Signs of an offer.

• 1. Has a grammatical basis.
• 2. Is a statement about the subject of speech.
• 3. Is a unit of communication.
• 4. Has intonation completeness.

Types of offers

Depending on the structure, purpose of the utterance, emotional coloring, completeness of the grammatical basis and the presence of minor members, sentences can be simple and complex, narrative, interrogative and motivating, exclamatory and non-exclamatory, two-part and one-part, common and non-common:

According to the purpose of the statement, proposals are divided into:

narrative (the goal is to convey information);

interrogative (the purpose is to ask a question);

incentive (goal - to motivate, call to action).

What sentences are called interrogative and what function do they perform in Russian?

Interrogative sentences are sentences in which the speaker’s desire to find out something or verify something is expressed using special linguistic means. Interrogative sentences thus inform what the speaker wants to know. The nature of the information sought can be very different: it can be information about an individual ( Who is there Now talked?), about the place of action ( You was on piers?), about the goal ( For what This to him needed?), about the situation as a whole ( What-someday I forgot?; Eat at you time?).

From the point of view of the nature of the expected answer, interrogative sentences are heterogeneous: the answer can confirm or deny the truth of something. (- Tomorrow you can co to me come? answer: - Yes or - No), or provide new information about smth. ( Who This? - a response containing a new message, new information is expected).

Interrogative sentences often have a subjective modal coloring. They may express an assumption ( Again we will meet whom-someday?), uncertainty ( You How like snakes you sympathize? Prishv.) and other meanings. In relation to subjective-modal meanings, interrogative sentences show selectivity: some such meanings are possible in all types of interrogative sentences, others - only in some of them.

A question can also be combined with those meanings that are usually expressed by non-interrogative sentences. So, question After all You home you're coming? contains an assertion element; question Milk Not sell whether, hostess? (Tendr.) contains a request; question Why would Not recall more often about this experience? (gas.) contains advice.

Note. In some cases, the boundary between a question and a statement is unclear, and the sentence appears as a half-question and half-statement: So You after all love write V newspapers? (Soloukh.); You How as if before Not said about her?; What-That friend surname?

In expressing interrogativeness, the main role belongs to intonation and interrogative particles whether, Not whether, What, What same, How, What whether, isn't it, really, What If, A, Yes, Truth, Not Truth whether, So, So after all, Not So whether, right, interrogative pronominal words Who, What, Which, what, whose, which, How many, How, Where, Where, where, as far as, When, Why, from what, For what, how much. With the help of these means, any non-interrogative sentence can become a question or a question.

In the dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal The following classification of types of interrogative sentences is proposed:

• 1) actual interrogative sentences;
• 2) sentences that do not contain a question, but have an interrogative form:
  • a) interrogative and rhetorical;
  • b) interrogative and motivating;
  • c) interrogative-negative;
  • d) interrogative-affirmative.

Actually, interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory answer. (Tell me, does my uniform fit me well?)

A peculiar variety of interrogative sentences, close to interrogative ones themselves, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such sentences are called interrogative-affirmative: So are you going?

Interrogative sentences can contain a negation of what is being asked; these are interrogative-negative sentences: What might you like here? It doesn't seem particularly pleasant ;And if he spoke... What new can he tell?

Interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative ones, since they have a transitional nature - from a question to a message.

Interrogative sentences contain an incentive to action expressed through a question. For example: So, maybe our wonderful poet will continue the interrupted reading?;Shouldn't we talk about business first? ; - So will you give me Gogol? - asks Ivan Matveich.

Interrogative rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or a negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally charged speech. For example: I wanted to give myself every right not to spare him if fate had mercy on me. Who has not made such conditions with his conscience? Desires... What good is it to wish in vain and forever?; But who will penetrate into the depths of the seas and into the heart, where there is melancholy, but no passions?

Essentially, interrogative-rhetorical questions also include counter questions (answer in the form of a question): - Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha. - What kind of love do we have in our village? - Stepan answered and grinned.

Plug-in constructions can also take the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example: The prosecutor flies headlong into the library and - can you imagine? - does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions.

A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc. For example: How did you stop loving her? Don't you recognize me? And how could she let Kuragin do this?

Additional shades can be of an emotional nature, for example, a shade of negative expression: Are you deaf or what?; a shade of politeness (softening the question is usually achieved with the help of the particle not): Won't you come to me tomorrow? Wed: Will you come to me tomorrow?

Let's turn to the works of A.I. Kuprin and see whether the author uses interrogative sentences in his work, or makes do with narrative sentences alone.

Consider an excerpt from the children's story “Elephant”:

• - “Dear Nadya, my dear girl,” says my mother, “would you like anything?”
• - No, mom, I don’t want anything.
• - If you want, I’ll put all your dolls on your bed. We will supply an armchair, a sofa, a table and a tea set. The dolls will drink tea and talk about the weather and the health of their children.
• - Thank you, mom... I don't feel like it... I'm bored...
• - Well, okay, my girl, no need for dolls. Or maybe I should invite Katya or Zhenechka to come to you? You love them so much.
• - No need, mom. Really, it's not necessary. I don't want anything, nothing. I am so bored!
• - Would you like me to bring you some chocolate?

But the girl does not answer and looks at the ceiling with motionless, cheerless eyes. She doesn't have any pain and doesn't even have a fever. But she is losing weight and weakening every day. No matter what they do to her, she doesn’t care, and she doesn’t need anything.

She lies like that all days and whole nights, quiet, sad. Sometimes she dozes off for half an hour, but even in her dreams she sees something gray, long, boring, like autumn rain.

Obviously, there is a dialogue between a worried mother and a sick little girl. In this case, the mother asks questions, and the daughter answers them.

This situation could be described roughly as follows:

Mom asks her daughter if she needs anything, but she refuses everything.

But this sentence alone cannot convey all the feelings of a mother - worry, anxiety for her child, the desire to support her daughter, please her, make her happy. It is unlikely that readers would be interested in reading works that dryly present facts.

In this case, interrogative sentences play a huge role in creating the artistry of a work.

• -Darling Nadya, my dear girl, would you like anything?
• -A maybe I should invite Katya or Zhenechka to come to you?
• -Want, Shall I bring you some chocolate?

In the first sentence we see a clarification of the girl’s desire, a means of expressing clarification - the particle not...li, framing the word that requires clarification.

In the second case, it is also a clarification, but it is expressed differently - by an introductory construction May be.

In the third case, an offer to bring chocolate. Expressed by separating the verb Want.

All three sentences in this case belong to the actual interrogative type. This example shows that the structure of sentences of the same type can be different.

The following example from the same story:

But one morning the girl wakes up a little more cheerful than usual. She saw something in a dream, but she can’t remember what exactly, and looks long and carefully into her mother’s eyes.

- Do you need something? - asks mom.

But the girl suddenly remembers her dream and says in a whisper, as if in secret:

- Mom... can I... have an elephant? Just not the one drawn in the picture... Is it possible?

Consider the interrogative sentences from this passage:

• - Do you need something?
• - Mom... can I have... an elephant? Just not the one drawn in the picture... Is it possible?

In the case of mom’s question, everything is clear - this is again actually an interrogative sentence, requiring a positive or negative answer.

As for the girl’s words, they reveal indecision and fear of being rejected. This is evidenced by the double repetition of the word Can?

From what has been written above, we can conclude: sentences of the same type can have different subjective modal colors: the mother’s care and the daughter’s indecisiveness.

The following situation is from this story:

His wife looks at him worriedly.

• - Honey, are you okay? Do you have a headache? Maybe you didn't sleep well today?
• - “I didn’t sleep at all,” he replies angrily. “I see you want to ask if I’ve gone crazy?” Not yet. Goodbye! In the evening everything will be visible.

In the words of the wife, we hear concern for the health of her husband. Different syntactic structures of sentences of the same type allow the author to avoid tautology and more deeply convey the feelings of a woman.

“I see you want to ask if I’ve gone crazy?” Not yet.

This sentence is interrogative-affirmative. The husband asks if he correctly understands his wife’s questions about his health.

He is angry that he is considered crazy, and without waiting for his wife to answer, he answers his own question.

Let's move on to the meeting between the girl Nadya and the elephant:

The elephant carefully takes and shakes her thin fingers with his mobile strong finger and does it much more tenderly than Doctor Mikhail Petrovich. At the same time, the elephant shakes its head, and its small eyes are completely narrowed, as if laughing.

• - Surely he understands everything? - the girl asks the German.
• - Oh, absolutely everything, young lady!
• - But he's the only one who doesn't speak?
• - Yes, but he doesn't speak. You know, I also have one daughter, just as small as you. Her name is Liza. Tommy is a great, great friend of hers.
• - Have you, Tommy, already had tea? - the girl asks the elephant.

The elephant again stretches out its trunk and blows warm, strong breath right into the girl’s face, causing the light hairs on the girl’s head to fly in all directions.

Offer Surely he understands everything? is also interrogative-affirmative, the means of expression is an affirmative particle after all at the beginning of a sentence.

- But he just doesn’t say?

As in the previous case, here we see a question-statement. The girl guesses that the elephant is not talking, but asks to make sure of her guess.

Next sentence:

-Have you, Tommy, already had tea?

In this case, we again see the actual interrogative sentence. It contains an appeal to an elephant, from which the girl is waiting for an answer.

-And this, look, it’s an elephant!

It really doesn't look like it at all? Are elephants really that small, Tommy?

Here we again see an interrogative-affirmative sentence. In a word Truth the girl asks the elephant for support. The next sentence, on the contrary, is interrogative and negative. Means of expressing negation - particle really.

Let's look at another famous work by A.I. Kuprin - the story “White Poodle”.

First example:

Grandfather himself was aware of these shortcomings of his car and sometimes remarked jokingly, but with a tinge of secret sadness:

- What can you do?.. An ancient organ... a cold... If you play, the summer residents are offended: “Ugh, they say, what disgusting!” But the plays were very good, fashionable, but the current gentlemen do not adore our music at all. Now give them “Geisha”, “Under the Double-Headed Eagle”, from “The Bird Seller” - a waltz.

Again, these pipes...

Here we can see an example of a rhetorical question. Sounds The question is what can you do? But the answer to it is not provided by the author. In this phrase we can hear the old man’s resignation to fate and regret that nothing can be done.

Next example:

• - What are you doing, Seryozha? - asked the organ grinder.
• - It's hot, Grandpa Lodyzhkin... there's no patience! I'd like to take a swim...

The organ grinder asks a specific question to the boy, calling him by name. This is actually an interrogative sentence. Here are the words what are you doing? Used in the meaning What's happened? Subjective-modal coloring - concern for the boy.

Next conversation:

One paramedic I know told me: this salt has an effect on a person... it means, they say, it relaxes... It’s sea salt...

• - Lied, maybe? - Sergei noted doubtfully.
• - Well, there you go, he lied! Why should he lie? He's a respectable man, he doesn't drink... he has a house in Sevastopol. And then there’s nowhere to go down to the sea. Wait, we’ll get all the way to Miskhor, and there we’ll rinse our sinful bodies. Before dinner, it’s flattering to take a swim... and then, that means, get some sleep... and that’s a great thing...
• -Why should he lie? In this situation, this sentence is interrogative-negative, used in the meaning there is no need to lie to him. The type of sentence here can only be determined by context.

One more example:

- What a disgrace this is! - he wheezed in a strangled, frightened and at the same time, bossily angry whisper. - Who allowed? Who missed it? March! Out!..

Here we see two interrogative sentences, they are both rhetorical. Exclamations March! Out! exclude the possibility of answering questions. The intonation of these sentences allows us to understand the feelings of the author of the word - anger, rage.

• - That's what you... - the out of breath janitor began from afar. - Are you selling the dog? Well, no sweetness with the gentleman.
• - Are you selling the dog?

In this case we see an example of an interrogative-impellative sentence. The janitor simultaneously asks a question and insists on selling the dog; this phrase is a kind of request to meet the lady halfway.

The following example from the same work:

The heat of the day and the long journey exhausted the artists, who got up at first light today. Grandfather's eyes were drooping. Sergei yawned and stretched.

- What, brother, should we go to bed for a minute? - Grandfather asked.

In grandfather's words we see a question-statement. With this phrase, the grandfather invites the boy to rest, at the same time showing concern and consulting with him.

• - To the world... yes... of course... That's true, to the world... - Lodyzhkin repeated with a meaningless, bitter smile. But his eyes shifted awkwardly and embarrassedly. - To the world... yes... But this is what, Serezhenka... this matter does not work out... to the world...
• - How does this not work out? The law is the same for everyone. Why look them in the mouth? - the boy interrupted impatiently.

We find interrogative sentences:

- How does this not work out? Why look them in the mouth?

These are interrogative-negative sentences. In them, the boy expresses his disagreement with his grandfather’s words and his indignation at the fact that his grandfather is afraid to stand up for what is right.

- Serezhenka, my dear! - The old man extended his trembling hands to him. - Yes, if only I had a real passport, would I have noticed that they were generals?

Here we again see the interrogative-negative construction. The author of the words expresses disagreement with the arbitrariness of the authorities, but cannot do anything about it. Disagreement is intertwined with frustration at the lack of opportunity to correct the situation.

- Serezhenka, maybe Artoshka will run away from them? - Grandfather suddenly sobbed again. - A? What do you think, honey?

But the boy did not answer the old man. He walked ahead with large, firm steps. His eyes stubbornly looked down at the road, and his thin eyebrows moved angrily towards his nose.

In this situation, we observe the actual interrogative type of sentence. Grandfather turns to Seryozha and waits for an answer from him. Subjective-modal coloring - grandfather's hope for the return of the dog.

Let's look at another story - “The Lilac Bush”.

Finally, she spoke first, with the caution with which only women speak at the bedside of a loved one who is seriously ill...

- Kolya, how’s your work?.. Is it bad?

He shrugged his shoulders and did not answer.

- Kolya, was your plan rejected?

Here we see a woman’s direct appeal to her husband in order to find out how things are going at his work. These are actually interrogative sentences that convey a woman’s care for her husband and anxiety about him.

- Well, yes, well, yes, they rejected it, if you really want to know. Can't you see it yourself? Everything has gone to hell!

In his answer, the husband also uses an interrogative sentence, with which he confirms that his affairs are going badly. His words carry a negative emotional charge because he is disappointed and depressed.

• - What kind of stain, Kolya? - she asked again.
• - Ah, well, an ordinary stain, green paint.

The woman turns to her husband again. And again we see the use of the actual interrogative sentence. The repetition of the question emphasizes that she is not indifferent to the fate of her husband, and she wants in every possible way to find out what is the matter and help her husband cope with the problems.

I thought and thought about what to make of it now, and I decided to depict a bunch of trees in that place... It turned out very well, and it’s impossible to make out that there was a stain. I'll bring it to the professor today. “Yes, yes, yes. And where did you get the bushes here, lieutenant?” I would have to tell you exactly how it all happened. Well, maybe he would just laugh...

In this case, we can again observe the presence of an interrogative sentence. But here it serves as a narrative, because... The question is asked in the process of telling the essence of the problem to the wife.

• - But why does he say so confidently that there are no bushes there?
• - Oh, Lord, why? What, by God, childish questions are you asking?

In this situation, we see a phenomenon that often occurs in everyday life: answering a question with a question. The first interlocutor, in our case, the wife, asks her husband about the causes of the problem, to which he also responds with a question. This happens because he is irritated and finds it difficult to talk about his failures.

He looked at them, looked, and even tore off a leaf and chewed it.

"What kind of tree is this?" - asks. I say: “I don’t know, yours.” - "A birch tree, it must be?" - speaks. I answer: “It must be a birch tree, yours.”

Here is a dialogue between the professor and Nikolai. The professor asks questions, the interlocutor answers them. In the first case, we see the actual interrogative sentence, asked in order to obtain information about the name of the tree. In the second case, there is an interrogative-affirmative sentence, from which we understand that the professor is almost sure of the correctness of his assumption.

sentence interrogative artistry kuprin

(Wed other types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement: declarative sentence, incentive sentence). They differ:

A) proper interrogative sentence, to which a response is actually expected. How far do you live from here? (Turgenev);

b) interrogative sentence, containing a question to the interlocutor, from whom confirmation of what is said in the sentence is expected. But you have a cap on your head?(Bitter). Don't you understand that it's your own fault?(Bitter);

V) interrogative negative sentence, in which denial is expressed under the guise of a question. Is it possible not to love you?(Turgenev);

G) interrogative sentence, in which the motivation to action is expressed through a question. Why don't you ask me?(A. Ostrovsky);

d) interrogative rhetorical sentence, containing a statement or negation in the form of a question for which an answer is not expected. Who is not affected by novelty?(Chekhov). Based on the presence of interrogative pronouns or adverbs in a sentence, pronominal and non-pronominal interrogative sentences are distinguished. Who, under the stars and under the moon, rides a horse so late?(Pushkin). Is it a break?(Serafimovich).

Grammatical means of forming five interrogative sentences:

2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence). Is my horror understandable? (Gorky) (the word understandable is highlighted);

3) interrogative words (interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles). Which book do you like best?(M. Ostrovsky). Why can't I go?(L. Tolstoy). Was it a greeting or a reproach?(Turgenev). Did the swords really ring?(Yesenin). Isn't there another position for you?(Laptev).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what an “interrogative sentence” is in other dictionaries:

interrogative sentence- 1. A sentence containing a question 2. A syntactic unit classified depending on the purpose of the utterance. 3. A syntactic means of language used in various styles: scientific, colloquial, artistic, journalistic... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Interrogative sentence- sentences whose direct communicative purpose is to express the speaker’s desire to receive from the listener the necessary information, which the speaker himself does not possess, but, in his opinion, the listener does. Requiring a definition... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

This term has other meanings, see Sentence. A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation... ... Wikipedia

A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. (“Modern Russian language” by N. S. Valgina) ... Wikipedia

A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. (“Modern Russian language” by N. S. Valgina) ... Wikipedia

See interrogative sentence... Dictionary of linguistic terms

See interrogative sentence... Dictionary of linguistic terms

See interrogative sentence... Dictionary of linguistic terms

We've already talked. Let's talk about constructing interrogative sentences in English. The construction of interrogative sentences is a very important topic in English grammar. Wherever we live, our speech consists of questions and answers. Interrogative sentences, of course, in any language imply interrogative intonation. It is this means that serves to create questions in the Russian language. But in English, unfortunately, intonation alone cannot do it!

The purpose of an interrogative sentence is to obtain additional information from the interlocutor or confirmation/denial of the question itself.

• What did you begin to learn last year? — English. (What did you start studying last year? - English.)
• Do you like studying? − Yes, I do. (Do you like studying? - Yes.)

The interrogative sentence and the answer to it form a certain semantic and grammatical unity. The answer largely depends on the form of the interrogative sentence. Before you move on directly to constructing interrogative sentences, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that in the English language there are ready-made samples (types) of questions and answers to them. And the material presented below is a kind of introductory lesson before studying the following topics:

• Question about the subject and its definition in English

Five types of English questions

Interrogative sentences in English differ from declarative sentences in their construction. Most of them are characterized by inversion, that is, reverse word order (part of the predicate is placed before the subject, and not vice versa). In some cases, the auxiliary verb to do is used. In writing, at the end of all interrogative sentences, a special punctuation mark is placed - a question mark.

Questions expressed only by intonation in English (You were there yesterday?) are used only in familiar address.

Formation of interrogative sentences

According to the method of formation and construction, all interrogative sentences can be divided into three main types:

Type I (Inversion without auxiliary verb)

The predicate in an interrogative sentence contains verbs to be, to have (if they act as semantic verbs), modal verbs (can, must, should, may, ought) or auxiliary verbs (shall, will, should, would). Such questions are formed using inversion and do not require the use of the auxiliary verb to do. The semantic verb to be, to have, an auxiliary or modal verb is placed in first place before the subject, and the rest of the predicate remains in its place after the subject. In the case of the semantic verbs to be, to have (predicates) in the Present Simple and Past Simple, the subject will be immediately followed by the secondary members of the sentence (objects, circumstances). If there are several auxiliary verbs, then only the first one is taken out. When an interrogative sentence contains a question word, it is always placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Construction of interrogative sentences type I

Question word	Auxiliary, modal verb or verbs to be, to have	Subject	The rest of the predicate	Secondary members of the sentence
	Will	you	go	there tomorrow?
What	are	you	doing	here, George?
	Have	you	finished	your composition?
When	can	you	come?
	May	I	ask	do you have a question?
Where	are	you,		Mary?
	Have	you		any books on English literature?
	Is	your father		in Moscow?

1. When the predicate is expressed by the phrase there is/ are (was/ were), the verb to be is placed in front of the word there, and the subject remains after it.

• Is there any time left?
• Are there many songs in your playlist?
• Was there a meeting after the concert?

2. If the verb to have is part of a phrasal predicate (to have breakfast, to have a rest) or is used in a modal meaning, then an interrogative sentence is formed using the auxiliary verb to do according to type II.

• When do we have breakfast?
• What time do you have to be there?

In American English, the verb have in all cases forms interrogative sentences with the help of the verb to do.

• Do you have red pencils?
• (Compare with the British: Have you red pencils?)
• How many brothers do you have?
• (Compare with British: How many brothers have you?)

Type II (Use of auxiliary verb)

The predicate does not contain the verbs to be, to have, auxiliary, or modal verbs (except to have). Such interrogative sentences are formed using the auxiliary verb to do. In this case, the predicate is any semantic verb (except to be and to have) in the Present Simple or Past Simple. When forming interrogative sentences, the verb to do is used in the appropriate tense, person and number (in the Past Simple - did, in the Present Simple for the 3rd person singular - does, for the rest - do). It is placed before the subject, and the main verb in the infinitive form is placed after the subject. If there is a question word in a sentence, it takes place at the beginning of the sentence.

Construction of interrogative sentences type II

Example of a Type II Interrogative Sentence

Type III (direct word order)

The question word in a sentence is the subject (who, what) or its modifier. Such interrogative sentences are formed without inversion and without the auxiliary verb to do, regardless of the composition of the predicate. The question word, which serves as the subject, is followed by the predicate, and after it the rest of the sentence. That is, the direct word order is preserved.

Construction of interrogative sentences type III

I would like to note that this article presents generalized schemes for constructing questions in the English language. Based on the nature of the question and the required answer in the English language, it is customary to distinguish between five main types of questions, which were listed at the beginning of the article. Each type has a number of features, which are covered in the corresponding articles on our website. But, nevertheless, the tables proposed above can serve as a basis for constructing interrogative sentences in English. Have fun learning English! I wish you success!

How are the offers different? Of course, they can be simple or complex. They can even consist of one word. Every time we put words together, we make a sentence for a specific purpose and put a certain meaning into it. Thus, the sentence finds its own. According to this criterion, sentences are divided into narrative, incentive and interrogative. In addition, the proposals also have different emotional connotations. How is the purpose of the statement related to emotional coloring? Let's deal with everything in order.

Example of declarative sentences in Russian

Declarative sentences are used very often in everyday speech. They talk about something, simply When a person shares some events that happened, during the story he makes up narrative sentences. In writing they usually end with a period. But other punctuation marks are also possible, but more on that in another paragraph. Let's look at an example of declarative sentences:

We were in Park. The day was sunny and warm. We bought ice cream and walked along the shady alleys.

From this example of narrative sentences, it is clear that this type is used to talk about some events and facts. Such sentences are often found in everyday speech and in literature. Once you open any work of fiction, you will find many examples of declarative sentences.

Incentive

Incentive sentences are used when you need to ask for something or even order something. That is, to induce the listener to take some action. Examples:

Please bring me some water. Call me when you arrive. Do it immediately!

Interrogative sentences

This is the third and final type of sentence based on the purpose of the statement. Already from the name it is clear that interrogative sentences are used when you need to ask about something or get certain information. Examples:

How much does it cost? When is the best time for me to call? How many apples should I buy?

This type of sentence ends with a question mark.

However, it does not always express a direct question that requires an answer. This category also includes rhetorical questions that are asked with a bit of irony and do not require an answer.

Suggestions for emotional coloring

According to this criterion, sentences are divided into two types: exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

At the end of exclamatory sentences on the letter it is placed. It shows that when reading it is necessary to put certain emotions, greater expressiveness and brightness into the voice.

Non-exclamatory sentences imply that the phrase does not have any obvious emotional connotation. Such sentences are pronounced quite calmly and neutrally. And most often they end with a period.

It is worth noting that all types of sentences depending on the purpose of the statement can be exclamatory in their emotional connotation.

Exclamation marks

Sentences with different purposes can also express different emotions. Consider an example of a declarative exclamatory sentence:

Today was such a good day!

There is an exclamation point at the end of this sentence. It becomes clear that when reading aloud, certain emotions need to be invested in this phrase. And since this sentence tells about some event, it must be classified as a narrative sentence. If there was a period at the end of the sentence, it would be non-exclamatory and would be pronounced with a more neutral intonation:

Today was such a good day.

A sentence acquires a certain emotional connotation not only thanks to the exclamation mark, but also thanks to certain vocabulary. For example, the use of interjections, certain types of adjectives and adverbs adds more emotion. Compare:

Today is a good day./Ah, today is just a delightful day!

An incentive sentence can also be an exclamation. Compare:

Please bring me a book./Bring me water quickly!

In this case, certain vocabulary can also add emotional overtones. Also, the tone of the statement itself matters. A simple request sounds more neutral than an order.

And, of course, an interrogative sentence can also be an exclamation point. Example:

Will I have time?/Well, how can I manage everything?!

In this case, vocabulary also plays a significant role. Moreover, it is worth noting that in interrogative sentences the exclamation mark is placed after the question mark, because the sentence, first of all, expresses a certain question.

Let's summarize briefly. Sentences according to the purpose of the statement are divided into three types. In terms of emotional coloring - two. Using examples of narrative, imperative and interrogative sentences, it became clear that emotional coloring depends on the choice of vocabulary and certain punctuation marks. All types of sentences, according to their purpose of expression, can be either exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

Classification of interrogative sentences

The existing classifications of interrogative sentences are based on the desire to distinguish, first of all, sentences that are interrogative in form and in communicative task, i.e. prompting an answer, on the one hand, and sentences in which the interrogative form does not correspond to the content, on the other.

So, I.P. Raspopov distinguished between interrogative sentences in the full sense and sentences that are only superficially similar to interrogatives, but essentially have an emotional-evaluative declarative meaning (What kind of habit do you have - quitting what you’re doing and going to complain?). The scientist called this kind of sentence quasi-interrogative.

Among interrogative sentences in the full sense of I.P. Raspopov identified three types: 1) proper interrogative sentences, 2) affirmative interrogative sentences, 3) presumptive interrogative sentences.

Proper interrogative sentences express a question that requires in the answer a specific name of some “details” of the designated event unknown to the speaker (in the broad sense of the word). They are built exclusively on the basis of syntactic structures that include interrogative pronominal words, which serve directly to indicate exactly what “details” of the event the speaker is interested in. For example:

What do you want to do? - she asked, interrupting his speech. - Learn, and then teach others.

Where did Tatyana send you this morning? - To pharmacy.

Certifying-interrogative sentences express a question that requires an answer only to affirm or deny what is being communicated. They can be general or private. The first ones include special identifying words and are built, as a rule, on the basis of complex syntactic constructions such as is it true (is it true), that..., is it true (is it true), that..., etc.: At the door he paused, thought, asked in a low voice: “Is it true that your husband will return by next winter?”; “Tell me, comrade captain,” asked the Red Army soldier, “is it true that we signed a pact with Germany?” Also, the composition of identification-interrogative sentences may include particles whether, perhaps, or really.

Certifying-interrogative sentences of a private nature are usually built on the basis of simple syntactic constructions of the same lexical and grammatical composition as declarative ones. Moreover, they acquire the corresponding meaning in those cases when the essence of the question is expressed in them by a verbal predicate or any grammatical member, the function of which is a word that has an antonymic pair in the lexical system of the language (possible - impossible, difficult - easy, good - bad, etc.). P.). For example:

Will you come to play checkers in the evening? - I’ll come;

Is the station coming soon, coachman? - Not soon yet...

Responses to affirmative-interrogative sentences turn out to be quite diverse in speech reality. But in principle, all of them can be reduced to words-sentences Yes - No, which fully exhaust the meaning of any answer to an authentication question.

In presumptive interrogative sentences, a question about the “details” of an event unknown to the speaker is combined with an expected answer, which can either be confirmed by the interlocutor, or rejected and replaced by another that corresponds to reality.

Like affirmative-interrogative sentences, these sentences are built on the basis of syntactic constructions that coincide in their lexical and grammatical composition with narrative ones. But, unlike the first ones, the essence of the question is expressed in them by a word that is lexically opposed not to one, but to a whole series of thematically homogeneous words with different real (denotative) content. For example:

Are you hinting at me? - God forbid...

Are we talking about celestial mechanics? - You guessed it.

As responses to presumptive interrogative sentences, as in cases with authentication questions, sentence words Yes and No can be used. However, if Yes, confirming the correctness of the assumption expressed by the speaker, is quite enough to satisfy his need for certain knowledge, then No meets this need only partially and therefore is usually supplemented by a more meaningful answer from Raspopov I.P. Interrogative sentences // Russian language at school. 1958. No. 1. P. 73-75..

In the “Dictionary of Linguistic Terms” by D.E. Rosenthal and M.A. Telenkova distinguishes several types of interrogative sentences:

a) a proper interrogative sentence, to which the answer is actually expected: How far do you live from here?;

b) an interrogative-affirmative sentence containing a question to the interlocutor, from whom confirmation of what is said in the sentence is expected: But you have a cap on your head?; Don't you understand that you yourself are to blame?;

c) an interrogative-negative sentence, in which a negation is expressed under the guise of a question: Is it possible to stop halfway?;

d) an interrogative-motivating sentence, in which the impulse to action is expressed through a question: Why don’t you ask me?;

e) an interrogative-rhetorical sentence containing an affirmation or negation in the form of a question to which an answer is not expected: Who is not affected by novelty? Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. M., 1976. P. 127..

Other classifications of interrogative sentences are known in linguistic science.

So, A.N. Gvozdev in “Essays on the Stylistics of the Russian Language” identifies two groups of interrogative sentences, opposite in nature of the expected answer.

1. Interrogative sentences that do not have question words and differ from declarative ones only in intonation or an interrogative particle: Have you read the book? Has he finished the translation? Has the secretary arrived? Such sentences imply only one of two answers (Yes or No), that is, we are talking about the relationship of the expressed thought to reality. (Such questions were later called modal.)

2. Interrogative sentences in which the speaker does not know certain elements of the thought he is interested in; it is important for him to know the person or object, their qualities, place, time, reason, purpose of action, etc. In these cases, interrogative sentences include interrogative words that act as members of the sentence (who, what, when, why, where, why, etc.): Who opened the window? How to get to the station? Who did you visit?

A special place in the classification of A.N. Gvozdev asks a rhetorical question. According to the scientist’s definition, it is a categorical, usually emotionally charged statement, only having the grammatical form of a question Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1965. P. 89..

In the textbook “Modern Russian Literary Language” A.N. Gvozdev also distinguishes between two main types of interrogative sentences - only on different grounds: in relation to the speaker’s attitude towards the participants in verbal communication and the different functions associated with this. He highlights:

1) sentences in which the speaker addresses the interlocutor to receive confirmation or denial of the thought he has expressed. The question in them is expressed mainly by intonation, sometimes interrogative particles are used: whether, really, what, how, after all;

2) sentences showing that the speaker does not know the elements of the thought he has expressed, and he wants to clarify them in the dialogue. Such sentences use question words who, what, which, where, when, etc.

As a special category of A.N. Gvozdev considers an indirect question. It is expressed by a subordinate clause and conveys the content of the question posed by someone. The form resembles a direct question. It is introduced into the sentence using relative pronouns, pronominal adverbs, or particles: He asked to find out who would go to Moscow Gvozdev A.N. Modern Russian literary language. Part II. Syntax. Textbook for faculty students. rus. language or T. ped. Inst. Ed. 4th. M., 1973. S. 47-49. .

I.B. Shatunovsky discovers three main types of complete questions in the Russian language: 1) complete (general) dictal-modal questions, 2) complete modal questions, 3) complete (general) explicative questions, or complete presuppositional questions. The difference in the use of complete modal and complete modal-dictal questions comes down to the opposition of the familiarity and givenness of the circumstances of the communicative situation in the first case and their unknownness and novelty in the second. Assumption questions are a kind of continuation, development of full dictal questions. They are used in situations where it is known that something is happening, and it is known that it is unknown what exactly is happening Shatunovsky I.B. Basic communicative types of complete (general) questions in the Russian language // Russian language: crossing borders. Dubna, 2001. pp. 46-47..

In the textbook “Modern Russian Literary Language” edited by P.A. Lekant says the following about the types of interrogative sentences: “Not every sentence that is interrogative in form contains a question. Therefore, interrogative sentences, according to the purposefulness of the statement, are divided into interrogative sentences themselves and into sentences that do not contain a question, but have an interrogative form, which, in turn, can be divided into 4 groups: interrogative-rhetorical, interrogative-motivating, interrogative-negative, interrogative -affirmative.

Actually, interrogative sentences, according to the way the question is expressed, are divided into non-pronominal and pronominal." Modern Russian literary language: New edition. Textbook / P.A. Lekant, L.L. Kasatkin, E.V. Klobukov and others; Under. ed. P.A. Lekanta. M., 2009. P. 21. .

N.S. Valgina in the textbook “Syntax of the Modern Russian Language” writes: “Interrogative sentences are divided into actual interrogative, interrogative-motivative and interrogative-rhetorical” Valgina N.S. Syntax of the modern Russian language: Textbook. for universities. 3rd ed., rev. M., 1991. P. 75..

Actually interrogative sentences N.S. Valgina names those that require a mandatory answer: Tell me, does my uniform fit well? (Lermontov).

Close to the actual interrogative variety of interrogative sentences are those that require only confirmation of what is stated in the question. Such sentences are called interrogative-affirmative: So, to Moscow now? (Chekhov).

Interrogative-negative N.S. Valgina names sentences that contain a negation of what is being asked: What could you like here? It doesn't seem particularly pleasant (Block).

She combines interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences into one group of interrogative-narrative ones, since they have a transitional nature - from a question to a message.

The next type of interrogative sentences identified by N.S. Valgina, - interrogative and motivating. They encourage action by asking: Shouldn't we talk about business first? (Chekhov).

She also includes interrogative-rhetorical sentences as interrogative sentences - sentences that do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself, and contain an affirmation or denial of something. They are one of the stylistic means and are often used in fiction to convey emotionally charged speech: Desires... What is the use of wishing in vain and forever? (Lermontov).

N.S. Valgina also says that a question in an interrogative sentence can be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature: uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc., which are expressed in sentences both with the help of intonation and with the help of interrogative particles. For example, a softening of the question is achieved using the particle not (Won't you come to me?).

These additional shades give interrogative sentences greater emotionality and expressiveness, which is often used in literary texts to give it expressiveness and brightness. For example: What, did you stop loving her? (Lermontov); Don't you recognize me? (Pushkin); And how could she let Kuragin do this? (L. Tolstoy).

In our work, we will adhere to the classification proposed by the authors of Russian Grammar, since it is based on several criteria by which interrogative sentences are characterized, and therefore allows us to consider the structures being studied from different angles. Of course, this work summarizes all previously proposed classifications of interrogative sentences.

In "Russian Grammar" the functional-semantic types of interrogative sentences are distinguished, first of all, on the basis of the functions of these units - primary or secondary. Russian Grammar: In 2 volumes. Vol. 2: Syntax. M., 1980. S. 394-396..

Interrogative sentences in their primary functions are aimed at obtaining information and require a mandatory answer. They are classified along several lines.

1. Interrogative sentences are divided into general interrogatives and private interrogatives. This distinction depends on the nature and extent of the information to be obtained. General interrogative sentences contain a question about the situation as a whole: (What should I do?; What happened?), private interrogative sentences - about a specific action, figure, signs, circumstances (Did you do this?; How did you get here?; What songs does she sing? ).

2. The next line of classification is the degree of awareness of the speaker about what is being asked. This criterion allows us to divide interrogative sentences into 3 groups:

· actual interrogatives, which reflect the speaker’s complete ignorance of this issue (Is there another road here?; Who was here?);

· vague interrogatives, which contain a question with a hint of guesswork, uncertainty, doubt (Aren’t you waiting for me?; Do you seem upset about something?);

· ascertaining-interrogative, in which a question is combined with a statement (So, I was not mistaken?; After all, you already have a ticket?).

3. Depending on the expected answer to the question asked, proposals are divided into 2 groups:

· sentences that require a confirmation answer or a negation answer, that is, containing a question about the correspondence or non-compliance of the content of the message with reality (Are you okay here?);

· sentences that require not a monosyllabic answer, but the communication of certain information about what is being asked (What color do you prefer?).

Two groups of structures occupy a special position among the proposals of these categories:

1) with the words a lot, little, close, far, long ago, soon, long, etc. In some cases they require a confirmation/denial answer, in others - specific information (Wed: Have you known him for a long time? - Yes; A lot need to write? - 8 pages);

2) with pronominal words expressing concern or fear for something. They are a question-thought, a question about the future. Such questions are often asked to oneself: Something in Kyiv? Where are our fronts? Are Petliura and Denikin far away? - We don’t know anything (Gaidar).

All interrogative sentences that perform primary functions are characterized according to each of the criteria given above.

Questions in secondary functions are not related to the search for information and do not require an answer, since they are used instead of sentences of other communicative types - narrative (if they are aimed at conveying expressively colored information) or incentive (if they contain an incentive to action). Thus, they are interrogative only in form. Among them are:

1) a question that contains a confident statement of something, while emphasizing the categoricalness, expediency, and regularity of this statement (Isn’t this beauty?);

2) so-called rhetorical questions, which involve denial. They emphasize the impossibility or uselessness of the situation being discussed (Can a madman be taught? - Gorky);

3) a sentence in which the previous remark is repeated, complicated by a hint of surprise, bewilderment, etc., otherwise - a question of clarification (What do you want? - What do I want?... I don’t know - Gorky);

4) question - an incentive to action or to stop it, otherwise - interrogative-motivating sentences (Why are you silent? Answer!; Will you eventually give up your music? - Fedin);

5) a question that expresses the speaker’s reaction, assessment, attitude, state (Are you laughing at me?);

6) a question designed to activate the attention and interest of the interlocutor (And what would you think? My friend owed his place to this, one might say, brilliant phrase - Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Please note that there is no unanimity in the names of the types of interrogative sentences, i.e. The terminology in this area has not yet been established. Based on the concept proposed in “Russian Grammar”, we will use the terms in the meaning given to them in this work.