Ence suffix. About English with love

There are several ways to form new words through suffixes and prefixes, compounding or conversion.

What is a suffix? Suffix- this is a significant part of the word, which is located after the root and usually serves to form new words. The peculiarity of suffixes is that with their help we can form new words and even change parts of speech. Suffixes can be added to in simple words, and to derivatives. They can join nouns, adjectives and verbs. For example:

verb: to differ ["dıfə] to differ ->

adj.: natural natural ->

creatures,: dock dock ->

What is a prefix? Prefix - word-forming particle, which is used at the beginning of the source word. Prefixes usually form words that are the same as grammatical category original word. They perform mainly a semantic function. IN English language There are a huge number of prefixes. For example:

verb: to cover ->

adj.: usual usual ->

First of all, learn the prefixes ( dis-, un-, re-) and suffixes ( -ly, -ment, -ful, -less).

Compounding

Compounding is the formation of a new word from two or more words. In Russian, when combining two words into one, the connecting vowel o or e is used (plumbing, vacuum cleaner, thick-walled). In English, two words are joined directly together, with the stress usually falling on the first word. For example

handbook ["hændbʋk] - hand (hand) + book (book) = directory

something ["sʌmθıŋ] - some (some) + thing (thing) = something

to whitewash ["waıtwɒʃ] - white (white) + wash (wash) = whiten.

Complex words are usually written together, but sometimes with a hyphen, for example: water (water) + way (way) water-way (waterway).

Conversion

Conversion is a method of forming new words in which another part of speech is formed from one part of speech without any changes in external form words. The most common conversion model is: noun → verb, for example: a test → to test, a check → to check.

When converting two- and polysyllabic nouns with stress on the first or second syllable, the stress in verbs is transferred to last syllable. For example:

export ["ekspɔ:t] export -> to export export

progress ["prəʋ(g)rəs] progress -> to progress progress.

A common case of conversion is when an adjective becomes a noun. For example:

international international -> the International [,ıntə(:)"næʃənl] International

intellectual intellectual -> an intellectual [,ıntı"lektjʋəl] intellectual

Word formation using suffixes and prefixes

Word formation by adding suffixes and prefixes is the most in a productive way. Almost every line of text contains derivative words. Let's remember what a suffix and a prefix are:

suffix- word-forming particle at the end of the original word. Suffixes can be added to both simple words and derivatives. They can be attached to nouns, adjectives and verbs, while forming new words of the same or a different grammatical category. For example:

verb: to differ ["dıfə] differ -> adj.: different ["dıfr(ə)nt] different

adj.: natural natural -> adverb: naturally ["nætʃrəlı] naturally

creatures: dock dock -> creatures: docker ["dɒkə] docker;

prefix- a word-forming particle that is used at the beginning of the original word. Prefixes usually form words that are the same as the grammatical category of the original word. They serve mainly a semantic function. For example

verb: to cover -> verb: to discover

adj.: usual usual -> adj.: unusual [ʌn"jʋ:ʒʋəl] unusual.

Adverb suffix -ly

Adverb suffixes -ly

Most adverbs are formed by adding suffixes to adjectives and nouns. The most productive among them is the suffix -lu, with the help of which many adverbs are formed from adjectives, and the meaning of the original adjective is almost always preserved. For example

brief brief - briefly ["brı:flı] briefly

equal ["(ı:)kw(ə)l] equal - equally ["(ı:)kwəlı] equal, equally

absolute ["æbs(ə)lʋ:t] complete, absolute - absolutely absolutely

violent ["vaıələnt] frantic, furious - violently frantically, furiously.

Adverb suffixes -wise, -ward and prefix a-

Suffix -wise when combined with nouns and adjectives, it forms adverbs indicating that an action is performed in the manner indicated by the stem. When translating such adverbs, you can use words in an image, a way.

For example: a step (step) - stepwise - step by step, gradually and clock (clock) - clockwise ["klɒkwaız] - clockwise, anti-clockwise - counterclockwise.

Suffix -ward(s) in combination with nouns, adverbs, adjectives and prepositions, it forms adverbs indicating the direction in which the action is performed.

For example: sea (sea) - seaward(s) ["sı:wəd] towards the sea side (side) - sideward(s) ["saıdwəd] towards back (back) - backward ["bækwəd] back in (in ) - inward ["ınwəd] inward out (from) - outward(s) ["aʋtwəd] from, outward.

Note that adverbs formed with the suffix -ward may or may not have the ending -s, while an adjective with such a suffix never ends -s, compare: The lift went downward(s).- The elevator went down. But: The downward movement of the lift... -The movement of the elevator (what?) down...

Prefix a- in combination with adjectives and nouns it forms adverbs.

For example: new (new) - anew [ə"njʋ:] again, in a new way round (round) - around [ə"raʋnd] around bed (bed) - abed [ə"bed] in bed field (field) - afield [ə"fı:ld] in the field.

Noun suffixes -ity, -ing, -hood, -ment, -ness

Suffix -ity(spelling options -ety, -iety) forms abstract nouns with the meaning of state, quality, condition. Suffix - ity corresponds to the suffix -ost. For example:

able (capable) - ability [ə"bılıtı] ability

active (active) - activity [æk"tıvıtı] activity, activity

valid (valid, justified, effective) - validity, effectiveness, fairness, legality, validity.

Suffix -hood forms nouns with the meaning “state, position, quality.” For example:

child (child) - childhood ["tʃaıldhʋd] childhood

man (man) - manhood ["mænhʋd] masculinity.

Suffix -ment forms nouns denoting action. Some words with this suffix become meaning of a set of objects. For example: equipment [ı"kwıpmənt]equipment.

to move (to move) - movement ["mʋ:vmənt] - movement.

to environ [ɪn"vaɪər(ə)n] surround - environment [ɪn"vaɪər(ə)nmənt ] surroundings, environment

to commit to take on obligations - commitment

to argue ["ɑːgjuː] argue, argue, prove - argument ["ɑːgjəmənt] argument, argument

Suffix -ness forms nouns with the meaning “state, quality”. For example:

dark dark - darkness ["dɑ:knıs] darkness

good good - goodness ["gʋdnıs] kindness

great great - greatness ["greıtnıs] greatness.

happy happy - happiness ["hæpɪnəs] happiness

polite polite, courteous, courteous - politeness politeness, courtesy, courtesy

fair fair, decent, honest, legal - fairness ["feənəs] justice, honesty, legality

Adjective suffixes -ful, -less, -ive, -ic, -al, -ous

Suffix -ful forms adjectives based on nouns with the meaning “possessing (fully) the quality expressed by the stem.” For example:

peace peace - peaceful ["piːsf(ə)l ], [-ful] quiet, calm, peaceful

hope hope - hopeful;

care care - careful caring, thorough;

beauty beauty - beautiful ["bjʋ:tıfʋl] beautiful, wonderful;

help help - helpful ["helpfʋl] useful.

Suffix -less forms adjectives with the opposite meaning: “devoid of the quality expressed by the stem,” and corresponds to the Russian prefix bez-, ne-,. For example:

doubt doubt - doubtless ["daʋtlıs] undoubted;

homeless ["həumləs] - homeless

hopeless - hopeless;

helpless - helpless;

careless - carefree;

use benefit, meaning, use, use, enjoy - useless ["juːsləs] useless; worthless

Suffix -ive forms adjectives based on verbs and nouns and corresponds to the Russian suffix -iv-. For example:

to create - creative creative, creative;

to act -active ["æktıv] active;

to impress to impress, to amaze - impressive [ım"presıv] impressive, expressive;

an impulse impulse - impulsive [ım"pʌlsıv] impulsive;

a mass - massive ["mæsıv] massive.

Suffix -ic forms adjectives with meanings:

having the composition or structure of a base: atom atom -atomic [ə"tɒmık] atomic;

resembling someone: Homeric - Homeric, Homeric; Byronic - Byronic.

Suffix -al forms a large number of adjectives with the meaning: having a nature, relating to what is expressed by the stem, For example:

Suffix -ous indicates a characteristic or quality, and also, chemical composition. For example:

sulfurous - sulfur-containing

an anonymous anonymous - anonymous (anonymous)

dangerous - dangerous

various - various

a poisonous tree - poisonous tree

Adjective suffixes -able (-ible), -ent, -ant, -ate, -y, -ed

Suffix -able (-ible) most often forms adjectives from verbs, the Russian equivalent of which are adjectives with the suffix -imiy (possible as opposed to performed). Such adjectives can also be translated into subordinate clauses, starting with the words which can + the infinitive of the original verb. It should be remembered that the suffix is never stressed. For example:

to detect - detectable which can be detected, detectable (not: detectable);

to observe (observe) - observable [əb"zɜ:vəbl] which can be observed (not: observable)

memorable ["mem(ə)rəbl] memorable, unforgettable

They took measures justifiable under these conditions. - They took measures that could be justified under these conditions. We consider events observable in all the situations. - We consider (only) events that can be observed in all these situations.

If such an adjective comes after the linking verb be, then during translation the word that is omitted and only the possible + infinitive of the original verb remains in the sentence, for example: It is regrettable that... You can regret that... The value is negligible. This value can be neglected.

If verb ends in e, then when adding the suffixes -able, -ible, this letter (e) disappears, for example: to receive - receivable which can be received. If verb ends in -y, then when forming an adjective y changes to i, for example: to rely (on) - reliable on which you can rely

Suffix -ent occurs in adjectives with different meaning For example:

current ["kʌr(ə)nt] - current, modern;

evident ["evıd(ə)nt] - obvious.

confident ["kɔnfɪd(ə)nt] - confident

Suffix -ant forms adjectives that characterize persons or things as having or exhibiting certain qualities. For example:

observant [əb"zɜ:v(ə)nt] - observant

relevant ["relıvənt] - relevant, relevant (the suffix -ant can also form nouns).

Suffix -ate occurs in adjectives with various meanings, for example: moderate ["mɒdəreıt] - moderate, seasoned; adequate ["ædıkwıt] - appropriate, adequate. (The suffix -ate can also form verbs.)

Suffix -у forms adjectives with the meaning “having the quality of what is indicated by the stem.” For example:

dirt (dirt) - dirty ["dɜ:tı] dirty

fun (joke, fun) - funny ["fʌnı] cheerful, amusing

pretty ["prıtı] - pretty; (the suffix -у can also form nouns).

Suffix -ed forms adjectives: with the meaning of any attribute or possession of something, for example: property (property) - propertied ["prɒpətıd] possessor, possessing property; denoting any form, for example: arch (arch) - arched ["ɑ: tʃt] curved; denoting character or state, for example: educated ["edjʋ:keıtıd] educated. Endings ed/ing. The suffix -ed is often found in complex adjectives, for example: thick-walled [,θık"wɔ:ld] - thick-walled, many-sided [ "menı"saıdıd] - multilateral, ill-informed ["ılın"fɔ:md] - incorrectly informed.

Prefixes de-, dis-, mis-, pre-, fore-, under-, over-

The prefix de- usually means to deprive what is indicated by the base, to remove, to remove what is indicated by the base (in Russian this prefix also exists: degassation), for example:

to code to encode - to decode to decode, decipher;

declassed ["dı:"klɑ:st] - declassed. A number of verbs with the prefixes de-, formed from nouns denoting the type of transport, convey the meaning of “get off, disembark from”, for example: to detrain (train - train) - get off the train.

Prefix dis- usually expresses the opposite, opposite action or negation. Sometimes it conveys the meaning of remove, deprive, get rid of what is indicated by the stem (Russian: disqualification). For example:

to allow [ə"laʋ] to allow - to disallow ["dısə"laʋ] to prohibit

to appear [ə"pıə] to appear - to disappear [,dısə"pıə] to disappear.

to continue to continue - to discontinue

The prefix mis- expresses the error of the action. For example:

to take - to mistake

To apply [ə"plaı] apply - to misapply, misapply, abuse.

The prefixes pre- and fore- usually express precedence. In Russian translation, you can use words in advance, in advance. For example:

to see - to foresee

To show to show - to foreshow to foretell to heat to heat - to preheat to preheat.

The prefix pre- can be used with many verbs that you want to give precedence to.

The prefix under- ["ʌndə] forms verbs with the following meanings:

being or acting under something, for example: to lie - to underlie [,ʌndə"laı] to lie under something; incomplete, insufficient action, for example: to load - to underload ["ʌndə"ləʋd] to underload, load incompletely.

This prefix corresponds to the Russian prefix under-, for example: to do - underdone ["ʌndə"dʋ:] unfinished. The prefix over- forms verbs with the following meanings:

Movements over something, for example: to leap - to overleap [,əʋvə"lı:p] to jump over; excessiveness (of action, state), beyond the norm, for example: to load - to overload ["əʋvə"ləʋd] to load beyond norms, overload.

It should be noted that the Russian prefix conveys not only the meaning above the norm (to overload), but also another meaning: to overload into another car. Therefore, when translating verbs with the prefix over- you need to be careful

case (box) - to encase [ın"keıs] put in a box

cage (cage) - to encage [ın"keıdʒ] to put in a cage;

crypt (crypt, cache) - to encrypt

bring to the state indicated by the base. For example:

large (big) - to enlarge [ın"lɑ:dʒ] to increase (xia)

to enliven [ın"laıvən] - to enliven, to make more interesting

Prefix re- usually expresses the repetition of an action, and sometimes it corresponds to the Russian prefix pere-. IN English verbs with the prefix re- there are usually two accents: on the prefix and on the base. For example:

to make (to do) - to remake ["rı:"meık] to redo

to create - to recreate

However, we must remember that the Russian prefix pere- does not always correspond to the English prefix re-, since it often conveys the meaning of exceeding the norm, for example, to oversalt. Therefore, when translating words with the prefix re-, use the words again, again, again, etc. For example: to estimate - to re(-)estimate ["rı:"estımıt] estimate again, again (and not: overestimate ).

Prefix be- means: to make it as indicated by the base, or to give a sign or quality expressed by the base, for example: little (small) - to belittle, to belittle.

This is a lesson from the series and in it we will look at common noun suffixes: -er/or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence/ance (5). The exercises will help you understand how nouns are formed in English, and also prepare for English language exams in the form of the OGE and the Unified State Exam.

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Basic suffixes of nouns in English (grade 9)

Remember these 5 main suffixes. Next, let's take a closer look at each of them.

er/or
ence/ance

1. Suffixes of nouns formed from a verb

verb + Ʌ =noun

-er/or(doer suffix)
dance - dancer (dance - dancer)
work - worker
collect - collector (collect - collector)
invent - inventor
-tion(process suffix)
collect - collection (collection, collection)
invent - invention
-ing
suffer - suffering (to suffer - suffering)
warn - warning
mean - meaning

Remember three suffixes -er (-or), -tion, -ing, with the help of which nouns are formed from a verb.

2. Suffixes of nouns formed from an adjective

adj + Ʌ =noun

-ness
ill - illness (patient - illness)
kind - kindness
-ance/ -ence(corresponding adjectives have suffixes: -ant/ -ent)
important - importance (important - importance)
different - difference

Remember two suffixes: -ness, -ence (ance), with the help of which nouns are formed from an adjective.

Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises

-ness & -tion- the most common suffixes of nouns.

Exercise 1. Suffix -ness.Translate specified nouns and indicate the adjectives from which they are formed.

foolishness, happiness, seriousness, illness, readiness, richness, strangeness, carelessness, whiteness, cleverness, greatness, brightness

Note. Please note that the letter “y”, as a rule, occurs at the end of a word, but in the middle of the word its double is used - the letter “i”: happ i ness - happy y.

Exercise 2. Suffix –tion and its varieties -ation /-ion/ -sion/ -ssion.Translate the indicated nouns and indicate the verb from which they are formed.

translation, explanation, admiration, celebration, continuation, invitation, pronunciation, exhibition, demonstration, conversation, competition, communication

Exercise 3. Suffix –tion.Rephrase the sentence using a verb derived from it instead of a noun.

EXAMPLE. Their acting was very good. —— They acted very well.

1.His collection of books was mainly on art.
2. The farmer's quick actions saved the building from fire.
3.Her translation of the poem was so good that the professor invited her to take part in a translation contest.
4. The teacher's explanation of the task was clear to everyone.

Exercise 4. Guess the suffix and form nouns with it. Translate them.

weak
polite -
fresh -
ugly -
cold -
dark —
careful -

Exercise 5. Suffix –er.Guess the profession.

EXAMPLE. Someone who bakes bread is a baker

Someone who interviews people is a….
Someone who plays football is a…
Someone who eats well is a…
Someone who sleeps well is a…
Someone who rules the country is a…
Someone who explores new lands is a…
Someone who makes or repairs shoes is a…
Someone who always causes trouble is a…
Someone who makes films is a…
Someone who has traveled to another place for a holiday is a…

Remember:

trouble maker- bully, hooligan
holiday maker- vacationer

Exercise 6. If you know the verbs, then adding a suffix –tion you can easily form new words. Translate them into Russian.

collect -
explain -
protect —
prepare -
found —
inform
celebrate -
compose -
create -
decorate —

Exercise 7. Suffix –er/or.Form nouns from these words using suffixes: -er/-or.

Remember: to fail - failure

to construct, to direct, to protect, to transport, to fail, to educate, to manage, to govern, to achieve, to build, to sing, to act, to sleep

Exercise 8. Suffix –ence/ance.Translate and remember pairs of words with the suffixes -ence/-ance:

import ant-import ance
differ ent- differ ence
indifferent - indifference
independent - independence
dependent - dependence
patient - patience
persistent - persistence
insistent - insistence
indulgent - indulgence

From the point of view of word formation, it would be more correct to say not “English words with the ending tion”, but words with allomorphic(that is, almost identical) suffixes “tion / ion / ation”. They can be distinguished only by knowing the origin of the word; the suffix “sion” is similar to them. Words ending in “tion” are words that denote actions, processes, concepts, properties, qualities, sciences and objects.
Examples:

Sense-sensation
Collect-collection
Nominalize- nominalization
Produce-production
Intend-intention

These words in turn can form new ones:

Nation - national
Constitution - constitutional

In order to independently form one word from another, knowledge of suffixes will not be enough, so you should expand lexicon.

The suffix -tion, comes from -cion, which existed in Middle English and changed later under the influence of French.

Many words with the indicated suffixes were borrowed from other languages (English, French, Latin) and turned into Russian using morphological transfer. The beginning of the word is copied letter by letter (transliteration), the suffix is changed in the Russian manner and added Russian ending: revolution - revolution, selection - selection. With this transition, “-tion” turns into “-tion”, and “-sion” into “-sia”. Borrowed words can also be recognized by the prefixes characteristic of foreign languages: structure - restructuring, information - disinformation.

The meaning of the word may change slightly or remain the same. For example, in English "selection" means choosing in in a broad sense words, and in Russian the word “selection” usually means the science of breeding animal breeds and plant varieties. Knowing the meaning of similar Russian words, it is easier for a person to remember or guess the translation of English and vice versa - to understand new Russian terms. Among the borrowed words there are both widely known and familiar words, as well as terms found only in specialized literature or a narrow area, for example, affirmation, accommodation, extrapolation. If a word ending in "tion" occurs in a spoken phrase or literary text, it is advisable to translate it without borrowing. If the text is about science, business, politics, technology, it is appropriate to use borrowings.

How to read

The combination of letters -tion [ʃ(ǝ)n] at the end of a word read in Russian as [shn] or [sheng], exception is the word question , where last letters read as [chn]. The stress in words with such suffixes falls on the last vowel before the letters “tion”. The pronunciation of a stressed vowel depends on which letter, vowel or consonant, is located before these letters.

If there is a vowel before “tion”, then it has an alphabetical reading, as in an open syllable, and if it is a consonant, then the vowel before it is read briefly, as in closed syllable. The exception is the letter i, which is pronounced [i] in both cases.

Any language, including English, is never “pure”, that is, consisting only of English words. In English, like in any other language, there are many borrowed words, suffixes and prefixes from other languages. Perhaps the most common languages, words from which are found in almost all languages, are Greek and Latin. Everyone knows that the foundations of many sciences were laid by the ancient Greeks, including the foundations of grammar. They say that the Greeks gave the world a lot. Words with the endings “IST” and “ISM” also entered the Russian language.

For example: ECONOMY IST, SPECIAL IST, OPTIM IST, PIAN IST, PAROD IST or PATRIOT MEASURE, MODERN MEASURE, REAL MEASURE, TOUR MEASURE, EGO MEASURE, DRAMA MEASURE. The meanings of these words are clear to everyone, and in English they will sound approximately the same and have the same meanings. All these words are international.

The suffixes “IST” and “ISM” should be considered together, since they have one semantic basis, but form nouns belonging to different groups.

The suffixes “-ISM” and “-IST” reflect areas of human activity that can be classified as “mental” and “creative”, that is, we are talking about science and art. Physical activity can be thought of as exercise.

The suffix “ISM” forms nouns that indicate the names of various theories and teachings and are abstract.

The suffix "IST" forms nouns that indicate a person who is engaged in these areas of activity and is specific.

We can conditionally divide the areas of human activity that are determined by “Greek” suffixes into two groups.

1. Theories, dogmas, teachings relating to all sciences, starting with philosophy and ending with social concepts, political trends and human behavior.

2. Literature and art.

Let's take a closer look at several groups of nouns with the suffixes “-ISM” and “-IST”.

There are pairs of words with the suffixes “ISM” and “IST” that are practically inseparable. The suffix "-ISM" indicates a field of activity, and the suffix "-IST" indicates a person who is a follower of some teachings of theory or dogma, is engaged in art or literature of a certain direction, or is engaged in certain types of physical exercise. But these nouns have a "source", that is, a root word that has the same meaning. Sometimes the base (root) is an independent word, and sometimes it loses its independent meaning. Such nouns have the same sound as similar Russian translations.

I will write pairs of well-known nouns with the suffixes “-ISM” and “-IST”.

SOCIAL ISM—> SOCIAL IST= socialism -> socialist;

CAPITAL ISM—> CAPITAL IST= capitalism -> capitalist;

COMMUN ISM—> COMMUN IST= communism -> communist;

IMPERIAL ISM—> IMPERIAL IST= imperialism -> imperialist

FASC ISM—> FASC IST= fascism -> fascist;

DARVIN ISM—> DARVI NIST= Darwinism -> Darwinist;

MARX ISM—> MARX IST= Marxism -> Marxist;

NATIONAL ISM—> NATIONAL IST= nationalism -> nationalist;

OPPORTUN ISM—>OPPORTUN IST= opportunism -> opportunist;

OPTIM ISM—> OPTIM IST= optimism -> optimist;

PESSIM ISM—> PESSIM IST= pessimism -> pessimism;

EGO ISM—> EGO IST= egoism -> egoist;

ALTRU ISM—> ALTRUI IST= altruism -> altruist;

S.A.D. ISM—> SAD IST= sadism -> sadist;

IMPRESSION ISM—> IMPRESSION IST= impressionism - impressionist;

PACIF ISM—> PACIF IST= pacifism -> pacifist;

FATAL ISM—> FATAL IST= fatalism -> fatalist;

REAL ISM—> REAL IST= realism -> realist;

There are nouns with the suffix “-IST”, which indicate a person’s occupation, his profession, but there is no “paired” noun with the suffix “-ISM”. There is a root word, which is an independent unit, and nouns with the suffixes “-IST” do not always sound the same as their Russian counterparts.

For example:

TOUR —> TOUR IST= travel, trip, tour, excursion -> tourist. traveler;

SCIENCE —> SCIENT IST= science -> scientist;

HUMOUR —> HUMOUR IST= humor, joke -> humorist, joker;

ART -> ART IST= art - artist, master of his craft, artist;

PHILOLOGY —> PHILOLOGY IST= philology -> philologist;

DRAMATICS —> DRAMAT IST= dramatic art -> playwright;

CHEMISTRY —> CHEM IST= chemistry -> chemist;

ECONOMICS —> ECONO MIST= economics -> economist;

BIOLOGY —> BIOLOG IST= biology -> biologist;

BOTANY —> BOTAN IST= botany -> botanist;

GEOLOGY —> GEOLOG IST= geology -> geologist;

PHYSICS —> PHYSIC IST= physics -> physicist;

PSYCOLOGY —> PSYCOLOG IST= psychology -> psychologist;

PSYCHIATRY —> PSYCHIATR IST= psychiatry -> psychiatrist;

ECOLOGY —> ECOLOG IST= ecology -> ecologist;

MINERALOGY —> MINERALOGY IST= mineralogy -> mineralogist;

CARTOON —> CARTOON IST= cartooncartoonist;

AGRONOMY —> AGRONOM IST= agronomy -> agronomist;

PIANO —> PIAN IST= piano, grand piano -> pianist;

VIOLIN —> VIOLIN IST= violin -> violinist

VIOLONCELLO —> VIOLONCELLO IST= cello —> cellist

There is a group of nouns with the suffix “-ISM”, but they are paired with nouns with other suffixes or no suffixes at all.

For example:

DESPOT ISM—> DESPOT = despotism —> despot;

PATRIOT ISM—> PATRIOT = patriotism —> patriot;

DEMOCRAT ISM—> DEMOCRAT = democracy —> democrat;

RADICAL ISM—> RADICAL = radicalism —> radical;

PROFESSIONAL ISM—> PROFESSIONAL = professionalism —> professional;

SCEPTIC ISM—> SCEPTIC = skepticism —> skeptic;

PARLIAMENTAR ISM—> PARLIAMENTARIAN = parliamentarism —> parliamentarian;

HERO ISM—> HERO = heroism —> hero;

PROVINCIAL ISM—> PROVINCIAL = provincialism —> provincial;

LIBERAL ISM—> LIBERAL = liberalism —> liberal;

CONSERVAT ISM—> CONSERVATIVE = conservatism —> conservative;

In order to communicate easily and fluently in English, you need to have a sufficient vocabulary, as well as be able to quickly select the necessary words. An easy way to increase your vocabulary is to learn the noun suffixes in English.

What is a suffix?

Before we talk about noun suffixes, we need to understand what a suffix is. This term refers to the significant part of the word that follows immediately after the root. In other words, a word is a constructor consisting of several elements that are firmly connected to each other and can be easily separated if necessary. A suffix is one of these elements. It can be attached or, on the contrary, detached from the word. In this case, the “word” construction is not destroyed, only its form changes - sound, spelling and lexical meaning:

School - schoolboy - schoolgirl (suffixes -nik-, -nitsa-);
Friend (friend) - friendship (friendship) - friendly (friendly) (suffix -ship, -ly).

The suffix has two functions. The first is formative, which participates in the formation of new grammatical forms: clever (smart) - cleverest (smartest) (the suffix -est is involved in the formation of the superlative degree of the adjective). The second is word-forming, necessary for the formation of new lexical units with the same root: to write - writer (to write - writer).

Noun and its suffixes

A noun, as an independent part of speech, has its own suffixes. They contribute to the formation of new words. The table “Noun Suffixes” in English presents the most productive ones and their general meaning:

*Suffix*	*Meaning*	*Examples*
Ist (-an, -ian, -ean)	Nationality, affiliation political party, flow)	Scientist (scientist), communist (communist), Russian (Russian), historian (historian)
Er (-or, -eer, -ee, -ant, -ier, -ar)	Profession, occupation, position	Writer (writer), speaker (speaker), inspector (inspector), dreamer (dreamer), employee (employee), engineer (engineer)
	Belonging to a particular doctrine or political party	Buddhism (Buddhism), fascism (fascism), nationalism (nationalism)
	The result of the work, the result of the work	development (development), punishment (punishment)
Hood (-ship, -cy)	A certain state, level of relationship	Boyhood (adolescence), orphanhood (orphanhood), friendship (friendship), infancy (infancy)
Ness (-dom, -y, -ancy, -ency, -ity, -ty)	A certain condition or quality	Boredom (longing), Wisdom (wisdom), darkness (darkness), prettiness (attractiveness), clarity (clarity), gaiety (gaiety)
Al, -ation, -sion, -tion, -ition, Ance, -ence, -ing, -age	Obvious result, state, process	Regulation, attention, barrage, shortage
	Science section	Mathematics (mathematics), physics (physics)
	Place of work, occupation or condition	Laboratory (laboratory), observatory (observatory)
	Abstract concepts	Authority (power), equality (equality),
	Feminine