-vaya trade-gov-la. By the middle of the 19th century, over 1/2 of all fair-ma-roch-no-go to-va-ro-o-ro-ta in Russia came to the Nizhny Novgorod fair. Cost of goods: 24 million rubles. (1817), 246 million rubles. (1881), 195 million rubles. (1912). Trade was carried out mainly by Russian goods (3/4 of the total price of everything), of which b . including co-production of fabric (up to 1/2 of the total cost), metals and metal products, bread, push-no- on, leather, wool, linen. From Persia, China, Af-ga-ni-sta-na, Central Asia, Mongolia imported tea, cotton, silk, carpets, fruits, from Western Europe - cloth, silk and linen fabrics. nor the highest grades, ga-lan-te-reya, vi-no, paints, in-st-ru-men-you and ma-shi-ny. By-ste-pen-but trade-gov-la at the Nizhny Novgorod fair at-ob-re-ta-la bir-zhe-voy ha-rak-ter (many products have started to be sold- according to patterns). In 1896, within the framework of the Nizhny Novgorod fair, the largest All-Russian industrial and artistic exhibition was held in the history of pre-revolutionary Russia. (over 8.5 thousand students) and the 4th All-Russian Trade and Industrial Congress.
Yar-mar-ka was under the control of the same-city-governor (at the time of the trade he was not -re-no-forced its headquarters in the main Yar-ma-ro-ch-house), and in 1879-1880 - specially-but-on-know-chav-she-go- Xia of the lower-city temporary general-governor gr. N.P. Ig-nat-eva. Not-in-the-middle-st-ven-but-de-la-mi yar-mar-ki for-n-ma-la N-zhe-city-yar-ma-roch-naya con-to-ra at gu-ber-na-to-re (until 1833 Kon-to-ra of the structure of the Yar-ma-roch-no-go Gos-ti-no-go yard). At the Nizhny Novgorod Fair there is a seasonal exchange and a fair exchange committee (formed in 1848, ak- tive-but-de-st-vo-va-li since the 1860s). In 1866, the council authorized the yar-ma-roch-no-go ku-pe-che-st-va yes-but-right, in part-st but-sti, talk to the government about the “benefits and benefits” of trade and industry.
After the October Revolution of 1917, the territory of Yar-Mar-ki became part of Nizhny Novgorod, from the beginning scrap po-li-ti-ki "vo-en-go kom-mu-niz-ma" The Nizhny Novgorod fair was closed (1918). It acted again in 1922-1929, during the NEP period. Since 1990, on part of the territory of the former Nizhny Novgorod Fair, there has been an exhibition complex “Nizhe-Nizhny Novgorod Fair” .
Additional literature:
Mel-ni-kov A.P. Essays on the history of the Nizhny-city fair. N. Novgorod, 1917;
Ost-ro-ukhov P.A. No-city-fair-mark in 1817-1867. // These are the notes. M., 1972. T. 90.