How minor parts of a sentence are emphasized. Secondary members of the sentence

Secondary members of the sentence are members of the sentence not included in grammatical basis. They are the main members of the sentence. That is, they explain and clarify them.

For example:

This proposal is widespread, since, in addition to the main members, it also has minor members offers.

The secondary members of a sentence are definition, complement and circumstance.

– a minor member of the sentence that determines the attribute of the subject. The definition answers the questions:

Which?

The definition can be expressed in different parts speeches: ,
or . It is emphasized by a wavy line.

– a minor member of a sentence, denoting an object. The supplement answers questions indirect cases(all except the nominative), namely:

whom? what?
to whom? what?
whom? What?
by whom? how?
about whom? about what?

The addition can be expressed noun or pronoun. It is underlined with a dotted line.

Note:

noun, in nominative case, in sentences is the subject, and in accusative case– this is a minor member of the sentence, namely an addition.

The kittens turned the bowl over.

In this case the noun Bowl– in the accusative case and is not a subject, but an object.

– a minor member of a sentence, denoting cause, place, purpose, time. Answers the questions:

According to the mode of action:

how?

Local:

Where?
where?

By time:

When?
how long?
since when?
How long?

Because of:

Why?
from what?

By purpose:

For what?
For what?

The circumstance can be expressed adverb , noun or pronoun. The stroke is underlined with a dotted line (dot - dash).

Parsing a simple sentence

We determine the grammatical basis of the sentence - the main members: subject and predicate. We indicate which parts of speech they are expressed by.
We determine the subject group - members of the sentence that depend on the subject. What questions do they answer, what parts of speech are they expressed.
We define the group of the predicate - members of the sentence that depend on the predicate. What questions do they answer, what parts of speech are they expressed.
If in the group of a subject or predicate there are minor members that depend on other minor members, we indicate them, as well as by what parts of speech they are expressed.

In the evening there was fluffy snow.

Snow– subject, answers the question “what? » expressed noun in the nominative case.

Snow(what did you do? ) - walked– predicate, expressed by a verb.

We determine the subject group:

Snow(Which? ) - fluffy– definition, expressed by an adjective.

We define the group of the predicate:

It snowed (when?) - in the evening - circumstance, expressed by an adverb.

what questions are answered by the Supplement - ---- Circumstance._._._._. Definition ~~~~~

1 Summer has come and the park has come to life.
2. Glorious will be the hero whose feat people have not forgotten.
3. The girl whose handkerchief the hero picked up won.
4. You need to learn the rule that will help you pass the test.
5. We collected into the herbarium those herbs that we studied in class.
6.Tourists told us a lot about what they saw on the trip (a little clumsily without index word) lkrfewfrf
rmg
rigbtsgvbmogl
R. P Who? What?
D.P. To whom? Why?
V.P. Who? What?
T.P. By whom? How?
P. P 0 com? Oh what?
Divided into:

Answers the questions:
Which?
Which?
Which?
Which?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?

Bus route changed

1. Where?
Where?
Where?
How?
For what?
Why?
2. Since when?
How long?
From what?
How?
For what purpose?
To what extent?
In what degree?
For what reason?
In spite of what?
3. Time
Places
Mode of action
Causes
Goals
conditions
concessions
Definition - which one? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose?
Circumstance - where? Where? When? For what? Why? and so on.
Addition - who? what? to whom? what? whom? What? by whom? how? about whom? oh what?
Addition (_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _)
A secondary member of a sentence, which depends on the predicate or other members of the sentence and answers questions about indirect cases:
R. P Who? What?
D.P. To whom? Why?
V.P. Who? What?
T.P. By whom? How?
P. P 0 com? Oh what?
Divided into:
1. straight (from transitive verb in V.P (Who? What?) without preposition)
2. indirect (R.P., D.P., T.P., P.P.)

Definition (wavy line)
A minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object.
Answers the questions:
Which?
Which?
Which?
Which?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?

Definitions are divided into: 1. Agreed: linked according to the method of agreement -
Bus route changed
2. Inconsistent: connected by the method of adjacency or control - Give me a more interesting book

An inconsistent definition can be expressed by an indivisible phrase:
girl (what?) with blue eyes Circumstance (_._._._._._._._._)
A secondary member of a sentence that depends on the predicate and answers the questions:
1. Where?
Where?
Where?
How?
For what?
Why?
2. Since when?
How long?
From what?
How?
For what purpose?
To what extent?
In what degree?
For what reason?
In spite of what?
3. Time
Places
Mode of action
Causes
Goals
conditions
concessions
Definition - which one? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose?
Circumstance - where? Where? When? For what? Why? and so on.
Addition - who? what? to whom? what? whom? What? by whom? how? about whom? oh what?
Definition - which one? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose?
Circumstance - where? Where? When? For what? Why? and so on.
Addition - who? what? to whom? what? whom? What? by whom? how? about whom? oh what?
Addition (_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _)
A secondary member of a sentence, which depends on the predicate or other members of the sentence and answers questions about indirect cases:
R. P Who? What?
D.P. To whom? Why?
V.P. Who? What?
T.P. By whom? How?
P. P 0 com? Oh what?
Divided into:
1. direct (from a transitive verb in V.P (Whom? What?) without a preposition)
2. indirect (R.P., D.P., T.P., P.P.)

Definition (wavy line)
A minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object.
Answers the questions:
Which?
Which?
Which?
Which?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?

Definitions are divided into: 1. Agreed: linked according to the method of agreement -
Bus route changed
2. Inconsistent: connected by the method of adjacency or control - Give me a more interesting book

An inconsistent definition can be expressed by an indivisible phrase:
girl (what?) with blue eyes Circumstance (_._._._._._._._._)
A secondary member of a sentence that depends on the predicate and answers the questions:
1. Where?
Where?
Where?
How?
For what?
Why?
2. Since when?
How long?
From what?
How?
For what purpose?
To what extent?
In what degree?
For what reason?
In spite of what?
3. Time
Places
Mode of action
Causes
Goals
conditions
concessions
The circumstance answers questions indicating the time, place of action, reason, etc. (where? when? why? why? etc.)
Don't know
and so on...
Thank you
Definition - adjectives
Addition - in indirect (all except I. p.)
Circumstance - where? Where? When? For what?
Addition (_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _)
A secondary member of a sentence, which depends on the predicate or other members of the sentence and answers questions about indirect cases:
R. P Who? What?
D.P. To whom? Why?
V.P. Who? What?
T.P. By whom? How?
P. P 0 com? Oh what?
Divided into:
1. direct (from a transitive verb in V.P (Whom? What?) without a preposition)
2. indirect (R.P., D.P., T.P., P.P.)

Definition (wavy line)
A minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object.
Answers the questions:
Which?
Which?
Which?
Which?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?

Definitions are divided into: 1. Agreed: linked according to the method of agreement -
Bus route changed
2. Inconsistent: connected by the method of adjacency or control - Give me a more interesting book

An inconsistent definition can be expressed by an indivisible phrase:
girl (what?) with blue eyes Circumstance (_._._._._._._._._)
A secondary member of a sentence that depends on the predicate and answers the questions:
1. Where?
Where?
Where?
How?
For what?
Why?
2. Since when?
How long?
From what?
How?
For what purpose?
To what extent?
In what degree?
For what reason?
In spite of what?
3. Time
Places
Mode of action
Causes
Goals
conditions
concessions
31 Likes Complain
3 ANSWERS
Tanyusha Kapusta Profi (655) 3 years ago
Definition - which one? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose?
Circumstance - where? Where? When? For what? Why? and so on.
Addition - who? what? to whom? what? whom? What? by whom? how? about whom? oh what?
35 Likes Complain
Alna Sharapova Pro (711) 3 years ago
The addition answers questions of indirect cases (who? What? whom? etc.)
Definitions (which one? Which one? Which ones? etc.)
The circumstance answers questions indicating the time, place of action, reason, etc. (where? when? why? why? etc.)

😀
8 Likes Complain
Katerina Shilova Student (174) 3 months ago
Circumstances indicate time and place. They are underlined like this __. __(dot dash) . questions: where? , At what time? When?
Addition. this is usually an addition to what is listed - said. ___ ___ ___ ___ are underlined.
The definition is usually expressed as an adjective. Indicates an attribute of an object. It is emphasized by a wavy line. What questions? which? Which?
Like Complain
1-Circumstance - where?, when?, where?, from where?, why?, why? And How?...
2-Addition - which?, which?, which?, which?, whose?, whose?, whose?, whose?...
3-Definition - these are questions of all cases except IM. P.
I don't know
Addition (_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _)
A secondary member of a sentence, which depends on the predicate or other members of the sentence and answers questions about indirect cases:
R. P Who? What?
D.P. To whom? Why?
V.P. Who? What?
T.P. By whom? How?
P. P 0 com? Oh what?
Divided into:
1. direct (from a transitive verb in V.P (Whom? What?) without a preposition)
2. indirect (R.P., D.P., T.P., P.P.)

Definition (wavy line)
A minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object.
Answers the questions:
Which?
Which?
Which?
Which?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?

Definitions are divided into: 1. Agreed: linked according to the method of agreement -
Bus route changed
2. Inconsistent: connected by the method of adjacency or control - Give me a more interesting book

An inconsistent definition can be expressed by an indivisible phrase:
girl (what?) with blue eyes Circumstance (_._._._._._._._._)
A secondary member of a sentence that depends on the predicate and answers the questions:
1. Where?
Where?
Where?
How?
For what?
Why?
2. Since when?
How long?
From what?
How?
For what purpose?
To what extent?
In what degree?
For what reason?
In spite of what?
3. Time
Places
Mode of action
Causes
Goals
conditions
concessions
Addition (_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _)
A secondary member of a sentence, which depends on the predicate or other members of the sentence and answers questions about indirect cases:
R. P Who? What?
D.P. To whom? Why?
V.P. Who? What?
T.P. By whom? How?
P. P 0 com? Oh what?
Divided into:
1. direct (from a transitive verb in V.P (Whom? What?) without a preposition)
2. indirect (R.P., D.P., T.P., P.P.)

Definition (wavy line)
A minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object.
Answers the questions:
Which?
Which?
Which?
Which?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?
Whose?

Definitions are divided into: 1. Agreed: linked according to the method of agreement -
Bus route changed
2. Inconsistent: connected by the method of adjacency or control - Give me a more interesting book

An inconsistent definition can be expressed by an indivisible phrase:
girl (what?) with blue eyes Circumstance (_._._._._._._._._)
A secondary member of a sentence that depends on the predicate and answers the questions:
1. Where?
Where?
Where?
How?
For what?
Why?
2. Since when?
How long?
From what?
How?
For what purpose?
To what extent?
In what degree?
For what reason?
In spite of what?
3. Time
Places
Mode of action
Causes
Goals
conditions
concessions

Any sentence in the Russian language can be divided into component parts, which in science are called “members of the sentence.” Among them, major and minor ones are distinguished. Can't exist without the main ones most of sentences, they form its basis, and secondary ones make the text more informative and rich. What are the main and minor members? offers?

Main

The subject and predicate in a sentence are its main members.

Subject means the thing that does the action. Questions that will help you detect it when parsing- who is this?" (if the action is performed by an animate object) or “what?” (if the sentence talks about a phenomenon or an inanimate object).
The predicate is most often expressed by a verb and means the action that the subject performs. Questions to determine - “what does it do, what will it do?”

Here's an example: Good mood helped boys overcome difficulties. The question “what” in our example is answered by the word “mood”; it is the subject and during analysis is emphasized by one feature. To find the predicate, we ask the question: “What did the mood do?” It helped. This word is the predicate, expressed by a verb, emphasized by two features. As a result, the sentence with the found main members looks like this: Good (what?) mood (emphasized solid line) (what did?) helped (emphasized by two solid horizontal stripes) the boys to overcome difficulties.

How to find out subject and predicate during parsing

To avoid making a mistake when figuring out where the subject is, you should use a hint table.

First of all, you should find actor, asking the question: “Who? What?”, this will be the subject. Next they look for the predicate.

Minor

To parse a proposal into members, you should be able to find circumstances, definitions and additions. They are the secondary members, the purpose of which is to specify and clarify the main ones (or other minor ones). How to find them?

Definition. Questions that will help to detect it in a sentence - “which”, “whose”.
Addition. Most often it is given cases: “to whom (what)”, “with whom (with what)”, “about whom (about what)” and others. That is, questions of all cases, in addition to the nominative.
Circumstance. It can be found by asking questions of adverbs or gerunds: “from”, “where”, “why”, “how”, “where” and the like.

Let's give an example. Let's find the main and minor terms. offers:

The little boy hurriedly walked along the path.

If you want to break down the proposal by members, it will look like this:

(what, definition) The little (who, subject) boy (how, circumstance) hurriedly (what he did, predicate) walked (by what, object) along the path.

Each major and minor member. The sentence answers its own question, carries a certain load and plays its own role in the sentence.

How to recognize

To avoid mistakes when identifying additions, definitions and circumstances, you can use this summary table-help.

Minor members

Parameter	Definition	Addition	Circumstance
Meaning	Characterizes the attribute of an object	Means subject	It matters the place, time, method of action
Questions	Which? Which one, which one, which ones?	Indirect cases: to whom (what), by whom (what) and others	Where, where, from, why, when, how - all questions of adverbs
What is expressed	Adjective Participle Cardinal number The case coincides with the case of the main word	Noun (both with and without preposition) Pronoun The case can be anything except nominative	Noun
As emphasized	Wavy line	Dotted line	Dot-dash
Example	(Which one?) A beautiful vase stood in (whose?) mother’s room.	The kid was carrying (what?) a basket (with what?) with mushrooms.	(where?) It was damp in the forest (when) in the fall.

To identify which member of the sentence is in front of us, we must first ask a question.

Additional tips

To find the main members of a sentence, you must follow the rules. The subject and predicate are not a phrase, they are already a sentence, albeit a very short one. The main members are independent of each other.

Syntactic analysis should begin with identifying the subject, then it becomes clear what the predicate is and how it is expressed. Then you should identify the subject group using questions, and only after that - the predicate group. Each minor member is dependent:

from one of the main ones;
from one of the minor ones.

One sentence can have several main and minor parts. offers. If there are several bases, then the sentence is complex - compound or complex. If there are several definitions, additions, circumstances, but the basis is the same, then the sentence is simple common.

You can often come across calls, for example: Katya, go do your homework. Despite the fact that the address “Katya” resembles the subject, it is not a member of the sentence and is designated as an address.

Complex cases

Not all main and minor parts of a sentence look obvious. Complex, but interesting cases varied:

IN one-part sentence there is only one main member. It was getting dark(this is a predicate, the sentence is impersonal). Today we were informed(predicate, indefinite personal sentence), that the exam has been cancelled.
The predicate may include an adjective: The weather was rainy. In this example, the combination “it was rainy” is a compound nominal predicate.
The predicate can include several verbs: Today Vasya started studying.“I started studying” is a compound verb predicate.

Main and secondary members. sentences must be highlighted correctly when parsing a sentence.

When individual words are combined into sentences, they become its members, and each of them has its own Syntax studies how a coherent text is created from words. Definition, circumstance, addition - these are the names of the words participating in the sentence, which are combined into a group of minor members.

"Lords and Servants"

If there are minor members in a sentence, then there are also major ones. These are subject words and predicate words. Every sentence has at least one of the main members. More often syntactic constructions consist of both a subject and a predicate. They represent the grammatical basis of a sentence. And what do the secondary ones do (definition, circumstance, addition)? Their task is to complement, clarify, explain the main members or each other.

How to distinguish secondary members from the main ones in a sentence?

First, let's remember that the main members of a sentence contain basic information about an object, person, action, state. In the sentence “It recently rained (predicate) (subject),” the basis is the phrase “it rained,” which contains the main meaning of the statement.

The secondary members (definition, circumstance, addition) do not contain statements about objects, persons, states and actions; they only clarify those statements contained in the main members. “It rained (when?) recently.”

Secondly, you can recognize the main points by the questions that are asked about them. The subject will always answer the question “who?” or “what?” The predicate in the sentence will answer the question “what does it do?”, “who is it?”, “what is it?”, “what?”. The members of the sentence, which are called secondary, also have their own, unique to them, questions. Let's talk about them in more detail.

Questions of definition, additions, circumstances

A definition is what linguists call a member of a sentence that describes a characteristic, quality of an object or person. “Which, which, whose?” - questions asked for the definition.
An addition is that secondary member that contains the name of a person or object, but not the one that performs or experiences the action, but the one that has become the object for the action. Questions (this does not include the nominative) are questions of addition (circumstances and definitions never answer them).
A circumstance is a minor member that denotes a sign of an action or other feature in a sentence. “Where, from where and where, when, how, why and why?” - these are the questions that can be asked about the circumstance.

We examined the issues of definition, addition, circumstances. Now let's find out what parts of speech each of these minor members can be expressed.

Definition characteristics, examples

From the questions asked about the definition, it is clear that adjectives and participles act as this member of the sentence.

“I heard (what?) a growing noise.” The participle “increasing” is the adjective here.
“I’m already taking (what?) the third exam.” The ordinal number “third” plays the role of a definition.
“Katya was wrapped in (whose?) mother’s jacket.” The adjective “mother’s” is a definition.

During syntactic parsing, this part of the sentence is emphasized with a wavy line.

Specific circumstances

The groups of words that can express a circumstance are huge, and therefore this member of the sentence has several types - place and time, purpose and reason, comparison and mode of action, conditions, and concessions.

Circumstances of the place

They characterize the direction and place of action. They are asked the questions “where, where and where”?

“Man has not yet visited (where?) Mars.” Circumstance in in this case expressed by a preposition and a noun that is in prepositional case: "on Mars".

Circumstances of the time

They characterize the time period in which the action takes place. They are asked questions “from when, until what time, when?”

“We haven’t seen each other (since when?) since last winter.” The circumstance is expressed by a phrase of an adjective and a noun, which is in genitive case and has the preposition: “since last winter.”
“I’ll be back (when?) the day after tomorrow.” The adverb “the day after tomorrow” is used as a circumstance.
“We need to cross the border (by what time?) before evening.” The circumstance of time is expressed by the noun in birth. case with the preposition: “until the evening.”

Circumstances of the goal

They explain why the action is being performed. “Why, for what purpose?” - his questions.

“Raisa Petrovna went to the sea (why?) to swim.” The circumstance is expressed here by the infinitive “to bathe.”
“Sergey came to film set(for what?) for auditions.” The circumstance became a noun that resides in and has a preposition: “for testing.”
“Masha cut up the rug (why?) to spite the governess.” The circumstance is expressed by the adverb “out of spite.”

Circumstance of the reason

It characterizes the reason for the action. “On what basis, why and wherefore?” - questions about this

“Artem was absent from the rehearsal (on what grounds?) due to illness.” The circumstance is expressed by a noun in gender. n. with the preposition: “due to illness.”
“I said stupid things to her (why?) in the heat of the moment.” Circumstances expressed by the adverb “rashly.”
“Alice opened the doors, (why?) Taking pity on the traveler.” The adverbial phrase “taking pity on the traveler” is used as a circumstance.

Circumstances of the course of action

They describe exactly how, in what way it is performed, to what extent this action is expressed. His questions are also appropriate.

“The master worked (how?) easily and beautifully.” The adverbs “easy” and “beautiful” are adverbs.
“The dress was (to what extent?) quite old.” The circumstance is expressed here by the adverb “absolutely”.
“The boys were running (how fast?) headlong.” The circumstance is expressed by phraseological units.

Circumstances of comparison

We also ask the question “how?” to them, but they express a comparative characteristic.

“The locomotive, (like who?) like an animal, flickered with headlights.” Obst. expressed by a noun with the conjunction: “like a beast.”

Circumstances of conditions and assignments

The first shows under what conditions an action can be performed, and the second describes what it occurs against.

“He will remember everything (under what condition?) if he sees Victoria.” The adverbial combination is “conjunction, verb, noun”: “if he sees Victoria.”
“The club will not cancel the competition, (despite what?) despite the rain.” Obst. expressed participial phrase: “despite the rain.”

When parsing, this term is underlined with a dot-dotted line.

This is the definition and the circumstance. Objects can be expressed by nouns or pronouns.

Examples of add-ons

“The sun illuminated (what?) the clearing.” The object is expressed by a noun in wine. P.
“Marina suddenly saw (who?) him.” The object is a pronoun in the accusative case.
“The children were left without (what?) toys.” A gendered noun is used as an object. P.
“We recognized (who?) Martha by her gait.” The object is a gendered noun. P.
“Irina rejoiced at (what?) the sea like a child.” As an object - a noun in the dative case.
“Alexey gave (to whom?) the manuscript to me” (expressed by a pronoun in the dative case).
“Last summer I became interested in (what?) drawing” (noun in the instrumental case).
“Ivan became (who?) a programmer” (noun in creative case).
“The child talked with enthusiasm about (what?) space” (noun in preposition).
"Don't tell him about (who?) her." As an addition, a pronoun in the prepositional case is used.

When parsing, this minor member is emphasized with dotted lines.

Place and role of minor members of the sentence

Secondary members can clarify and explain the main ones in different configurations. Example: “The mother’s gaze warmed (who?) the baby, (how?), like the sun, (what?) affectionate and hot.” Scheme this proposal is: definition, subject, predicate, complement, circumstance, definition.

But here is a sentence in which only the predicate is present as the basis: “Let’s spend (what?) the year (what?) gone (how?) with a song.” Offer outline: compound predicate, addition, definition, circumstance.

We can be convinced that these terms are secondary only grammatically, but not in content. Sometimes the meaning contained in a definition, circumstance, or addition is more important than the information conveyed by the predicates and subjects.

Definition - a minor member of a sentence, showing the attribute, quality or affiliation of an object or person.

The definition in Chinese can be expressed by: adjective, noun, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, as well as various different phrases.

A definition expressed in a phrase or sentence, usually showing several characteristics, is called common.

Such a definition is necessarily formalized by the particle 的. Most often, this definition is translated into Russian using the words “ which, which, which, which"or participial phrases.

The word order within the definition itself corresponds to the general structure of the sentence:

subject + predicate + object

A common definition can refer to three members of a sentence: the subject, the object, and the nominal part of the predicate.

Definition to subject

definition的 + subject + predicate + object

我买的(definition)书(subject)是日文的。The book I bought is in Japanese.

她用的(definition)词典(subject)很贵。The dictionary she uses is very expensive.

写汉字的(definition)同学(subject)没有橡皮。The classmate who writes hieroglyphs does not have an eraser.

Definition to the addendum

的 + addition

我(subject)回答(predicate)老师提出的(definition)问题(object)。I answer the questions asked by the teacher.

我(subject)也(adverbial)有(predicate)他用的(definition)词典(object)。I also have a dictionary that he uses.

俄罗斯人(subject)没有(predicate)中国人喜欢吃的(definition)馒头(object)。Russians don’t have donuts, which the Chinese like to eat.

Definition to the nominal part of the predicate

subject + predicate + modifier的 + nominal part

这(subject)是(predicate)我哥哥用的(definition)字典(nominal part)。This is the dictionary my older brother uses.

那(subject)是(predicate)她奶奶做的(definition)汤(nominal part)。That soup that her grandmother made.

这位(subject)是(predicate)学习汉语的(definition)学生(nominal part)。This (person) is a student studying Chinese.

Moreover, since the definition formalized by the suffix 的 (both simple and common) has a subject meaning, i.e. in the absence of a defined word (subject), it can itself convey the meaning of the subject, as if possessing simultaneously the characteristics of a definition and a defined word, it can also act as a subject, object or nominal part. Let's compare:

Definition to subject

(or the subject itself)

甜(definition)苹果(subject)好吃，酸(definition)苹果(subject)不好吃。Sweet apples are tasty, sour apples are tasteless.

甜的(subject)好吃，酸的(subject)不好吃。What is sweet is tasty, what is sour is tasteless.

Definition to the addendum

(or the add-on itself)

我要买(predicate)大一点的(definition)李子(object)。I want to buy bigger plums.

我要买(predicate)大一点的(object)。I want to buy something bigger.

Definition for the nominal part

(or the nominal part itself)

他买的大衣是(predicate)皮(definition)大衣(object)。The coat he bought is a leather coat.

他买的是(predicate)皮的(object)。What he bought is leather.

Quality levels

In Chinese, there are grammatical ways to indicate the degree of quality expressed by an adjective. The degree of quality, depending on its degree, can be expressed in several ways:

– low quality indicated by the phrases 有一点 or 有一些, which are placed before adjective

For example:

面包有一点儿硬（hard, tough）。The bread is tough.

汉语有一些难学。Chinese is a bit difficult.

– Comparative degree of quality indicated by the phrases 有一点 or 有一些, which are placed after adjective

For example:

他的茶碗小一点儿。His tea cup is smaller.

这本书有意思一些。This book is more interesting.

– intensive degree of quality is expressed using the adverbs 很 and 好, which are placed before adjective

For example:

山很高。The mountains are very high.

好冷！How cold!

– excellent quality is expressed using the adverb 最 “most”, which is placed before adjective

For example:

黑面包最好吃。Black bread is the most delicious.

他来得最早。He came before everyone else.

– Excessive degree of quality is expressed through the adverb 太, which is placed before adjective

For example:

那个茶碗太小。That tea cup is too small.

天山太高。The Tien Shan Mountains are too high.

Note:

1. In modern colloquial Chinese, the expression 太好了 does not mean “too good”, but “very good”, “wonderful”, “great”.

2. Excessive degree of quality can be conveyed using the adverb of degree 极, which:

– in position before The adjective means “highly”, “extremely”.

For example:

这个问题极难。This problem is highest degree complex.

他的病极重。His illness is extremely dangerous.

– in position after The adjective is supplied with the suffix 了 and has the same meanings as in the previous case, but at the same time gives the statement a special emotional coloring.

For example:

好极了！Great!

好吃极了！How delicious!

3. Grammatical means of expressing the degree of quality can be used not only with adjectives, but also with verbs expressing the speaker’s relationship to the object (爱、喜欢、怕, etc.)

For example:

弟弟有一点儿怕我。Little brother is a little afraid of me.

我很爱你。I love you very much.