What are the causes of female infertility?
Cause of infertility: problems with ovulation.
If the menstrual cycle is less than 21 days or more than 35 days, then there is a risk that the egg does not mature or is not viable.
Moreover, in almost half of the cases of absence of ovulation, the ovaries do not produce mature follicles, from which eggs could then develop. Therefore, ovulation is impossible, mature eggs do not appear, and sperm have nothing to fertilize. This is the most common cause of female infertility.
Cause of infertility: ovarian dysfunction.
Ovarian dysfunction in 20% of cases is a consequence of disturbances in the production of hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary system. If the activity of this system is disrupted, the appropriate signals do not reach the ovaries, and therefore the rhythmic production of hormones is disrupted. LH and FSH are produced in too much or too little quantities, or their ratio is disrupted. Accordingly, the maturation of the follicle is disrupted, the egg either does not mature at all or is not viable. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can occur as a result of head injury, due to a tumor, or chemical disorders in the pituitary gland.
Cause of infertility: hormonal problems.
Hormonal imbalances are often the cause of female infertility. This can lead to the absence of menstruation at all, or to the absence of egg maturation. In this case, disturbances can affect both sex hormones and any other hormones, for example, the thyroid gland, pancreas.
Cause of infertility: early menopause.
Early menopause (or ovarian dysfunction) is rarely the cause of lack of ovulation. The usual age of female menopause is 50-55 years, but in some women, for unknown reasons, egg reserves are depleted earlier, and menstruation stops at 40-45 years. Many doctors are not inclined to consider this condition normal and talk about ovarian wasting syndrome. In some cases, this condition can be overcome with the help of hormonal treatment, physiotherapy, and even increased sexual activity. The causes of ovarian wasting syndrome are not clear, although the main theory is hereditary, since early menopause is often passed on from generation to generation.
Genetic disorders lead to a complete lack of maturation of eggs, for example, Turner syndrome, in which girls are born with underdeveloped ovaries or with their complete absence (this is called ovarian agenesis). Fortunately, this rarely happens.
Cause of infertility: polycystic ovary syndrome.
Polycystic ovary syndrome leads to both disturbances in hormone metabolism and changes in the ovaries. Externally, it manifests itself as increased hair growth, cycle disorders or even amenorrhea, lack of ovulation, and infertility. With polycystic disease, the production of (FSH) is reduced, although the level of (LH), estrogen and testosterone is within normal limits or even increased. It is believed that low levels of FSH cause permanent underdevelopment of the follicles produced by the ovaries, and therefore the absence of mature eggs. In this case, many follicular cysts are formed, up to 6-8 mm in size, which can be easily seen using ultrasound (ultrasound). The affected ovary is usually doubled in size, its surface is covered with a smooth white capsule, through which even a mature egg cannot pass.
Cause of infertility: disorders in the cervical canal.
If the cervical mucus is too thick, sperm cannot penetrate it. If the mucus is toxic to sperm (according to chemical composition or due to immune characteristics), then they will simply die without even starting the path to becoming human.
Cause of infertility: cervical erosion.
Cervical erosion, as well as cervical canal polyps, may be the only cause of infertility due to changes in mucus levels, and therefore require mandatory removal before infertility treatment begins.
Cause of infertility: damage to the fallopian tubes - their complete obstruction, as well as altered mobility of the tube. Most often, the tubes are damaged as a result of inflammation transmitted sexually (or from the genital tract). In this case, disturbances in the tubes can be very different - from damage to the cilia lining the tubes from the inside to the formation of hydrosalpinx (accumulation of fluid in the fallopian tube, sealed as a result of inflammation. On the radiograph, hydrosalpinx is visible as a huge sac filled with contrast fluid coming from the uterus through a small section normal pipe.
In addition, the fallopian tubes can be damaged during previous childbirth, miscarriage or abortion (especially criminal, performed by a non-specialist in unsanitary conditions), diseases internal organs(for example, chronic appendicitis or colitis).
Finally, there is a congenital condition of the reproductive system in which the development and structure of both the uterus and tubes are disrupted.
Scarring on the lining of the ovaries can lead to a loss of the ability to produce follicles. Scars form as a result of extensive or repeated surgical interventions (for example, for ovarian cysts). Infectious diseases can also lead to the formation of large amounts of scarring on the ovary, which interferes with the normal development of follicles and leads to a lack of ovulation.
Cause of infertility: unruptured follicle syndrome.
In some women, normal follicles containing eggs mature every month. But for some unknown reason, the follicle does not rupture in time, the egg remains inside the ovary and cannot participate in fertilization. The reasons for this condition are unknown, there is not even a more or less acceptable hypothesis about the reasons for what is happening.
Cause of infertility: endometriosis.
Normally, endometrial cells form inner surface uterus, help the embryo to feed, and in the absence of pregnancy participate in menstruation. With endometriosis, endometrial cells grow, forming something like polyps or deep “pockets” in the thickness of the uterus, and can penetrate the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and even abdominal cavity. Endometriosis disrupts the maturation of the egg, interferes with the fusion of the egg and sperm, and also disrupts the attachment of the fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus.
Psychological reasons are rarely the reason for infertility. But, at the same time, conditions such as wartime amenorrhea, stress amenorrhea, even exam amenorrhea are known, when the natural functions of the female body are disrupted due to stress.
In addition, the causes of idiopathic infertility (infertility of unknown origin) are classified as psychological. A woman (less often a man) has subconsciously developed a negative attitude towards a possible pregnancy, and therefore the body itself automatically does not allow the processes leading to conception to take place.
Cause of infertility: disturbances in the structure of the uterus.
Any formations that deform the uterine cavity act like an intrauterine device, preventing the egg from attaching to the endometrium. Such diseases include polyps of the uterine mucosa, uterine fibroids, endometrioid formations, as well as congenital conditions - saddle-shaped, bicornuate uterus, uterus with an incomplete septum, double uterus, etc. These structural features are not inherited, they are easily detected on ultrasound, but treatment is most often presents significant difficulties.
Finally, absolute female infertility - the absence or persistent obstruction of the fallopian tubes - is an indication for in vitro fertilization with subsequent transfer of embryos into the mother's uterus (IVF).
In addition to the suspected cause of infertility, doctors are also interested in whether it is primary or secondary.
If a woman has never been pregnant, then they speak of primary infertility. If there was at least one pregnancy, then subsequent infertility is considered secondary, regardless of how the pregnancy ended - childbirth, miscarriage, abortion.
Unfortunately, one of the main causes of secondary infertility is the first abortion, that is, abortion before childbirth. The unprepared reproductive system of a young woman reacts to this intervention more acutely than after childbirth, and therefore inflammation of the appendages or uterus, obstruction of the fallopian tubes, and changes in the endometrium easily occur.
In men, primary infertility means that the man has not caused any of his partners to become pregnant.
Infertility is considered secondary when this man At least one of his partners had at least one pregnancy. Of course, a man can never be completely sure whether he is fertile or not, but for a doctor, for the most part, sometimes a man’s statement that he is confident in his paternity or, conversely, in the absence of children, is sufficient.
Tell me what you are looking for on the Internet and I will tell you who you are. At the same time being one of the most brilliant inventions humanity, it is also the world's most powerful tool for monitoring it. Who knows, perhaps soon the Internet will become the only source of information for people. We shall see.
Essay on Pros and cons of the Internet
The Internet is for sure one of the greatest inventions of the last century. The point is that the invention and implementation of it to different spheres of our life has completely changed the way we live it. It has transformed the process of communication, study, search of information and even the way of thinking. But are all these changes positive?
First of all, the existence of the Internet doubtlessly had an enormous effect on our lives. Furthermore, it brought more opportunities that had been unachievable before. As for the process of communication, it’s obvious that the appearance of the Internet has given us a chance to keep in touch with people from all over the world. We are able to hear and see our faraway relatives and friends as well as make a deal with clients and business partners from different continents. Moreover, we have unlimited access to any kind of information, which makes it easier to study and develop ourselves.
On the other hand, it’s disputable if we use all these advantages or not. The unlimited access to information can be treated as drawback, because people are not motivated to get knowledge. In addition, the information that is available for everyone is not so desirable any more. The vast majority of teenagers waste their free time surfing useless websites and chatting with each other. They stopped communicating face to face and don’t spend enough time outside. The problem is also that the Internet is like a drug for many people. More and more often we talk about the Internet addiction and how it ruins our lives.
As for me, I can see a lot of advantages and new opportunities that the Internet allows us to use. Nevertheless, we have to be vigilant and do not become addicted.
Essay on the topic Pros and cons of the Internet
The Internet is definitely greatest invention last century. The fact is that the invention and its implementation in various areas of our life has completely changed its image. This has transformed the way we communicate, study, search for information, and even the way we think. But are all these changes positive?
First of all, the existence of the Internet has undoubtedly had a huge impact on our lives. In addition, it appeared more possibilities that were unattainable before. When it comes to the process of communication, it is obvious that the advent of the Internet has given us the opportunity to maintain relationships with people from all over the world. We can hear and see our distant relatives and friends, as well as enter into transactions with clients and business partners from other continents. Moreover, we have unlimited access to any information, which makes our learning and development easier.
On the other hand, it is debatable whether we take advantage of all these benefits or not. Unlimited access to information can also be considered a disadvantage because people are not motivated to acquire knowledge. Moreover, information that is available to everyone is no longer desirable. Most teenagers waste their free time by visiting useless websites and texting each other. They don't interact face to face and don't spend enough time outside. The problem is also that the Internet is like a drug for many people. More and more often we talk about Internet addiction and how it destroys our lives.
As for me, I see many advantages and new opportunities that the Internet allows us to use. However, we must be vigilant and not become addicted.
Similar essays
Just a century ago we didn’t even know about computers and the Internet. But today we take them for granted and can’t imagine our life without these inventions. I think that the Internet (or WorldWideWeb) is the greatest invention ever and it has made a significant impact on our lives.
Nowadays the Internet is affordable almost for anyone and it connects people all around the world. You can stay in touch with your friends, relatives and colleagues. Our modern life will stop without the net because it helps to make on-line business transactions, manage our bank accounts, pay our gas or electricity bills and send important e-mails, for example.
The Internet is the largest source of information. There are millions of Internet sites storing plenty of useful data about everything: science, history, psychology, sports, fashion, music, cooking and many other subjects. We can also download our favorite movies or songs, listen to radio channels or play games. Learning or practicing foreign languages is possible with the Internet too.
The Internet saves our time and money. We can do on-line shopping choosing the desirable thing at the best price. And then we just click “Order the delivery”. By the way, we can also sell various things in the net. We often don't need to go to the library: surfing the net can easily help us to find and open the book we need. Buying stamps and envelopes isn’t required if you’re going to send an e-mail. It takes just a few seconds to send an instant message by e-mail.
The Internet helps people shy or those with low-esteem to find each other on dating sites. On-line chatting through social networking websites is more comfortable for Internet users with the lack of social skills.
I am sure that the Internet has changed our life for the better. There is only one disadvantage about it: some people become rather addicted to it and spend all days long surfing the net, on-line dating or playing games. Over-using the net can be dangerous because new technology victims start neglecting their families, friends, work and real hobbies.
Translation
Just one century ago, we didn't even know about computers and the Internet. But today we take them for granted and cannot imagine our lives without these inventions. I consider the Internet (or World Wide Web) to be the greatest invention of all time, and it has had a significant impact on our lives.
These days, almost everyone can afford the Internet, and it connects people all over the world. You can stay connected with your friends, family and colleagues. Modern life would grind to a halt without the Internet as it helps us make online trades, manage our bank accounts, pay gas or electricity bills and send emails, for example.
The Internet is the largest source of information. There are millions of Internet sites containing a wealth of useful information about everything: science, history, psychology, sports, fashion, music, cooking and many other areas. We can also download our favorite movies or songs, listen to radio stations or play games. Study or Practice foreign languages are also possible on the Internet.
The Internet saves us time and money. We can make online purchases by choosing the desired item at the best price. And then just click “Order delivery”. By the way, we can also sell various things online. We often don’t even need to go to the library: searching on the Internet can easily help us find and open the book we need. Purchasing stamps and envelopes is not necessary if you need to send electronic communications. It only takes a few seconds to instantly send an email.
The Internet helps shy people or those with low self-esteem to find each other on dating sites. Online conversations using social networks are more convenient for Internet users who suffer from a lack of communication skills.
I am sure that the Internet has changed our lives for the better. There is only one drawback to this: some people become quite addicted to it and spend their days surfing the Internet, surfing dating sites or playing games for fun. Excessive Internet use can become dangerous because victims of new technologies begin to neglect their families, friends, work and real hobbies.
Acquired male infertility
Take care of honor from a young age - an old truth. But we are taught much less to take care of our health from a young age. Probably because in youth it seems that life is endless and health is inexhaustible. Alas, both are misconceptions.
It’s especially annoying when you find out exactly how a man became infertile - often the problem is not terrible diseases, but only ignorance or neglect simple truths. So it turns out: once upon a time there was a healthy boy, a healthy youth, a healthy man - and he passed a sperm test, and it’s time to grab his head.
In first place among the acquired causes of male infertility are the consequences of inflammation. Gonorrhea, caught out of stupidity - and stupidly left untreated, can lead to incurable damage to the testicles within 2-3 months. Prostatitis, which slowly annoys a man and therefore goes untreated for years, affects sperm, worsens hormonal status, in a word, complicates fertilization so much that one has to resort to IVF + ICSI instead of natural fertilization.
Meanwhile, they believe that prostatitis is almost an obligatory companion of a “real man.” After all, it is the “real” one who does not care about his health, wears tight pants in the cold, and in the summer he lies on the beach in wet shorts, gets sick and does not receive treatment, lies for hours under his car on bare asphalt, works in hazardous industries without protective equipment, etc. d.
And, of course, the andrologist’s first question is: what did you suffer from? Mumps in childhood or adolescence (simply mumps), sexually transmitted diseases, acute prostatitis, endocrine disorders, scrotal injuries, inguinal hernias, operations in this area... All this and much more can cause infertility. And, of course, the plan for the examination and possible treatment of the man depends on this.
But if there are no obvious reasons for the decrease in male fertility, then the search is carried out in several directions.
1. Occupational hazards. The list of them is huge, for example, the production of rubber products, working with mercury, solvents, active chemicals, vibration, radiation, magnetic field, cooling, overheating, etc., etc....
2. Bad habits. Here the list is smaller, although still impressive. Alcohol, smoking, any drugs, drinking heavily at night, overeating, predominance of spicy, salty, peppery foods in the diet, constant use of medications not caused by actual diseases, sexual excesses or abstinence.
3. Harmful hobbies. A rather large list: winter fishing, motorcycle, bicycle, karting, mountaineering, winter swimming, bodybuilding, horse riding, motoring (and repairing it with your own hands, and just riding it for more than 3 hours a day).
4. Taking medications in connection with diseases. There are antihypertensive, hormonal, diuretic, hypocholesterolemic, psychotropic, antiepileptic, and some antiallergic, and many, many others.
5. Accidental exposure. Bad ecology does not always mean smoking chimneys on the horizon. Asbestos dust is present in many homes due to construction costs. Wall panels can be made with the addition of radioactive concrete - who knows? Leaking refrigerant reservoir in the refrigerator. Clothes are out of season.
Unfortunately, many men have several causes of infertility. You never know who works in a hot shop, drinks and smokes motorists, loves ice fishing, suffered from gonorrhea at the age of 20, and suffers from prostatitis at 25.
And most of them are firmly convinced: as long as there is potency, there will be children. And since my wife doesn’t complain about me, I can behave the way I do... Another mistake - potency and fertility are completely different things, do not depend on each other, they should not be confused.
Of course, we don’t keep what we have, but when we lose it, we cry. But at least from some point on, it will be useful to take care of your health or what remains of it. Understand your behavior, your work, your ecology. Perhaps the indicators will gradually begin to recover...
Yuri Petrovich PROKOPENKO
Modern life is easy and fun. We have all the amenities. We do not need to go to the movies, because we have big TVs at home. The children have cell phones with large displays. Modern technology is useful and convenient. In my opinion, Internet is the most comfortable thing. Computers are also an important invention, but the Internet is better than any other type of information. Originally, Internet was a military experiment in the USA of 60s. But soon it became clear that everyone in the world can use it.
Everybody knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world. The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. It's hard to imagine our lives without the Internet nowadays. It has become an important part of every person's life. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundreds of millions of users and their number is growing.
Nowadays, no one can deny the importance of the Internet. Sitting in front of a computer, clicking a mouse, you can shop, download many interesting films, books, read news about subject which is interesting for you, play computer games with other players, chat and send mails to your friends. Internet has drastically changed everything. Since the time of Internet appearance, many other media sources have become unnecessary. You can find the information you"re looking for in 5 seconds. It is very convenient for students, professionals, experts and all other people. From one side, it"s great to have everything right here online, from the other side, it "s a shame that people have stopped reading paper books and newspapers. Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. With the help of the internet people from different parts of the planet can communicate with each other and share information without leaving their home. It has become easier to meet like-minded people from all over the world and become friends with them.
There are many different Internet competitions for different subjects which give students the opportunity to participate even in international competitions. Thanks to the Internet, people can quickly sell, advertise and share knowledge, ideas, and personal feelings. People enter the world of virtual reality to avoid everyday problems. In spite of all the good sides that the Internet has, there are some drawbacks. First of all, they are viruses, which can be very dangerous for any computer. That's why it's good to have reliable anti-virus software installed. Other minus is the violent content. There is a lot of violence and cruelty online. People are suffering from inappropriate information on the Internet, because it is very hard to control information from the Internet. Although the Internet offers us large amounts of information, its reliability is dubious because many untrue news stories can be posted and cause confusions to many people. It is very difficult for us to find out what websites are reliable and what are not. Also you can get blackmail or spam. I think that the Internet becomes a way of a person's life and it is very harmful for our health. Many teenagers spend a long of time sitting at the computers and spoiling their eyes. I don't mean that I am against the Internet, but it should have reasonable limits.