Various wars occupy a huge place in the history of mankind. Many times people clash in battles for their people. Some wars lasted only a few minutes, while others lasted for decades. There is even one that has been going on for more than a century. But first things first. Let's start with those that lasted not so long and end with the longest war in human history.
10. Vietnam War.
It lasted 14 years from 1961 to 1975. The war was between the USA and Vietnam. In the United States, it is considered the darkest spot in history. And in Vietnam - a tragic and heroic event. One side fought for the independence of Vietnam, the other for its unification. The war ended with a mutually beneficial agreement between the countries.
9. The Great Northern War.
The Northern War lasted for 21 years. It was between the northern states and Sweden (1700-1721). The meaning of the struggle is the Baltic lands. Sweden lost the battle.
8. Thirty Years' War.
Religious clashes between various European countries, which even included Russia. Switzerland remained on the sidelines in this conflict. War began between Catholics and Protestants in Germany. But later it grew into a huge struggle among European countries. As a result of the war, the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in international relations.
7. Indonesian war.
The battle between Holland and Indonesia for the independence of the second country. The war lasted 31 years, and cost both sides terribly huge losses of people and various destructions. The result of the war was the independence of Indonesia.
6. Wars of the Scarlet and White Roses.
It consisted of a series of civil wars lasting from 1455 to 1487. This is a 33-year struggle between factions of the nobility of England. There were two branches: Lancastrians - Plantagents and Yorkies. They fought for full power in England. The Lancaster Plant Agent branch won. The battles brought many casualties, destruction and disasters. Many members of the aristocracy died.
5. Guatemalan War.
36-year war between the troops of Guatemala and Honduras. The conflict involved ancient issues between the Mayan peoples and Spanish explorers regarding land and man. The war dragged on somewhat and ended after Guatemala signed a peace treaty. This treaty served to protect the rights of 23 groups of Indians in the country.
4. Punic War.
The battles lasted 43 years. They are divided into three stages of wars between Rome and Carthage. They fought for dominance in the Mediterranean. The Romans won the battle.
3. Greco-Persian War.
Fifty years of battle between Persia and the Greeks. It existed before our era, from 499 to 449. The Greek states defended their independence. The Greeks emerged victorious in the battle.
2. Peloponnesian War.
This war lasted 73 years. This was a military conflict between Athens and Sparta. They had various contradictions. There was an oligarchy in Sparta when there was democracy in Athens. Also, everything rested on the diversity of the peoples of the states. During the war, a peace treaty was concluded, which was violated a short time later and the Spartans won.
1. Hundred Years' War.
The conflict between France and England, which lasted for 116 years from 1337 to 1453. England started the war, trying to regain Maine, Normandy and Anjou. Also, the English kings wanted to gain control of the French throne. During the war, the people also joined the fight for their country. There were many losses on both sides. During the battles, firearms appeared. During the war, England was defeated, not only not gaining the lands it claimed, but also losing its possessions.
In the history of mankind there have been wars that lasted more than a century. Maps were redrawn, political interests were defended, people died. We remember the most protracted military conflicts.
1. Punic War (118 years)
By the middle of the 3rd century BC. The Romans almost completely subjugated Italy, set their sights on the entire Mediterranean and wanted Sicily first. But the mighty Carthage also laid claim to this rich island. Their claims unleashed 3 wars that lasted (with interruptions) from 264 to 146. BC. and received their name from the Latin name of the Phoenicians-Carthaginians (Punians). The first (264-241) is 23 years old (it started because of Sicily). The second (218-201) - 17 years (after the capture of the Spanish city of Sagunta by Hannibal). The last one (149-146) – 3 years. It was then that the famous phrase “Carthage must be destroyed!” was born. Pure military action took 43 years. The conflict totals 118 years.
Results: Besieged Carthage fell. Rome won.
2. Hundred Years' War (116 years)
It went in 4 stages. With pauses for truces (the longest - 10 years) and the fight against plague (1348) from 1337 to 1453.
Opponents: England and France.
Causes: France wanted to oust England from the southwestern lands of Aquitaine and complete the unification of the country. England - to strengthen influence in the province of Guienne and regain those lost under John the Landless - Normandy, Maine, Anjou. Complication: Flanders - formally was under the auspices of the French crown, in fact it was free, but depended on English wool for clothmaking.
Occasion: the claims of the English king Edward III of the Plantagenet-Angevin dynasty (maternal grandson of the French king Philip IV the Fair of the Capetian family) to the Gallic throne. Allies: England - German feudal lords and Flanders. France - Scotland and the Pope. Army: English - mercenary. Under the command of the king. The basis is infantry (archers) and knightly units. French - knightly militia, under the leadership of royal vassals.
Fracture: after the execution of Joan of Arc in 1431 and the Battle of Normandy, the national liberation war of the French people began with the tactics of guerrilla raids.
Results: On October 19, 1453, the English army capitulated in Bordeaux. Having lost everything on the continent except the port of Calais (remained English for another 100 years). France switched to a regular army, abandoned knightly cavalry, gave preference to infantry, and the first firearms appeared.
3. Greco-Persian War (50 years)
Collectively - wars. They dragged on with calm from 499 to 449. BC. They are divided into two (the first - 492-490, the second - 480-479) or three (the first - 492, the second - 490, the third - 480-479 (449). For the Greek city-states - battles for independence. For the Achaeminid Empire - aggressive.
Results: Persia lost the Aegean Sea, the coasts of the Hellespont and the Bosphorus. Recognized the freedoms of the cities of Asia Minor. The civilization of the ancient Greeks entered a time of greatest prosperity, establishing a culture that, thousands of years later, the world looked up to.
4. Guatemalan War (36 years)
Civil. It occurred in outbreaks from 1960 to 1996. A provocative decision made by American President Eisenhower in 1954 initiated a coup.
Cause: the fight against the “communist infection”.
Opponents: The Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity bloc and the military junta.
Victims: almost 6 thousand murders were committed annually, in the 80s alone - 669 massacres, more than 200 thousand dead (83% of them were Mayan Indians), over 150 thousand went missing. Results: the signing of the “Treaty of Lasting and Lasting Peace,” which protected the rights of 23 Native American groups.
Results: Signing of the “Treaty of Lasting and Lasting Peace,” which protected the rights of 23 Native American groups.
5. War of the Roses (33 years)
Confrontation between the English nobility - supporters of two family branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancaster and York. Lasted from 1455 to 1485.
Prerequisites: “bastard feudalism” is the privilege of the English nobility to buy off military service from the lord, in whose hands large funds were concentrated, with which he paid for an army of mercenaries, which became more powerful than the royal one.
Cause: the defeat of England in the Hundred Years' War, the impoverishment of the feudal lords, their rejection of the political course of the wife of the feeble-minded King Henry IV, hatred of her favorites.
Opposition: Duke Richard of York - considered the Lancastrian right to rule illegitimate, became regent under an incompetent monarch, became king in 1483, was killed at the Battle of Bosworth.
Results: Disturbed the balance of political forces in Europe. Led to the collapse of the Plantagenets. She placed the Welsh Tudors on the throne, who ruled England for 117 years. Cost the lives of hundreds of English aristocrats.
6. Thirty Years' War (30 years)
The first military conflict on a pan-European scale. Lasted from 1618 to 1648. Opponents: two coalitions. The first is the union of the Holy Roman Empire (in fact, the Austrian Empire) with Spain and the Catholic principalities of Germany. The second is the German states, where power was in the hands of Protestant princes. They were supported by the armies of reformist Sweden and Denmark and Catholic France.
Cause: The Catholic League was afraid of the spread of the ideas of the Reformation in Europe, the Protestant Evangelical Union strived for this.
Trigger: uprising of Czech Protestants against Austrian rule.
Results: Germany's population has dropped by a third. The French army lost 80 thousand. Austria and Spain - more than 120. After the Peace Treaty of Munster in 1648, a new independent state - the Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (Holland) - was finally established on the map of Europe.
7. Peloponnesian War (27 years)
There are two of them. The first is the Lesser Peloponnesian (460-445 BC). The second (431-404 BC) is the largest in the history of Ancient Hellas after the first Persian invasion of the territory of Balkan Greece. (492-490 BC).
Causes: The desire for hegemony in the Greek world of Athens and the rejection of their claims by Sparta and Corinthus.
Controversies: Athens was ruled by an oligarchy. Sparta is a military aristocracy. Ethnically, the Athenians were Ionians, the Spartans were Dorians. In the second, 2 periods are distinguished.
First- “Archidam’s War.” The Spartans made land invasions of Attica. Athenians - sea raids on the Peloponnesian coast. Ended in 421 with the signing of the Treaty of Nikiaev. 6 years later it was violated by the Athenian side, which was defeated in the Battle of Syracuse. The final phase went down in history under the name Dekelei or Ionian. With Persian support, Sparta built and destroyed Athenian at Aegospotami.
Results: After imprisonment in April 404 BC. Feramenov's world Athens lost its fleet, tore down the Long Walls, lost all its colonies and joined the Spartan Union.
8. Vietnam War (18 years old)
The Second Indochina War between Vietnam and the United States and one of the most destructive of the second half of the 20th century. Lasted from 1957 to 1975. 3 periods: South Vietnamese guerrilla (1957-1964), from 1965 to 1973 - full-scale US military operations, 1973-1975. - after the withdrawal of American troops from Viet Cong territories. Opponents: South and North Vietnam. On the side of the South are the United States and the military bloc SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organization). Northern - China and the USSR.
Cause: When the communists came to power in China and Ho Chi Minh became the leader of South Vietnam, the White House administration was afraid of the communist “domino effect.” After Kennedy's assassination, Congress gave President Lyndon Johnson carte blanche to use military force with the Tonkin Resolution. And already in March 1965, two battalions of US Navy SEALs left for Vietnam. So the United States became part of the Vietnamese Civil War. They used a “search and destroy” strategy, burned out the jungle with napalm - the Vietnamese went underground and responded with guerrilla warfare.
Who benefits? about: American arms corporations. US losses: 58 thousand in combat (64% under 21 years of age) and about 150 thousand suicides of American military veterans.
Vietnamese casualties: over 1 million combatants and more than 2 civilians, in South Vietnam alone - 83 thousand amputees, 30 thousand blind, 10 thousand deaf, after Operation Ranch Hand (chemical destruction of the jungle) - congenital genetic mutations.
Results: The Tribunal of May 10, 1967 qualified US actions in Vietnam as a crime against humanity (Article 6 of the Nuremberg Statute) and prohibited the use of CBU thermite bombs as weapons of mass destruction.
How long did the longest war in human history last and between which countries?
- They also forgot about the TATAR-MONGOL Yoke - it lasted for 300 years!! !
And the Hundred Years' War was, in fact, several wars, where truces lasted for years, and even peace was concluded, after which they began to fight again. And it lasted. to be precise - 115-116 years.
Truly the longest war in history:
War between Rome and Carthage. Began in 149 BC. e. and officially ended on February 5, 1985 with the signing of a peace treaty by the mayors of the two cities.
- War of the white and red roses. A war between England and France that lasted 100 years.
The next one will be between Israel and the Arabs... - The longest war is not over yet. War with Russian culture, Russian mentality, Russian people, Russian civilization... .
Well, who is on the other side....you should know well. - The Hundred Years' War lasted from 1337 to 1453, a total of 116 years. damn literate. Svetlana is the only Orekhova in the know. respect to her)
- Kazakh-Dzungar war. 1643-1756 But the confrontation began much earlier. The Dzungars attacked Kazakh lands. The longest, merciless and bloody war. As a result, the Dzungars disappeared as a nation. The remains of the Dzungars are called “Kalmak” in Kazakh. Russia helped the Dzungars, and they saved them (the Kalmyks) from destruction.
- If I remember correctly, maybe there was a century between England and France?
- China. Warring States Period - 403-221 BC e.
Events:
Period from 403 to 221 BC e. known as the Warring States period. As a result of the wars of the "Episode and Autumn" era, China was divided into seven hegemonic kingdoms, each of which controlled a significant territory, and fifteen weaker kingdoms that became victims of fighting and plunder. The scale of military operations has increased fantastically. Weak kingdoms easily fielded 100,000 warriors, and the strongest in the 3rd century. BC e. had a standing army of one million, and, according to sources, raised another 600,000 for one campaign. Managing such significant resources required great skill, and generals and commanders were at a great price. Throughout the country, peasants were assigned to the troops and trained in military affairs on a seasonal basis. Many works on the art of war appeared. The art of fortification, the technique of siege and storming of fortifications, greatly developed. The massive increase in infantry numbers was accompanied by the widespread use of the crossbow, a reluctant adoption of the barbarian practice of creating cavalry.
One of the main kingdoms of this period was the Kingdom of Wei. Wen Wang, who ruled Wei from its founding until 387 BC. e. , needed good advisers, and invited people to the court without asking what kingdom they were from. Wu Qi, who was appointed commander-in-chief, led many successful campaigns against Qin. Wu Qi was a complex man, and even the biography in Shi Ji does not portray him favorably. According to subsequent historical writings, Wu Qi not only did not lose a single battle, but also extremely rarely found himself in a difficult situation, compiling a chronicle of amazing and decisive victories over superior forces. The treatise "Wu Tzu" written by him is valued as one of the main achievements of Chinese military thought. The ideas and methods presented there are not only theoretical, but also tested in practice. However, Hui Wang, who came to power in 370 BC. e. , succeeded more by quarreling with people than by using them in his service. As a result, he lost Gongsun Yang, who subsequently strengthened the Qin kingdom, which at the beginning of the period was the weakest of the seven kingdoms, with his reforms.
354-353 BC e. War between Wei and Han. The Wei army invaded the Han kingdom, the latter turned to the Qi kingdom for help. In response, Qi sent an army, which invaded Wei territory and approached the capital. The military adviser to the Qi commander was Sun Bin (they say that he was a descendant of Sun Tzu). The Wei army, under the command of Pan Huan, a former colleague of Sun Bin, quickly moves back to defend the capital of their state.
OK. 353 BC e. Battle of Maligne. Sun Bin set up an ambush with 10,000 crossbowmen. The Wei army fell into a trap and was almost completely destroyed.
342-341 BC e. War between Wei and Zhao. Having regained strength after the defeat at Malin, Wei invades the neighboring state of Zhao and besieges its capital. Zhao asks Qi for help, just like Han did 12 years ago. Qi, as before, invades Wei and again threatens the capital. Once again the Wei army is forced to quickly march home to defend the capital. On the way, she was ambushed by Sun Bin.
334-286 BC e. Expansion of the Kingdom of Chu. Chu captured the lands of the Yue kingdom along the coast, then the Song (modern Anhui province).
330-316 BC e. Expansion of the Kingdom of Qin. At the same time, Qin establishes its control in the north and east. After capturing an area in modern Sichuan, the Qin settled in the western Yangtze Valley, directly threatening Chu.
315-223 BC e. Fight between Chu and Qin. Gradually, Qin strengthened, and during the reign of Ying Zheng, Chu was defeated and captured.
OK. 280 BC e. Qin defeats Wei.
260 BC e. Battle of Changping. In a difficult battle, Qin defeated Zhao. 400,000 Zhao warriors who surrendered were buried alive.
249 BC e. Death of the Zhao Dynasty. - Probably 100 years old
- Fuck how stupid everyone is!!! Why did no one remember the Turkish-Venitian War of the 15-18 centuries. 300 years
- Reconquista. 800 years.
- The longest war in history lasted 335 years
The participants in the longest war eventually forgot that they were fighting, and remembered it by accident. This war was fought between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly, a group of islands 45 km from the southwestern tip of England. It began in 1651.
When Elizabeth I died, the crown passed to her cousin James Stuart, son of Mary, Queen of Scots. For the first time in history, England, Ireland and Scotland had one king. Not surprisingly, this did not suit everyone. Things got even worse when the throne was inherited by his son Charles I, whose popularity had waned as he attempted to withdraw from the 30 Years' War.
Charles continued to make mistake after mistake: he tried to rewrite church texts (unsuccessfully) and suppress the Scottish rebellion. Ultimately, the armed rebellion of the Irish against the Scots and English led to a division of power. The royalists supported the king and his right to rule, but the parliamentarians wanted to overthrow him.
And the Dutch decided to support the parliamentarians. The royalists responded with violence: they attacked all Dutch ships that appeared in the English Channel. As a result, the royalists lost the war and gradually had to retreat, and the last remaining stronghold was the Isles of Scilly.
The Dutch decided to use this opportunity to finish off the royalists and sent a fleet of 12 ships to the tiny group of islands, demanding compensation for the damage the royalists had caused to the Netherlands. The royalists refused, and the Netherlands then declared war on both them and the islands.
The blockade continued for three months until the royalists surrendered. Now that the islands were controlled by parliamentarians, there was no one to demand compensation, and the Dutch sailed home. For some reason, everyone forgot to officially announce the end of the war.
So Scilly and the Netherlands were officially at war until 1986, when one Scilly historian found evidence of the participation of the islands in the war, the surrender and departure of the Dutch. He contacted the Dutch embassy in London, and officials found documents confirming that Scilly and the Netherlands were still at war.
The peace treaty was signed on April 17, 1986, ending the longest war in history, albeit without a single battle. The war lasted 335 years.
- England, the war between the “white” and “scarlet” roses, 100 years....
- The shortest war broke out between Britain and Zanzibar on August 27, 1896 and lasted 38 minutes from 9:20 a.m. to 9:40 a.m. The longest "Hundred Years' War" lasted 116 years, from 1337 to 1453. The most brutal of wars is World War II. About 56.4 million people died.
this has happened before.. use search!
- I'm afraid it's religious... start with the Templars at least :)
- Probably this is the hundred years war between France and England...
And at the moment the longest war is the war between North Korea and South Korea, which began in 1950... no official end to the war was announced... she has a chance to become the longest...
The Hundred Years' War is a long-running set of military conflicts between medieval England and France, the cause of which was England's desire to return a number of territories on the European continent that once belonged to English monarchs.
The English kings were also related to the French Capetian dynasty, which served to advance their claims to the French throne. Despite the successes in the initial stage of the war, England lost the war, capturing only one possession - the port of Calais, which the English crown was able to hold only until 1559.
How long did the Hundred Years' War last?
The Hundred Years' War lasted almost 116 years, from 1337. until 1453, and represented four large-scale conflicts.
- The Edwardian War, which lasted from 1337 to 1360,
- Carolingian War - 1369 - 1389,
- Lancastrian War - 1415-1429,
- The fourth final conflict - 1429-1453.
Main battles
The first stage of the Hundred Years' War consisted of the struggle between the conflicting parties for the right to own Flanders. After the victorious Slay naval battle for the English troops in 1340, the port of Calais was captured, which led to complete English supremacy at sea. Since 1347 until 1355 Fighting ceased due to the bubonic plague pandemic, which killed millions of Europeans.
After the first wave of the plague, England, unlike France, was able to restore its economy in a fairly short time, which contributed to it launching a new attack on the western possessions of France, Guienne and Gascony. In 1356 At the Battle of Poitiers, the French military forces were again defeated. The devastation after the plague and hostilities, as well as excessive taxation by England, caused the French uprising, which went down in history as the Paris Uprising.
Charles's reorganization of the French army, England's war on the Iberian Peninsula, the death of King Edward III of England and his son, who led the English army, allowed France to take revenge in the subsequent stages of the war. In 1388, the heir of King Edward III, Richard II, was involved in a military conflict with Scotland, as a result of which the English troops were completely defeated at the Battle of Otternbourne. Due to the lack of resources to conduct further military operations, both sides again agreed on a truce in 1396.
England's defeat after conquering a third of France
During the reign of the French king Charles VI, the English side, taking advantage of the dementia of the French monarch, in the shortest possible time was able to capture virtually a third of the territory of France and was able to achieve the actual unification of France and England under the English crown.
The turning point in military operations came in 1420, after the French army was led by the legendary Joan of Arc.
Under her leadership, the French were able to recapture Orleans from the British. Even after her execution in 1431, the French army, inspired by the victory, was able to successfully complete military operations, regaining all of its historical territories. The surrender of English troops at the Battle of Bordeaux in 1453 marked the end of the Hundred Years' War.
The Hundred Years' War is considered the longest in human history. As a result, the treasuries of the two states were emptied, internal strife and conflicts began: this is how the confrontation between the two dynasties of Lancaster and York began in England, which would eventually be called the War of the Red and White Roses.
Various wars occupy a huge place in the history of mankind.
They redrew maps, gave birth to empires, and destroyed peoples and nations. The earth remembers wars that lasted more than a century. We remember the most protracted military conflicts in human history.
1. War without shots (335 years)
The longest and most curious of the wars is the war between the Netherlands and the Scilly Archipelago, part of Great Britain.
Due to the absence of a peace treaty, it formally lasted 335 years without firing a single shot, which makes it one of the longest and most curious wars in history, and also the war with the least losses.
Peace was officially declared in 1986.
2. Punic War (118 years)
By the middle of the 3rd century BC. The Romans almost completely subjugated Italy, set their sights on the entire Mediterranean and wanted Sicily first. But the mighty Carthage also laid claim to this rich island.
Their claims unleashed 3 wars that lasted (with interruptions) from 264 to 146. BC. and received their name from the Latin name of the Phoenicians-Carthaginians (Punians).
The first (264-241) is 23 years old (it started because of Sicily).
The second (218-201) - 17 years (after the capture of the Spanish city of Sagunta by Hannibal).
The last one (149-146) - 3 years.
It was then that the famous phrase “Carthage must be destroyed!” was born. Pure military action took 43 years. The conflict totals 118 years.
Results: Besieged Carthage fell. Rome won.
3. Hundred Years' War (116 years)
It went in 4 stages. With pauses for truces (the longest - 10 years) and the fight against plague (1348) from 1337 to 1453.
Opponents: England and France.
Reasons: France wanted to oust England from the southwestern lands of Aquitaine and complete the unification of the country. England - to strengthen influence in the province of Guienne and regain those lost under John the Landless - Normandy, Maine, Anjou. Complication: Flanders - formally was under the auspices of the French crown, in fact it was free, but depended on English wool for cloth making.
Reason: the claims of the English king Edward III of the Plantagenet-Angevin dynasty (maternal grandson of the French king Philip IV the Fair of the Capetian family) to the Gallic throne. Allies: England - German feudal lords and Flanders. France - Scotland and the Pope. Army: English - mercenary. Under the command of the king. The basis is infantry (archers) and knightly units. French - knightly militia, under the leadership of royal vassals.
Turning point: after the execution of Joan of Arc in 1431 and the Battle of Normandy, the national liberation war of the French people began with the tactics of guerrilla raids.
Results: On October 19, 1453, the English army capitulated in Bordeaux. Having lost everything on the continent except the port of Calais (remained English for another 100 years). France switched to a regular army, abandoned knightly cavalry, gave preference to infantry, and the first firearms appeared.
4. Greco-Persian War (50 years)
In total - war. They dragged on with calm from 499 to 449. BC. They are divided into two (the first - 492-490, the second - 480-479) or three (the first - 492, the second - 490, the third - 480-479 (449). For the Greek city-states - battles for independence. For the Achaeminid Empire - aggressive.
Trigger: Ionian Revolt. The battle of the Spartans at Thermopylae has become legendary. The Battle of Salamis was a turning point. “Kalliev Mir” put an end to it.
Results: Persia lost the Aegean Sea, the coasts of the Hellespont and the Bosphorus. Recognized the freedoms of the cities of Asia Minor. The civilization of the ancient Greeks entered a time of greatest prosperity, establishing a culture that, thousands of years later, the world looked up to.
4. Punic War. The battles lasted 43 years. They are divided into three stages of wars between Rome and Carthage. They fought for dominance in the Mediterranean. The Romans won the battle. Basetop.ru
5. Guatemalan War (36 years)
Civil. It occurred in outbreaks from 1960 to 1996. A provocative decision made by American President Eisenhower in 1954 initiated a coup.
Reason: the fight against the “communist infection”.
Opponents: Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Bloc and the military junta.
Victims: almost 6 thousand murders were committed annually, in the 80s alone - 669 massacres, more than 200 thousand dead (83% of them Mayan Indians), over 150 thousand missing. Results: the signing of the “Treaty of Lasting and Lasting Peace,” which protected the rights of 23 Native American groups.
Results: the signing of the “Treaty of Lasting and Lasting Peace,” which protected the rights of 23 Native American groups.
6. War of the Roses (33 years)
Confrontation between the English nobility - supporters of two family branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancaster and York. Lasted from 1455 to 1485.
Prerequisites: “bastard feudalism” is the privilege of the English nobility to buy off military service from the lord, in whose hands large funds were concentrated, with which he paid for an army of mercenaries, which became more powerful than the royal one.
Reason: the defeat of England in the Hundred Years' War, the impoverishment of the feudal lords, their rejection of the political course of the wife of the feeble-minded King Henry IV, hatred of her favorites.
Opposition: Duke Richard of York - considered the Lancastrian right to rule illegitimate, became regent under an incompetent monarch, became king in 1483, was killed at the Battle of Bosworth.
Results: It upset the balance of political forces in Europe. Led to the collapse of the Plantagenets. She placed the Welsh Tudors on the throne, who ruled England for 117 years. Cost the lives of hundreds of English aristocrats.
7. Thirty Years' War (30 years)
The first military conflict on a pan-European scale. Lasted from 1618 to 1648. Opponents: two coalitions. The first is the union of the Holy Roman Empire (in fact, the Austrian Empire) with Spain and the Catholic principalities of Germany. The second is the German states, where power was in the hands of Protestant princes. They were supported by the armies of reformist Sweden and Denmark and Catholic France.
Reason: The Catholic League was afraid of the spread of the ideas of the Reformation in Europe, the Protestant Evangelical Union strived for this.
Trigger: Czech Protestant uprising against Austrian rule.
Results: The population of Germany has decreased by a third. The French army lost 80 thousand. Austria and Spain lost more than 120 thousand. After the Peace Treaty of Munster in 1648, a new independent state - the Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (Holland) - was finally established on the map of Europe.
8. Peloponnesian War (27 years)
There are two of them. The first is the Lesser Peloponnesian (460-445 BC). The second (431-404 BC) is the largest in the history of Ancient Hellas after the first Persian invasion of the territory of Balkan Greece. (492-490 BC).
Opponents: Peloponnesian League led by Sparta and First Marine (Delian) under the auspices of Athens.
Reasons: The desire for hegemony in the Greek world of Athens and the rejection of their claims by Sparta and Corinthus.
Controversies: Athens was ruled by an oligarchy. Sparta is a military aristocracy. Ethnically, the Athenians were Ionians, the Spartans were Dorians. In the second, 2 periods are distinguished.
The first is Archidamus' War. The Spartans made land invasions of Attica. Athenians - sea raids on the Peloponnesian coast. Ended in 421 with the signing of the Treaty of Nikiaev. 6 years later it was violated by the Athenian side, which was defeated in the Battle of Syracuse. The final phase went down in history under the name Dekelei or Ionian. With the support of Persia, Sparta built a fleet and destroyed the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami.
Results: After imprisonment in April 404 BC. Feramenov's world Athens lost its fleet, tore down the Long Walls, lost all its colonies and joined the Spartan Union.
9. Great Northern War (21 years)
The Northern War lasted for 21 years. It was between the northern states and Sweden (1700-1721), the confrontation between Peter I and Charles XII. Russia fought mostly on its own.
Reason: Possession of Baltic lands, control over the Baltic.
Results: With the end of the war, a new empire arose in Europe - the Russian one, with access to the Baltic Sea and possessing a powerful army and navy. The capital of the empire was St. Petersburg, located at the confluence of the Neva River and the Baltic Sea.
Sweden lost the war.
10. Vietnam War (18 years old)
The Second Indochina War between Vietnam and the United States and one of the most destructive of the second half of the 20th century. Lasted from 1957 to 1975. 3 periods: South Vietnamese guerrilla (1957-1964), from 1965 to 1973 - full-scale US military operations, 1973-1975. - after the withdrawal of American troops from Viet Cong territories. Opponents: South and North Vietnam. On the side of the South are the United States and the military bloc SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organization). Northern - China and the USSR.
The reason: when the communists came to power in China and Ho Chi Minh became the leader of South Vietnam, the White House administration was afraid of the communist “domino effect.” After Kennedy's assassination, Congress gave President Lyndon Johnson carte blanche to use military force with the Tonkin Resolution. And already in March 1965, two battalions of US Navy SEALs left for Vietnam. So the United States became part of the Vietnamese Civil War. They used a “search and destroy” strategy, burned out the jungle with napalm - the Vietnamese went underground and responded with guerrilla warfare.
Who benefits: American arms corporations. US losses: 58 thousand in combat (64% under 21 years of age) and about 150 thousand suicides of American military veterans.
Vietnamese casualties: over 1 million combatants and more than 2 civilians, in South Vietnam alone - 83 thousand amputees, 30 thousand blind, 10 thousand deaf, after Operation Ranch Hand (chemical destruction of the jungle) - congenital genetic mutations.
Results: The Tribunal of May 10, 1967 qualified US actions in Vietnam as a crime against humanity (Article 6 of the Nuremberg Statute) and prohibited the use of CBU thermite bombs as weapons of mass destruction.
(C) different places on the Internet
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Articles on the topic
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Alexey Volynets
5.03.2019 14:13 7
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arctus
Myths and reality of the Brest Peace
Today is the 101st anniversary of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. Peace - forced and obscene. But only peace gave the country respite and the opportunity to assemble a new combat-ready army for future victories. These seemingly obvious things are not clear to everyone these days. The fact is that its history, during perestroika in the USSR, was strongly mythologized for the sole purpose of...
4.03.2019 16:32 21
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Alexey Volynets
Prince Obolensky's "sugar" scam
Alamy/Vostock photo 140 years ago, in February 1879, the St. Petersburg prosecutor's office began investigating thefts at the Kronstadt commercial bank. The scandal was loud, because the credit institution, which arose only 7 years ago, worked not just anywhere, but in the main base of the Russian fleet. Among its founders was even one of the commandants of Kronstadt. The investigation revealed a catastrophic picture - with 500 thousand rubles. the authorized capital and millions of debts in the bank's cash desk there were only 502 rubles. with a half….
1.03.2019 20:25 28
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alexey43
“... we will raze banks and prisons to the ground...” (c).
The first star this year is like a tennis ball against a wall, two fingers against a fence, a stopper of vodka in the wrong throat: run-up/swing/exhale... and immediately - recoil. A year of offensive Fridays - until midnight: only the Orthodox will sit down to celebrate - you need to change the topic, the tablecloth, the snack. That's today. And the star was not blown away by the Moscow wind; it was born in transparent...
23.02.2019 20:50 55
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Alexey Volynets
The first peasant mortgage: how former serfs were credited in 19th century Russia
Vostock Photo Archive The abolition of serfdom is rightly assessed as the greatest achievement of the reign of Alexander II. But just as rightly, this reform was criticized by contemporaries and descendants. Initially, they planned to free the peasants by transferring to them land plots that were in their personal use. However, during the implementation of the reform, landowners received the right to “cuts” - the opportunity to cut off from the peasants and keep part of their land for themselves. On average in European Russia, the “segments” amounted to a fifth...
22.02.2019 15:08 30
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Stanislav Smagin
Leafing through the old notebook of a murdered collaborator
The other day, February 19, was the 65th anniversary of the sad event, which became for Russia a real humanitarian and geopolitical Tsushima, which was eventually overcome, but only through the involvement of new Tsushima, big small ones, into the zone. We are talking, of course, about the transfer of Crimea and Sevastopol from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, committed in gross violation of all norms and laws. Immediately this decision had...
21.02.2019 21:56 44
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HISTORY IN PHOTOS
McDonald's opening in Moscow: 5 thousand idiots
On May 3, 1989, construction began on the first McDonald's restaurant on Pushkinskaya Square in Moscow, and on January 31, 1990, it opened. At dawn on January 31, 1990, over 5 thousand people gathered in front of the restaurant, waiting for the opening. The savages stood for a sandwich with a cutlet all night. And here are the prices then (1990): Big...
21.02.2019 16:17 50
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Vladimir Veretennikov
How a Latvian partisan became an underground hero
Photo from here February 18 marks the 75th anniversary of the day when Imants Sudmalis, a leader of the Latvian anti-Nazi underground, was captured by Gestapo agents in Riga in 1944. Sudmalis managed to become a real legend: his name struck fear into enemies and inspired friends. The life of the famous Latvian partisan could become a script for an adventure film. The Nazis completely conquered Latvia by 8...
19.02.2019 18:50 28
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Andrey Sidorchik
Notebook from Moabit. The last feat of Musa Jalil
Painting by Kharis Abdrakhmanovich Yakupov “Before the Sentence,” which depicts the poet Musa Jalil, executed by the Nazis in a Berlin prison in 1944. © / A. Agapov / RIA Novosti On February 15, 1906, the Soviet Tatar poet, Hero of the Soviet Union Musa Jalil was born. .. I would like to take a break from captivity, To be in a free draft... But the walls are freezing over the groans, The heavy door is locked. Oh heaven...
17.02.2019 19:27 25
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Alexey Volynets
Ilyinka – the cradle of Russian capitalism
RIA Novosti Since the times of early capitalism, the English term City has become a generally accepted and common noun for the “urban center of business life.” Hardly anyone in Russia today does not know about the skyscrapers of Moscow City, an area that the capital’s authorities define as a “business activity zone.” But in the past, our ancestors also used this term - from the middle of the 19th century, “Moscow City” traditionally referred to a small territory near the Kremlin, in Kitay-Gorod. There, first of all...
17.02.2019 19:23 19
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Burkina Faso
Russia and the USSR have always had a special relationship with Afghanistan. Complex, but special. Suffice it to say that the USSR, trying to secure its southern underbelly, always tried to help and build good neighborly relations with these tribes, spreading there the reasonable, kind, eternal, including the great Russian culture and literature. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin served as one of the tools of the “insidious” Bolsheviks. Due to...
16.02.2019 15:30 29
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Burkina Faso
Statistics before the revolution, in the USSR and now
All critics of the Soviet system, being backed by facts, as a rule do not give up and resort to their last refuge, that all statistics in the USSR were falsified for the sake of propaganda. The argument is rather helpless, if only because in the USSR ordinary people were never interested in statistics and they were of a purely official, internal nature. We heard some numbers and calculations...
10.02.2019 9:50 61
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Elena Kovacic
On the birthday of the Civil War hero Vasily Chapaev
Only 32 years were allotted to him on earth. But posthumous fame surpassed all imaginable boundaries. He became a popular favorite, almost a folklore character - the hero of jokes about Vasily Ivanovich, Petka and Anka the machine gunner. See the gallery for the article “I told Vaska: study, fool, otherwise they will laugh at you! Well, I didn’t listen!” - I spoke about these jokes...
9.02.2019 23:28 51
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from blogs
99 years ago. “Admiral? To the Angara!
February 7 is the next anniversary of the execution of the “Supreme Ruler of Russia” Admiral Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak. Below is the text of a memoir essay by the execution commander, chairman of the Irkutsk Extraordinary Investigative Commission that interrogated Kolchak, Samuil Chudnovsky. It was published in Pravda on January 16, 1935. Some phrases that were missing from the Pravda essay appeared in the book publication of the essay in 1961. They are lower...
9.02.2019 23:11 57
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Alexey Volynets
Financial trap for the Ottoman Empire
Grenville Collins Postcard Collection/Mary Evans/Vostock Photo In the 19th century, Turkey, or more precisely the Ottoman Empire, was still a huge power, stretching across three continents - from Libya to Iraq, from Serbia to Sudan. The Danube, Euphrates and Nile were then still formally considered “Ottoman” rivers. But in reality, the once mighty empire was mired in the backward Middle Ages. Its finances also remained medieval - before the Crimean War there were no banks at all in the country. In the market there were only money changers - “sarrafs”. However, due to...
9.02.2019 16:32 27
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Stanislav Smagin
Street of Mentally Disabled People
Chairman of the Bashkir Republican Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation Yunir Kutluguzhin spoke in favor of returning Zaki Validi Street, on which the committee is actually located, the name of Mikhail Frunze, which it previously bore. This is not the first time this question has been raised - and before, the Bashkir communists demanded that the previous name be restored. The initiative of the Bashkir communists can only be welcomed. Also because she...
9.02.2019 15:34 40
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arctus
155 years since the inglorious Russo-Japanese War began
As a result of the lost war, surprisingly, Russia also received one powerful advantage. It ceased to be bound by the Shimoda Treaty of 1855, according to which the Russian side ceded the Southern Kuril Islands in exchange for “permanent peace and sincere friendship between Russia and Japan,” as well as some trade advantages. It is unlikely, of course, Nicholas II and the then Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Ingushetia...
8.02.2019 16:07 36
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Editorial office of "People's Journalist"
“If there was a trough, there would be pigs”
Today is the birthday of the giant of satire and the greatest clever man, Francois Rabelais (1494). “I fear nothing but danger”; “Together with the common property, the private property always perishes”; “There are no guts without shit”; “……the brain is the most perfect kind of food that nature gives us”; “Everything comes on time if people know how to wait”; “I don’t bother myself for hours - I’m not a person...
4.02.2019 22:14 63
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IA Krasnaya Vesna
Immortal feat: Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad Skopina Olga © IA Krasnaya Vesna On February 2, 1943, the Germans capitulated at Stalingrad. 76 years ago... We fell asleep thinking about you. We turned on the loudspeaker at dawn to hear about your fate. Our morning began with you. In the worries of the day, dozens of times in a row, clenching our teeth, holding our breath, we repeated: “Courage, Stalingrad!” Through our...
3.02.2019 16:37 75
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Alexey Volynets
The last Russian-Turkish war began with a scandal at the top of the Russian Empire
Minister of Finance Baron Mikhail Khristoforovich Reitern The History Collection/Alamy Stock Photo/Vostock Photo The Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878 began almost with an open scandal at the top of the Russian Empire, which postponed it for six months. On September 14, 1876, the Minister of War sent an urgent telegram to the Minister of Finance “in order to prepare funds in case of mobilization of troops.” The head of the Ministry of Finance, Baron Reitern, defiantly retired to a country estate and ignored the telegram from the military. Just a challenge...
3.02.2019 15:49 37
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arctus
Polish hero about the crimes of Ukrainian Nazis
Jacek Wilczur. You can’t get to heaven right away: Lvov, 1941–1943. M.: Regnum Publishing House, 2013 Jacek Wilczur (1925−2018) is not very well known to the Russian reader. He was a historian and lawyer, the author of works on German studies. The most famous is his monograph “The Deadly Alliance of Hitler and Mussolini” about the destruction of Italian military personnel by the Nazis after Italy’s withdrawal from the war on the side of Germany. In addition to scientific activities,…
3.02.2019 15:26 44
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Burkina Faso
How Telegrams were banned before the revolution
At all times, the government tries to prohibit or take control of all channels of communication between citizens, especially independent ones. We remember this well from the Putin regime’s fight against Telegram. The Putin regime imagines itself as the heir to the regime of Nicholas II and Stolypin, who also at one time tried to fight such a communication channel of their time as pigeon mail. To do this, let’s turn to...
31.01.2019 14:41 39
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Burkina Faso
The return of Russia, which Putin and Govorukhin lost
The situation with the packaging of 9 eggs that recently outraged everyone, as well as the general tendency to package products in smaller, non-round weights different from the usual tens, kilograms, etc., making it difficult for Russians to perceive the rise in price of products, forces us to take a closer look at our pre-revolutionary past, which was and is served with times of perestroika, as a lost paradise, as an ideal of prosperity and well-being. If…
30.01.2019 18:18 116
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Alexander Gorelik
Common cause: from Goebbels to Svanidze
BREAD CARD. PHOTO: SPBDNEVNIK.RU During the Great Patriotic War, the word “fake” did not yet exist in the Russian language. But the fakes themselves, that is, fake news, already existed. One of the most famous is about tangerines, Boucher cakes, rum baba, smoked sausages on the tables of Leningrad leaders during the siege, when thousands of townspeople were dying of hunger. About,…
30.01.2019 13:33 52
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pioneer-lj
Captains, their deceptions are easy to believe
The other day I watched Galkovsky’s video channel, the story about the British Uncle Pasha and Uncle Lesha seemed to me the most inspired and artistically expressive of all. Although I think it would be even better if the Irish bastards robbed some new guy. And uncles Pasha and Lyosha stood up for him and killed the vile Irish rat. However, these are all artistic excesses and do not change the meaning of the story. History of British...