Judgment- river in Bryansk region, Russia and Chernigov region, Ukraine, right tributary of the Desna.
It originates from the village of Bobylevo, Bryansk region, flows through the territory of the Bryansk, Zhiryatinsky, Pochepsky and Pogarsky districts, flowing into the Desna near the village of Muravyi (on the border of the Bryansk region and the Chernigov region of Ukraine). Length - 208 km. The basin area is 5850 km². Located on the river regional centers Bryansk region - the village of Zhiryatino and the cities of Pochep and Pogar. It freezes from December to April. The slope of the river is about 10 cm and its flow speed is about 4 km per hour. The tributaries have a higher slope and the flow of water in them is faster. The channel is about 10 - 15 m wide, 1.5 - 2 m deep, the width of the valley in Pochep is about 1 km.
Ecological problems
In July 2011, it was spotted in the Sudost River mass death fish. Veterinary inspection specialists have concluded that the oxygen content in river water is low (four times lower than the norm), and the permissible phosphate content is five times higher than the norm. At the same time, the usually colorless water in the river took on a pronounced reddish-brown hue, and a smell of rot appeared. Rospotrebnadzor specialists took water samples for examination, this moment testing for the presence of toxic chemicals and pesticides is carried out. Until all the circumstances were clarified, the district administration forbade local residents from swimming in the river, watering livestock and taking water for household needs.
One of the possible preconditions for the current situation may be heavy rainfalls that occurred the day before in the Bryansk region (where the Sudost River originates and flows), after which a significant rise in the water level in the Sudost River was observed, noticeable to the naked eye.
The greatest concern among local residents is the possibility of the destruction plant operating near Pochep (in the area where the Sudost River originates) influencing the pollution of the river. chemical weapons, located at a distance of 3-4 km. from the Sudost River.
Tributaries
Right: Slaughter, Brikovka, Vablya, Vara, Gorodok, Gremyach, Village, Drakovka, Kalinovka, Costa, Dog, Rovok, Rosh, Sakharovka, Serebryanka, Usa, Kholopets.
Left: Vyunovka, Kolbasovka, Krupets, Nethar, Polotynya, Ponikovka, Ponurka, Poperechnya, Ramasukha, Rzhavka, Rhubarb, Rozhok.
The Sudost River is a right tributary of the Desna. It originates near the village of Novoselki, Zhukovsky district, Bryansk region, and flows into the Desna on the border with the Ukrainian SSR. Judging by the works of K.M. Polikarpovich, the valley of this river has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic era, where such well-known sites as Eliseevichi and Yudinovo were discovered and explored. In addition to Paleolithic monuments, Sudost has monuments of the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Early and Late Bronze Ages, Early Iron Age and Middle Ages. Of these monuments, settlements remained the least explored until recently. With the exception of small exploration work by K.M. Polikarpovich and V.P. Levenka, carried out in some villages, these monuments remained almost unknown.
As a result of archaeological explorations carried out by us in 1955-1957 on behalf of the Bryansk regional local history museum, in the basin of the Sudost River (Figure 1) 26 settlements were recorded, rich excavation material was collected from them, and small exploratory excavations were carried out in two settlements.
Thanks to these studies, it was possible to outline several cultural stages in the development of settlements in the Sudost River basin. The earliest few settlements belong to the Yukhnov culture and date back to the first centuries BC - the first centuries AD. Basic vital centers tribes of this culture were concentrated on fortified settlements - fortifications.
In the first centuries AD, settlements of early Slavic culture appeared on Sudost. Judging by the materials of the excavations of the Pochepsky settlement in the "Valy" tract and by the collected material from other monuments, the local tribes of the Zarubintsy culture stood at a higher economic and cultural level than the tribes of the "Yukhnovtsy". Here we note, in addition to developed cattle breeding, the presence of agriculture, broad connections with the southern and western early Slavic tribes.
Later settlements belong to the Romensk-Borshchev culture of the 8th-9th centuries and the Kyiv culture Rus' X-XIII centuries. Presence of a large number of villages of this period indicates that by the 7th-8th centuries the Sudost basin was widely populated ancient Russian tribes, and some extensive Romny villages by the end of the 10th century grew into small fortified cities, such as Radogost (Pogar), Starodub, etc.
The settlements of the Sudost basin are of significant interest to archaeological science. Their further and more in-depth research will help to clarify some still unexplored aspects of the ethnogenesis of the Slavic tribes, not only in the Sudost basin, but also in the wider territory of the Desenia region.
It should be noted that in this area the settlements are quite well preserved with clearly defined cultural layers.
In this work, we focus only on 12 sites that provided the most interesting and datable material. Since the remaining settlements are very poor in finds, we will limit ourselves to only publishing a list indicating the settlements, their location and preliminary dating.
1. Sinkovskoe settlement is located on the northern outskirts of the village of Sinkovo, on a cape formed by the right-bank terrace of the Sudost River and the left-bank terrace of the Pes River. A country road runs through the middle of the village. Small and large fragments of molded ceramics are found in abundance on the plowed surface. Judging by its distribution, the area of the settlement is 1.5 hectares. In some places, several dark oval-shaped spots were noticed. They stand out not only for their external coloring, but also for the significant accumulation of fragments of pottery. It is possible that these are the remains of some residential and commercial buildings.
The ceramic fragments collected on the surface are divided into several groups. The earliest ones, with rope ornaments, can be dated back to the Bronze Age. More than ten fragments belong to thin-walled jar vessels of the Yukhnovsky culture. The presence of remains of this culture is confirmed not only by these dishes, but also by fragments of clay weights decorated with deep pits, clay coating with imprints of twigs, as well as a biconical clay weight with a pit ornament (Figure 2.11). Similar weights are widely known at other sites of the Yukhnovo culture in the Desna basin.
The vast majority of pottery fragments belong to coarse, thick-walled vessels of grayish-yellowish and brownish colors. Clay dough contains an admixture of fireclay and small grains of granite. Wall thickness – 5-12 mm. Judging by the rims, the vessels had convex sides and a rather high rim, sharply bent outward. The edges of the rims are often covered with impressions and notches. Two fragments of sharp-edged bowls with a well-smoothed surface may be associated with this group of pottery. Similar ceramics are widely known from local Zarubintsy monuments and date back to the first centuries AD. A small number of fragments belong to vessels made on a circle from medieval times.
2. The nameless settlement is located halfway from the village of Dmitrovo to the village of Sinkovo and occupies a low-lying area of the cape of the right-bank terrace. A significant part of the village area is plowed, and fragments of rough household utensils are often found on it. In the outcrop of the shore under the turf cover, a thin cultural layer of dark color is clearly visible, abundantly saturated with fragments of thick-walled molded pottery, in most cases light brown in color, with an admixture of fireclay and small granite grains. The wall thickness ranges from 5 to 13 mm, depending on the size of the vessel. Judging by the fragments, these were pots with plump sides and a high, sharply bent outward rim. The cut-offs of the vessels were covered with nail impressions and incisions. On one vessel, at the base of the neck of the corolla, the pits were made with a fingertip. Among the collected material are several shards of dishes with a smooth surface and two fragments of black-polished, sharp-ribbed bowls.
The ceramics of the Bezymennoe settlement are similar to the ceramics of other Zarubintsy monuments in the Sudost River valley and can be dated to the first centuries AD.
3. Pochepskoe settlement is located on the northern outskirts of the city of Pochep, in the “Vali” tract, occupies a sandy outcrop on the right bank of the Sudost River. The length of the remnant from east to west is 460 meters, the greatest width from north to south is 260 meters. The surface of the outcrop has been largely plowed, thanks to which it was possible to uncover the remains of ancient settlement, located mainly on its coastal part.
Just like at the Sinkovskoye settlement, dark oval spots were noticed on the plowed area of the monument, abundantly covered with fragments of vessels and, as expected, associated with the remains of ancient residential or economic structures.
In the central part of the settlement, at the site of one of these spots, we excavated an excavation measuring 15 by 6 meters (Figure 3). The remains of two pits were discovered in the excavated area. One of them (A) had an oval shape measuring 6.5 by 3.5 meters, with an uneven bottom. The pit reached its greatest depth in the central part (0.95 meters). The bottom of the pit was lined with a layer of black carbonaceous sand, under which there was a thin layer of compacted light yellow sand containing small bones, pieces of baked clay, etc.
Both at the bottom of the pit and in its filling it was collected a large number of metallurgical waste, heavily deformed crucibles for melting non-ferrous metal and drops of solidified bronze. In the southern half of the pit, near the bottom, the remains of forge nests with round holes and heavily melted surfaces were found. In the northern half of the pit, a shapeless platform was traced on black coaly sand, consisting of a dense accumulation of calcareous nodules (Figure 3.B); it is possible that these are the remains of some raw material used in the smelting or processing of iron.
These finds indicate that in ancient times there was an above-ground building with a recessed floor, which was a community metalworking workshop. In the filling of the pit, mainly in the upper layer, a large number of fragments of coarse molded household and polished ceramics, small stones and broken bones were collected. Special interest represent the remains of a small light yellow jug with a smooth surface (Figure 4.2) and the remains of a black sharp-ribbed bowl with a geometric sign on the bottom, with inside. In addition, several iron, bronze and bone items were discovered here.
The second pit (Figure 3. B) is the remains of a small rectangular dugout measuring 5.5 by 4.5 meters; depth 1.15 meters. The walls of the dugout were severely destroyed, as a result of which it had a more rounded outline in the upper part. At the bottom of the pit, in the center, a small oval-shaped hole was traced, reaching a depth of 0.55 meters below the floor. No traces of a stove were found in the dugout. However, in its southern half a black layer with big amount small coals. In the upper filling of the pit, a large number of fragments of rough household and polished dishes, as well as small stones, were found. Several metal and bone artifacts were also found here. At the bottom of the dugout in different parts there were fragments of a large black-polished sharp-ribbed bowl (Figure 4.1). Particularly interesting was a small molded pot found in the upper part of the dugout filling. geometric signs on the plump side and part of the rim of a black-polished bowl with the same geometric sign.
In addition, based on the collected material, it was possible to establish the shape of a number of vessels and the technique of their manufacture. The dishes of the Pochep settlement can be divided into two groups - rough molded and polished.
Rough molded vessels in most cases have convex rounded sides and a high, sharply bent outward rim. Individual vessels of more elongated proportions. The clay dough of household vessels contains an admixture of gruss and sometimes fireclay. Almost all pots are devoid of ornament, with the exception of notches and depressions along the edge of the rim. On some vessels there is an ornament on the sides in the form of individual pits or separate groups The pits were made with the tip of a finger, and in one case with a pinch.
The second group includes polished and smooth dishes in black, brownish and gray colors. In most cases these are ribbed bowls of various sizes. There are also fragments of pots and jugs. To make these dishes, thin, well-mixed clay was used.
Osteological material is of great interest in the study of the economic life of the village. The bones of horses, cows, pigs, sheep, bird bones were collected here, and occasionally fish bones and shells of river and land mollusks were found. Only a few wild animal bones have been found.
In a large pit (Figure 3. A) a sickle was found, indicating the presence of agriculture. It must be assumed that the main occupation of the inhabitants of the Pochep settlement was cattle breeding and agriculture. Metallurgy was also at a high level.
Based on the discovery of an iron fibula of the late La Tene type (Figure 4. 6), the Pochepskoe settlement in the Vali tract can be dated to the first centuries of our era.
4. The Pochepskoye settlement in the Rytye Gory tract is located on the southern outskirts of the city of Pochep, on the second terrace above the floodplain of the Sudost River. The entire area of the settlement is occupied by household gardens and vegetable gardens, so only a small amount of ceramic fragments were collected on the daytime surface. In the edge of the coastal slope, under a layer of black soil, part of the dugout is exposed, in the center of which one can see the collapse of the furnace, which is an accumulation of baked clay with small stones inside. Here, in some places, charred wooden blocks could be traced.
More than 20 large fragments of molded ceramics were collected in the filling of the pit, mainly near the collapse of the furnace. Based on manufacturing technique, it is divided into two groups. The first group includes rough molded vessels of a pinkish color with a lumpy surface; the clay dough contains an admixture of coarse fireclay. Wall thickness – 10-12 mm. The vessels had slightly convex sides, a wide throat with a small bent rim and a clearly defined neck. Along the outwardly beveled and slightly rounded edge, an ornament was applied in the form of pits pressed in with the tip of a finger (Figure 5.7). Similar vessels are widely known in many settlements of the Romny culture in the Desna River basin. Another group of ceramics is represented by only three fragments. Judging by them, the vessels had convex sides and a high, straight rim with a blunt edge. On one fragment there is a small ridge near the bend of the rim. The color of the vessels is also light yellow, slightly pinkish; the dough contains an admixture of fine sand. The wall thickness is 8 mm, the surface is smooth. On the outside there are polished stripes running from the throat to the bottom. Dishes with similar ornamentation are widely known in the monuments of the Saltovo-Mayak culture. Since fragments of ceramics from both groups were recovered from the collapse of the kiln, it must be assumed that the inhabitants of the dwelling produced these dishes at the same time. Based on the ceramics found, the settlement in the Rytye Gory tract can be dated to the 8th-9th centuries AD.
5. The settlement at the mouth of the Kosta River is located below the village of Kazarezovka, on the cape of the left bank terrace of the Sudost River. The area occupied by the village is plowed up annually, as a result of which it was possible to trace five dark round spots against the general background, abundantly strewn with fragments of ceramics and, apparently, associated with the remains of residential or economic structures. Outside these areas, pottery is rarely scattered.
The overwhelming majority of the fragments collected here belong to rough molded household vessels of dark brown and light brown color; dough mixed with fine chamotte, sand or gruss, wall thickness - 6-10 mm. The shape of the vessels is similar to the vessels of the Pochep settlement in the Vali tract. Just like the Pochep vessels, the trimmings of the rims are decorated with an ornament in the form of notches or pits pressed in with the tip of a finger. One fragment has paired pits, also made with a fingertip. A small percentage of the fragments belong to black-polished dishes, in most cases - sharp-ribbed bowls.
Judging by the ceramics, the settlement at the mouth of the Costa River dates back to the first centuries AD.
In addition to ceramics of the Zarubinets culture, fragments of processed flint and fragments of vessels dating back to the Late Bronze Age, as well as several shards of pottery from medieval times were found at the settlement.
6. Rogovskoe settlement is located south of the village of Rogovo, in the Popovka tract, at the confluence of a nameless river with the Sudost River, on a lowered section of the right-bank terrace. A significant part of the settlement is currently washed away by the river, as a result of which the entire area is divided into two parts of unequal size. On a plowed surface of a smaller area, a large number of fragments of ceramics, several grinding stones and pieces of metal slag were collected.
Among the collected material in this area of the settlement, the remains of rough molded pottery of the Romny type predominate. One of the fragments is covered with an ornament in the form of imprints of a stick wrapped in cord. The ornament is applied both along the edge of the rim and on the shoulders near the neck. Another fragment from a clay lid with a thickened edge; Its clay dough contains fireclay and large grains of sand. The thickness in the central part is 9 mm, at the edge – 10-12 mm. Similar lids are quite often found on settlements of the Romny period in the Desna River basin.
The second group of ceramics collected at the same site can be attributed to pottery from medieval times.
Here, in the erosion of the coast, against the background of light yellow loess-like loam, a whole series of darker spots from residential and utility pits are exposed, of which the remains of dugouts are of greatest interest.
The profile of one of them was traced in the lower part of the outcrop. The length of the pit reaches 6.8 meters, the greatest depth is 1.25 meters. WITH east side In the central part of the pit, a lens-shaped clay spot 2.35 meters long, with a maximum thickness of 0.3 meters, was traced. It is difficult to say what the clay stain was. In the western part, the pit had a sloping entrance, divided into two parts by a continental ledge. Here, on the second inclined continental ledge, there was a collapsed furnace 0.8 meters long and 0.4 meters high. The bottom of the oven had a shallow dish-like shape and was coated with a layer of clay, heavily burned and darkened. The thickness of the coating is 2-3 cm.
Around the collapse of the furnace, in the filling of the pit, as well as in the collapse on the slope of the outcrop, a large number of stones, large clay blocks and fragments of thick-walled molded pottery were collected, which, according to the method of production, can be divided into two groups. The first group includes rough, thick-walled dishes with a lumpy surface. The thickness of the walls is 10-15 cm, the thickness of the bottoms is 8-10 mm. Clay dough in most cases contains an admixture of large pieces of fireclay, sometimes large grains of granite and sand. The vessels had slightly convex sides and a straight, low rim slightly bent outward with a rounded edge without ornament. Vessels of similar profile and texture are characteristic of the Romny culture.
The dishes of the second group are made of well-mixed clay, to which fine sifted fireclay was added as a binding admixture. Wall thickness – 9-10 mm. The vessels had a well-smoothed surface, and even slightly polished in the upper part. The color of the vessels is light brownish and light yellow. The vessels of the second group had the same shape as the vessels of the first group.
The section of the second dugout was traced in the upper part of the outcrop of this section of the settlement. The pit of the dugout had a rectangular shape and was divided into two unequal parts by a small continental ledge. The total length of the pit is 7 meters, the depth of the upper section is 1.4 meters, the depth of the lower section is 1.3 meters. In the upper section, at a distance of 0.35 meters from the wall of the continental ledge, there was a dish-shaped pit, 0.8 meters long, with a maximum depth of 0.3 meters. The filling of this pit contained pieces of charcoal and baked clay. All this was covered from above by a thin clay layer 0.01-0.02 meters thick. Here, in a recess, several fragments of molded ceramics were found. One of them has a jagged design (Figure 5.9). A similar ornament is found on vessels of the Romny culture and was apparently borrowed from Khazar-type ceramics.
In area 2a, at the border of the dugout, a small hole was traced, 0.5 meters long and 0.3 meters deep. In the same area, in the filling of the pit, several more fragments of Romny-type ceramics were found, one of them with a linear ornament (Figure 5.8).
Based on the Romny type dishes, this dugout can also be attributed to the 8th-9th centuries.
At a distance of 3.9 meters from this pit, the profile of a round-bottomed utility pit with a narrowed neck was traced. The depth of the pit from the upper horizon is 1.4 meters, the width at the sides is 1.2 meters, the diameter of the throat is 0.8 meters. In the filling of the pit, only one fragment of a thin-walled molded vessel with a high straight neck and a slightly bent outward edge was found. It is noticeably different from the Romny pottery and has analogies among the Zarubinets ceramics of the Pochep settlement in the Vali tract. The find of a fragment of a black-polished sharp-ribbed bowl in the village belongs to this culture.
In the outcrop of the second, more extensive part of the settlement, traces of several different pits were traced. In their filling were found fragments of vessels made on a potter's wheel in medieval times, as well as the bones of domestic animals, often broken.
Based on the collected material, three cultural stages were traced in the history of the development of the Rogovskoye settlement. The earliest materials date back to the first centuries AD and are associated with the Zarubintsy culture; later ones belong to the Romny period and Kyiv period, when it was home to a large rural settlement.
7. Yudinovskoye settlement is one of the largest settlements in the Sudost River basin. It is located on the right bank of the river and occupies a flat area of the second floodplain terrace, gradually descending to the south. In the outcrop of the shore, a thick cultural layer can be clearly seen, and in some places there are traces of utility pits and structures. Almost the entire area of the settlement is plowed up annually, as a result of which the cultural layer is destroyed and fragments of vessels, less often clay and metal products, are found on the surface in abundance. The distribution area of the finds is at least 3 hectares.
In 1947, an archaeological expedition of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR carried out small excavations at the village, as a result of which several dugouts of the Romny and Kyiv times were examined with dishes and household items characteristic of these periods.
Of particular interest among the archaeological material collected in the area of the settlement are two spearheads that we found in the outcrop of a low-lying area of the settlement. The objects were found in floodplain sediments, at a depth of about 0.5 meters, along with thick-walled molded dishes of the Romny type, which gives grounds to attribute this find to the 8th-9th centuries (Figure 6).
The tips are nested one inside the other and, apparently, were deliberately buried (Figure 6.1). They are made from massive triangular iron plates. Sides These plates are bent and form a sleeve for fastening to a wooden base. The length of the large tip is 207 mm, width is 100 mm. The length of the smaller tip is 203 mm, width - 80 mm, thickness - 8-10 mm. It must be assumed that the inhabitants of the Yudinovsky settlement were already well acquainted with arable farming in the Romny period.
Here, in the outcrop of the village, a bone hoe was discovered (Figure 6.2), elk antlers with traces of processing and a tin plaque of the 11th-13th centuries (Figure 7.11), as well as fragments of dishes that can be attributed to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages.
8. Golyashovskoye settlement is located on the lower outskirts of the village of Golyashovka, in the Lysaya Gora tract, on a cape formed by the right bank of the Sudost River and the edge of the left bank terrace of the Vabli River. Its area is probably at least 1 hectare.
In the outcrop, profiles of various utility and residential pits can be traced. Of greatest interest is the section of a large semi-dugout located in the central part of the outcrop. The length of the preserved part reaches 7.8 meters. The southern, less deepened part has a depth of 1.15 meters from the modern horizon, the northern - 1.45 meters; the wall of the pit here was destroyed and was lost against the background of other later pits. The dugout was carved out of dense loess-like loam and filled with dark humus, lighter in the lower half. Only ten fragments of thick-walled molded ceramics of light brown and dark gray colors, made of clay mixed with fireclay and granite grains, were recovered from the filling of the pit. The wall thickness is 8-12 mm, there are impressions on the edges of the rims. In its texture and shape, the ceramics are closer to the Zarubinets pottery of the Pochep settlement in the Vali tract. This also seems to be indicated by the discovery of one fragment of a black-polished, sharp-ribbed bowl.
In addition, individual fragments of vessels from the Bronze Age, Yukhnovskaya culture and pottery from the late Middle Ages were discovered at the settlement.
9. The settlement near the village of Posudichey is located on a cape formed by the right-sided terrace of the Sudost River and the right-sided terrace of the Vabli River. The area occupied by the settlement is divided into two unequal parts by a shallow hollow. The low-lying area of the settlement, adjacent directly to the Sudost River, is a rounded area about 50 meters in diameter, known from local population called "Stan".
Another, more extensive area is located much higher, behind the ravine, and stretches along the terrace of the Vabli River for 200-250 meters, and along the terrace of the Sudost River - for 300-400 meters. This part of the settlement is constantly plowed open, as a result of which ceramics and, less often, metal objects are found on the surface. Back in 1955, 11 low plowed embankments were noticed in this area of the settlement. On some of them clay ruins were placed in the form of platforms. Around such sites there were animal bones, Romny type ceramics, sometimes with traces of being on high fire. It seemed that there was a burial mound here. This was further confirmed by the fact that somewhat to the west of the village, near the “Pogarsky Way”, there is actually a burial mound group.
In June 1957, small excavations were carried out at the Posudichi settlement, which made it possible to determine both the nature of its culture and the purpose of the clay platforms buried under mound-like mounds.
On the settlement area, in the outcrop of the right bank of the Sudost River, we carried out a small cleaning of the slope and outcrop, as a result of which we were able to uncover several cultural layers deposited in different eras. Directly under the turf there is a layer of dark gray sand 0.2-0.3 meters thick, below it there is dense, black, highly humified sand 1 meter thick. The latter is underlain by brownish-grayish sand 0.2-0.3 meters thick, overlying white continental sand of dune origin. Cultural remains are distributed here in the following way: in the lower part of the cultural layer, in brownish-grayish sand, ceramics and flint products of the Late Neolithic period were discovered; in the lower half of the middle layer - ceramics and products of the Yukhnovsky time (Figures 2.2, 3, 5-7, 12); in the upper half of the middle layer there is thick-walled Romny type pottery (Figure 5.1). In the upper layer, under the turf cover, along with Romny ceramics, fragments of pottery and glass beads of the 11th-13th centuries were found (Figures 7, 4, 8, 9). Here the remains of various utility and residential pits were traced, unfortunately, they were heavily washed out and dug up.
In the upper section of the settlement, only one mound-shaped mound was excavated, which in 1955 provided the most interesting lifting material. The diameter of this embankment was 7 meters, with a height of 0.4 meters. We laid a 9 by 9 meter excavation around the embankment (Figure 8). When examining the mound, fragments of thick-walled molded ceramics of the Romny period were found in different parts of it (Figure 5.2), small crushed bones and small stones. Among the things found here: a three-lobed glass bead (Figure 5.13), near the stove collapse - a clay dome, a small fragment of a bone product and a blank for a spindle whorl, isolated from a fragment of the handle of some large jug. A fragment of a Romny vessel with a wavy and jagged ornament was also discovered here (Figure 5.3).
After clearing the excavation, a dark spot of regular square shape with a clay canopy in the eastern corner. Each side of the square was 5 meters, its total area was 25 square meters. It was clear that here we are not dealing with a large burial chamber, but with a typical Romny dugout. Upon further investigation, it turned out that the pit of the dwelling was filled with dark sand, in which there were particles of coal and clay, as well as fragments of typical Romny vessels. At a depth of 0.5-0.6 meters after clearing the excavation, the bottom of a dugout with two rows of pits located along the northeastern and southwestern walls was exposed. Perhaps these are the remains of bunks or other internal structures. WITH south side a continental protrusion in the form of a bench or step has been traced.
In the eastern corner of the pit there was an adobe stove with a high semicircular vault and a heavily damaged adobe bench. West Side The furnace was destroyed in ancient times. The height of the preserved eastern part of the furnace was 0.8 meters, the height of the mouth was 0.6 meters. The stove is made of dense raw clay, an old stove and small stones. Under smooth. Three white paste beads were found in the filling of the inside of the furnace (Figure 5.12). Around the ruin of the kiln there were broken bones, fragments of Romny pottery and charcoal. In other parts of the dugout, a knife blade and part of a rounded clay whorl were found on the floor (Figure 5.10). Several fragments of vessels with smooth and polished surfaces were also found here.
As a result of the research, it became clear that in the upper section of the settlement we are not dealing with burial mounds, but with the remains of typical Romny dugouts, after the collapse of which small hillocks remained.
When examining other mounds and destroyed clay areas, we collected a large number of fragments of vessels, both rough, household, typically Romny, and vessels different from them with a smooth and polished surface, light yellow or brownish in color, with a high narrowed neck, with slightly convex sides and a body somewhat elongated towards the bottom. The shoulders of one large vessel were decorated with wavy and linear patterns, and near the neck there was a triangle of six triangular pits. Other vessels have pierced stripes, sometimes forming cells or diamonds (Figure 5.4).
Such dishes are very similar to the dishes of the Saltovo-Mayak culture and indicate the cultural ties of local tribes with the Turkic tribes Khazar state. This is also indicated by a fragment of a white porcelain plate eastern origin, found together with the described ceramics.
The first study of the Posudichsky settlement showed that here we are dealing with a very interesting and well-preserved monument of Romny culture.
10. Settlement near the village of Yakovlevich. On the lower outskirts of the village of Yakovlevich there are two villages that occupy elevated areas of the floodplain located along the right bank of the Sudost River. The area of the lower settlement, located at a distance of 500-600 meters from the upper one, is plowed open; here on the surface there are fragments of thick-walled molded vessels. Similar pottery was found in the erosion of the right bank slope, where the cultural layer was being intensively destroyed. The fragments collected here from vessels of the Romny type are dark brown in color. Wall thickness – 8-12 mm. The dough contains an admixture of large chamotte grains. On one of the bottoms the imprints of chaff can be clearly seen. There are several fragments from a thick-walled vessel made by the pottery method, despite the fact that in terms of the composition of the clay dough it is no different from rough molded vessels.
Based on the collected pottery, this settlement can be dated to the 8th-9th centuries.
The upper village, located on the same floodplain hillock, has for the most part already been washed away by the river. Its area has never been plowed up, and all finds were made in the outcrop of the right bank of the river, where a dark gray cultural layer, 0.3-0.4 meters thick, is clearly visible. In the lower part of the outcrop, a section of a dish-shaped pit was noticed, the length of which was 4.3 meters, with a maximum depth of 0.8 meters. Several dozen fragments of molded pottery were collected at different depths in the dark gray filling of the pit; with the exception of a few, these are fragments of thin-walled (5-6 mm thick) pots of the Yukhnovsky type (Figure 2. 1, 4, 8, 9, 10), dark gray, sometimes brownish in color, with slightly convex sides and a low rim bent outward , the edge of which is covered with indentations made with a stick or fingertip. Clay dough contains an admixture of granite grains.
Here, in the lower part of the pit, fragments of cylindrical sinkers were found along with ceramics. One of them has pitted impressions. Such sinkers are typical for monuments of the Yukhnovskaya culture. In the filling of the same pit, a part of a vessel was found on a high tray (Figure 2.8), light brick color, with a well-processed smooth surface. The clay dough included fine sand. Pallet diameter - 5.2 cm, height - 2.2 cm. Wall thickness - 8 mm. Similar vessels are also widely known at the Yukhnovo settlements. Judging by the finds, the pit was the remains of a Yukhnovsky dwelling with a recessed floor.
We did not find any finds from the Yukhnovsky period directly in the cultural layer. It contained remains of Romny type ceramics and pottery from medieval times.
In the upper part of the same outcrop, several utility pits with pottery from the 11th-13th centuries were noticed.
11. The village near the village of Suvorovo is located on the northern outskirts of the village, on a low-lying area of the right-bank terrace and occupies a significant area between the road to the village of Kurovo and the bank of the Sudost River.
Judging by the distribution of finds on the plowed surface of the monument, the settlement occupies an area of about 1.5 hectares. In the outcrop of the coast, against the background of loess-like deposits, a dark gray cultural layer, 0.2-0.4 meters thick, clearly stands out. In the central part of the outcrop, traces of several residential and utility pits can be traced. Several large fragments of thick-walled molded pottery of a dark brick color were recovered from the filling of one living pit. The vessels had a jar shape with a slightly bent rim and a rounded edge; clay dough contains an admixture of large chamotte grains, the wall thickness is 10-12 mm. In terms of their profile, the vessels are close to the ancient Mordovian vessels of the second half of the 1st millennium AD. Similar utensils are occasionally found at Romny monuments in the Desna River basin.
12. The settlement near the village of Levenki is located at the confluence of the Babinets River with the Vableya River, near the city of Starodub. The entire territory of the settlement along the left bank of the Vabli River is being plowed up, and it was possible to establish the area of distribution of cultural remains over 1.5 hectares. In the outcrop of the river, against the background of loess deposits, a dark gray cultural layer, 0.3-0.5 meters thick, with traces of residential and utility pits, appears quite clearly.
Interesting materials were collected both on the plowed surface and in the exposed cultural layer. ceramic material, several fragments of a slag-like mass, an iron knife (Figure 7.10) and a fragment of a grindstone with a groove.
Based on the manufacturing method and shape, the collected ceramics can be divided into two groups. The first group includes thick-walled molded dishes yellow-brown color, with an admixture of granite grains and fireclay. Wall thickness - 8-14 mm. Judging by the shape and texture of the shard, the dishes from this group can be attributed to the Romny period.
Another group, more numerous, is represented by pottery from medieval times (Figures 7. 5, 6). The vessels are richly decorated with linear and wavy patterns and find the closest analogies among the pottery of the Bryansk settlement in the Chashin Kurgan tract.
List of settlements in the Sudost River basin.
1. Selishche in the village of Gorodishche. Kiev and Romny time.
2. Markovskoe settlement. Zarubinets culture.
3. Settlement in the village of Eliseevichi. Kiev and Romny time.
4. Selishche in the village of Vorobeyne. Kiev time.
5. Sinkovskoye settlement. Zarubinets, Yukhnovskaya and Kyiv cultures.
6. A village between the villages of Dmitrovo and the village of Sinkovo. Zarubinets culture.
7. Dmitrovskoe settlement. Kiev and Romny time.
8. Settlement near the Krasnoslobodsky settlement. Kiev time.
9. Selishche near the village of Setolovo. Kyiv and Romny culture.
10. Pochepskoye settlement in the Vali tract. Zarubinets culture.
11. Pochepskoye settlement in the Stan tract. Zarubinets culture.
12. Pochepskoye settlement in the Rytye Gory tract. Romny time.
13. Settlement near the Zapolsky settlement. Kiev time.
14. Village at the mouth of the Kosta River. Zarubinets culture.
15. Rogovskoye settlement in the Popovka tract. Kiev and Romny time.
16. Baklan settlement. Kiev time.
17. Yudinovskoe settlement. Kiev and Romny time.
18. Golyashovskoe settlement. Yukhnovskaya and Zarubinets culture.
19. Settlement near the village of Levenki. Kiev and Romny time.
20. Settlement near the village of Posudichi. Yukhnovskaya, Romny and Kyiv cultures.
21. Lower settlement near the village of Yakovlevich. Romny time.
22. Upper settlement near the village of Yakovlevich. Yukhnovskaya and Kyiv cultures.
23. Suvorovskoe settlement. Romny time.
24. Village near the village of Dzhekovichi. Kiev and Romny time.
25. Selishche in the village of Sapychi. Kiev and Romny time.
26. Settlement between the village of Sapychi and the village of Sluchevsk. Kiev and Romny time.
Trans-Urals, geographical territory adjacent to the Ural mountain system from the east.
The historical and geographical region of Trans-Urals is located in the western part West Siberian Lowland. The term “Trans-Urals” appeared in the 19th century. to designate the eastern agricultural counties of the Perm Governorate. In modern literature there is a division of the Trans-Urals into Northern, Southern and Middle. The area began to take shape in the 17th century. during the Russian colonization of the region as an agriculturally oriented territory, which included the space along the left tributaries river system Tobola - Tura, Nitsa, Neiva, Pyshma, Iset, Miass and Uy, as well as the Middle Tobol region. It is characterized by transitional landscapes - from the subtaiga zone (mixed, mainly birch-pine forests) to the forest-steppe zone. Most fertile lands concentrated in the area of the Iset, Pyshma and Nitsa rivers. The middle Tobol region was characterized by a significant number of meadows and other grasslands. This territory is favorable for the traditional economic activities of the Russian peasantry.
Among the settlers, people from the regions of the Russian North predominated. The determining factor in the migration movement of Russians in the Trans-Urals from north to south was the meridional orientation of the Tobol river system. The resettlement was slowed down by counter colonization flows in the form of raids by the Bashkirs and Kyrgyz-Kaisaks. At the microterritorial level, other directions of migration are also identified. Thus, initially the Russian advance went in a latitudinal direction along the valleys of the Iset, Pyshma, Neiva, and Nitsa rivers from west to east. Then the southern direction upstream of the Tobol intensified. And only in the 18th century. began active settlement the Miass valley and the Miass-Uy interfluve with a predominant direction to the southwest.
The territory of the Trans-Urals was most actively populated in the period 1680-1710s. The average annual population growth rate is about 15%. From about the 2nd quarter of the 18th century. becomes predominant natural increase population Since this time, the role of intraregional migrations has been increasing.
From the early stages of development, Trans-Urals turned into one of the main grain-producing regions of the Ural-Siberian region. The main center of economic attraction in the 17th century. became Tobolsk, where did it come true most of bread from Trans-Urals. The most important suppliers of bread were the Pyshma, Nitsyn and Iset settlements.
With the development of the mining and agricultural industry, the Trans-Ural region is focused on the Ural factory centers, but economic relations with Siberia, Kazakhstan and European Russia remain. At the beginning of the 20th century. Trans-Urals is turning into an industrial center butter making, from where the export of butter to Western Europe was established.
Administrative-territorial Trans-Urals in the 17th century. was part of the Verkhoturye, Tobolsk, Turin and Tyumen districts in the 18th - early 20th centuries. - part of the Iset province, then - Shadrinsky, Kamyshlovsky district. Perm province; Turin, Tyumen, Kurgan and Yalutorovsky districts