There are a lot of interesting, fascinating and amazing things in the history of mankind. There are facts and events, the truth of which is almost impossible to prove due to the lack of written sources. Others are well documented and studied. Let's take an event like a conclave. It only seems that the elections are in different periods the stories are fully explored, all the secrets are revealed. In fact, this process is quite interesting for the general public. And some even believe that the conclave is the first of known cases development of bureaucratic rules and procedures. Quite possibly. Let's briefly describe this event, and decide for yourself how to evaluate it.
What is a conclave
To begin with, for those who have not previously encountered this concept, let us give a definition. "Conclave" is the term used to describe a special meeting of cardinals after the death of the next pontiff. Purpose of the event: election of the next head Catholic world. The rules of the conclave have evolved over time and have been changed many times. However, the essence remained the same. The meaning of the word "conclave" probably best conveys what is happening. It is translated from Latin as “locked room.” The election process is strict. Cardinals are isolated from society. They are prohibited from using any means of communication during the conclave or talking to outsiders. It is believed that the election of the pontiff is a religious event. Cardinals should consult only the Lord when determining who is most worthy. And to avoid temptations and intrigues, of which history has seen many, the process is carefully monitored by specially appointed church officials.
Event outline
Let us describe how the pontiff is currently chosen. It is important to understand that the procedure has undergone changes over the centuries. And they were connected with various circumstances. When a throne dies, it becomes vacant. No earlier than fifteen days from the date of his release, but no later than twenty, a conclave is held. History knows no cases when this rule was violated. Nowadays, only cardinals who are not yet eighty years old take part in elections. Their total number should not exceed one hundred and twenty people. The electors and their accompanying persons are accommodated in the Vatican, in the house of St. Martha. And the voting procedure always takes place in one place: in the Sistine Chapel. The cardinals are locked in this room. First they all pray together, and then they try to make a choice. The one who receives a third and one vote from all participants is appointed Pope. Everyone is given a ballot. The cardinals write the name of the chosen one on it and throw it into a special urn, adhering to the principle of seniority. That is, the one who is older than everyone votes first. Approaching the ballot box, everyone takes an oath: “Christ the Lord is witness, who will judge me, that I choose the one who, I believe before God, should be chosen.”
Vote counting
Many have heard the parable about the smoke used to signal to the world that a new Pope has been elected. This is not fiction. Indeed, the ballots are burned after the procedure is completed. But smoke does not always herald a new pontiff. There is a strict rule: the number of ballots must match the number of people present. That is, they are taken out and counted. If it doesn’t add up, then everything is burned. In this case, the smoke is made specially black (using straw or chemical substances). It's a sign unsuccessful attempt. Upon completion, the next one is carried out. And everything with calculations is repeated again. Voting can last three days. In the first round, only one round is held, in subsequent rounds four are allowed. If it is impossible to choose a pontiff, after three days of work, the two most popular candidates are determined. The winner is determined by a simple majority.
The final stage
The chosen pontiff must publicly accept the powers among the cardinals. This person is approached with the question: “Do you accept the canonical choice of you as the Supreme Pontiff?” Having received an affirmative answer, they invite the new Pope to determine his name. Only after this the procedure is considered completed. The ballots are burned, signaling to believers the success of the election with white smoke. Now the procedure is accompanied by the ringing of bells. The pontiff retires to a special room, where he must choose a white cassock from three prepared in advance, differing in size. The electors await his return to show respect and obedience.
Conclave: reforms
The process of electing a pontiff often reached a dead end. This happened back when there were no strict rules. Believers had to repeatedly lock up the cardinals and deny them food in order to stimulate their activity. Pope Blessed Gregory X issued a special document that introduced the isolation of electors from society. The ballots and voting procedure were approved by Pius IV in 1562. Pope Gregory XV continued to reform the process. He issued bulls that regulated the ceremonies and norms of elections. The location of the conclave was officially established in the fourteenth century. The most recent document, abolishing all previous norms, was signed by Pope John Paul II. Its constitution stipulates that a conclave is the only way election of the pontiff.
Exceptional cases
As a rule, the Pope has power until his last breath. History knows only two cases of voluntary renunciation of this highest position. The first to renounce was Gregory XII (1415). This event took place during a time of deep schism in the church. In those days there were two pontiffs who tore the flock apart. Gregory XII promised that he would leave the throne if his rival did the same. The oath had to be fulfilled for the sake of peace in the religious community. The next renunciation occurred quite recently, in 2013. reported that his health condition did not allow him to serve properly. In these two cases, the conclave met while the pontiff was alive, who had renounced the dignity.
Who can become Pope
You know, the pontiff has enormous power. In past centuries it was considered rightfully limitless. They don’t just appoint someone to such a position. Nowadays, candidates are selected from among the cardinals. But it was not always so. In 1179, the Third Lateran Council established that any unmarried Catholic man could apply for office. Urban VI, who was subsequently elected Pope, was not a cardinal. It is necessary to understand what a conclave means for believers. We mentioned that simple people influenced the course of the elections. The fact is that it is very important for Catholics to know that they have a head, that is, a representative of the Lord on earth. Without the Pope, believers feel like children without a father, and they even criticize sluggish cardinals. Hence the tradition with smoke - a joyful signal for many people. This is a joyful event for Catholics, giving them hope that they are protected from the devil’s machinations and other obscenities.
Ushakov's Dictionary
Conclave
konkla in, conclave, husband. (lat. conclave - locked room) ( church download). The Council of Cardinals meeting to elect a pope.
Political Science: Dictionary-Reference Book
Conclave
(from lat. conclave locked room)
a meeting (since 1274) of cardinals convened after the death of the Pope to elect a new one. Occurs in isolation outside world indoors.
The medieval world in terms, names and titles
Conclave
(from lat. conclave - locked room) - a meeting of cardinals (as well as the room where they meet), convened a few days after the death of the Pope to elect a new pope. This order was started by Pope Nicholas II in 1059, who established that only a seven-member college of cardinal bishops could elect the pope (the rest of the clergy and secular persons were excluded from the elections). Subsequently, the electoral college was replenished with cardinal presbyters and cardinal deacons. The procedure for holding the election was established by Pope Gregory X in 1274: the cardinals sit and live in a room with walled doors, voting for the election is secret.
Lit.: Lynch J. Serednyovichnaya Church. Kiev, 1994.
Lem's World - Dictionary and Guide
Conclave
meeting of cardinals to elect a new pope:
* “But even a conclave can be reduced to cannibalism if you act patiently and slowly.” - Voice of Heaven *
Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms
Conclave
♦ (ENG conclave)
(from lat. cum clavis - with a key)
term denoting a closed room, in Krom cardinals elect a new one dad. It also means the assembly of these cardinals.
encyclopedic Dictionary
Conclave
(from Latin conclave - locked room), a meeting (since 1274) of cardinals, convened after the death of the Pope to elect a new one. Occurs in a room isolated from the outside world.
Ozhegov's Dictionary
CONCL A IN, A, m. The Council of Cardinals elects the Pope.
Efremova's Dictionary
Conclave
m.
The Council of Cardinals elects the Pope after the death of his predecessor.
Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Conclave
(lat. conclave, actually a locked hall) - the hall in which the cardinals gather to elect the pope, and then this meeting itself. According to the decrees of Pope Gregory X, issued at the Council of Lyon in 1274, the Cathedral should consist of one hall with only one entrance, which is locked after all the cardinals have gathered. Cardinals can leave K. only after the election of a pope; before that, all communication with the outside world is prohibited; food is served to them through the window. Cardinals are served during K. conclavists, who also must not leave the K. hall until the end of the elections and first take an oath of unconditional silence about everything that happens in K.; Among the conclaves are also doctors who are invited in the event of a sudden illness of a cardinal sitting in the Cardinal. In the Vatican, on the sides of the hall serving for the Cardinal, small rooms are arranged for the cardinals, separated from each other by woolen curtains. For the election procedure, see Pope.
CONCLAVE (French conclave - “persons locked together”, from Lat. conclave, lit. - behind-a-paradise-room, from the headquarters con-, oz-na-tea-together action, and clavis - key) - closed so-b-ra-nie card-di-na-lov, about -going after the death of the former pope of Rome and sacred to the new one.
First of all, from the marriage of the Pope of Rome, the establishment of the clergy and the world of Rome, as well as the epi- clusters of neighboring cities. Starting from the 4th century, secular monarchs - Roman and Byzantine im- pere - began to have a great influence on the choices. ry, Ost-Gothic ko-ro-li, Ka-ro-ling-sky im-per-ra-to-ry, ancestors of the Holy Roman Empire, ko -ro-li France. This, as well as the fact that there was a clear election process, led to regular conflicts and elections un-ti-pap. In order to relieve pressure from the side of secular power, Pope Nicholas II (1059-1061) bull “In nomine Domini” ( 1059) stan-no-vil that only kar-di-na-ly, for the people and the spirit-ho-ven-st-vom, should take the pa-pu Ri-ma os-ta-los only the right of approval (acclamatio) selected kan-di-da-ta (from-me-not-but pa-sing Alek-san-drom III in 1179).
In those two centuries, you were about to open the roof. After the death in 1268 of Pope Climent IV (1265-1268), the kar-di-na-ly, gathered in Vi-ter-bo (city-ro- where papa died), it took more than two years to come to agreement. Elected in the re-zul-ta-te pa-pa Gregory X (1272-1276), so that henceforth the kar-di-na-ly would be free from people -bo-go-influence from the side, kon-st-tu-tsi-ey “Ubi majus pe-ri-culum” from 7.7.1274 was dis-produced closed go-lo-so-va-niya, which received the name “konk-la-you”.
Despite the isolation of kar-di-na-lovs during the conclave, secular power still had the opportunity to influence the course of your choice -ditch through the use of the right-to-ve-ve, which is on-the-kla-dy-va-elk on the undesirable kan-di-da-tu-ru from the name -not any kind of mo-nar-ha. The last time this right was used by the Emperor of Austria in 1903. Pa-pa Pius X ot-me-nil the right-to-ve-apo-stol-skoy kon-sti-tu-tsi-ey “Comissum no-bis” (1904).
Modern pra-vi-la pro-ve-de-niya of the conclave in the main us-ta-no-vil pa-pa Gregory XV (1621-1623) bul-la-mi “Aeterni Patris "(1621) and "Decet Romanum Pontificem" (1622). Substantial changes were introduced into the order of the conclave by Pavel VI, who issued the motu proprio “Ingravescentem aeta- tem" (1970), according to some kar-di-na-ly, who reached 80 years of age, did they have the right to -lo-sa. Apo-stol-skoy con-sti-tu-ci-ey “Romano Pon-tifici eligendo” (1975) he op-re-de-lisled that the number of participants in the vy-bo- rah kar-di-na-lov should not exceed 120 people.
Nowadays, not in order, the pro-ve-de-niya of the conclave of the re-gu-liru-et-Xia of the Apo-Stol-skaya kon-sti-tu-tsi-ey “Uni-versi Dominici gregis” (1996) Pope John Paul II and motu proprio “De ali-qui-bus Mutationibus...” (2007) Pope Be-ne-dik-ta XVI. Kar-di-na-ly so-bi-ra-yut-sya in Va-ti-ka-ne no earlier than the 15th and no later than the 20th day after the death of dad. During the conclave, they live in isolation from the outside world. Go-lo-so-va-niya is held 4 times a day - twice in the morning and in the evening - in the Sistine Chapel. After the go-lo-so-va-niy, the given bullets are compressed with the addition of special ma-te-ria- As a result, black or white smoke comes out of the chimney above the drip. White smoke and the ringing of St. Peter's bells announce the election of a new pope, after which his name is announced on the square of St. Peter's Kar-di-na-lom-per-vo-dia-ko-nom. Theo-re-ti-che-ski pa-sing any adult male can be elected, but in practice since 1389 he not-from-men-but from-bi-ra-et-sya from the number of kar-di-na-lovs. To select not-about-ho-di-mo, take 2/3 of the votes. If during those 12 days no-one receives a lot of voices, a new dad can be chosen with a simple majority. Kar-di-na-ly, as well as the service worker studying in the conclave, are connected with both of them by silence about everything going on at the conclave, only dad can tell them about everything. The kar-di-na-lys who arrived late to the beginning of the conclave have the right to go to it, and those who left during the conclave kar-di-na-ly di-na-ly can kick him... G. Rat-owls.
Cardinals no older than 80 years of age are eligible to be elected. The number of cardinals participating in the selection of the Bishop of Rome should not exceed 120. The electors and those who accompany them live on the territory of the Vatican, now the house of St. Martha. The voting itself takes place in the Sistine Chapel. All participants in the conclave must not disclose any information related to the elections.
From the moment the conclave begins, the house of St. Martha, the Sistine Chapel and the places intended for the celebration of the liturgy are to be closed to all who do not have the right to be present. The entire territory of the Vatican and its institutions must be completely subordinated to maintaining an atmosphere of silence and prayer. No one has the right to approach the cardinal electors. Correspondence and telephone communications are prohibited. Cardinals have no right to communicate with those who are not participating in the conclave.
To ensure that the conclave runs smoothly, a secretary of the College of Cardinals is appointed during the conclave, who acts as election secretary, a master of ceremonies with two assistants and two monks, workers of the papal sacristy. Also, during elections, the cardinals are assisted by several confessors who speak several languages and two doctors.
On the day the conclave begins, the cardinals gather in St. Peter's Basilica for morning mass, celebrated by the cardinal dean. Later in the day, the cardinals, led by the Cardinal Dean, gather in the Paolina Chapel and with the hymn Veni Creator Spiritus go to the Sistine Chapel. This location will remain closed until the end of the election. Before beginning, the cardinal electors swear on the Gospel that they will comply with everything specified in the documents relating to the election of the pontiff.
After the oath of office, the masters of ceremonies and a clergyman will remain in the chapel to offer spiritual reflection to the conclave participants. Once completed, both of them leave the chapel.
Cardinals responsible for maintaining secrecy must ensure that no transmitting devices are installed in the chapel. Electors are prohibited from reading newspapers and magazines, listening to radio and television during the conclave.
The first phase of the conclave (pre-scrutinium) includes preparation and distribution of voting cards, election of three scrutators (counting commission), three informarii (they collect votes from the cardinals who are in the infirmary) and three auditors. They are selected for the entire period of the conclave.
As soon as the voting procedure itself begins, the papal chief master of ceremonies, the masters of ceremonies and the secretary of the College of Cardinals leave the room, which is closed by the junior cardinal deacon. During the voting, the cardinals remain alone in the Sistine Chapel. On the ballot paper, the cardinal clearly writes, in handwriting that is as unrecognizable as possible, the name of the person for whom he is voting.
The second phase of voting (scrutinium) includes: putting ballots into a ballot box, mixing them, recounting ballots and votes.
Each cardinal, in order of seniority, having written his name on the ballot and folded it, holding it raised upward so that it is visible, brings it to the altar on which the ballot box is placed. Approaching her, the cardinal pronounces the words of the oath: “ Christ the Lord is a witness, Who will judge me, that I choose the one who, I consider before God, should be chosen».
This oath is taken only during the first round of voting. Ballots are not signed.
Having placed the ballot in the ballot box, each voter bows before the altar and returns to his place. If there are sick cardinals, then the infirmaria go to them with a portable urn. Before this, it is publicly opened so that those present can make sure that it is empty. After the sick cardinals have voted, the ballot box is brought to the chapel and the ballots from it are added to the rest.
If the number of ballots cast and the number of cardinals voting do not match, all ballots are not read and are burned. If there are no problems with the number, then the votes are counted. The first member of the Accounting Chamber opens the ballots. Every member counting commission writes the name of the candidate on the ballot, and the latter also announces this name out loud. The last of the twisters, as the names on the ballots are read, pierces them with a needle in the place where the word Eligio (I choose) is located and threads them on a thread. After all the names have been read, the thread is tied and in this state the ballots are placed either on the edge of the table or in a container.
Then the skrutators begin to recount the votes. Each ballot is taken out separately and placed in another empty container. If the number of ballots does not correspond to the number of voters, then the paper is burned and a repeat vote occurs.
Third phase of the conclave (post-scrutinium): vote counting, control and burning of ballots.
A two-thirds vote plus one vote is required to elect a pope. Regardless of whether the pope was elected, auditors control the ballots. Before the cardinals leave the chapel, all records must be burned. If no one is selected, the smoke is black ( previously wet straw was added to ballots, and since 1958 chemicals), if a new bishop of Rome is chosen, then he goes White smoke. Now, in order to avoid misunderstandings, the white smoke is also accompanied by the ringing of bells.
One vote may be taken during the first day of the conclave. If no one is chosen during the first vote or if there is no voting on the first day of the conclave, then each subsequent day four rounds of voting are held: two in the morning and two in the evening.
If the cardinals have difficulties with the election and cannot choose a pope within three days, then a break is taken for one day for prayer and reflection. After it comes another series of seven votes.
If these votes do not bring results, then the cardinals must decide the fate further progress voting. There are several options. Either the choice must be made by an absolute majority of votes, or the vote must be for the two cardinals who have received large quantity votes in previous rounds.
After the final results of a successful vote have been announced, the Junior Cardinal Deacon, by ringing the bell, summons the Secretary of the College of Cardinals and the Pontifical Master of Ceremonies to the voting room. The Cardinal Dean asks the newly elected Pope a question: “ Do you accept the canonical choice of you as Supreme Pontiff?" Also, the newly elected pope announces his new name after the cardinal dean asks him: “ What name do you want to be called?» After the election, the cardinal, if he is ordained bishop, immediately becomes pope, receiving full power. The conclave ends after consent to the election of the new pope.
After these procedures, the pope goes to the so-called crying room (camera lacrimatoria) - a small room near the Sistine Chapel, where he must choose a white cassock from those presented there three sizes. He also puts on a red embroidered table and goes out to the cardinals in the chapel.
The cardinals approach the newly elected pope, expressing respect and obedience. And then they thank God with the hymn Te Deum.
After this, the cardinal-protodeacon enters the central loggia of the Basilica of St. Peter, the so-called bed of blessing, and announces the formula Habemus Papam (We have a pope). After which the newly elected Pope gives the Urbi et Orbi blessing to everyone. A few days after the election, the papal enthronement takes place.
Mikhail Fateev
Source - baznica.info
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Meaning of the word conclave
conclave in the crossword dictionary
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Dal Vladimir
conclave
M. lat. a meeting of cardinals to elect a pope, and the building itself for this.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
conclave
conclave, m. (Latin conclave - locked room) (church download). The Council of Cardinals meeting to elect a pope.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
conclave
Ah, m. The Council of Cardinals electing the Pope.
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
conclave
m. The Council of Cardinals, which elects the Pope after the death of his predecessor.
Large legal dictionary
conclave
(from Latin conclave - locked room) - a meeting (since 1274) of cardinals, convened after the death of the Pope to elect a new one. Occurs in a room isolated from the outside world.
Conclave
(from the Latin conclave ≈ locked room), a meeting of cardinals convened after the death of the Pope to elect a new pope; takes place in a room isolated from the outside world (its doors are tightly closed). Elections are held by closed ballot; To be elected, you must collect at least 2/3 of the votes plus one more vote. The premises are opened only after the election of the pope. This order of K. was approved at the 2nd Council of Lyon in 1274.
Wikipedia
Conclave
Conclave- a meeting of cardinals convened after the death or resignation of the Pope to elect a new pope, as well as this room itself. It takes place in a room isolated from the outside world. Elections are held by closed ballot twice daily, requiring at least ⅔ plus one vote to be elected. The premises are opened only after the election of the pope. The election of a new pontiff is announced with white smoke from the chimney above the Sistine Chapel. The smoke is produced by burning ballot papers with the addition of a special coloring agent that gives a tint to the smoke. This order was approved at the Second Council of Lyons (1274).
Any Catholic man, even a layman without rank, can be chosen as pope. In fact, since 1378, only cardinals have been elected popes. Currently, the conclave room occupies a significant part of the Vatican Palace, isolated from the rest and divided into rooms. The only door is locked from the outside and inside no earlier than on the 15th day and no later than on the 18th day after the death of the pope. Once the door is locked, it is opened only in the event of the arrival of a delayed cardinal, in the event of the cardinal's departure due to illness or his return, and also to announce the result of an election. Word conclave first used by Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274, in the apostolic constitution he issued Ubi periculum after 2 years and 9 months of discussion in Viterbo before his election. When angry residents tore off the roof, leaving the hall open, the cardinals were forced to pitch tents, traces of the central pillars of which remain to this day.
John Paul II made some changes to the rules for holding conclaves.
Conclave (film)
« Conclave ", in Russian box office "The Rise of the Borgia"- 2006 film of Canadian-German production, directed by Christopher Schrue. The script was written by Paul Donovan.
Conclave (disambiguation)
Conclave:
- A conclave is a meeting of cardinals convened to elect a new pope.
- Conclave is a 2006 Canadian-German film directed by Christopher Schrue.
Examples of the use of the word conclave in literature.
At the hut there is a woman in a headscarf, whole conclave smart, wedge-bearded men in caps and boots, and one stupid, wet and snub-nosed man in bast shoes.
And everything is entangled in the chains of restrictions, precedents, laws and regulations of the trading races established Conclave rules
In the end, the divine dove, which is known to be invisibly present at meetings of the College of Cardinals, inspired conclave elect a certain cardinal who took the name Alexander the Seventh.
In 1099, Jerusalem was taken by the Crusaders, and conclave, consisting of unknown individuals, headed by a native of Calabria, proposed Godefroy to take the throne of the new kingdom of the Franks.
Was long pause, then Alari asked: “Andrei Khrumov, do you consider it inappropriate to pit Conclave and Geometers?
If the Shadow civilization turns out to be even greater evil than Conclave and the inhabitants of the Motherland?
Before such a scale Conclave- like a run-down village in front of Moscow, Novosibirsk or the capital itself.
Wave of tentacles: -- Andrei Khrumov - a man accusing Conclave in excessive cruelty?
In 1059, Nicholas II, together with Hildebrand, issued a decree, on the basis of which only senior officials churches constituting a special college - conclave, received the right to elect a high priest.
On the very first evening, when I got ready conclave, the Cardinal of St. Mark received sixteen votes.
Before the cardinals could assemble conclave, an uprising broke out in Rome.
Thus he came to the holy city when the remains of Julius were buried and conclave has already started the elections.
Thanks to his enormous fortune, he easily bought up all the votes of the sacred college, and when he gathered conclave, was convinced that his candidacy would not raise any objections.
When the cardinals gathered conclave, three groups immediately emerged: supporters of the emperor, France and the Farnese family.
When the cardinals gathered in conclave, after the funeral of Gregory the thirteenth, Montalto looked even more frail and decrepit.