Punctuation is a collection of rules about punctuation marks. Punctuation marks (punctuation - “stop, break”) are signs that are placed between words or groups of words in written speech.

Punctuation, like spelling, forms part of the graphic system adopted for a given language, and must be as firmly mastered as the letters of the alphabet with their sound meanings in order for the letter to accurately and completely express the content of the statement. (Shapiro A.B. Modern Russian language.)

“Punctuation marks are notes when reading” - this is how A.P. characterized it. Chekhov punctuation in one of his letters dated 1888. Punctuation marks are an important means of formatting written speech, since with their help the semantic division of speech occurs. Unlike spelling, the rules of which are based on the phonetic and morphological structure of each language, punctuation is largely international in nature. Punctuation was invented by the typographers the Manutius brothers in the mid-15th century. and in its main features was accepted by the majority of the peoples of Europe.

There are 10 punctuation marks in modern Russian: period, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis, colon, semicolon, comma, dash, double dash, parentheses.

Quotation marks can also be considered punctuation marks. In addition, spaces between words, a red line (beginning of a paragraph) and other graphic aids are used to read the text.

According to their function, punctuation marks are divided into two groups: dividing(separating) and excretory.

TO punctuation marks include: period, question and exclamation marks, comma, semicolon, ellipsis, colon, dash. Separating marks, as a rule, are single-functional (except for the comma and dash); they are used to separate one segment of speech from another and always act as single characters.

Example:

The years greet us with an inviting trumpet. The blood pulsates incessantly... Self-giving is giving oneself to people, calling, duty. If others need your life, isn’t that luck! May self-giving always, at all times, prevail! (Ya. Tatyanicheva)

Distinctive punctuation marks- these are double (paired) signs. These include: parentheses, quotation marks, double dashes, double commas. With the help of these signs, various segments and semantic units of speech are distinguished.

Example:

They say: “Your line is simple!” - Simple, but not robbed! It is like a berry from a bush, picked by your hand. (L. Tatyanicheva)

Many punctuation marks are multifunctional and multi-valued. In addition to the function of breaking up text, punctuation marks can have other functions. So, they can be used in a differentiating function.

Example:

Our task tomorrow is to pass the exam; Our task is to pass the exam tomorrow.

The use of punctuation marks, as well as the rules of Russian spelling, is regulated by the “Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation” adopted in 1956.

The rules of Russian punctuation are based on three basic principles: logical (semantic), structural-syntactic and intonation.

F.I. Buslaev, a representative of the logical trend in Russian grammar, defined the purpose of punctuation marks this way: “Since through language one person conveys his thoughts and feelings to another, then punctuation marks have a dual purpose:

1) promote clarity in the presentation of thoughts by separating one sentence from another or one part of it from another,

2) express the feeling of the speaker’s face and his attitude towards the listener...” F.I. Buslaev also noted that the system of punctuation marks in the Russian language is based “not only on grammatical analysis, but also on the rules of rhetorical presentation of thoughts.”

Thus, punctuation marks help to divide the text into parts that are important for expressing thoughts in writing (semantic division), make the semantic structure of speech clear, highlighting individual sentences and their parts (syntactic division), serve to indicate intonation design, as well as to indicate phrasal intonation, rhythm and melody of the phrase.

It must be borne in mind that some punctuation rules reflect only the structural and syntactic principle (for example, the placement of punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence), others - the semantic and intonation principle (for example, the placement of punctuation marks for isolated members); Still others are based on all three principles (for example, placing a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence).

Unlike spelling rules, punctuation rules allow, along with the mandatory placement of punctuation marks, their optional use.

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In the Russian language there is such a very important section as punctuation. It studies punctuation marks and the rules for their placement. Why are they even needed? After all, it would seem how much easier it is to do without them. There would be no need to learn a lot of rules, rack your brain when and what sign to put. But then our speech would turn into a continuous stream of words without meaning. Punctuation marks help to give logic to a sentence, place emphasis, separate parts of a statement, emphasize and color some of them with the help of intonation. Sometimes there are places in the text when it is not clear whether a punctuation mark is needed, and if so, which one. To answer these questions, you need to apply a certain punctuation rule. And the very place in the text or sentence where such a choice needs to be made is called a punctogram. The algorithm of actions is as follows:

• find a place where a punctuation error is possible;
• remember the rule that applies to this case;
• Based on it, select the required punctuation mark.

What are the signs?

There are ten main characters in Russian punctuation. This is a period, a comma, of course, question marks and exclamation marks, a semicolon, a colon and a dash, quotation marks, as well as ellipses and parentheses. All of them are designed to correctly format the text and help it be understood correctly. What exact functions can punctuation marks perform in sentences? Let's look at this.

Functions of punctuation in Russian

All punctuation marks can either separate sentences, words, phrases from each other, or focus attention on individual semantic segments in the text or sentence. In accordance with these roles, they are all divided into three groups.

1. Separating. These are punctuation marks such as “.”, “?”, “!”, “…”. They are used to separate each sentence from the next one, as well as to design it as complete. Which sign to choose is dictated by the meaning of the sentence itself and its intonation coloring.
2. Separating. This ",", ";", "-", ":". They differentiate homogeneous members in a simple sentence. The same punctuation marks in a complex sentence help separate the simple elements in its composition.
3. Excretory. They are 2 commas, 2 dashes, a colon and a dash, parentheses, and quotation marks. These signs serve to highlight elements that complicate a simple sentence (introductory words and constructions, addresses, various isolated members), as well as to indicate direct speech in writing.

When punctuation is needed

Please note that the places in the sentence where the corresponding signs are needed are easy to find if you know certain signs.

Each of us at school had to write dictations in our native language. And, probably, the most offensive thing was the reduction in the final grade due to a missing or extra comma. Let's find out why this symbol and others like it are so important in language, and what science specializes in this issue.

What does punctuation study?

At the end of the previous sentence there is a familiar one that signals to every reader that this is a question, not a statement. It is on the study of such signal elements that such a science as punctuation concentrates.

Moreover, she specializes not only in the formation and regulation of norms and rules for setting punctuation marks, but also studies their history.

What is it for?

Having learned what punctuation is studying, it is worth paying attention to its practical value. After all, for example, the practical significance of spelling is clear to most of us - if you do not teach people to write correctly, it will become unclear to others what they want to say: flight or litter, etc. At the same time, many “victims” of school punctuation repressions are still perplexed : what difference does it make where to put a comma, why is it needed at all, and why a whole science was formed to study it.

Let's figure it out. So, punctuation is important to make the text easier to understand. With its help, sentences or their parts are separated from each other. This allows the writer to concentrate on the thought he needs.

To more clearly understand the meaning of punctuation marks, it is worth recalling the “bearded” example from the cartoon “In the Land of Unlearned Lessons” - “Execution cannot be pardoned.”

The life of the main character, Vitya Perestukin, depended on where the comma was placed. If he had put it this way: “Execute, cannot be pardoned,” Vita would have faced death. Fortunately, the boy correctly translated the sign: “You cannot execute, but have mercy,” and thus was saved.

In addition to emphasizing certain parts of a sentence, punctuation often helps to understand its meaning.

For example, if you simply put a period at the end of the sentence “Our mother has come,” this will be a statement of the fact of the mother’s arrival.

If you replace it with a question mark, it will no longer be a statement of a fait accompli, but a question: “Has our mother come?”

Etymology of the term

Having considered what punctuation studies and why it is needed, we can pay attention to the origin of this concept.

The term under study was derived from the Latin word punctum, which translates as a point. Based on this, we can assume that the first punctuation mark in history is precisely the period (at least in Russian punctuation this is so).

It is believed that the ancient Greeks were the first to use it as a mark for the end of a sentence or even an entire paragraph.

Punctuation marks

Knowing what punctuation studies, it is worth going into more detail on this. In other words, let's pay attention to punctuation marks. They are also called punctuation and are elements of writing necessary to achieve such goals.

The main ones are:

• Separation/highlighting of words, phrases, semantic segments in a sentence or whole text.
• They indicate grammatical and sometimes logical connections between words.
• They indicate the emotional coloring of the sentence and its communicative type.
• They signal the completion/incompleteness of a statement/thought.

Unlike words, punctuation symbols are not parts of a sentence, although they perform very important functions in it.

The need for such signs is emphasized by the fact that in most text editors, when checking spelling, punctuation errors are highlighted in a separate color - green, while spelling errors are highlighted in red.

Types of punctuation marks that are in the Russian language

To remember exactly which separating characters are used in Russian, it is worth remembering any lesson about punctuation. It necessarily mentioned most of these elements. All of them are divided into two categories: paired and unpaired.

The first is a much smaller number: quotes "", brackets (), 2 commas and 2 dashes.

They serve to highlight a word, phrase or part of a sentence and are always used together, functioning as a single whole.

In this case, quotation marks are also used to highlight names in Cyrillic and as a designation of direct speech.

By the way, the most common mistakes in punctuation of paired characters is forgetting to put the second one.

There are significantly more unpaired punctuation symbols. They are divided into groups according to their direct functions. Moreover, some of them are capable of performing not one, but two roles at once.

Analyzing the above, you will notice that nothing was said about the apostrophe. However, this symbol is a spelling symbol, not a punctuation symbol. Therefore, we cannot talk about him in this context.

History of Russian punctuation

In the Russian Empire, punctuation as such did not exist until the second half of the 15th century. It was only in the 80s that the dot began to be used.

About 40 years later, commas began to be used in grammar.

The combination of these characters into one (semicolon) happened later. Moreover, checking the punctuation of ancient texts showed that it initially served as a question mark. So if, when reading a document dating back to earlier than the 18th century, there is a question mark, we can conclude that the paper is probably a fake.

However, since the 18th century. a special symbol began to be used to indicate a question. By the way, during the same period, the exclamation mark began to be used in the empire, which initially signaled surprise, and not an exclamation. That is why it was called "amazing".

The first paired symbols in the grammar of the Russian language were parentheses, first noted when checking punctuation in a document of 1619.

Dashes, quotation marks and ellipsis also appeared only in the 18th century. Moreover, one of their first and main popularizers was Nikolai Karamzin.

Unusual punctuation marks that are not used in modern Russian

In addition to the symbols that are well known to us, there are a number of signs that are not recognized by Russian and many other grammars. If you try to put them in a text editor, you will definitely receive a message about the need to correct the punctuation in the sentence.

• Interrobang is a hybrid of question and exclamation marks.
• A rhetorical question mark that looks like a mirror image of a regular symbol of this kind. It was used in English only for a few decades at the end of the 17th century.
• Ironic sign. Externally similar to the above, but slightly smaller and placed at the beginning of the sentence. Originated in France in the 19th century.
• A love symbol that is recommended to be used in greeting cards. It looks like a question mark and its reflection, together forming a heart.
• The consonant symbol looks like two exclamation marks written from one point. Symbolizes the expression of goodwill.
• A sign of confidence. It looks like an exclamation symbol crossed out in the form of a cross.
• Authoritative. Similar to the previous one, but it is crossed out not by the direct line, but by the league. Used in orders or advice.
• Asterism. Looks like three stars arranged in an inverted pyramid. Previously, it served to separate semantic chapters, as well as parts of books, or to indicate minor breaks in a long text.
• Exclamation and question commas. Designed for intonation highlighting of words or phrases within a sentence.

Punctuation.

Punctuation is a set of rules about the placement of punctuation marks. The purpose of punctuation is to provide the reader with a correct understanding of the meaning of what is written. The basis of punctuation is the semantic division of speech. Often the semantic division corresponds to its grammatical division, and in oral speech its intonation division; in other words, semantic division is expressed grammatically and intonationally. In this case, we can talk about the coincidence of semantic, grammatical and intonation bases for placing punctuation marks, or about the structural and semantic basis of punctuation.

However, there are cases when the three indicated grounds: semantic, grammatical and intonation – may not coincide. Thus, often the semantic and grammatical division of speech does not coincide with its intonational division. Often the main and subordinate parts with the conjunction “what” are not differentiated intonationally: They say that he will arrive soon. And on the contrary, whole sentences are often intonationally divided from a semantic and grammatical point of view; for example, there is almost always a pause between the fairly common subject and predicate (Two-story merchant houses of the middle of the last century ll sadly stretched along the entire embankment) and between the prepositive fairly common adverbial adverbial and the rest of the sentence (At six o'clock on a clear May morning ll Maya went out into the garden) and etc. under In all such cases, as the above examples show, punctuation marks are placed (or not placed) depending on the semantic and grammatical division (or lack thereof) and regardless of intonation division (or lack thereof).

On the other hand, there are also frequent cases when the semantic division does not find support in the grammatical one, i.e. gram. division is not expressed in special forms. In these cases, the only basis for placing a punctuation mark is semantic division; the corresponding grammatical and intonation division suggests punctuation marks. So, for example, the segment of speech “the sun is shining, the birds are singing” can be grammatically and intonationally presented as two independent sentences (The sun is shining. The birds are singing) and as a complex sentence (The sun is shining, the birds are singing). Thus, the grammatical and intonational division of a given segment of speech depends on its semantic interpretation, expressed by punctuation marks. An exception is a recording of oral speech from a voice - a dictation - when intonation can tell the writer the semantic division of speech. Ultimately, both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, sometimes introductory words and members of a sentence (He may be at school and He may be at school) and other constructions differ in meaning.

Finally, there are also cases when the semantic (and intonational) division contradicts the grammatical one. For example: She reminded me to take a basin and a shaving brush. And boot cream. And a brush. From the point of view of the grammatical combination, “both boot cream and a brush” are homogeneous additions, however, the author separates them out in meaning and intonation into independent sentences and expresses this punctuationally.

Thus, in all the cases considered, the basis for placing punctuation marks is precisely the semantic division of speech, which may coincide with grammatical and intonation divisions, but may not coincide with one of them and even contradict it.

Punctuation marks and their functions.

The following punctuation marks are used in Russian punctuation: period, question mark, exclamation mark, ellipsis, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, parentheses, quotation marks. The function of a punctuation mark is also performed by paragraph indentation, or a red line.

Punctuation marks perform two main functions: 1) separation, 2) emphasis. Some of the punctuation marks serve only for separation (separating punctuation marks) - these are single punctuation marks: period, semicolon, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis, colon; This also includes paragraph indentation. With the help of these signs, sentences, predicative parts of some complex sentences, sometimes homogeneous members and other constructions are separated from each other.

Other punctuation marks serve only for emphasis (emphasizing punctuation marks) - these are double marks: parentheses and quotation marks. With the help of these signs, introductory and intercalary phrases and sentences (brackets) and direct speech (quotes) are distinguished.

The third punctuation marks (comma and dash) are multifunctional, i.e. can act both as separating and as excreting, depending on the specific conditions in which they are used.

Thus, with the help of a comma, both parts of a complex sentence and homogeneous members can be separated from each other; with the help of a dash, in some cases, parts of complex sentences, homogeneous members from a generalizing word, some members of a sentence from others in some incomplete sentences and in other constructions are separated.

Using commas, various isolated phrases, addresses, and introductory words are highlighted; using a dash, introductory and intercalary sentences can be highlighted.

In some cases, as, for example, in sentences with direct speech, complex combinations of emphasizing and separating signs are used.

The indicated basic functions of punctuation marks are often complicated by more specific, meaning-distinguishing functions. Thus, the signs of the end of a sentence not only separate one sentence from another, but also express what a given sentence is in terms of the purpose of the statement or the degree of emotionality: He will not come. He will not come? He will not come! Indicative in this regard is the use of punctuation marks in non-union sentences, in which punctuation marks also carry a semantic load and signal the grammatical meaning of non-union sentences. So, for example, in the sentence “He doesn’t come, she’s waiting”, enumeration relations are expressed, and in the sentence “He doesn’t come, she’s waiting” - adversative relations.

The main functions of all punctuation marks, as well as their semantic distinguishing functions, are described in the set of rules of Russian punctuation.

Methods of transmitting someone else's speech

In the process of communication, there is often a need to convey someone else’s speech (this term usually means both the speech of another person and one’s own speech spoken earlier). Moreover, in some cases it is important to convey not only the content, but also the very form of someone else’s speech (its exact lexical composition and grammatical organization), and in others - only the content; therefore, in some cases, accurate reproduction of someone else's speech is mandatory, but in others it is not necessary.

In accordance with these tasks, the language has developed special ways of transmitting someone else's speech: 1) forms of direct transmission (direct speech); 2) forms of indirect transmission (indirect speech). Sentences with direct speech are specifically designed to accurately reproduce someone else’s speech (its content and form), and sentences with indirect speech are only intended to convey the content of someone else’s speech. These are the most common forms of transmitting someone else's speech.

In addition to them, there are other forms designed to convey only the topic, the subject of someone else’s speech, to include elements of someone else’s speech in the author’s speech and to solve other expressive and stylistic problems. Thus, we can talk about a whole system of forms of transmitting someone else’s speech.

Direct speech.

Sentences with direct speech are a non-union (intonation and semantic) combination of parts, in one of which - the author's words - the very fact of someone else's speech is established and its source is named, and in the other - direct speech - the alien speech itself is reproduced. For example: Kirov replied: “Astrakhan will not be surrendered.”

In addition to words indicating the very fact of someone else’s speech and its source, the author’s words may include words indicating the addressee of direct speech, various circumstances accompanying it, as well as words characterizing the person pronouncing it, the manner of pronunciation, etc. For example: - What it is? – Sokolovich asked sternly and even anxiously, stopping.

Words introducing direct speech can accurately denote processes of thought or speech (said, ordered, thought, asked, etc.). Such words usually require mandatory dissemination; the part containing direct speech makes up for their semantic deficiency. The connection between the author's words and direct speech in such sentences is closer.

In other cases, words introducing direct speech do not denote the processes of speech and thought themselves, but the actions or feelings that accompany them (grin, stand up, wink; be happy, upset, horrified, etc.). Such words usually do not necessarily need to be distributed in a part containing direct speech; therefore, the connection between the author's words and direct speech in these cases is less close. This method of conveying someone else’s speech is close to the direct inclusion of someone else’s speech in the author’s narrative.

1) When prepositioning the author's words, the sentence can be divided: a) into two parts (the author's words - direct speech) or b) into three parts (the author's words - direct speech - continuation of the author's narration). In these cases, direct speech explains, reveals the content of the word in front of it with the meaning of speech or thought. When prepositioning author's words, the order of the main members in them is usually direct: the subject is in the first place, the predicate is in the second.

2) When postpositioning the author’s words, the sentence is divided into two parts: PR – AC. In this case, direct speech is explained by the author’s words, which are less independent here than with preposition. With the postposition of the AC, the order of the main members in them is reversed: the predicate is in the first place, the subject is in the second.

3) With interposition AC, the sentence is divided into three parts: PR – AC – continuation of PR. When interposing ACs, they are close in their role to introductory sentences. The order of the main terms in this case is reversed. In interpositive AS there can be two verbs with the meaning of speech or thought, the first of which refers to direct speech standing before the words of the author, the second - after the words of the author. Such cases represent a mixture of the positional types discussed above.

Direct speech is intended to accurately reproduce someone else's speech in form. It may include one or more sentences, different in their structure, intonation, modality, and time plan. In PR, any structures of live colloquial speech are reproduced, including those that include interjections, addresses, introductory words and other elements. In PR, pronouns are used not from the point of view of the author conveying someone else's speech, but from the point of view of the one to whom it belongs.

Indirect speech.

Sentences with indirect speech are NGNs with explanatory-objective clauses: Petya asked me not to be late.

Sentences with CD do not reproduce someone else's speech, but convey its content. Many forms of lively colloquial speech cannot be included in the CD, for example, addresses, interjections, many modal words and particles, forms of the imperative mood, a number of infinitive constructions, etc.

In the CD the intonation originality of someone else's speech cannot be expressed. Pronouns and personal forms of verbs in the Kyrgyz Republic are used not from the point of view of the person who owns someone else’s speech, but from the point of view of the author conveying the content of someone else’s speech.

The main part of such sentences gives the same information as in the words of the author in the PR. The subordinate part containing KR refers to one of the main words, which requires mandatory distribution. Therefore, the circle of words introducing KR is much narrower than the circle of words introducing PR: KR is introduced only with words that directly indicate speech or thought (says, said, thought, asked, asked, ordered, question, thought, etc.).

In sentences with CD, the part that conveys the content of someone else’s speech is often in postposition.

Sentences with various conjunctions are intended to convey the content of types of foreign speech of different modalities. Sentences with the conjunction " What" convey the content of narrative sentences with affirmative or negative modality. Sentences with conjunctions “as if, as if” also convey the content of narrative sentences, but with a tinge of uncertainty and conjecture. Sentences with the conjunction “to” convey the content of incentive sentences in someone else’s speech.

Sentences with various allied words (interrogative-relative pronouns) convey the content of interrogative sentences in someone else's speech (indirect question). If the question in someone else’s speech is framed only intonationally or with the help of interrogative particles, then in an indirect question the conjunction particle “whether” or the combination “whether...or” is used: I was asked if I would agree to give another lecture.

Improperly direct speech.

In this case, someone else’s speech seems to merge with the author’s, without being directly distinguished from it either by words indicating the fact of the utterance of someone else’s speech and its source (with PR and CR), or by a change in the pronominal plan (with PR and the direct inclusion of someone else’s speech in the narrative) , nor a special form of subordinate clause (with KR). In such cases, the author, as it were, transforms into his heroes and, talking about their thoughts, conveying their speech, resorts to the grammatical, lexical and phraseological means that his heroes would resort to in the depicted situation. Such transmission of someone else's speech (NPR) is a literary device with which a writer can introduce the specific speech of the characters into the author's narrative, thereby characterizing his characters.

NPR has no special syntactic forms. It is similar to CR due to the use of pronouns, and to PR – comparative freedom in conveying the features of someone else’s speech. Much more freely than in the indirect one, various phraseological units and non-free syntactic models characteristic of live colloquial speech are transferred to the NPR.

NPR is usually an independent sentence or a series of them, which are directly included in the author’s narration, or continue one of the ways of conveying someone else’s speech, or follow the mention of the subject, topic of someone else’s speech, developing this topic. For example: “She was surprised that time was passing so slowly, and was horrified that there were still six hours left until midnight. Where to kill these six hours? What phrases should I say? How to behave with your husband? Here the description of the heroine’s thoughts and feelings is replaced by NPR.

In the form of NPR, the unspoken thoughts of the hero are more often conveyed. Therefore, in the previous sentences, verbs such as “think, remember, feel, regret, worry,” etc. are often (but not always) used.

Transferring the subject, topic of someone else's speech.

The subject of someone else's speech can be expressed in a simple sentence using additions to verbs with the meaning of speech or thought. The topic, the subject of someone else's speech can be indicated in the subordinate explanatory part if in the main part it corresponds to demonstrative words with the prepositions “about, about” (about that, about that). For example: And mom talked about the elephant and how the girl asked about his legs.

Quote.

A quotation is a verbatim excerpt from a work that the author of another work cites to confirm or explain his thoughts. Along with this, it can also play an emotionally expressive role - to strengthen what was said earlier, to give it a particularly expressive character. Also, a quotation can be a source, a starting point for reasoning, especially if the work from which it is taken is the subject of special consideration.

In its structure, a quotation can be a sentence, a combination of sentences, a phrase and words that are key to a given text.

1. Sentences with a quotation are two-part (the author’s words are a quotation) and in their structure and punctuation are no different from sentences with direct speech. If a sentence representing a quotation is not given in full, then an ellipsis is placed in place of the omitted members of the sentence.

2. Quotes can be included in the text as relatively independent parts of it, without the words of the author.

3. Quotes can be entered into the CD. In this case, the quotation usually follows the explanatory conjunction and begins with a lowercase letter.

4. Special introductory words and sentences may also indicate the source when quoting.

To include quotations in the text, the forms of quoted words, such as nouns, verbs, etc., can be changed.

Punctuation – This

1) punctuation system;

2) norms and rules for the use of punctuation marks, historically developed in Russian writing;

3) a section of linguistics that studies punctuation marks and the rules for their use in writing.

The main purpose of punctuation is to facilitate the reader’s understanding of the written text, its structure, syntactic and semantic. Text written without punctuation is read three to five times slower than formatted text. (Lekant)

At the heart of the word punctuation lies the root -five-, from which words such as comma, kick, obstacle etc. All these words contain, to one degree or another, the meaning of obstacle, obstacle, situation, delay. Likewise, punctuation marks coincide with stops in speech, with intonation, with the transition to a new thought, to a new concept.

PUNCTUATION RULE

A punctuation rule is an instruction that specifies the conditions for choosing a punctuation mark (i.e., its use or non-use). The conditions for choosing a punctuation mark are the grammatical, semantic and intonation features of sentences and their parts.

Note. The place in the sentence where punctuation is necessary can be found by identifying features (signs). Identification signs of the use of punctuation rules:

1) morphological: the presence of participles, gerunds, interjections, conjunctions, individual particles;

2) syntactic: the presence of two or more grammatical stems, addresses, introductory words, isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, foreign speech;

3) sound: pronunciation with vocative and other types of intonations;

4) semantic: expression of reason, etc.

(M.T. Baranov, T. Kostyaeva... Handbook of the Russian language for students)

PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION

1. Intonation principle. (L.V. Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.A. Bulakhovsky) punctuation marks are indicators of the rhythm and melody of speech. (Russian punctuation partly reflects intonation: a dot at the site of a large deepening of the voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonation dash, in some cases ellipsis, etc.. (...)

The warm wind blowing from the south died down.

A sharp wind blowing from the west suddenly suddenly quiet.

2. Syntactic (grammatical) principle.(Ya. K. Grot) punctuation marks make the syntactic structure of speech clear, highlight individual sentences and their parts. This is reflected in the wording of most of the punctuation rules:

as a period, fixing the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence (when their delimiting role is meant); signs that highlight various constructions, but are not grammatically related to it, i.e., are not its members (introductory words, combinations of words and sentences; insertions, addresses; interjections); signs for homogeneous members of a sentence; signs highlighting applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with dependent words, standing immediately after the word being defined or torn from it by other members of the sentence (...)

3. Logical (semantic) principle. Punctuation ensures understanding of the text. (But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural division, that is, the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.

For example: Three people in front of a photo, tense(I. Ilf).

The three in front of the photo are tense.

The semantic principle in the placement of punctuation marks is revealed especially clearly when isolation, as well as with connecting members of the sentence (...) Specific semantic shades fixed in a sentence can (...) vary, and therefore in punctuation, based on such a principle, there is always something subjective, individual (...)

CONCLUSIONS: all three principles operate in it not separately, but in unity (...) It is now possible to single out separate principles only conditionally, for the convenience of study (...)

Thus, if we consider that syntactic units of speech are created in order to convey thoughts and emotions, then the combination of the action of all three principles in a single punctuation system will become obvious. (Valgina)

Intonation and punctuation are children of the same father - the meaning of speech.

Some cases of intonation and punctuation mismatch

1) There is no pause, but there is a comma:

He made several jumps, but, realizing that he could not catch up with them, he fell behind.

It’s strange for us to hear that if a person gets sick, he should have money for a doctor.

Having learned what had happened, they immediately arrived.

Conclusion: writing “by ear” is a source of errors.

2) There is a pause, but there is no comma.

A clearing cut through a centuries-old pine forest went far beyond the horizon.

Back in the fall, the Nazis burned the village for contacting the partisans.

And sailing to other lands on sea water, you will not find another Russia like this anywhere.

Punctuation marks and their functions.

11 punctuation marks:

period (.), question mark (?), exclamation mark (!),

ellipsis (...), comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:),

dash (-), parentheses (parentheses) (), quotation marks ("") paragraph (red line)

Functions of the salary:

Separating (dot, ?, !, ;, …, :, red line) – separate text segments from each other

Emphasis (parentheses, quotation marks, single dashes and commas)