Years of Heine's life. Christian Johann Heinrich Heine - biography

The German poet Heinrich Heine is known throughout the world. His biography is filled with an abundance of travel and debauchery. But the poet's fate was difficult. Many of his works did not receive recognition during his lifetime, and Henry's monetary situation and health in recent years were very deplorable. Despite the languid conditions, he continued to create. Now the world loves a poet like Heinrich Heine. His biography and creativity will be examined in our article.

Origin, childhood

The future poet was born in Düsseldorf on December 13, 1797. Heinrich Heine spent his childhood here. The biography of his young years is connected specifically with Düsseldorf. Samson Heine, his father, was a textile merchant. And Betty, the boy’s mother (her portrait is presented below), was an enlightened lady for those times. She was fond of the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Betty showed great concern for raising her own baby. This lady had no doubt about Henry’s great future. With all this, she had a completely definite idea of what her offspring could become. He could choose the career of a general or become a financial genius. Becoming a lawyer was another option.

Heinrich grew up, and so he entered the lyceum. At the local Catholic Lyceum, Heine developed a love for worship, characterized by pomp and solemnity. She did not leave the entire life of a poet like Heine. Henry's biography and work substantiate this.

Communication with Simon Geldern and Zefchen

At this time, he began to talk closely with Simon Geldern, his uncle on his mother’s side. He saw that the boy had obvious tendencies towards humanitarian subjects. Simon Geldern gradually began to introduce Heinrich to works of world literature. The boy read the works of Cervantes, Swift and other creators.

At the age of 15, the future poet met Zefchen, an ordinary farm woman. He immediately became friends with her. This woman often spoke about various beliefs and legends that existed among the people, which complemented what Heine had acquired literary education. It is possible that Heinrich’s enthusiasm for folklore awoke specifically thanks to her. Then this was reflected in the poetic masterpieces included in a huge number of Heine’s collections.

The political situation: how Heinrich Heine perceived it

The short biography and work of this poet are tightly intertwined with the political situation of those years. Young Heine was infected with patriotism during the war with the French. But he cooled down very quickly after the reaction won the victory over Napoleon. With the arrival of the Prussians in the Rhine Province, the former feudal-bureaucratic order reigned again. The equality of Jews with all other religious groups, proclaimed by Napoleon, was destroyed. All these actions in political life left a big mark on Heine’s spiritual development, as well as in his work. The poet grew up in the Rhine Province, which was considered the leading part of Germany in terms of industry. Henry's ancestors, who dreamed of their son becoming a general in Napoleon's army, after Bonaparte's defeat began to think about a career as a merchant, despite the fact that the future poet did not show great promise here.

Moving to Frankfurt, living in Hamburg

Samson Heine went with his son to Frankfurt in 1815. He wanted to get him a job as a clerk in a grocery warehouse. But Henry did not survive long in the suffocating atmosphere of trade. After some time he ran away. This upset his mother very much, although she never stopped believing that her offspring had a great financial future. The lady decided to send him to the care of Solomon Heine, another of Heinrich’s uncles, who lived in Hamburg and was a money magnate. This man took a living role in the young nephew. Henry came to his uncle in July 1816. And in 1818 he was already the head of his own office under the name “G. Heine and Co.”

Love and its reflection in the poems written by Heinrich Heine

The biography, short content of the works and noteworthy facts about the poet give us some idea of his personal life. It is clear that in Hamburg our hero showed himself not only in the financial sphere. He became close friends with Amalia, Solomon's daughter. This woman inspired him to write a number of poems, which were later included in the “Book of Songs”, published in 1827 (its first edition is presented below).

But the love for Amalia was not mutual. After 3 years, the woman married Friedlander, a prominent merchant. It was very difficult for Heine to fight the despair that gripped him after Amalia’s refusal. He abandoned his commercial venture, which promised a lot of promise.

Heine's poetic works of this period, also his letters, main theme whose ill-fated love for Amalia was imbued with the “romance of a nightmare” and a dark mood. They contain motifs of ominous dreams, a double, love-death, etc., corresponding to the period of late romanticism.

Study at the Bonn and Göttingen Institutes

After some time, Heinrich entered the institute of the town of Bonn, Faculty of Law. Almost everything was influenced by Betty, his mother. During his student years, Heinrich attended lectures and also took part in disgusting revelries, which undermined his already weak health. The guy became interested in literature. The course on its history was taught at this institute by August Schlegel. It was he who instilled in the young Heine a taste for Byron, Shakespeare and the East. Nevertheless, Heine did not stay long within the walls of the Bonn Institute.

On October 4, 1820, he became a student on the 1st educational institution- Göttingen Institute. But even in it he managed to withstand only 14 months. A duel with a classmate (or rather, her attempt) became a prerequisite for Heine’s expulsion. It was arranged for some insignificant reason.

Continuing education at the Berlin Institute

Heinrich Heine at the end of February 1821 continued his education at the Berlin Institute. Here he leads social life. Heinrich visits various literary salons and makes acquaintances with an abundance of German writers. In the same year, Heinrich began selling his poetic works to newspapers. But Heine’s poems are not noticed by either readers or critics. Nevertheless, the Berlin press publishes the works “Ballad of the Moor”, “Hard Night”, “Minnesingers”, etc.

Disasters and 1st collection of poems

It was at this time that the news reached him that Amalia Heine had gotten married. This became the prerequisite for the poet to begin participating in various orgies and revelries. With all his strength he tried to get rid of the melancholy that gripped him. Yet he constantly created new poetic works. The first publications of his creations date back to the same time. After some time, the disasters “Ratcliffe”, “Almanzor”, and also a collection of poems entitled “Lyrical Intermezzo” appeared in print. Thanks to this collection, published in 1823, Heine gained fame in literary circles.

Political views, moving to Cuxhaven

In the same year, Henry’s political worldview took shape. The Prussian authorities are confiscating a huge amount political rights among the Jews. Heine begins to intensively protest against the monarchical regime.

Heine's new poems were received quite angrily by critics. She saw in the works young poet dissatisfaction with the existing world order. Heine, being in a deplorable state of mind, began to dream about leaving for Arabia. But in reality he went to Cuxhaven, a small resort town. Here he tried to improve his health at least a little.

New wanderings

Somewhat later, Heinrich Heine departs for Hamburg. Biography, noteworthy facts and new works of this period will be briefly presented by us. On the way, the poet visits his family in Luneburg. But his mood remains very dark. After leaving Hamburg, he went to Berlin, and then, in January 1824, he went to Göttingen.

After waiting for the end of the holidays, in September 1824 the poet made a trip to the Harz. He wants to travel all over Thuringia. Heinrich Heine visits Weimar. Here he meets J.V. Goethe, something he had long dreamed of. Unfortunately, communication with him was limited to only this one meeting. Didn't see Goethe again G. Heine. His biography, however, is marked by friendship with many famous writers and artists. Heinrich would meet many of them a little later.

Completion of studies at the institute, new works

Heine in the spring of 1825 endures with great difficulty final exams at his own institute. He becomes a doctor legal sciences 3rd stage. Immediately after which our hero accepts Lutheranism. Already in Hamburg he meets the year 1826. The first volume of “Way Pictures” is published here, as well as a cycle of poems entitled “Return to the Homeland” and the first part of the cycle “North Sea”. Somewhat later, the 2nd volume of “Putting Pictures” appeared. It aroused very sharp controversy among critics and in the press. It turned out that Heine's style is distinguished by daring license. The poet decided that it would be better to leave Hamburg for a while. He's leaving for London. But Heinrich returned quickly enough to publish the “Book of Songs.” It made an attempt to collect into one whole all the previously made poetic works.

Working at a newspaper, traveling around Italy

In 1827, Heine was offered to become the editor of the newspaper “Political Annals”, published in Munich. The poet settles in this town for six months. Then he sets off on a trip to Italy. In this country he is caught by the news of the death of Samson Heine, which occurred in Hamburg. Returning from Italy, Heinrich publishes the 3rd volume of “Putting Pictures”.

Moving to Paris, continuing creative activity

The revolution in Paris takes place in July 1830. Henry strives there with all his heart. His creative activity is already gaining momentum by this time. After the poet’s new masterpiece, the book “A New Spring,” was published in May 1831, Heine moved to Paris. In the French capital, he met such artists as Berlioz, Rossini, Chopin, Liszt, and Humboldt. He publishes his works in two languages: German and French.

His subsequent works were also published in Paris: “Florentine Nights”, “On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany”, “Romantic School”. They drew attacks from both censors and critics. Heine's circle of acquaintances in the French capital, however, is inexorably expanding. Henry's comrades were T. Gautier, A. Dumas Sr., A. de Vigny, O. Thierry, J. Sand and others.

Meeting Matilda Mira and Rothschild

In 1835, a fundamental event took place in Heine’s personal life. His biography was marked by his acquaintance with his own future wife, Matilda Mira (pictured above). But he entered into a legitimate marriage with her only in 1841. Using the connections of Solomon, his own uncle, Henry met Rothschild around this time. The latter infected the poet with a passion for stock market speculation. Heine worked on them in his free time from literary works, but was not very successful.

A difficult period in Heine's life

In 1838 financial position the poet became damned. He had to accept the French government's allowance, which was paid to emigrants, because Henry was in Paris in this capacity. In addition, Heine had to conclude an enslaving contract with Julius Campe, a French publisher. According to its terms, the publisher was provided exclusive rights for the works of Heinrich for 11 years. A subsidy from Solomon, his uncle, improved Heine's position to a certain extent. His biography might have turned out differently if not for the influence and help of this person. Solomon never stopped worrying about his own professional nephew. Material adversities and intense creative activity led to the fact that Henry’s health quickly deteriorated. He began to create more and more horribly, moved with great difficulty, but did not stop working. The poem “Atta-Troll” appeared in 1842. In 1844, Heine’s collection “New Poems” was published, as well as the poem “Germany” that gained enormous fame. Winter parable."

Last walk in Paris

News soon came from Hamburg about the death of Solomon Heine. The biography, briefly outlined by us, now becomes truly catastrophic. Despite heated assurances, Solomon left only 8 thousand francs as an inheritance to his nephew. This greatly undermined Henry’s already weak health. In May 1848, after drinking a significant dose of opium to ease the pain that tormented him, Heine last time walked around Paris. Returning home, he never left his home. Here, in forced confinement, the poet was often visited by A. Dumas, Beranger, T. Gautier and J. de Nerval.

last years of life

In 1851, Heinrich Heine wrote his third and last book of poems entitled “Romansero”. His biography at this time was also marked by the continuation of work on “Memoirs,” which began back in 1840. About a year before Heinrich’s death, Camilla Selden, a big fan of his work, visited Heinrich. She managed to awaken the last passion in the soul of the dying poet. Camilla, as well as Matilda, Heine’s wife, did not leave him until the poet’s death. Henry died on February 17, 1856. His remains are located in the Montmartre cemetery. Théophile Gautier and Alexandre Dumas were among those who saw off the poet on his last journey.

Now many people are interested in a biography of a poet like Heinrich Heine. We briefly talked about his life and creative path. To continue your acquaintance, we recommend turning to his poems. After all, the personality of such a poet as Heinrich Heine was fully reflected in them. The biography, briefly described by us, gives only the most general ideas about the inner world of this creator. And yet he is certainly very rich. It’s not for nothing that Heine’s biography is on Russian language interests our fellow citizens, despite the fact that a huge number of great poets and writers were born in our country.

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Genre: in Wikisource.

Christian Johann Heinrich Heine(German) Christian Johann Heinrich Heine , pronounced Heinrich Heine; December 13, Düsseldorf - February 17, Paris) - German poet, publicist and critic.

Heine is considered “the last poet of the romantic era” and at the same time its leader. He did colloquial capable of lyricism, raised the feuilleton and travel notes to artistic form and gave a previously unfamiliar elegant lightness to the German language.

Biography

Born into the family of an impoverished Jewish merchant in Düsseldorf, a textile merchant. In addition to him, three more children grew up in the family - Charlotte, Gustav and Maximilian. Heinrich received his initial education at the local Catholic Lyceum, where he was instilled with a love for the pomp of Catholic worship. Mother Betty (Peyra) was seriously involved in raising her son. Educated and wise woman, she wanted to provide Henry with a good education.

After the expulsion of the French and the annexation of Düsseldorf to Prussia, Heinrich transferred to the economic school. After this, Heinrich was sent for an internship in Frankfurt am Main. This was an attempt to make the boy a successor of the family financial and trading tradition. But it failed, and Henry returned home. In 1816, the parents sent their son to Hamburg, where his uncle, Solomon Heine, had a bank. Like a true teacher, he gave Heinrich the opportunity to reveal his abilities and put his nephew in charge of a small company. But Heinrich “successfully” failed the case in less than six months. Then his uncle put him in charge of accounting, but Heinrich became more and more interested in lyrics. Having quarreled with his uncle, Heinrich returns home again.

During the three years he spent with Solomon, he fell in love with his cousin Amalia, the daughter of Solomon's uncle. The love remained unrequited, and all of Henry’s experiences found an outlet in his poems - this is especially clearly seen in the “Book of Songs.”

The parents gave their consent for their son to enter the university. He first attended the Faculty of Law at the University of Bonn. But, after listening to just one lecture, Heine becomes interested in attending a lecture on history. German language and poetry read by August Schlegel. In 1820, Heine moved to the University of Göttingen, but was expelled for challenging one of the students to a duel, with which he responded to anti-Semitic insults. From 1821 to 1823, Heine studied at the University of Berlin, where he attended a course of lectures from Hegel. At this time he joined the literary circles of the city.

Really, I don’t know if I deserve to have my coffin ever decorated with a laurel wreath. Poetry, with all my love for it, has always been for me only a sacred toy or a consecrated means for heavenly purposes. I have never attached much importance to the fame of a poet, and I care little whether my songs are praised or condemned. But you must lay a sword on my coffin, for I was a brave soldier in the war for the liberation of mankind!

Original text(German)

Ich weiß wirklich nicht, ob ich es verdiene, daß man mir einst mit einem Lorbeerkranz den Sarg verziere. Die Poesie, wie sehr ich sie auch liebt, war immer nur ein heiliges Spielzeug oder geweihtes Mittel für himmlische Zwecke. Ich habe nie großen Wert gelegt auf Dichter-Ruhm, und ob man meine Lieder preiset oder tadelt, es kümmert mich wenig. Aber ein Schwert sollt ihr mir auf den Sarg legen; denn ich war ein braver Soldat im Befreiungskrieg der Menschheit.

Heinrich Heine, Travel Pictures, Journey from Munich to Genoa, Chapter XXXI, 1829 (translation by W. A. Sorgenfrey)

IN Hitler's Germany Heine's works were burned.

Major works of Heine

collection of poems Book of Songs (Buch der Lieder), 1827
Travel pictures (Reisenbilder):
- Volume 1 - Travel through the Harz (Die Harzreise), 1826
- Volume 2 - North Sea (Nordsee) and Ideas. The Book of Le Grand (Ideen. Das Buch Le Grand), 1827
- Volume 3 - Journey from Munich to Genoa (Reise von München nach Genua) and the Lucca Waters (Die Bäder von Lucca), 1829
- Volume 4 - City of Lucca (Die Stadt Lucca) and English fragments (Englische Fragmente), 1831
collection of poems New Poems (Neue Gedichte), 1844
collection of poems by Romanzero, 1851

Heine was a distant relative of Karl Marx on his mother's side. It is noteworthy that they met in Paris in 1843 and had no idea about their relationship. The poet was fascinated by the mind of this young philosopher and almost daily came to Vano Street to talk about politics and literature. They shared a passion for the French utopians. Karl urged Heine to put his poetic genius at the service of freedom: “Leave these eternal love serenades and show the poets how to wield the whip.”

Notes

Literature

Grave in Paris

Kirpichnikov A., Two biographies. J. Sand and Heine Heine, M., -
Weinberg P.I., Heinrich Heine, his life and literary activity, ed. 2nd, St. Petersburg, (“Biographical bibliography” by Pavlenkov).
Scheler Alfred, Heinrich Heine, M.,
Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky D.N., Poetry of Heinrich Heine, St. Petersburg,
Annensky I.F. Heine chained. Heine and us // Annensky I.F. Books of reflections. - M., 1979;
Kogan P.S., Essays on history. Western-European literature, vol. II.
Mering F., Art. in the book “World literature and the proletariat”,
Fritsche V. M., Essay on the development of Western European literature,
Heine in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - M., ;
Gizhdeu S.P. Lyrics of Heinrich Heine. - M., ;
Deych A. N. Fates of poets. Hölderlin. Kleist. Heine. - M., .
Pronin V. A. Heinrich Heine // History of foreign literature of the 19th century. (Ed. N. P. Michalskaya) - Part 2. - M., . - pp. 115-126.
Dezhurov A. S. “Book of Songs” by Heinrich Heine // Foreign literature XIX V. Workshop for undergraduates, graduate students, philological teachers and high school students of humanitarian schools. - M., . - P. 104-122.
Strodtmann Ad., H. Heine, Leben und Werke ( - , 2 Bde, Russian abbreviated retelling by Chuiko).
Huffer H., Aus dem Leben H. Heine's, .
Ducros L., H. Heine et son temps, .
Prolss Rob., H. Heine, .
Bölsche, H. Heine, Versuch einer ästhetisch-kritischen Analyse seiner Werke, .
Brandes G., Das Junge Deutschland, 1891 (there is a Russian translation).
Betz P. L., Heine im Frankreich,
Legras Jules, H. Heine poet,
Karpeles G., H. Heine, Aus seinem Leben und seiner Zeit, (A.G. Gornfeld, Friends and Enemies of Heine (from the book of G. Karpeles), see his book “In the West”, St. Petersburg, or "Russian wealth", , V)
Zurlinde O., H. Heine und die deutsche Romantik,
Lichtenberger H., H. Heine penseur,
Fürst R., H. Heine, Leben, Werke und Briefe,
Plotke, H. Heine als Dichter des Judentums,
Brauweiler E., Heine's Prosa,
Wendel H., H. Heine, ein Lebens- und Zeitbild,
Wolff M. J., H. Heine,
Jess H., H. Heine,
Petriconi Giac., Arrigo Heine, Roma,
Belart W., Gehalt und Aufbau von H. Heine’s Gedichtsammlungen,
Bieber H., H. Heine, Gespräche, Briefe, Tagebücher, Berichte seiner Zeitgenossen,
Clarke A. M., Heine et la monarchie de Juillet, ;
Ras G., Börne und Heine als politische Schriftsteller, ;
Beyer, Der junge Heine, .
Grigoriev A., Collection. works., ed. A. Spiridonova, vol. I (op. st.), P.,
Pisarev, Heine Heine, Sochin, vol. II;
His, Free Russian Translators, in the same place;
Gruzinsky A. E., Literary essays, Alex. N. Veselovsky. Herzen the writer. Komarovich. Dostoevsky and Heine, “The Modern World,” , no. 10;
Shuvalov S., Lermontov and Heine, collection. “Wreath to Lermontov”;
Tynyanov Yu., Blok and Heine, collection. “About Blok”, P., ;
Him, Tyutchev and Heine, “The Book and Revolution”, Ї 4;
Chulkov Heine, Tyutchev and Heine, “Art”, No. 1;
Blok A., Preface to “Travel Pictures”, Collection. composition Heine, vol. II, “World Literature”, ;
Him, Herzen and Heine, collection. "A. I. Herzen", Giza, ;
Him, Herzen and Judaism, “Life of Art”, P., Ї 31;
Knipovich E.F., Blok and Heine, collection. “About Blok”, “Nikitinsky Subbotniks”, ;
Fedorov A., Russian Heine, collection. “Russian poetry of the 20th century,” Leningrad, .

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See what “Heine” is in other dictionaries:

Heinrich Heine (1797 1856) famous German poet and publicist. R. in the family of an impoverished Jewish merchant in Düsseldorf. G. received his initial education at the local Catholic Lyceum, where he was instilled with a love of pomp... ... Literary encyclopedia

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- (Heine) Heinrich (1797 1856), German poet and publicist. From 1831 in exile in Paris. The romantic irony of a hero suffering from the imperfections and prose of life, sarcasm and lyricism, a daring challenge to self-righteous vulgarity in the Book of Songs (1827), imbued with... ... Modern encyclopedia

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Heine - The greatest poet revolutionary democracy was Heinrich Heine (1797 1856). The collection of his early poems, The Book of Songs (1827), testifies to the poet's connection with Romanticism. But with his irony, Heine, as it were, decomposes the sublime and conventional from within... ... The World History. Encyclopedia

Articles - German poet Heinrich Heine. The biography and work of the poet, interesting facts of his life, criticism of his works and recognition of his contemporaries, the poet’s influence on culture are discussed in this article.

Childhood

Future great poet born in 1797, December 13, in the town of Dusseldorf. Full name- Christian Johann Heinrich Heine. His parents were very poor, were engaged in the textile trade and really wanted to see their son as a successor in the trading business. In addition to Heinrich, the family had three more children. The children were raised by their mother, Betty. As they said about her, she was a very smart, educated woman, keen on the ideas of the French enlighteners. Later, little Henry was sent to study at a Franciscan monastery, from where he would go to the city lyceum, where he would continue his education. In general, Henry’s childhood years passed during the occupation of most of Europe by the French under Napoleon.

After Düsseldorf became part of Prussia, Heinrich entered the economics school, after which he went on an internship in Frankfurt am Main. It was then that Henry realized that he did not want to engage in trade and returned home. A few years later, in 1816, Heinrich was sent to the guardianship of his uncle in Hamburg, where the latter had his own bank. Henry's uncle puts his nephew in charge of a small branch of his bank, but Heinrich "fails" all the cases he takes on. For exactly six months Heinrich Heine was the head of the banking department, and after this period his uncle removed him from his post. But it was during this period of his life that the future poet became interested in his uncle’s daughter - his cousin. The feeling remains unanswered, but it prompts Heinrich to write poems. There is a quarrel with his uncle, Heinrich returns home, but manages to make his debut in the magazine "Hamburg Guardian" in 1817.

First attempts to write

Publications in the magazine "Hamburg Guardian" remain completely unnoticed by either critics or ordinary poetry lovers. The still immature poems do not even remotely resemble the one who would later be put on a par with Goethe or Schiller, saying that “in his poems he was able to give the German language lightness and tenderness.”

Publications and assessments of contemporaries

Perhaps, it was from 1820 that Heinrich Heine’s stable publications in magazines and his recognition as a talented poet, albeit a beginner, began. In 1820, the collection “Youthful Sufferings” was published, where Henry summarized his first love experience and attraction to his cousin. Having moved to Berlin to study, Heinrich met many representatives of secular society and representatives of German art of that time. To earn money, he sells his poems to German newspapers, but mostly to no avail. The most famous poems of this period include the following: “The Ballad of the Moor,” “The Minesingers,” and “The Terrible Night.”

Confession of a poet

In 1826, travel notes “Travel to Graz” were published, which brought the author fame in literary circles. Then the first part of “Travel Pictures” was published, and just a year later - the “Book of Songs”, where Heine collected his lyrical poems from the “Berlin” period of his life. “The Book of Songs” simply bewitched readers with a rich palette of emotions, beauty of words and height of feelings. The lyrical hero is a very young man who, due to the sublimity of his feelings, very tragically perceives the world around him, which, as it seems to the lyrical hero, does not understand and does not accept him. This “Book of Songs” consists of four parts, and many poems from this collection are known in Russia in translation by Mikhail Lermontov.

At the end of the twenties of the eighteenth century, Heine was working on creating his next masterpiece - the collection of essays “Road Paintings”. In them, the writer appears not only as a creative person, but also as a simple citizen of his country, describing all the weak and strengths Germany as a state.

After 1830, when the July Revolution took place in France, Heine left for Paris and visited Germany only twice. He will visit his mother once, and another visit will be associated with publishing activities. In Paris, Heinrich Heine does not have problems with censorship, and therefore can write in full force. The publication of a book entitled “French Affairs” dates back to this period of the poet’s life and work, in which the thinker shares his observations of the revolution and the events taking place in Europe. The spirit of the book is disappointment in the ideas of socialism. In 1834, a book entitled “For History, Religion and Philosophy in Germany” was published, where the author summarized his public performance and lectures.

Also in the forties of the nineteenth century, Heinrich Heine created one of his best poems - “Germany. Winter's Tale". With this poem, the author expressed the severity of his feelings and the depth of his experiences due to the loss of his homeland.

In 1851, the last collection of poems by Heinrich Heine, entitled "Romansero", was published. The book appeared when the poet was already very ill and bedridden, so most of the poems are very difficult and tragic.

On February 17, 1856, the great German poet Heinrich Heine, whose biography was inextricably linked with the fate of not only his native Germany, but also the whole of Europe, died in Paris after a long illness.

Style and features of creativity

Heinrich Heine, despite the fact that he was a great lyricist and his poems were full of love experiences, remained a very active person in the context of politics and socially significant events of the first half of the eighteenth century. His poems are distinguished by a lightness that seemed simply unacceptable for the German language. His articles, essays, and works concerning history and politics were distinguished by a very clear and precise position that did not accept the bourgeois system. But, despite his “anti-bourgeois” position, Heine became disillusioned with socialism, of which he was originally a supporter. Heinrich Heine compared socialism with utopia and believed that such a system would not be built on earth.

Personal life, family

Cressenia-Engenie-Mira was the name of the woman whom Heinrich Heine married. The wife's biography portrays her to us as a simple woman: Henry’s wife did not even know how to write or read and was of peasant origin; she moved to Paris when her parents left the village to work in Big city. Many of Heine’s acquaintances did not understand this marriage at all; their attitude towards the woman was negative. Perhaps, only person, who was not embarrassed by the hype surrounding his personal life, was Heinrich Heine. The biography briefly talks about his wife, but experts usually do not focus on the girl’s personality, because there is nothing unusual about her.

Influence

For German and German literature The importance of Heinrich Heine is comparable, perhaps, with the influence of Pushkin on the Russian language. Heine made German speech softer, more expressive and contributed to the creation of the so-called literary language.

Composers such as Schubert and Schumann, Wagner and Tchaikovsky, Brahms and many others wrote music to his poems.

The Austrian Empress Elizabeth, Albert Einstein, Goebbels, and Bukharin called Heine his favorite poet.

In 1933, a biography of Heinrich Heine was published in Russian. It was published in the series “The Lives of Remarkable People”.

Heinrich Heine: biography, interesting facts

Heine was a distant relative of Karl Marx, with whom he was friends and at one time shared views.
After the Nazis came to power, his books were blacklisted and burned.
Heine called the last years of his life “being in a mattress grave.” The poet was bedridden due to a back problem.

The power in countries is changing, the political course is changing. Some fall into disgrace, others become national heroes. It has always been so and will always be so, regardless of the country or continent. Unfortunately, Heinrich Heine, whose biography is connected with two countries, Germany and France, never returned to his homeland, although, already a sick man, he wrote a letter to the Prussian government to be allowed to die at home, but was refused. A hundred years later, the Nazis burned his books. And only at the end of the twentieth century in its hometown A monument to the great classic of German literature was erected in Düsseldorf.

The German poet Heinrich Heine is known throughout the world. His biography is filled with many travels and debauchery. However, the poet’s fate was not easy. Many of his works did not receive recognition during his lifetime, and Henry’s financial situation and health in recent years were very deplorable. Despite difficult conditions, he continued to create. Today, the whole world loves a poet like Heinrich Heine. His biography and work will be discussed in our article.

Origin, childhood

The future poet was born in Düsseldorf on December 13, 1797. Heinrich Heine spent his childhood here. His biography youth connected specifically with Düsseldorf. Samson Heine, his father, was a textile merchant. And Betty, the boy’s mother (her portrait is presented below), was an enlightened woman for those times. She was fond of the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Betty took great care in raising her child. This woman had no doubt about Henry’s great future. At the same time, she had a very definite idea of what her son could become. He could choose a career as a general or become financial genius. Becoming a lawyer was another option.

Heinrich grew up, and so he entered the lyceum. At the local Catholic Lyceum, Heine developed a love for worship, characterized by pomp and solemnity. She did not leave the whole life of such a poet as Heine. Henry's biography and work prove this.

Communication with Simon Geldern and Zefchen

At this time, he began to communicate closely with Simon Geldern, his uncle on his mother's side. He noticed that the boy had clearly expressed inclinations towards humanitarian subjects. Simon Geldern gradually began to introduce Heinrich to works of world literature. The boy read the works of Cervantes, Swift and other authors.

At the age of 15, the future poet met Zefchen, a simple peasant girl. He immediately became friends with her. This girl often told various beliefs and legends that existed among the people, which complemented the literary education Heine received. It is possible that Henry’s interest in folklore was awakened precisely thanks to her. This was subsequently reflected in the poetic masterpieces included in many of Heine’s collections.

The political situation: how Heinrich Heine perceived it

The short biography and work of this poet are closely related to the political situation of those years. Young Heine was infected with patriotism during the war with the French. However, he cooled down very quickly after the reaction defeated Napoleon. With the arrival of the Prussians in the Rhine Province, the former feudal-bureaucratic order reigned again. The equality of Jews with all other religious groups, proclaimed by Napoleon, was destroyed. All these events in political life left a big mark on Heine’s spiritual formation, as well as on his work. The poet grew up in the Rhine Province, which was considered the advanced part of Germany in terms of industry. Henry's parents, who dreamed of their son becoming a general in Napoleon's army, after Bonaparte's defeat began to think about a career as a merchant, despite the fact that the future poet did not show much hope in this regard.

Moving to Frankfurt, living in Hamburg

Samson Heine went with his son to Frankfurt in 1815. He wanted to get him a job as a clerk in a grocery warehouse. However, Henry did not last long in the stifling atmosphere of trade. After some time he ran away. This greatly upset his mother, although she never stopped believing that her son had a great financial future. The woman decided to send him to the care of Solomon Heine, another of Heinrich's uncles, who lived in Hamburg and was a financial tycoon. This man accepted live participation in a young nephew. Henry came to his uncle in July 1816. And in 1818 he was already the head of his office called “G. Heine and Co.”

Love and its reflection in the poems created by Heinrich Heine

Biography, summary works and interesting facts about the poet give us some insight into his personal life. It is known that in Hamburg our hero showed himself not only in the financial sector. He became close friends with Amalia, Solomon's daughter. This girl inspired him to write a number of poems, which were later included in the “Book of Songs,” published in 1827 (its first edition is presented below).

However, the love for Amalia was not mutual. After 3 years, the girl married Friedlander, a prominent merchant. It was very difficult for Heine to fight the despair that gripped him after Amalia's refusal. He abandoned his commercial venture, which promised a lot of hope.

Heine's poetic works of this period, as well as his letters, the main theme of which was his unhappy love for Amalia, are imbued with a “romance of horror” and a gloomy mood. They contain motifs of ominous dreams, a double, love-death, etc., characteristic of the period of late romanticism.

Study at the Universities of Bonn and Göttingen

After some time, Heinrich entered the University of Bonn, the Faculty of Law. This happened largely under the influence of Betty, his mother. During his student years, Henry attended lectures and also took part in ugly revelry, which undermined his already weak health. The young man became interested in literature. The course on its history was taught at this university by August Schlegel. It was he who instilled in young Heine a taste for Byron, Shakespeare and the East. However, Heine did not stay long at the University of Bonn.

On October 4, 1820, he became a student at another educational institution - the University of Göttingen. However, he could only hold out there for 14 months. A duel with a classmate (or rather, her attempt) became the reason for Heine’s expulsion. It was arranged for some minor reason.

Continuing education at the University of Berlin

Heinrich Heine at the end of February 1821 continued his education in Berlin University. Here he leads a social life. Heinrich visits various literary salons and makes acquaintances with many German writers. In the same year, Heinrich began selling his poetic works to newspapers. However, Heine's poems are not noticed by either readers or critics. Nevertheless, the Berlin press publishes the works "Ballad of the Moor", "Terrible Night", "Minnesingers" and others.

Tragedies and the first collection of poems

It was at this time that the news reached him that Amalia Heine had gotten married. This was the reason that the poet began to participate in various orgies and revelries. With all his strength he tried to get rid of the melancholy that gripped him. Nevertheless, he constantly created new poetic works. The first publications of his creations date back to this time. After some time, the tragedies “Ratcliffe”, “Almanzor”, as well as a collection of poems called “Lyrical Intermezzo” appeared in print. Thanks to this collection, published in 1823, Heine gained fame in literary circles.

Political views, moving to Cuxhaven

In the same year, Henry’s political worldview finally took shape. The Prussian authorities take away many political rights from Jews. Heine begins to actively protest against the monarchical regime.

Heine's new poems were met with criticism rather harshly. She saw in the works of the young poet dissatisfaction with the existing world order. Heine, being in a deplorable state of mind, began to dream of leaving for Arabia. However, in reality he went to Cuxhaven, a small resort town. Here he tried to improve his health at least a little.

New wanderings

Somewhat later, Heinrich Heine went to Hamburg. Biography, interesting facts and new works of this period will be briefly presented by us. On the way, the poet visits his family in Luneburg. However, his mood remains very gloomy. Leaving Hamburg, he goes to Berlin, and then, in January 1824, goes to Göttingen.

Completion of studies at the institute, new works

In the spring of 1825, Heine passed the final exams at his university with great difficulty. He becomes a 3rd level Doctor of Law. Immediately after this, our hero accepts Lutheranism. Already in Hamburg he meets the year 1826. The first volume of “Travel Pictures” is published here, as well as a cycle of poems called “Return to the Homeland” and the first part of the cycle “North Sea”. A little later, the second volume of “Travel Pictures” appears. It aroused very sharp controversy among critics and in the press. It turned out that Heine's style is distinguished by daring license. The poet decided that it would be better to leave Hamburg for a while. He goes to London. However, Henry returns quite quickly to publish the "Book of Songs". It attempted to collect into one whole all previously created poetic works.

Working at a newspaper, traveling around Italy

In 1827, Heine was offered to become the editor of the newspaper "Political Annals", published in Munich. The poet settles in this city for six months. Then he goes on a trip to Italy. In this country he is caught by the news of the death of Samson Heine, which occurred in Hamburg. Returning from Italy, Heinrich publishes the third volume of Travel Pictures.

Moving to Paris, continuing creative activity

The revolution in Paris takes place in July 1830. Henry strives there with all his heart. His creative activity was already gaining momentum by this time. After the poet's new masterpiece, the book "New Spring", was published in May 1831, Heine moved to Paris. In the French capital, he met such artists as Berlioz, Rossini, Chopin, Liszt, and Humboldt. He publishes his works in two languages: German and French.

His following works were also published in Paris: “Florentine Nights”, “On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany”, “Romantic School”. They drew attacks from both censors and critics. Heine's circle of acquaintances in the French capital, however, was steadily expanding. Henry's friends are T. Gautier, A. Dumas Sr., A. de Vigny, O. Thierry, J. Sand and others.

Meeting Matilda Mira and Rothschild

In 1835 it took place an important event in Heine's personal life. His biography was marked by acquaintance with his future wife Matilda Mira (pictured above). However, he entered into a legal marriage with her only in 1841. Using the connections of Solomon, his uncle, Henry met Rothschild around the same time. The latter infected the poet with a passion for stock market speculation. Heine worked on them in his free time from literary works, but was not very successful.

Difficult period in Heine's life

In 1838, the poet's financial situation became catastrophic. He had to accept the French government's allowance, which was paid to emigrants, because Henry was in Paris in this capacity. In addition, Heine had to enter into an enslaving agreement with Julius Campe, a French publisher. According to its terms, the publisher was given exclusive rights to Heinrich's works for 11 years. A subsidy from Solomon, his uncle, improved Heine's position to a certain extent. His biography would probably have turned out differently if not for the influence and help of this man. Solomon never stopped caring for his talented nephew. Material adversity and intense creative activity led to Henry’s health rapidly deteriorating. He began to see worse and worse, moved with great difficulty, but did not stop working. The poem "Atta-Troll" appeared in 1842. In 1844, Heine's collection "New Poems" was published, as well as the poem that became very famous, "Germany. A Winter's Tale."

Last walk in Paris

News soon arrived from Hamburg of the death of Solomon Heine. The biography, briefly outlined by us, from this moment becomes truly tragic. Despite ardent assurances, Solomon left his nephew an inheritance of only 8 thousand francs. This greatly undermined Henry's already weak health. In May 1848, after drinking a hefty dose of opium to ease the pain that tormented him, Heine walked around Paris for the last time. Returning home, he never left his home. Here, in forced confinement, the poet was often visited by A. Dumas, Beranger, T. Gautier and J. de Nerval.

last years of life

In 1851, Heinrich Heine created his third and last book of poems entitled “Romansero”. His biography at this time was also marked by the continuation of work on “Memoirs,” which began back in 1840. About a year before Henry’s death, Camilla Selden, a big fan of his work, visited Heinrich. She managed to awaken the last passion in the soul of the dying poet. Camilla, as well as Matilda, Heine’s wife, did not leave him until the poet’s death. Henry died on February 17, 1856. His remains are located in the Montmartre cemetery. and were among those who saw off the poet on his last journey.

Today, many are interested in a biography of a poet like Heinrich Heine. We briefly talked about his life and creative path. To continue your acquaintance, we recommend turning to his poems. After all, it was in them that the personality of such a poet as Heinrich Heine was fully reflected. The biography we briefly described gives only the most general idea of the inner world of this author. And yet he is, of course, very rich. It is not without reason that Heine’s biography in Russian is of interest to our compatriots, despite the fact that many great poets and writers were born in our country.

Heine Heinrich's biography is briefly summarized in this article.

Heine Heinrich short biography

Christian Johann Heinrich Heine- famous German poet, publicist and critic.

Heine was born December 13, 1797 in Düsseldorf in the family of a Jewish merchant. The personality was formed under the influence of his mother, a fan of the French Enlightenment and encyclopedists. The spiritual education of the young man and the development of his interest in poetry was facilitated by his uncle, a passionate bibliophile, who put his library at his disposal.

After graduating from the lyceum, Heine served in a banking office, as a clerk in a grocery warehouse, and as a commission agent. But service weighed on him, unlike poetry.

In 1819, he entered the Faculty of Law at the University of Bonn, and did not abandon his passion for philosophy and literature. After studying at the university for a very short time, he moved to Berlin.

From 1821 to 1823, Heine studied at the University of Berlin, where he attended a course of lectures from Hegel. In 1821, his first poetry collection, “The Book of Songs,” was published, and two years later, the tragedies “Almanzor”, “Ratcliffe” and the collection of poems “Lyrical Intermezzo”.

In 1825 he received a doctorate in law from the University of Göttingen and... completely devoted himself to literary work.

In 1826-1831 Heine published prose “Travel Pictures”, which narrated his travels through Germany. Then he went to France and stayed there forever as a political emigrant. Published several books about current situation in Germany, and French political and cultural life.

At the end of the 1830s. Heine became a revolutionary radical, imbued with socialist ideas (pamphlet “Ludwig Börne”, 1840).

In 1843-1844. he created the best poetic works - the poems “Atta Troll” and “Germany. Winter's Tale." They sharply ridicule German philistinism, nationalism, and militarism and glorify young revolutionary Germany. At this time, Heine became friends with K. Marx, who took part in the publication of his last poem.