Historian and TV presenter Leonid Mlechin took on the challenge of solving Adolf Hitler's biggest mysteries
On the shelves of even a small bookstore there will probably be several books telling about Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler. Another one was added to them - “The Fuhrer’s Biggest Secret,” written by the famous historian, writer and TV presenter Leonid MLECHIN. Why is interest in this historical figure (by the way, tomorrow is the birthday of Nazi boss number one) so persistent? “Isn’t everything known about Hitler yet?” - we asked the author.
There are individuals in world history whose scale of crimes are so incredible that they will always attract attention. I tried to give answers to many questions, but there are things that still cannot be fully understood. To some extent, this fascinates the researcher, although it often pushes him to a false perception of the scale of the individual.
Actually, as a person, Adolf Hitler was a complete nonentity, but the scope of his atrocities is such that they, like a powerful lens, turned his figure into a gigantic one. Under this optical effect, qualities were often attributed to Hitler that in fact he did not have.
- So, the final understanding of Hitler has not yet taken place?
All German archives relating to the 13-year period of Hitlerism were immediately opened after 1945. A huge number of books have been written, but imagine, to this day, more and more new works are being published in Germany. I just read a thick scientific work about the German economy during the Nazi era. For the first time in 60 years, it provides detailed explanations of how the Third Reich, with rather meager resources, managed to create a powerful military machine and threaten almost the entire world. This is an inexhaustible topic.
- And what is “Hitler’s biggest secret”? Have you opened it?
The Fuhrer has a lot of secrets. Starting with the mystery of his origin: who his grandfather was is still completely unclear. Most likely, incest occurred in his family: his father married his own niece. All his life he strenuously hid it and was terrified that the truth would come out. Another secret is Hitler's relationships with men and women, his repressed homosexuality, fear of intimacy with the opposite sex. As a result, there was a complete breakdown with myself and resentment towards the whole world around me. It seems that the only person for whom Hitler had feelings, including sexual ones, was his own niece Geli Raubal, who committed suicide in 1931.
All these particulars would not have had much significance if they had not formed into the character, into the fate of himself and his country. But the biggest mystery is how this man was able to completely subjugate an entire state, to master the mass consciousness of the people so much that these people themselves threw themselves into the furnace.
- Until recently, we were taught history differently: historical materialism, class struggle, movement from system to system. And now, it turns out, individuals and their intimate lives can radically affect world history?
Yes, I think the role of personality in history has turned out to be much more significant than we once imagined. She is simply colossal! I dare to say that if, for example, Adolf Hitler had died at the front in 17 or 18, there would be no National Socialism. There would have been far-right parties and something else, but 50 million people would have remained alive! If he had been born ten years earlier or later, everything would have turned out differently. Hitler coincided with the mood of the people at that very historical point and caught the wave.
- You portrayed young Hitler as an ordinary person, weak and complex. At what point did the metamorphosis happen and the Fuhrer appear?
A whole chain of accidents leads him to this. There is a version that the turning point was an episode at the front of the First World War, when after a gas attack Hitler ended up in the hospital. The doctor who treated him for blindness discovered that the damage to his eyes was not organic, but rather neurotic. And then, with the help of hypnosis, the front-line doctor instilled in Hitler a special faith in himself.
The second moment occurred when Hitler, finding himself at a meeting of a small Bavarian party - and such rallies took place in beer halls - began to speak. Surrounded by completely insignificant outcasts, he suddenly felt the gift of a demagogue in himself. They started clapping for him, and he became filled with self-confidence.
In a word, a mass of random circumstances formed a fatal sequence. He should not have come to power. If the Weimar Republic had held out for at least an extra couple of months, the Nazi wave would have died down. But it turned out that a number of politicians who played their own games, trying to drown each other, opened the way to the top for Hitler.
- Was it really all that accidental? After all, by that time fascism was already in Italy, and similar regimes had taken over in other European countries.
But in Germany there was a special situation. After the First World War, the Germans harbored a huge grudge against the whole world. And false grievances and the search for external enemies are extremely dangerous things for any country.
- By the way, in Russia, which suffered the most in the war against fascism, skinheads are walking around today, beating people of other nationalities. Where do we get this infection from?
There is no paradox in this. It took two decades and enormous strain on society, especially on the West German intelligentsia, to heal. She wrote new textbooks and created a new spiritual climate. The country has learned its lessons. Even the current German Chancellor Merkel, who was born after the war and seemingly free from responsibility for the crimes of Hitlerism, speaks of the historical guilt of the German people. It costs a lot.
For Russia, no matter how strange it may sound, the Great Patriotic War was not anti-fascist, it was a war for the Motherland against the occupiers. Fascism and its ideological roots were not exposed: after all, Stalin’s regime was in many ways similar to it. This is clearly seen in the example of the GDR, where, like in the USSR, these “vaccinations” were not done. It is no coincidence that the ultra-right in today's Germany almost all come from its eastern lands. I hope that solving Hitler's biggest secrets will bring us all at least one step closer to learning historical lessons.
Date of birth: April 20, 1889
Date of death: April 30, 1945
Place of birth: Ranshofen village, Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary
Adolf Gitler- a significant figure in the history of the 20th century. Adolf Gitler created and led the National Socialist movement in Germany. Later the Reich Chancellor of Germany, the Fuhrer.
Biography:
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in the small, unremarkable town of Braunau am Inn, on April 20, 1889. Hitler's father, Alois, was an official. Mother, Clara, was a simple housewife. It is worth noting such an interesting fact from the biography of the parents that they were relatives of each other (Clara is Alois’s cousin).
There is an opinion that Hitler's real name is Schicklgruber, but this opinion is erroneous, since his father changed it back in 1876.
In 1892, Hitler's family, due to their father's promotion, was forced to move from their native Braunau am Inn to Passau. However, they did not stay there for long and, already in 1895, hastened to move to the city of Linz. It was there that young Adolf first went to school. Six months later, Hitler’s father’s condition deteriorates sharply and Hitler’s family again has to move to the city of Gafeld, where they bought a house and finally settled.
During his school years, Adolf showed himself to be a student with extraordinary abilities; teachers characterized him as a very diligent and diligent student. Hitler's parents had hopes that Adolf would become a priest, however, even then young Adolf had a negative attitude towards religion and, therefore, from 1900 to 1904 he studied at a real school in the city of Linz.
At the age of sixteen, Adolf left school and became interested in painting for almost 2 years. His mother did not quite like this fact and, having heeded her requests, Hitler, with grief and half, finishes the fourth grade.
1907 Adolf's mother undergoes surgery. Hitler, waiting for her to recover, decides to enter the Vienna Academy of Art. In his opinion, he had remarkable abilities and exorbitant talent for painting, however, his teachers dispelled his dreams, advising him to try to become an architect, since Adolf did not show himself in any way in the portrait genre.
1908 Clara Pölzl dies. Hitler, having buried her, again went to Vienna to make another attempt to enter the academy, but, alas, without passing the 1st round of exams, he set off on his wanderings. As it later turned out, his constant moves were due to his reluctance to serve in the army. He justified this by saying that he did not want to serve alongside the Jews. At the age of 24, Adolf moved to Munich.
It was in Munich that the First World War overtook him. Delighted by this fact, he volunteered. During the war he was awarded the rank of corporal; won several awards. In one of the battles he received a shrapnel wound, due to which he spent a year in a hospital bed, however, upon recovery, he again decided to return to the front. At the end of the war, he blamed politicians for the defeat and spoke very negatively about this.
In 1919 he returned to Munich, which at that time was gripped by revolutionary sentiments. The people were divided into 2 camps. Some were for the government, others for the communists. Hitler himself decided not to get involved in all this. At this time, Adolf discovered his oratorical talents. In September 1919, thanks to his enchanting speech at the congress of the German Workers' Party, he received an invitation from the head of the DAP Anton Drexler to join the movement. Adolf receives the position of responsible for party propaganda.
In 1920, Hitler announced 25 points for the development of the party, renamed it the NSDAP and became its head. It is then that his dreams of nationalism begin to come true.
During the first party congress in 1923, Hitler holds a parade, thereby showing his serious intentions and strength. At the same time, after an unsuccessful coup attempt, he went to jail. While serving his prison term, Hitler wrote the first volume of his memoirs, Mein Kampf. The NSDAP, created by him, disintegrates due to the absence of a leader. After prison, Adolf revives the party and appoints Ernst Rehm as his assistant.
During these years, the Hitlerite movement began to take off. So, in 1926, an association of young nationalist adherents, the so-called “Hitler Youth,” was created. Further, in the period from 1930-1932, the NSDAP received an absolute majority in parliament, thereby contributing to an even greater increase in Hitler's popularity. In 1932, thanks to his position, he received the position of attaché to the German Minister of the Interior, which gave him the right to be elected to the post of Reich President. Having carried out an incredible, by those standards, campaigning, he still failed to win; I had to settle for second place.
In 1933, under pressure from the National Socialists, Hindenburg appointed Hitler to the post of Reich Chancellor. In February of this year, a fire occurs that was planned by the Nazis. Hitler, taking advantage of the situation, asks Hindenburg to grant emergency powers to the government, which consisted, for the most part, of members of the NSDAP.
And now Hitler’s machine begins its action. Adolf begins with the liquidation of trade unions. Gypsies and Jews are being arrested. Later, when Hindenburg died, in 1934, Hitler became the rightful leader of the country. In 1935, Jews, by order of the Fuhrer, were deprived of their civil rights. The National Socialists begin to increase their influence.
Despite racial discrimination and the harsh policies pursued by Hitler, the country was emerging from decline. There was almost no unemployment, industry was developing at an incredible pace, and the distribution of humanitarian aid to the population was organized. Special attention should be paid to the growth of Germany's military potential: an increase in the size of the army, the production of military equipment, which contradicted the Treaty of Versailles, concluded after Germany's defeat in the First World War, which prohibited the creation of an army and the development of the military industry. Gradually, Germany begins to regain territory. In 1939, Hitler begins to express claims to Poland, disputing its territories. In the same year, Germany signs a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union. On September 1, 1939, Hitler sends troops into Poland, then occupies Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Norway, Luxembourg, and Belgium.
In 1941, ignoring the non-aggression pact, Germany invaded the USSR on June 22. The rapid advance of Germany in 1941 gave way to defeats on all fronts in 1942. Hitler, who did not expect such a rebuff, was not prepared for such a development of events, since he intended to capture the USSR in a few months, according to the Barbarossa plan developed for him. In 1943, a massive offensive by the Soviet army began. In 1944, the pressure intensified, the Nazis had to retreat further and further. In 1945, the war finally moved to German territory. Despite the fact that the united troops were already approaching Berlin, Hitler sent disabled people and children to defend the city.
On April 30, 1945, Hitler and his mistress Eva Braun poisoned themselves with potassium cyanide in their bunker.
Attempts were made on Hitler's life several times. The first attempt took place in 1939, a bomb was planted under the podium; however, Adolf left the hall just minutes before the explosion. The second attempt was made by the conspirators on July 20, 1944, but it also failed; Hitler received significant injuries, but survived. All participants in the conspiracy, on his orders, were executed.
Main achievements of Adolf Hitler:
During his reign, despite the harshness of his policies and all kinds of racial oppression caused by Nazi beliefs, he was able to unite the German people, eliminated unemployment, stimulated industrial growth, brought the country out of crisis, and brought Germany to a leading position in the world in economic indicators . However, having started the war, famine reigned within the country, since almost all the food went to the army, food was issued on ration cards.
Chronology of important events from the biography of Adolf Hitler:
April 20, 1889 – Adolf Hitler was born.
1895 – enrolled in the first grade of school in the town of Fischlham.
1897 – studies at a school at a monastery in the town of Lambaha. Later expelled from it for smoking.
1900-1904 – studying at school in Linz.
1904-1905 – studying at the school in Steyr.
1907 - failed exams at the Vienna Academy of Art.
1908 - mother died.
1908-1913 - constant moving. Avoids the army.
1913 - moves to Munich.
1914 – Went to the front as volunteers. Receives the first award.
1919 - carries out agitation activities, becomes a member of the German Workers' Party.
1920 - completely devoted to the activities of the party.
1921 - becomes head of the German Workers' Party.
1923 – failed coup attempt, prison.
1927 - the first congress of the NSDAP.
1933 - Receives the powers of the Reich Chancellor.
1934 - “Night of the Long Knives”, massacre of Jews and Gypsies in Berlin.
1935 - Germany begins to build up its military power.
1939 - Hitler starts World War II by attacking Poland. Survives the first attempt on his life.
1941 – entry of troops into the USSR.
1943 - a massive offensive by Soviet troops and attacks by coalition troops in the West.
1944 - second attempt, as a result of which he is seriously injured.
April 29, 1945 – wedding with Eva Braun.
April 30, 1945 - Poisoned with potassium cyanide along with his wife in his Berlin bunker.
Interesting facts about Adolf Hitler:
He was a supporter of a healthy lifestyle and did not eat meat.
He considered excessive ease in communication and behavior unacceptable, so he demanded that manners be observed.
He suffered from so-called verminophobia. He protected sick people from himself and fanatically loved cleanliness.
Hitler read one book every day
Adolf Hitler's speeches were so fast that 2 stenographers could hardly keep up with him.
He was meticulous in composing his speeches and sometimes spent several hours improving them until he brought them to perfection.
In 2012, one of Adolf Hitler’s creations, the painting “Night Sea,” was auctioned for 32 thousand euros.
Artem
The most suspicious thing is that Adolf Aloizyevich visited Austria and the German regions of the Czech Republic without chewing. And he didn’t even make an attempt on Switzerland, which is all German.
Is it true that aliens have settled there?
Margarita
=))) no. just rich burghers who sponsored Hitler kept their money there
I’m more interested in why the local banks began to give money for safekeeping
Artem
because aliens have settled there, obviously
xxx: - I went to Triumphal Square to start a revolution!
- Where are you going, what about lessons?!
- Well maaaaa!
yyy: - Adolf! Adolf, get up, Adolf! The First World War has begun!
- Maaaaaam, I'm going to the second one.
Discussion of an Indian (!!!) film about the life of Adolf Hitler.
xxx: that’s what I imagine! Group dance of the Third Reich! The Soviet army enters Berlin singing and dancing! Captured Jews dance into the crematorium! And of course the final dance of Hitler, Stalin and Eva Braun with backup dancers of Soviet and German soldiers and captured burned Jews...
In Moldova, the patronymic is written as a given name, and sometimes there are people whose full name sounds like Anton Andrey Pavel. If you don't know the correct order, the first thing that comes to mind is "Who are all these people?" :)
wlasser:
went to xml.yandex. There is a game there as examples of use: Patronymic.
The idea is simple: you enter your first and last name, and Yandex will select your middle name based on the search results.
So, first of all, I entered myself (but I’m not famous and therefore Yandex could not give out my middle name), then I entered Vladimir Zhirinovsky, after which I saw what I expected: Volfovich.
Next I hit Steve Jobs...
Runet users believe that Steve Jobs has a fucking middle name.
uuu: you’re kind of sad. what happened?
xxx: I went to the library
uuu: mmm, and?
xxx: how TIRED it is to explain that KniGGe is not PendoFF-Albanian jargon, but the surname of the writer, whose full name is Adolf von Knigge. The librarian firmly assured that Adolf von was Hitler, and books were what was on the shelves of this establishment =(((
xxx: You should also quote Hitler. Napoleon is no better than Hitler
yyy: By the way, Hitler also has wise and reasonable sayings.
And Napoleon’s expressions were not taken out of thin air, these are the commandments of the military.
xxx: Their wisdom didn't help them win the war
yyy: And any rational wisdom in general historically breaks down on Russian reality
xxx
What's your middle name?
yyy
Which
xxx
in passport
yyy
Fatherland maybe you mean citizenship
xxx
surname
yyy
I don’t understand. For example, what it could be
xxx
last name, first name, fucking, and patronymic.
xxx
what's your father's name?
I read this true story somewhere or heard it from someone.
Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich, known as the “Iron Commissar”, after
After retirement I got into the habit of visiting the Lenin Library. And there in front
There was always a small queue at the book issuing desk. Lazar Moiseevich
everyone tried to get through without waiting in line - and, as a rule, they let him through.
And then one day Kaganovich comes to Leninka and sees that at the beginning
A tall, gray-haired man with an aquiline profile is standing in line. Well,
Lazar Moiseevich was delighted and - to him.
“Please let me through,” he says. “I’m Kaganovich!”
“You are Kaganovich, and I am Rabinovich,” the gray-haired man answered him and did not
missed it.
smi.marketgid.com
An agreement was found in Berlin that Adolf Hitler concluded with... Satan. The contract is dated April 30, 1932 and signed in blood by both parties. Hitler's political testament.
According to him, the devil gives Hitler virtually unlimited power on the condition that he will use it for evil. In exchange, the Fuhrer promised to give up his soul in exactly 13 years.
Four independent experts examined the document and agreed that Hitler’s signature is indeed authentic, typical of documents signed by him in the 30s and 40s
According to the Creed Portal, the devilish signature also coincides with that on other similar agreements with the lord of hell. And historians know a lot of such documents.
Subject surname first name patronymic
The most common surname Derevyannikov and such an unusual middle name Sirach
Nasrulovich.
When my wife applied for it the second time, she couldn’t stand it, he didn’t pay
I'm probably used to the attention.
At the institute, he and she Borshchev and Pokhlebkina on this topic of love and
upset.
The patronymic “Ikhtiandrovna” seems to be clear where it comes from, but where does the patronymic come from?
DURDYKLYCHEVICH!? I seriously asked him five times what his name was,
finally, spelled “Maxim DURDYKLYCHEVICH” (I won’t indicate the last name, in case
will read it :)).
I had an acquaintance, an older hiking comrade, named Adolf.
Russian, but was born during the period of friendship between Stalin’s Russia and Hitler’s
Germany. I suffered from this all my life, but I endured it philosophically. Through life
he traveled to many places, including working for some time at the design bureau
Queen. This was the preamble.
Adolf once said that he was appointed by the Queen to be in charge
for the development of the spacesuit. So, Adolf disliked some shot and
entrusted him with the development of a system for removing feces and urine.
Subsequently, that comrade became the Chief Designer (unfortunately, I
I forgot his last name).
Adolf laughed:
- My school! If I hadn’t put my comrade in jail then, he wouldn’t have been of any use
would!
Raftsman
A person who changed the course of history, for good or bad, it doesn’t matter, the main thing is that he changed. For millions of people, especially for those from the USSR, Adolf Hitler is a monster, a sadist and almost Satan himself, but for many residents of Germany he is the best thing that happened in their lives. At first glance, this seems paradoxical, but by comparing the position of Germany in which it was after the First World War and before the Second World War, one can understand those people who followed Hitler to conquer all of Europe. Where did this “monster” come from for some, and “savior” for others? The biography of Adolf Hitler is not particularly different from others.
Adolf was born on April 20, 1889 in the city of Braunau am Inn, Austria. His father, Alois Hitler, was a simple shoemaker, and his mother, Clara Schicklgruber, was a peasant woman. Later, my father began working in the customs service. Naturally, Adolf Hitler’s parents did not have any nationalist ideas, they were only interested in the immediate day, and they did not need any politics.
In 1905 Adolf Hitler graduated from school in Linz with incomplete secondary education. After school, Hitler tried to enter the Vienna Art School, but he failed.
In 1908 Adolf Hitler's mother died. After the death of his mother, Adolf moved to Vienna, where he lived without money - he lived in homeless shelters and worked part-time wherever possible.
Neither before school nor after graduation did Adolf Hitler’s parents pay attention to his political views, so it is not surprising that Adolf’s worldview was formed under the influence of a professor at the Lin School. It was thanks to the efforts of the professor that Adolf Hitler began to hate Slavic people and Jews.
In 1913 Adolf moves to Munich. In his new place, he continues to lead his meager lifestyle. In the first month of the war, Hitler volunteered for the army. His desire was noted by the leadership and he was promoted to corporal, and a little later he became a messenger at the headquarters of the Sixteenth Bavarian Reserve Regiment. During the entire War, Adolf Hitler was wounded twice and was awarded the Iron Cross of the 1st and 2nd degrees for his service. After the war, Adolf Hitler outlined his ideas and thoughts in the book “My Struggle”.
In 1923 A crisis began in Germany, an active political struggle began, into which Hitler also got involved. November 8, 1923 Adolf spoke at a rally in a Munich beer hall, where he called for the overthrow of the government. He was supported by the majority of Bavarian officials. November 9, 1923 Hitler led his comrades to the Feldgerenhala, and naturally, the military opened fire on them, which led to the escape of the Nazis. This incident went down in history as the “Beer Hall Putsch.”
In 1932 Hitler had a mistress, Eva Braun, who later became his wife (April 29, 1945). Hitler was not a monogamist, therefore, it is not surprising that before Eva he had a lot of other women. True, for women, these relationships with Hitler were usually the last in their lives; Gestapo employees physically destroyed the Fuhrer’s former mistresses so as not to tarnish his reputation.
1933 On January 31, Adolf Hitler was appointed Prime Minister of Germany (Reich Chancellor). As soon as the Fuhrer came to power, he showed everyone that he did not intend to take anyone into account. In order to begin the “unification” of Germany, Hitler set fire to the Reichstag. Subsequently, using this arson as a pretext to eliminate political parties. As a result of such manipulation, Adolf Hitler achieved complete sole power - there was simply no one left in the political arena to compete with him. Immediately after the destruction of his opponents, Hitler began to exterminate people who were not true Germans, especially the Jews.
Naturally, the common people did not like this, and Hitler clearly understood this, so he took a number of actions aimed at improving the condition of ordinary citizens of the country. The first and most important thing Hitler did was eliminate unemployment. Adolf Hitler's next goal was revenge for his loss in the First World War. To achieve his goal, Hitler violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which limited the size of the German army and its military industry. The revival of German power began.
The first victims of Hitler's plan were Czechoslovakia and Austria. After their fall, Adolf Hitler received Joseph Stalin's consent to invade Poland.
1939 Hitler began to take over Poland. The Second World War began. Until 1941 Germany was doing well - Hitler managed to capture almost the entire western territory of the continent. June 22, 1941 Adolf Hitler broke the treaty with Stalin and attacked the USSR. The first year of the Soviet Union's losses were terrible - the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova were occupied. At the end of 1944. Soviet troops managed to turn the tide of the war, and German troops began to suffer one defeat after another. In 1944 the entire territory of the USSR was liberated from the invaders. The war was nearing its end, the action moved to German territory, and a second front opened thanks to Anglo-American troops landing on the coast of France. Hitler began to realize that the war was lost. April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide with his wife Eva Braun.
Now many people believe that Hitler staged his murder and fled Germany. Whether this is true or not, no one will ever know.
Hitler Adolf Hitler Adolf
(Hitler), real name Schicklgruber (1889-1945), Fuhrer (leader) of the National Socialist Party (since 1921), head of the German fascist state (in 1933 he became Reich Chancellor, in 1934 he combined this post and the post of president). Established a regime of fascist terror in Germany. Direct initiator of the outbreak of World War 2, the treacherous attack on the USSR (June 1941). One of the main organizers of the mass extermination of prisoners of war and civilians in the occupied territory. With the entry of Soviet troops into Berlin, he committed suicide. At the Nuremberg trials he was recognized as the main Nazi war criminal.
HITLER AdolfHITLER (Hitler) Adolf (April 20, 1889, Braunau am Inn, Austria - April 30, 1945, Berlin), Fuhrer and Imperial Chancellor of Germany (1933-1945).
Youth. World War I
Hitler was born into the family of an Austrian customs official, who until 1876 bore the surname Schicklgruber (hence the opinion that this was Hitler's real surname). At the age of 16, Hitler graduated from a real school in Linz, which did not provide a complete secondary education. Attempts to enter the Vienna Academy of Art were unsuccessful. After the death of his mother (1908), Hitler moved to Vienna, where he lived in homeless shelters and did odd jobs. During this period, he managed to sell several of his watercolors, which gave him grounds to call himself an artist. His views were formed under the influence of the extreme nationalist Linz professor Petsch and the famous anti-Semite Lord Mayor of Vienna K. Lueger. Hitler felt hostility towards the Slavs (especially the Czechs) and hatred towards the Jews. He believed in the greatness and special mission of the German nation. On the eve of the First World War, Hitler moved to Munich, where he led his old lifestyle. In the first years of the war, he volunteered for the German army. He served as a private, then as a corporal, and took part in combat operations. He was wounded twice and awarded the Iron Cross.
Leader of the NSDAP
Defeat in the war of the German Empire and the November Revolution of 1918 (cm. NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918 in Germany) Hitler perceived it as a personal tragedy. Weimar Republic (cm. WEIMAR REPUBLIC) considered the product of traitors who “stabbed in the back” the German army. At the end of 1918 he returned to Munich and joined the Reichswehr (cm. REICHSWERH). On behalf of the command, he was engaged in collecting compromising material on participants in the revolutionary events in Munich. On the recommendation of Captain E. Rehm (cm. REM Ernst)(who became Hitler's closest ally) became part of the Munich right-wing radical organization - the so-called. German Workers' Party. Quickly ousting its founders from the leadership of the party, he became the sovereign leader - the Fuhrer. On Hitler's initiative, in 1919 the party adopted a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (in German transcription NSDAP). In German journalism of that time, the party was ironically called “Nazi” and its supporters “Nazis.” This name stuck with the NSDAP.
Software installations of Nazism
The basic ideas of Hitler that had emerged by this time were reflected in the NSDAP program (25 points), the core of which was the following demands: 1) restoration of the power of Germany by uniting all Germans under a single state roof; 2) assertion of the dominance of the German Empire in Europe, mainly in the east of the continent - in the Slavic lands; 3) cleansing German territory from the “foreigners” littering it, especially Jews; 4) liquidation of the rotten parliamentary regime, replacing it with a vertical hierarchy corresponding to the German spirit, in which the will of the people is personified in a leader endowed with absolute power; 5) liberation of the people from the dictates of global financial capital and full support for small and handicraft production, creativity of persons of liberal professions. These ideas were outlined in Hitler’s autobiographical book “My Struggle” (Hitler A. Mein Kampf. Muenchen., 1933).
"Beer putsch"
By the beginning of the 1920s. The NSDAP has become one of the most prominent right-wing extremist organizations in Bavaria. E. Rehm stood at the head of the assault troops (German abbreviation SA) (cm. REM Ernst). Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria. By the end of 1923, the crisis in Germany worsened. In Bavaria, supporters of the overthrow of the parliamentary government and the establishment of a dictatorship grouped around the head of the Bavarian administration, von Kahr; an active role in the coup was assigned to Hitler and his party.
On November 8, 1923, Hitler, speaking at a rally in the Munich beer hall "Bürgerbraukeler", proclaimed the beginning of a national revolution and announced the overthrow of the government of traitors in Berlin. Top Bavarian officials, led by von Kahr, joined in this statement. At night, NSDAP assault troops began to occupy administrative buildings in Munich. However, soon von Kar and his entourage decided to compromise with the center. When Hitler led his supporters into the central square on November 9 and led them to the Feldgerenhala, Reichswehr units opened fire on them. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters fled the streets. This episode went down in German history under the name “Beer Hall Putsch.” In February - March 1924, the trial of the leaders of the coup took place. Only Hitler and several of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler to 5 years in prison, but after 9 months he was released.
Reich Chancellor
During the absence of the leader, the party disintegrated. Hitler had to practically start all over again. Rem provided him with great help, beginning the restoration of the assault troops. However, a decisive role in the Revival of the NSDAP was played by Gregor Strasser, the leader of right-wing extremist movements in Northern and Northwestern Germany. By bringing them into the ranks of the NSDAP, he helped transform the party from a regional (Bavarian) into a national political force.
Meanwhile, Hitler was looking for support at the all-German level. He managed to win the trust of the generals, as well as establish contacts with industrial magnates. When parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1932 brought the Nazis a significant increase in the number of parliamentary mandates, the ruling circles of the country began to seriously consider the NSDAP as a possible participant in government combinations. An attempt was made to remove Hitler from the leadership of the party and rely on Strasser. However, Hitler managed to quickly isolate his associate and close friend and deprive him of all influence in the party. In the end, the German leadership decided to give Hitler the main administrative and political post, surrounding him (just in case) with guardians from traditional conservative parties. January 31, 1933 President Hindenburg (cm. HINDENBURG Paul) appointed Hitler as Reich Chancellor (Prime Minister of Germany).
Already in the first months of his stay in power, Hitler demonstrated that he did not intend to take into account restrictions, no matter who they came from. Using the Nazi-organized arson of the parliament building (Reichstag) as a pretext (cm. REICHSTAG)), he began the wholesale “unification” of Germany. First the communist and then the social democratic parties were banned. A number of parties were forced to dissolve themselves. Trade unions were liquidated, the property of which was transferred to the Nazi labor front. Opponents of the new government were sent to concentration camps without trial or investigation. Mass persecution of “foreigners” began, culminating a few years later in Operation Endleuzung. (cm. HOLOCAUST (author Yu. Graf))(Final Solution), aimed at the physical destruction of the entire Jewish population.
Hitler's personal (real and potential) rivals in the party (and outside it) did not escape repression. On June 30, he took a personal part in the destruction of SA leaders who were suspected of disloyalty to the Fuhrer. The first victim of this massacre was Hitler's longtime ally, Rehm. Strasser, von Kahr, former Reich Chancellor General Schleicher and other figures were physically destroyed. Hitler acquired absolute power over Germany.
The Second World War
To strengthen the mass base of his regime, Hitler carried out a number of measures designed to gain popular support. Unemployment was sharply reduced and then eliminated. Large-scale humanitarian aid campaigns have been launched for people in need. Mass, cultural and sports celebrations, etc. were encouraged. However, the basis of the policy of the Hitler regime was preparation for revenge for the lost First World War. For this purpose, industry was reconstructed, large-scale construction began, and strategic reserves were created. In the spirit of revenge, propaganda indoctrination of the population was carried out. Hitler committed gross violations of the Treaty of Versailles (cm. TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919), which limited Germany's war efforts. The small Reichswehr was transformed into a million-strong Wehrmacht (cm. VERMACHT), tank troops and military aviation were restored. The status of the demilitarized Rhine Zone was abolished. With the connivance of the leading European powers, Czechoslovakia was dismembered, the Czech Republic was absorbed, and Austria was annexed. Having secured Stalin's approval, Hitler sent his troops into Poland. In 1939, World War II began. Having achieved success in military operations against France and England and having conquered almost the entire western part of the continent, in 1941 Hitler turned his troops against the Soviet Union. The defeats of the Soviet troops at the first stage of the Soviet-German war led to the occupation by Hitler's troops of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and part of Russia. A brutal occupation regime was established in the occupied territories, which killed many millions of people. However, from the end of 1942, Hitler’s armies began to suffer defeats. In 1944, Soviet territory was liberated from occupation, and fighting approached the German borders. Hitler's troops were forced to retreat in the west as a result of the offensive of the Anglo-American divisions that landed in Italy and on the coast of France.
In 1944, a conspiracy was organized against Hitler, the purpose of which was his physical elimination and the conclusion of peace with the advancing Allied forces. The Fuhrer was aware that the complete defeat of Germany was inevitably approaching. On April 30, 1945, in besieged Berlin, Hitler, together with his partner Eva Braun (whom he had married the day before), committed suicide.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
See what “Hitler Adolf” is in other dictionaries:
- (Hitler) (April 20, 1889, Braunau am Inn, Austria April 30, 1945, Berlin) Fuhrer and Imperial Chancellor of Germany (1933 1945). The organizer of the Second World War, the personification of Nazism, fascism of the 21st century, totalitarianism, including ideological,... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Hitler Adolf- (Hitler, Adolf) (1889 1945), German, dictator. Genus. in Austria in the family of Alois Hitler and his wife Clara Pölzl. In the beginning. During the 1st World War he volunteered for the Bavarian army, became a corporal (corporal), and was twice awarded the Iron Cross for... ... The World History
The request for "Hitler" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Adolf Hitler is mute. Adolf Hitler ... Wikipedia
Hitler (Hitler) [real name Schicklgruber] Adolf (20.4.1889, Braunau, Austria, 30.4.1945, Berlin), leader of the German fascist (National Socialist) party, head of the German fascist state (1933 45), chief... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia