0,5; 0,8; 1; 1,2; 1,5; 1,8; 2; 2,2; 2,5; 2,8; 3; 3,5; 4; 4,5; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21;22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 28; 30; 32; 34; 35; 36; 38; 40; 42; 44; 45; 46; 48; 50; 52; 55; 58; 60; 62; 65; 68; 70; 72; 75; 78; 80; 82; 85; 88; 90; 92; 95; 98; 100; 105; 110; 115; 120; 125; 130; 135; 140; 145; 150; 155; 160; 165; 170; 175; 180; 185; 190; 200; 210; 220; 230; 240; 250; 260; 270; 280; 290; 300; 310; 320; 330; 340; 350; 360; 370; 380; 390; 400; 410; 420; 430; 440; 450; 460; 470; 480; 500.

4.5. Drawing the size of the radius of a circular arc. Normal fillet radii

When applying the radius dimension place a capital letter before the size number height, equal height dimensional number.

If it is necessary to indicate the dimensions that determine the position of the center of the arc of a circle, then the dimension line of the radius of the circle is drawn between the arc or its extension and the center. Last one in this

	case is depicted by intersection ()		external (Fig. 4.21, size
	R 1) or center lines (Fig. 4.22). Radius dimension line
	has only one arrow.		When applying dimensions
		position of the top of the rounded
		corner or center of a fillet arc
		extension lines			carried out from
		intersection points			sides of the angle
			from the center	fillet arcs
	When drawing several radii from
	their dimension lines should not have the same center
	be located on one straight line (Fig. 4.22).

At large size radius, the center of the circular arc can be brought closer to the arc, and the dimension line can be drawn with a break at an angle of 90° (Fig. 4.23).

		If you don't need to specify
		dimensions defining		position
		center of the arc of a circle, then the size is
		it is allowed not to follow the line
		to the center and shift relative
		it (Fig. 4.24).
			coincidence
		several	their radii	dimensional
		lines may not be brought to
		center, except for the extreme ones (Fig. 4.25).
		Radius sizes		outdoor
		fillets are applied as shown in
		rice. 4.26a, a internal fillets-
		in Fig. 4.26b. You should avoid

the direction of the radius dimension line falls with the direction of the hatch. And in this case, the method of applying dimensional numbers at different positions of dimension lines is determined by the greatest ease of reading the drawing.

Round radii, once-
measures of which on the scale of the drawing
1mm or less, not shown in the drawing
depicted by applying only
the size of the arc with its outer
sides (Fig. 27a).
Same sizes
radii can be specified
on a common shelf (Fig. 4.27b).

Below are the normal radii of roundings according to GOST

10948-64*: 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 0,6; 0,8; 1; 1,2; 1,6; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 16; 20; 25; 32; 40; 50; 60; 80; 100; 125; 160; 200; 250.

If the radii of fillets, bends, etc. are the same throughout the drawing or some radius is predominant, then instead of plotting the dimensions of these radii on the image it is recommended to technical requirements make a note like: “ Rounding radii 4 mm”, “Internal bend radii 10 mm", "N specified radii 8 mm" and so on.

If the arc of a circle in the drawing is greater than 180 Oh then when When drawing its size, indicate the diameter of the circle, and for an arc

circle not exceeding 180 ABOUT , indicate its radius.
The size of the circle, even interrupted
changing, but having opposite
points on the diameter, you should always
set the diameter (Fig. 4.28).
It is allowed not to be shown on the drawing
	arc radius	circle
mating parallel lines(rice.
4.29). Thereby on the outline drawing
parallel key with rounded
ends and a groove for such a key
allowed to be applied		only two
size: length and width.
	4.6 .Plotting the arc length
		When applying size
			arcs of a circle
		dimensional		the line is drawn
		concentric to the arc, external
		lines - parallel to bisects -
		rice angle, and above the dimensional
		(Fig. 4.30a).
					covers
		large angle, then extensions the lines must extend beyond 7min dimensional limits by 1...5 mm;distance from contour line to the nearest dimensional dimension there must be at least 10 mm, and between parallel dimensional dimensions lines - at least 7 mm; staggered order of applying dimensional numbers in the presence of several concentric dimensional arcs. Rules for applying dimensional numbers angular dimensions illustrated in Fig. 4.33. Size numbers above horizontal line , placed above the dimension lines on the side of their convex you, and located below the horizontal lines - from the concavity side of the dimension lines. In the shaded in the bathroom area, dimensional numbers are indicated on horizontally drawn shelves of leader lines.

To construct a fillet with a variable radius, you need to specify points on

rounded edges and rounding radii at these points.

On the tab Variable radius there is a panel of the same name containing a tab

face of the rounding parameters: numbers of points, distances to them from the starting points relative

the corresponding edges and the values ​​of the rounding radii at these points (Fig. 97.4, b). Bye

the points for constructing the fillet are not specified, the parameter table is empty.

Rice. 97.4. Constructing a fillet with a variable radius: a) specifying points,

b) setting the rounding parameters, c) the result of the command

Specify the required points in the model window. Selected points will be marked with crosses

and numbered in order of indication (Fig. 97.4, a).

In the table Variable radius set the values ​​of the rounding radii in the specified

131

If necessary, specify the values ​​in the column % or Length. Please note that

that when changing the values ​​in these columns corresponding point moves in the window

To change any value, single or double click on the desired

no cell. After a single click, you can enter a value into the cell from the keyboard,

and after the double - input from the keyboard or selection using a counter.

You can delete a table row and therefore a point in the detail window. To do this on

press the button Delete, located above the list.

Setting the parameters for a rounding with a variable radius has the following features:

By default, the rounding radius at the boundary points of the edges is equal to the default -

specified in the field Radius on the tab Options Properties panels. Boundary points

the edges are its starting and ending points. They correspond to 0% and 100% of length

ribs If the rounding radius at the boundary point should differ from the default one,

you must specify it explicitly in the model window and set the required radius value in the table

face of the fillet parameters.

If an edge is closed, then its start and end points coincide, and when setting

fillets, you can specify only one of them.

If two edges are selected to create a fillet, end point one of which

coincides with the starting point of another, then when setting up the fillet you can only specify

to one of them.

The zero radius of the fillet can only be specified at the boundary points. If border

Since it is difficult to accurately indicate the edge point in the model window, you can first specify

approximately, and then enter the desired value - 0% or 100% - in the corresponding

parameter table cell. Please note that for a point that is not

boundary, it is impossible to set a zero radius value, and for a boundary point from zero

With a large radius, it is impossible to change the distance from the vertex (for this you need

change the radius first).

To fillet edges that do not have points specified, the default value is used.

tion. For example, if, when creating a fillet with a variable radius, you turned on

option Continue along tangent edges, then these tangent edges are located

system automatically. Since it is impossible to point to them, they are rounded

with default radius.

Chamfer

To create a chamfer on the edges of a part, call the command Chamfer.

▼

▼

▼

The command is not executed for edges formed by smoothly mated faces.

Select the chamfer construction method - By side and corner or On both sides ak

by activating the corresponding switch in the group Method of construction.

If the chamfer is built along the side and corner, enter in the field Length 1 the length of the chamfer side, and

in field Corner- the angle between this side and the chamfer surface. In the help field

Length 2 the calculated value of the length of the second leg of the chamfer appears.

If the chamfer is built on two sides, enter their lengths in the fields Length 1 And Length 2. IN

reference field Corner The calculated chamfer angle value appears.

In the details window, specify the edges on which you want to create a chamfer. If you want to

construct chamfers on all edges of a face, select this face.

After specifying the first edge in the part window, a phantom appears - an arrow, directed

along one of the faces. The arrow indicates the direction in which the deposits will be

chamfer side with length Length 1. Relative to the same direction it will be from

the chamfer angle is placed.

If you want to change the direction in which the first side is laid, act

sight the desired switch (First direction or Second direction)

in Group First side direction. In this case, the direction of the phantom arrow (a

This means that the direction of the first side of the chamfer) will change.

If the sides of the chamfer are equal, then the result of its construction will not depend on the direction

tions of the first party.

Do not chamfer each edge individually. If possible, please indicate

creating a chamfer as much as possible large quantity edges, chamfer parameters for which

are the same.

The previous tip may be difficult to follow if the chamfer is not equal.

Nya. If the edges selected to construct such a chamfer do not belong to the same face, then

choosing a single chamfer direction for all edges may lead to incorrect results.

related to one face, and create a separate chamfer for each face.

If several edges on which the chamfer is built are smoothly connected (have a common

tangent at the connection point), select one of them and enable the option On a tangent

to the ribs. In this case, the system will automatically detect other edges on which

Sometimes it is necessary to continue chamfering.

After confirming the operation, a chamfer will appear on the edges of the part, and in the Dera

All models have a chamfer icon.

▼

▼

Part XIX. Techniques for modeling parts

Whenever possible, create chamfers and fillets at the end of the part construction process, and

not immediately after the appearance of formative elements, on the edges of which I require

It is possible to form chamfers and roundings. In this case, calculations when performing formwork

development operations will be carried out faster.

Round hole

To create a round hole with a complex profile, select the face on which

it should settle down. Then call the command Hole.

Rice. 97.5. Hole Properties Panel

After calling the command, controls for selection will appear on the Property Bar

profile of the hole and entering its geometric dimensions (Fig. 97.5).

Select the type (shape) of the hole from the list. Sketch of the profile of the selected hole type

is displayed in the viewing window below the list of types.

This sketch is parametric. The hole parameters are controlled by the ratio values

corresponding sizes in the sketch. List of Display Hole Variables

is located below the viewing window.

To change any hole parameter, enter the desired value according to

Current parameter table field.

134

Chapter 97. Additional structural elements

Not all size values ​​can be changed in any order. For example, you can't

make the thread diameter larger than the nominal hole diameter. If required

to determine the hole diameter, change it first nominal diameter, and then the diameter

Enter required values all hole parameters.

If the parameters of the selected hole in the sketch include a total depth H, become

Xia available group switches Method of construction. They allow you to specify how

This is how the depth of the hole is determined).

If the switch is activated To the depths then the depth of the hole will be equal to

the value given in the parameter list. If the switch is activated Until ver

tires or Through everything then the parameter H disappears from the list of parameters, and the hole depth

tia is determined automatically. The principle of automatic depth determination is as follows

the same as when cutting out an extrusion feature. If the switch is activated Before

peaks, you need to specify this vertex.

A phantom hole with the specified parameters is displayed in the part window. Tether point

ki of the hole (it is marked in red on the sketch) is located in the default

beginning local system coordinates of the face on which this hole is created.

To place a hole in the desired location on a face, unlock the coordinate input fields

nat anchor points. To do this, click on the field T. Crosshair in this field

will be replaced by a “tick”. Specify the position of the hole with the mouse or enter coordinates

center of the hole.

If you are working with a multibody part, then in addition to setting parameters, you can

you will need to specify the scope of the operation. Use the Panels tab to do this.

properties Result of the operation. Details about the scope of operations and methods

her tasks are described in section 95.4 on p. 120.

After setting all hole parameters, click the button Create on the Spice Panel

nal management.

A part with a hole on the specified face will be shown in the window, and the hole icon

will appear in the Model Tree.

If the hole completely intersects the body, then the result of the construction will be a body with

consisting of several parts (see Chapter 94).

You can create your own hole library or add to the system library

library of holes (see section 137.3 on p. 502).

Stiffening rib

Before constructing a part stiffener, you need to create a sketch that defines

the shape of this rib.

Creates a fillet with values variable radius. Use checkpoints for more simple definition rounding.

Example of control points for variable radii
No control points
Control points for variable radii	With control points

Round elements

Some fields that allow you to enter numeric values ​​allow you to create an equation by entering an equal sign (=) and selecting global variables, functions, and file properties from a drop-down list. See Entering equations directly.

		In the graphics area, select the objects you want to fillet.
	Spread along transition lines	The fillet applies to all faces tangent to the selected face. Example: Spread Along Transition Lines
	Full preview viewing	Displays a preview of the fillet of all edges.
	Partial preview viewing	Displays a preview of the fillet on one edge only. Press A to preview each fillet one by one.
	No prev. viewing	Reduces the time it takes to rebuild models with complex surfaces.

Change settings. radius

	Radius	Sets the radius of the fillet.
	Attached radii	List of edge vertices selected in the section Round elements, for parameter Edges, edges, elements and loops, as well as a list of control points selected in the graphics area.
	Configure unspecified	Apply the current radius to all elements that do not have radii assigned in the section Attached radii.
	Set up everything	Apply the current radius to all elements in the section Attached radii.
	Number of copies	Specifies the number of control points on the edges.
	Smooth transition	Creates a fillet that changes smoothly from one radius to another as the fillet edge matches the adjacent face.
	Linear transition	Creates a fillet that varies linearly from one radius to another without matching the tangency of the edge to the adjacent fillet.

Options for reduced fillet

Using these options, you can create a smooth transition between adjacent surfaces, including the edge of a part, at a fillet corner. You can select a vertex and radius, and then assign the same reduced fillet distances to each edge. The reduced distance is the point along each edge where the fillet begins into three edges that meet at one vertex. Example: Preview of a reduced fillet

Before you ask Options for reduced fillet, In chapter Round elements follow these steps:

	Distance	Sets the reduced fillet distance measured from the vertex.
	Reduced fillets	Select one or more vertices in the graphics area. The edges of the reduced fillets are connected at the selected vertices.
	Distance	List of edge numbers with corresponding reduced distance values. To apply different reduced distances to edges, select an edge in the Reduces box. Then set the distance and press the Enter key.
	Configure unspecified	Applies the current distance to all edges that do not have distances assigned in the Distance section.
	Set up everything	Applies the current distance to all edges in the Distance section.

Fillet Options

Select through edges	Allows you to select edges through the faces that these edges hide.
Floor type	Controls the behavior of fillets on individual closed edges (for example, circles, splines, ellipses) when connecting to edges. Example: Floor type. Select one of the following options:

Curvature radius

Standing near one of these curves, could you determine the value of its radius? It's not as easy as finding the radius of an arc drawn on paper. In the drawing, the matter is simple: you draw two arbitrary chords and construct perpendiculars from their midpoints: at the point of their intersection lies, as is known, the center of the arc; its distance from any point on the curve is the required length of the radius.

But to make a similar construction on the ground would, of course, be very inconvenient: after all, the center of the circle lies at a distance of 1-2 km away from the road, often in an inaccessible place. It would be possible to carry out the construction on the plan, but removing the curves on the plan is also not an easy job.

All these difficulties are eliminated if we resort not to construction, but to calculation of the radius. To do this, you can use the following technique. Let's add (Fig. 84) mentally the arc AB rounding to a circle. Connecting arbitrary points C andD rounding arcs, measure the chord CD, and also "arrow" E.F. (i.e., segment height CED). Using these two data, it is no longer difficult to calculate the required length of the radius. Looking at straight lines CD and the diameter of the circle as intersecting chords, we denote the length of the chord by A, the length of the arrow through h, radius through R; we have:

and the required radius 1)

For example, with an arrow at 0.5 m and chord 48 m required radius

This calculation can be simplified by considering 2 R-h equal 2 R - liberty is permissible, since h is very small compared to R (after all R- hundreds of meters, and h - units of them). Then we get a very convenient approximate formula for calculations:

Applying it in the case now considered, we would obtain the same value

R = 580.

Having calculated the length of the radius of curvature and knowing, in addition, that the center of the curvature is perpendicular to the middle of the chord, you can approximately outline the place where the center of the curved part of the road should lie.

If rails are laid on the road, then finding the radius of curvature is simplified. In fact, by pulling the rope tangentially to the inner rail, we obtain a chord of the arc of the outer rail, the arrow of which h (Fig. 85) is equal to the track width - 1.52 m. The radius of curvature in this case (if a is the length of the chord) is approximately equal to

At a=120m the radius of curvature is 1200 m 2).

1) The same could be obtained in another way - from right triangle COF, Where O.C.= R, CF=a/2,OF= R - h,

According to the Pythagorean theorem

2 ) In practice, this method presents the inconvenience that, due to the large radius of curvature, the rope for the chord requires a very long one.

Rice. 85. To calculate the radius of a railway curve

When creating layouts in Photoshop, designers love to use rounded corners for a variety of blocks.

Moreover, they have always loved to do this, since time immemorial. No doubt, blocks with such angles look much nicer, which in a positive way affects the design of the site itself.

But it’s not entirely easy for a layout designer in this situation. How to convey this rounding of corners in code? Previously, before the advent of CSS3, they got out of the situation in a time-consuming and painstaking way - they cut out rounded corners from the image and inserted them into the code as background images.

But then CSS3 appeared and things became much easier, since this specification has a property specifically created for drawing round corners on blocks. It's called

,

1

-moz

, , For example.

But how can you recognize it? Don't call the designer with a question - what radius did you include in the layout?

I will say that I did not immediately receive an answer to this question. Out of habit, I went to the forum forum.htmlbook.ru, but didn’t get anything specific from there. After searching on the Internet, a solution was found. And it turned out to be very simple.

Let's scale the layout so that the rounded corner of the block is clearly visible. We see in it how the straight line of the block smoothly turns into a rounding, which after its completion again turns into a straight line. We are interested in two points here - where the rounding begins and where it ends. Let's call them tangent points:

Let's draw two guides as auxiliary lines - vertical and horizontal. In the figure they are shown as thin blue lines. We will need them in order to obtain the point of their intersection. Then select from the Photoshop toolbar rectangular selection(Rectangular Marqee).

And build a square (holding the Shift key) so that its left top corner coincided with the intersection point of the guides. Let's drag it out with the mouse so that the sides of the expanding square coincide with the tangent points mentioned earlier. As soon as the lines of the square and the tangent points coincide, release the mouse - the construction is completed.

You can build in another way. Start the selection from one point (tangent) and end at another, that is, as if diagonally. The result will be the same, but you don't need to create guides:

Now let’s open the “Info” panel and take a look at the dimensions of the constructed square. The lengths of the sides will be the rounding radius for this block on the layout:

Don't believe me? This is for sure - any of the sides of the constructed square will be the radius of this fillet! To clarify a little more, I drew a circle in AutoCAD with a radius

so as to fit its upper right corner into the center of the created circle. The figure clearly shows that any of its sides is the radius of the circle in which it is inscribed:

When constructing a selection square on a PSD layout, it happens that it is impossible to accurately get the sides of the square to coincide with the guideline. I found such a way out for myself. Well, it didn’t hit, it didn’t hit.

I build a square further. Once it's built and the mouse is released, I simply move the selection to Right place using the arrow keys on your keyboard. And then everything is as before. I look at the “Info” panel and get the exact rounding radius:

As you can see, everything turned out to be very simple. Now knowing exact value rounding radius, you can create a website template that best matches the PSD layout.

P.S.

There is an inaccuracy in the drawing of a circle and square created in AutoCAD. The callout indicates that a rectangle has been built, although in fact it is, of course, a square.

Why is the rounding radius equal to

1

40px

, and in AutoCAD -

1

41px

? Yes, I just missed when I was drawing a circle. This does not change the essence of the matter, it only shows even more clearly the correctness of the approach.