1. Most Russian prefixes, in accordance with the morphological principle of spelling, do not change and are written uniformly in all words: do- (late), for- (write down), on- (inclination), under- (minor), right-(meaning “ancient, ancestor”: great-grandmother, proto-language), pro- (to be guilty), co- (consonant), u- (index).

2. Set-top box With- written both before voiceless and voiced consonants, although in the latter case the letter s denotes the sound [z]: confuse- knock down, knock down- burn. Remember the words where at the beginning the consonant is written before the voice h: building, health, here(and words derived from them, for example: hefty, from here), as well as adverb not a zgi (not a zgi visible).

3. At the end of the attachments without- (bess-), voz- (voe-), vz- (ee-), from- (is-), niz- (nis-), time- (ras-), rose- (ros-), through - (through-), through- (through-) written before vowels and before voiced consonants h, before voiceless consonants - s; compare: weigh- boil, product- perspiration, joke- painting.

4. On consoles rose- (ros-) And times- (dis-) under stress you need to write the vowel o, without stress - a: draw- play out; painting- sign.

159. Copy by inserting the missing letters. Indicate words with prefixes that can change in writing.

D..to put according to..meaning, pr..negotiate, unknown..soldier, pr..thoughtful message, pr.. Slavic language, etc..grandfather, etc..grandmother, and..correct the mistake, unshifted sentry.

160. Write it down, opening the parentheses.

(z.s) give to the archive, (z.s) good dough, (z.s) sew a dress, (z.s) shake hands, don’t (z.s) worry about (z.s) health, (z.s) .s)a rambling story, (h,s)thickening the colors, ruined (z.s)edition, (h.s)worldly customs, in (h,s)whipped cream , to (h, s) compensate for losses, to (h, s) give birth to traditions, and (h, s) traveled paths, too (h, s) too hard, no (h, s) cloudy day, no (h, c) tasty powder.

161. Write by inserting the missing letters. Arrange the blow
tion.

R..burn brushwood, R..lightning bolt, cards distributed,
river flooding, searching for a criminal, looking for a violator,
ridiculous stories, pouring diamonds, pouring grain,
red storyteller, they rushed into the rush, the descent of thoughts,
the bud is blooming, the r..steppe in January, the r..stroke of the pen.
__________________________________________________ &>

Spelling letters at the junction of prefix and root

1. Letter ъ in modern Russian it is used as separator mark only before letters e, e, yu, i after a prefix ending in a consonant, and in difficult words after parts two-, three-, four-: supernatural, shrink, two-tier, three-capacity.

2. After prefixes ending in a hard consonant, instead of And is written s according to phonetic principle spelling: unknown, pre-June. This rule does not apply to: 1) words with prefixes inter- And super-: inter-institutional, super-interesting; 2) words with foreign language prefixes: disinformation, counterplay; 3) compound words without a prefix: Pedagogical Institute, financial inspector.

3. Double consonants are written if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same letter: spread out, sharpen. In words open And ruin one consonant is written h.

162. Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain the spellings. Underline the prefixes.

Remove the key, start again, demanding public, our pedagogical institute, pre-infarction state, post-infarction state

new treatment, disinfection of premises, improvise retelling, start counter, ..group, excellent adjectives, pre..July thunderstorms, super..famous personality, inter..institutional competition, super..scanned food, uninitiative person.

163. Write it down, inserting where necessary, ъ. Explain the spellings.
VVZD 1, raised, tousled, without..capacitive,

without..nuclear, unbroken..union, unification, ob..explanatory, pre..anniversary, voluminous, under..anchor, cringe, sarcastic, joke, agitate, narrow , super..interesting, super..capacious, super..sensitive, inter..atomic, inter..European, inter..tier, inter..lingual, gasp...prejudice , three..tier, two..element, two..lingual, transatlantic, trans-European, pan..American, children..nursery.

164. Write it down, opening the parentheses. Make a proposal with emphasis
in a lazy word.

Fascinating re(s,ss)kaz, be(z,zz)avetno pre(d,dd)an-ny, be(s,ss)rebrenik, be(s,ss)porn victory, ice ra(s,ss) melted, eager (s, ss) to terminate the contract, appeal to the workers, excited (s, ss) in earnest, people were eager (s, ss) stupid, po(d, dd)at kick the ball

Task formulation:

Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter:

s..is, p..esa,

ro..cherk, not..deshny

pr..hustle, pr..brought

up..small, behind..trawl

o..stroked, on..rate

Correct answer: collected, played

What you need to know to complete the task correctly:

Spelling of unchangeable prefixes;

Spelling of variable prefixes RAZ-/RAS- and ROZ-/ROS-;

Spelling of variable prefixes ending in -3 and -C;

Spelling of prefixes PRE- and PRI-;

Spelling I, Y after prefixes;

Spelling of separating signs b and b.

1. Spelling of changeable and unchangeable prefixes

Immutable prefixes

1. The prefixes OVER-, UNDER-, OB-, OT-, PRED-, BLIZ- are always written the same way:

FILE, CONFIRM, SPRAY, TRIM, PENULTIMATE, NEAR SITTING

2. The prefixes ZA-, NA-, NAI- are always written with the letter A:

TAKE, POUR, BIGGEST

3. The prefixes PO-, DO-, NOT DO- are always written with the letter O:

BLOW, SWIM, OVERLOOK

4. In the Russian language there is no prefix 3-, but only the prefix S-, which is written both before voiceless and voiced consonants of the root:

KNOW, SQUEEZE, BEND

If you see a prefix consisting of one letter in a word and choose between S- and 3-, feel free to write S, since there is no prefix 3- in the Russian language:

Let no one ever forget:

3 was not and never will be a prefix!

Note:

Sometimes in words the prefix C- can appear after the prefix NOT-: INCOMPLETE, UNBENDABLE, UNRESTRAINTABLE.

5. You should remember words in which the letter 3 is not a prefix, but part of the root:

HERE, HERE, HEALTH, GET HEALTHY, BUILDING, NO ZGI visible, HELLO.

Changeable prefixes

1. Spelling of prefixes ending in 3 and C:

ONCE- / RAS-, WITHOUT- / BESN-, FROM- / IS-, WHO- / VOS-, VZ- / VS-, NIZ- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH-, THROUGH- / THROUGH-,

depends on the deafness - the sonority of the subsequent sound.

The prefix ends in -3:

1) if the first consonant of the root is voiced: TASTELESS, OVERCOME;

2) if the root begins with a vowel: RECOGNIZE.

The prefix ends in -С:

if the first consonant of the root is unvoiced: COLORLESS, SILENT.

Note:

1) All voiceless consonant sounds can be remembered by the following phrase: FOKA, DO YOU WANT TO EAT CHEEK?

If you delete all the vowels in this sentence, then only voiceless consonants will remain.

2) All voiced consonant sounds can be remembered by the following phrase: OH, WE DID NOT FORGET ABOUT EACH OTHER!

If you delete all the vowels in this sentence, then only voiced consonants will remain.

2. The following words are written with the letter C:

TOO, DISAPPEAR, DISAPPEAR

3. The spelling of foreign language prefixes DEZ-, DIS-, DIS- is subject to a special rule:

1) the prefixes DEZ-, DIS- are written before vowels and before b:

DISINFECTION, DISORGANIZATION, DISASSOCIATION, DISUNCTION;

2) the prefix DIS- is written before consonants:

DISHARMONY, DYSFUNCTION, IMBALANCE.

4. In the prefixes RAZ-/RAS- and ROZ-/ROS-, the letter O is written under the accent, and the letter A is written without the accent.

RAW - PLAY WANTED - LOOK FOR SIGN - SIGN

Exception: WANTED (from WANTED)

Note:

1) When prefixes ending in a consonant (S-, UNDER-, OB-, OT-, OVER-, RAZ-, etc.) are followed by two consonant sounds, an additional vowel may appear at the end of the prefix (this is always the letter O) : COMPLETE, UNDERMINE, GO AROUND, TEAR, TEAR, DISCOVER.

2) The prefix PRA- is written in those cases when it adds to the words the meaning “original, primordial, ancient” (ancestral motherland, proto-language, proto-slavs, ancestral memory); “degree of relationship” (great-grandmother, great-grandfather, great-great-granddaughter.); “relating to the ancestors” (FORDFATHERS, FOREMORTHERS, PARENTS).

Note: in other cases the prefix PRO- is written: PROMOBER, PRO-RECTOR, SEER, etc.

2. Spelling of changeable and unchangeable prefixes PRE- and PRI

The prefix PRI stands for

1) Accession, addition: ATTACH, STICK, ADD.

2) Approximation: SAIL, RUNN, FLY.

3) Incomplete action (= SLIGHTLY): OPEN, BURN, THINK.

4) Spatial proximity PRIMORSKY, SCHOOL, ROADSIDE.

5) Related action CHORUS, DANCE, SENTENCE.

6) Completeness, exhaustion of the action (bringing it to the end) TAME, TRAIN, SHOOT.

List of words with the prefix PR for memorizing:

FICIOUS (= slightly harmful) PICKY WONDERFUL (= close to a miracle) IMPRESSABLE (you won’t take an attack) PRIMITIVE (three letters I are written in a row in this word) UNWANTED (without whims) ATTRACTIVE DILIGENT SUITABLE PRIGOZHIY (day) NICE PRIVILEGE (inalienable right) PRIORITY (advantage) ADVENTURE GHOST ADHEREER (one who joins something) OATH, SWEAR ORDER, ORDER PRESENT TIMING CARP CLAIM LEVEL OF CLAIMS CANDID ADDITION DRIMA DONNA (= actress performing first roles) PRIVATE (=private) PRIVATIZATION HATE JOKE DEPLORABLE with regret without embellishment MULTIPLY

The prefix PRE stands for

1) The highest degree of quality, action (the prefix PRE- can be replaced with the words “VERY”, “VERY”): WISE, PRE-INTERESTING, SUCCESS.

2) Same as the prefix PERE-:

BARRIER (= BLOCK), INTERRUPT (= take a BREAK), BREAK THE LAW (= CROSS THE LAW).

There are words in which the similarity of the prefixes PRE- and PERE- can be explained by other words that are similar in meaning:

STOP = STOP CONVERT = RENOVATE TRANSFORM = CHANGE appearance OVERCOME = OVERCOME yourself and PERFORM OVERCOME = OVERCOME yourself and PERFORM TEACH = TRANSFER knowledge PRESENT FLOWERS = TRANSFER BATTLE = INTERRUPT STOP = make someone STOP TRADING = something that is passed on from mouth to mouth UNCONDITIONALLY = DO NOT CONSIST CONTINUOUSLY = WITHOUT Ceasing MANDATORY = cannot be CHANGED

List of words with the prefix PRE- for memorizing:

NEGLECT (there are three E's in this word) NEGLIGENCE ADORABLE (evoking very flattering words) REVEREND (very righteous) CHASE REPEATE THE PRESIDENT LET OBSTACLE (obstacle) PREMIERE CLAIM CONTENDER A DRUG SINS ADVANTAGE PREAMBLE (= introductory part) LIMIT OF PATIENCE STUMBLING STONE (cause of quarrel) VICTICISM OF DESTINY PUNCTUATION MARKS PRESTIGIOUS BOUNDLESS NOTORIOUS (very well known to everyone) PRESENTATION PREROGATIVE (exclusive right) Endure PREVAIL (prevail) PREFECTURE PRECEDENT (similar case in the past) EXaggerate

Particular attention should be paid to homophones (“phonetic twins”) - words with the prefixes PRE- and PRI-, which are pronounced the same but spelled differently depending on their meaning.

Prefixes PRE and PRI - “phonetic twins”

STAY IN THE FRESH AIR (= be)	ARRIVE IN MOSCOW (= arrive)
STAY IN THE CITY (= being)	ARRIVAL IN CITY (= arrival)
MAKE YOUR DREAMS COME TRUE (= make it come true)	CLOSE THE DOOR (= close)
COME INTO LIFE (= incarnate)	PRETEND TO BE SLEEPING (= take on a different appearance and mislead)
BREAK THE LAW (= break)	START WRITING AN ESSAY (= start)
ADOZE TALENT (= admire, treat with great respect)	BEND TO THE GROUND (= bend over)
BETRAY A FRIEND (= tell his secret to others)	GIVE MEANING TO THE WORDS (= add)
ANCIENT TRADE (= legend)	GIVING MORE SIGNIFICANCE (= adding)
SUCCESSOR OF THE PRESIDENT (= successor; the one who takes over power)	BUY A RECEIVER (= a device for receiving radio broadcasts)
TRANSIENT SUCCESS, FAME (= temporary that come and go)	Nanny (= one who comes and sits with the child)
INVERTERMEANING (= one that is reinterpreted)	GATEKEEPER IN THE CASTLE (= porter)
LIMIT TO PATIENCE (= limit)	SIDE CHAIR IN THE CHURCH (= extension)
DESPITE THE ENEMY (= to hate, to treat without respect)	HELP AN ORPHAN (= shelter)
THE IMMUNE TRUTH	APPENDIX TO EXAMINATION TICKETS
ESSENTIAL CONDITION	APPLY RULE
TO SUFFER HARDSHIP (= to endure courageously)	GET GETTED TO CAPTIVITY (= get used to)

3. Spelling of the letters Y, I after prefixes

The letter s is written

After Russian prefixes ending in a consonant (S-, IS-, RAZ-, Bez-, PRED-, UNDER-, etc.), the letter Y is written instead of I:

PLAY + C = PLAY

SEARCH + TIMES = SEARCH

HISTORY + PREV = BACKGROUND

INTERESTING + WITHOUT = NOT UNINTERESTING

Note:

after the Russian prefixes BETWEEN and SVERH- the letter I is retained:

INTERESTING - EXTREMELY INTERESTING REFINED - EXTREMELY REFINED INSTITUTIONAL - INTER-INSTITUTE

The letter is written

1) after foreign language prefixes DEZ-, CONT-, POST-, SUB-, SUPER-, TRANS-, PAN- ending in a consonant:

DISINFORMATION, DISINFECTION, SUPERGAME, COUNTERGAME, PAN-ISLAMISM, POST-IMPRESSIONISM,

TRANSIRANIAN.

2) after prefixes ending in a vowel:

TRUE + ON = TRUE PLAY + ON = PLAY

3) in the word COLLECT is written I.

4) in compound words in the second root:

PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE, SPORTS GAMES, SPORTS EQUIPMENT

5) in compound words after TWO-, THREE-, FOUR-:

TWO-NEED, THREE-PULSE.

For example:

The mind cannot play the role of the heart for a long time (La Rochefoucauld). Examples:

War imposes tribute equally on both men and women; but only from some he takes blood, from others - tears (Thackeray).

Even when speaking first at a meeting, he joined the previous speaker (E. Krotky).

At first the dog doesn’t like the cat, but later looks for arguments (Yanina Ipokhorskaya).

4. Separating marks b and b

Kommersant is written:

1) after Russian prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters E, E, Yu, I: TOUSSED

SHOOTING, ANNOUNCEMENT, PRE-ANNIVERSARY, INTERTIER, SUPERNATURAL

2) after all foreign language prefixes ending in a consonant (AD-, IN-, KON-, CONT-, OB-, SUB-, TRANS-, PAN-, etc.),

before the letters E, E, Yu, I:

ADJUTANT, INJECTION, CONJUNCTURE, CONJUNCTIVIT, OBJECTIVE, SUBJECT, TRANS-EUROPEAN, PAN-EUROPEAN

3) before the letters E, E, Yu, I in compound words, the first part of which is formed by the numerals TWO, THREE, FOUR: -

BI-TIER, TRI-LANGUAGE

4) in the middle of the borrowed word FELDJEGER

5) in words

IMMENSE, ESSENTIAL, Flaw

ь is written:

1) before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I inside the word (not after prefixes):

BARRIER, SERIOUS, Blizzard, Zealous, Nightingales

2) in some foreign words before the letter O:

COMPANION, BATTALION, PAVILION, POSTMAN, MEDALLION, BROTH

3) in words

CLEANMAN, SECRETARY, PEDESTAL, WEEDS, INTERIOR, REARGARD, ARSENIC

Note:

1) Ъ is not written after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters A, O, U, E: SAVE, PRE-OLYMPIC training, PRE-EXAMINATION essay, COUNTERATTACK, PREDICT.

2) Ъ is not written in compound words:

CHILDREN, FOREIGN ACHIEVEMENT, CHIEF MANAGER, ORGEDINISTA.

Prefixes PRE and PRI

If it matters VERY

very large - very large, exaggerate - greatly increase, etc.

If it matters PERE

break the law (transgress), transform (change appearance)

If denotes proximity, coming together or joining

nail, adjacent, bring, approach

In case of incomplete action

ajar, burn, touch

If the action is complete

dampen, invent, look after

Performs an action in someone else's interests

save, hide

Words must be distinguished

Words to remember

Roots with alternating

vowels can be divided into 4 groups:

1 group. It includes roots, the spelling of the vowel in which depends on the STRESS:

· -gor-, -gar-; -clone-, -clan-; -tvor-, -tvar- (write O without emphasis);

· -zor-, -zar-; -pilaf-, -float- (write A without emphasis)

Remember EXCEPTIONS:
utensils, residues, dross, scorch, blaze, zoryanka, swimmer, swimmer, swimmers, quicksand

2nd group. It includes roots, the spelling of the vowel in which depends on the CONSONANT AT THE END OF THE ROOT:

· -lag-, -false-;

· -jump-, -jump-;

· -growing-, -growing-, -growing-

Remember EXCEPTIONS:
polog, Rostov, Rostislav, rostock, moneylender, growth, for growth, teenager, industry, jump

3rd group. It includes roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the SUFFIX A:

· -lozh-, -lagA-;

· -kos-, -kasA-;

· -ber-, -birA-; -der-, -dirA-; -brilliant-, -bristA-; -ter-, -tyrA-; -per-, -pirA-; -mer-, -mirA-; -steel-, -steelA-; -burned-, -zhiga-; -even-, -read-; -nimA-, -minA-, -pressA-

· -minA-, -nimA-, -pressA-, -chinA-

Remember EXCEPTIONS:combine, combination, couple

4th group. It includes roots, the spelling of the vowel in which depends on the LEXICAL MEANING of the root:

· -equal- (= equal, identical), -equal- (= even, smooth);

· -mac- (= immerse in liquid), -mok-, -moch- (= become wet)

Remember EXCEPTIONS:
peer, level, equal, plain, equal, equal

Unchangeable prefixes. Theory

1.Most prefixes in Russian are immutable, i.e. regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written uniformly.
The spelling of such prefixes should be remember.

List For unchangeable prefixes, see below:

O-: called out, stop, sediment, go numb

U-: ran away, left, calm down
TO-: get there, get there, guess
PO-: belief, courtyard, cut, rely
PRO-: boil, space, trick, grow
PRA-: In a special meaning: great-grandmother, proto-language
NA-: attack, cover, overtake
FOR-: ask, prisoner, pick up, score
OVER- (NADO-): bite, crack, inscribe, tear
UNDER- (UNDER-): thaw, undermine, prompt, wait
OT- (OTO-): give away, rest, move away, open
OB-(OBO-): trim, grind, wipe, go around
V- (VO-): to your heart’s content, to sew in, to cling to, to involve
YOU - pacing, exit, jumped out
PRE- (PREDO-): chairman, predecessor, predetermine, warn
OVER-: humus, overfill, distortion
C- (CO-): move, bend

2.In some immutable consoles it may happen STUN or VOICE consonant.

STUN is the replacement of a voiced consonant that is paired in terms of voicedness and deafness with a voiceless consonant.
For example: in the word TOCHETIZE, the voiced consonant B in the prefix OB- produces a dull sound P, that is, the consonant is DEAFED.

VOICE is the replacement of a voiceless consonant paired in terms of voicedness and deafness with a voiced one.
For example: in the word MAKE, the voiceless consonant S in the prefix S- gives a voiced sound Z, that is, the consonant is VOICED or in the word DROP, the voiceless consonant T in the prefix OT- gives a voiced sound D.

3. STUN or SONIC may occur NOT IN ALL immutable prefixes, but only in the following:

Consonant at the end of the prefixes B-, NAD-, POD-, OB-, PRED- STUNNED only if it is followed by a voiceless consonant;

Consonant at the end of the prefixes OT-, S- VOICED only if it is followed by a voiced consonant.

5) In prefixes ending in Z and S, the spelling of the final consonant depends on the pronunciation:

in front of the deaf pronounce [s] with consonants and write “s”,

before voiced ones pronounce [z] with consonants and write “z”.

For example: RAS-SAW (P - deaf), RAZ-WAK (B - voiced).

Necessarily learn prefixes that end in Z-S:

Without-, without-

Voz-, voz-

Sun-, sun-

From-, from-

Down-, down-

One-, one-

Rose-, grown-

Through-, through-

Now let's look at what errors can be allowed when performing task A6:

Error 1. If after a prefix ending in Z-S there is a vowel or Ъ, then neither the vowel nor Ъ affects the spelling of this prefix, because Z or S is heard clearly in this case.

Example words can serve this purpose Find out And Nuclear-free.

Error 2. Spelling of the prefix C- in words does not depend from the voicedness or deafness of the consonant that follows it. The prefix C- belongs to the group of unchangeable prefixes.

For example, in the words MAKE and JUMP the same prefix C- is written, despite the fact that in the first word after the prefix there is a voiced consonant, and in the second there is a voiceless consonant.

Error 3. The prefix Z-S may not be noticed if the word has two prefixes.

For example, in the word UNDEMANDED after the prefix NE- there is a prefix VOS-, the spelling of which depends on the deafness of the consonant following it.

Error 4. Do not confuse words with prefixes ending in Z-S with words whose roots are consonant with these prefixes.

For example:

1. prefix BES- (BESNOOK) and root -BES- (Besya)
2. prefix NIZ- (NIZ) and root -NIZ- (LOW)
3. prefix RAZ- (BREAK) and root -RAZ- (STARKING), root -DIFFERENCE- (DIFFERENCE)
4. prefix RAS- (GRIND) and root -RAST- (PLANT)
5. prefix ROZ- (ROZdal) and root -ROZ- (PINK)
6. prefix ROS- (ROScherk) and root -ROS- (ROSisty), other roots (ROSKOSHNY, ROSTOK)
7. prefix WHO- (Abstain) and root -WHO- (CARIO)
6) Spelling NOT with different parts of speech.

Part of speech.	Apart.	Together.
1. Noun.	There is a contrast with the conjunction “a” ( not the truth, but a lie).	1. Not used without NOT ( slavenot true = lie).
2.Full adjectives. Short adjectives. Adverbs ending in -O, - E.	1. There is a contrast with the conjunction “a” ( not truthful, but deceitful; not truthful, but deceitful; not truthful, but deceitful). 2. There are words ahead: not at all... not at all... not at all... far from... never... nothing... not at all... ( not a true story at all).	1. Not used without NOT ( rainy, rainy). 2. Can be replaced with a synonym without NOT ( untruthful=deceitful, untruthful = deceitful, untruthful = deceitful).
3. Full participles.	1. The participle has a dependent word (not resolved by me). 2. There is a contrast with the conjunction “a” ( unsolved, and a decommissioned example).	1. Not used without NOT ( perplexed). 2. There is no dependent word ( unsolved example). 3. There is no opposition with the conjunction “a”.
4. Short participles.	Always separate: the story has not been read, the field has not been plowed, notebooks not checked.	_________________________
5. Verb.	1. It is NOT written separately with a particle if used without it ( there was no, I couldn’t).	1. Verbs that are not used without NOT ( hate, resent) 2. UNDER... (less than one hundred percent completed, less than normal: not enough points, not enough colors).
6. Participle.	With the particle NOT written separately if used without NOT : without knowing, without thinking .	Participles that are not used without NOT are written together: hating, raging, indignant, perplexed .
7) Spelling of unpronounceable consonants If there are several consonant sounds in a row in a word (for example, in the word HONEST - STN, ENVY - STL, AGENCY - NTSTV, etc.), then one of them may not be pronounced. This sound is called an UNPROUNDABLE CONSONANT. To find out whether a word has an unpronounceable consonant, you need to try to find a word with the same root in which this consonant is pronounced. Typically, this requires that the consonant being tested be before a vowel (HONEST - HONEST) or at the end of a word (CRUNCH - CRUNCH). Let's consider as examples the words STAR(?)NYY, HONEST(?)NYY, TERRIBLE(?)NYY and DANGEROUS(?)NYY. You can make sure that in the word STAR you need the letter D between the letters Z and N using the test word STAR. In it, this consonant sound is heard very well, since it is followed by a vowel sound - A. The word CHES(?)NYY can be checked with the word HONOR, in which the consonant T appears at the end of the word. The word DANGEROUS is checked using the word DANGEROUS: it turns out that there is no unpronounceable consonant in this word. For the adjective TERRIBLE, the word HORROR (the end of the word) or HORRIFY (position before the vowel) can serve as a test. Both test words indicate that this word does not contain an unpronounceable consonant and there is no need to write “extra” letters. In addition, you need to remember a few words that cannot be verified. Their spelling should be learned. WRITTEN WITHOUT UNPRONOUNCABLE CONSONANTS 1. Contrary to verification, the words SHINTER (although SHINE), FLASK (although GLASS), ANGRY (although ANGRY), TABLECLOTH (although TABLECLOTH) are written without unpronounceable consonants. 2. Without unpronounceable consonants, the unverifiable words are written: PROGRESS, VAST, PEER, GLOSSY. 3. The word INDEPENDENT is written without an unpronounceable consonant, meaning “backward, gravitating towards the strict, habitual” (inert beliefs). WRITTEN WITH UNPROUNCABLE CONSONANTS 1. Contrary to verification, the word LADDER (although LADDER) is written with an unpronounceable consonant. 2. The unverifiable words FEELING, PEER are written with an unpronounceable consonant. 3. The word BONE is written with an unpronounceable consonant, derived from the word BONE (bone marrow, bone tissue).

Consoles

This lecture examines the spelling of prefixes of various parts of speech, as well as spelling at the junction of a prefix and a root.

Lecture outline

37.1. Unchangeable prefixes;

37.2. Prefixes on Z-N;

37.3. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-;

37.4. Letters I, Y after prefixes.

Russian writing, like all European writing systems, is sound-letter. This means that its basic units - letters - are correlated with the sound units of the language, and not directly with words or their significant parts (morphemes).

The basic principles of Russian orthography are:

1. morphological,
2. phonetic,
3. differentiating,
4. traditional.

37.1. Immutable prefixes

Spelling of many prefixes called immutable, adjustable morphological principle, the basic rule of which is: uniform spelling of all morphemes. In other words, if, for example, the Russian language has the prefix above-, then in all , where it is used, the attachment will look the same (not *nat-, not *nod-).

UNCHANGEABLE CONSONANT PRESSURES	UNCHANGEABLE VOWEL PRESETS
about- (think about) over- (inscribe) under- (hem) pre- (assume) from- (send) s- (bend) Remember! here, building, health, hello, no way(there is no prefix in the structure of these words).	for- (to stare) na- (talk) to- (to reach) touchy (touchy) o- (cautious) co- (fellow student) po- (think) pa-(“alien, step-native”) (stepson) pro- (walk) great-(“native, through generations; prescription value") (great grandfather) exception: IMAGE

37.2. Consoles for Z-S

The spelling of prefixes ending in -З/-С is regulated by the phonetic principle of spelling, the main rule of which is: write as you hear.

1) RAZ-/RAS-, ROZ-/ROS-, WHO-/VOS-, VZ-/VS-, NIZ-/NIS-, WITHOUT-/BES-, THROUGH-/CHERS-, FROM-/IS-…
before a voiceless consonant	before a voiced consonant
fall apart, fall apart, useless	bottomless, burst out, overthrow
2) times-, dis-	ro´z-, ro´s-
no accent ruin, paint	under stress sledges, painting exception: WANTED ´ Y

37.3. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-

The bulk of words with the prefixes PRE- and PRI- are subject to differentiating spelling, i.e. The choice of a prefix is ​​preceded by an analysis of its meaning.

PRI- matters
Accession Approximation Addition Spatial proximity	Incomplete action	Bringing action to completion, final action		Related action	Performing an action in someone else's interests
suburban, fasten school, homestead...	get sick picky, jump up smooth, mute, bend down burn, warm up threaten, press down find fault estimate feed, touch, embellish, cover up bite, caress, try on, mix in lean in, dress up, cheer up dress up, open slightly stand back, remember, season, intimidate sit down, serve, listen, shame, pretend oppress slow down touch embellish, downplay become depressed boast take a sip squint...	get used to, sentence, come up with, become boring, settle down, to land, admit find, apply, force force to take a fancy cut, tame calm down, shoot award get used to it , accustom comb, cause...		sentence shout, chorus, dance, whistle order look after, dance, slam, limp, smack, whisper, snap...	save hold, hide, store, pay extra hide, hide, rub in, shut up take shelter...
PRE- matters
The highest degree of quality, action (“very”)			Same as the prefix PERE-
Precious (very cute), Very funny (very funny) Quietly (very calmly)			Block (block) interrupt (interrupt) Convert (remake)

Flash: Znachenie_pristavki.swf

It is necessary to distinguish words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning and spelling:

Put plans into action - close the door,

radio receiver - legal successor,

the criminal is an impregnable fortress,

with the gatekeeper - the vicissitudes of fate,

A babysitter is an enduring success,

continuity is an acceptable option,

to come to the city is to be in captivity.

In some cases, the meaning of prefixes it is difficult to pre- and attribute . In many borrowed words pre - And at - enter the root. The spelling of these words should be remembered

PRE-	AT-
Preamble The president Presidium Advantage rebuke, unquestioning Prelude Premiere Neglect Neglect, neglect overcome A drug Punctuation (marks) Altercation Let Prerogative Notorious creep Challenger Claim Precedent	joke picky, picky Ghost Privilege, privileged Habit, habitual Comely Decency Exemplary Reconcile, irreconcilable Primitive, primitive A priority swear oath Claim, claim time Whimsical, unpretentious

37.4. Letters Y and I after prefixes

Date: 2010-05-22 01:13:02

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