Symbols of the Mozhaisky Academy

Mozhaisky Academy is a military university in St. Petersburg, serious and very popular among applicants. Its distinctive feature is that it trains personnel primarily for the aerospace forces. But other branches of the military and law enforcement agencies also draw personnel reserves from these walls.

Is it worth targeting Mozhaika? Let's figure it out.

In this article I will not describe the official regalia of the Academy, the number of students and teachers, or faculties. You can find all this yourself on the official website. I’m interested in something else: is it worth enrolling in Mozhaika at all, the pros and cons of this decision.

So, they are waiting for you:

High competition

To put it simply, consider that for any faculty there is competition for approximately 2 people per place, a little more or less.

Competition in Mozhaika:

• For girls - 10 people per place
• for boys 1.5 - 3.5 (on average 2) people per place.

Please note: among girls the competition is limited to 10 people per place. And every year more and more girls come to the entrance examinations.

Which faculty has the biggest competition?

Oddly enough, to the Faculty of Secondary Professional Education (3.5 people per place). SPO is a faculty of secondary vocational education, with a training period of 2 years and 10 months. As they would say in civilian life, vocational school. After him they go to serve in the positions of surveyor or topographic surveyor, technician, calculation and shift supervisor. And all this with the rank of warrant officer. Agree, the parents of these children dream of something more.

The Academy administration suggests not focusing on all these numbers, but focusing on the admission itself. Think about your own scores, and not about the number of applications submitted per place.

Mozhaisky Academy. Barracks

What physical (physical training) scores can you realistically get into?

When entering, the most important thing is the category of professional suitability. It is used to rank places on the competitive list, and the sums of points on the Unified State Examination and the Physical Examination do not influence so much. In reality, for boys it is possible to enter with physical fitness scores from 25 to 100, but for girls they need more, because the competition is higher.

Upon admission, three exercises are taken:

• Boys - 3 km cross-country run, 100-meter run and pull-ups.
• Girls - running 1 km, 100 m and raising the body from a lying position.

You can get a maximum of 100 points in physical training if, based on the results of 3 exercises, you get from 195 to 300 points (the score is added up for all three exercises). On the other hand, you can apply with minimal points - for physical training it is 25 points.

What USE scores can you realistically get into?

In fact, for admission it may be enough for the Unified State Exam scores to reach the lower limit. This:

• Russian language 36
• physics 36
• math 27
• geography 37

Why is that? Your final results are determined primarily by the category of professional suitability. If you received a category (the best), then you will be ahead of those guys in the lists whose Unified State Examination is much better.

But that's not all. Applicants will be subject to a psychologist and testing.

Testing

Tests are divided into groups. There will definitely be tests aimed at identifying a person’s personal characteristics (they will check the level of balance, normality - after all, they will put a weapon in your hands) and motivational tests (on the desire to serve in the army and obey discipline, superiors and regulations).

If the applicant has personal achievements - for example, a GTO badge, prizes in local Olympiads, sports categories, etc. - here you need to show documents and include information in the application form. These achievements do not give points directly to the Unified State Exam, but they affect the passage and results of testing by a psychologist.

Strict selection and subsequent difficulties

Get ready for difficulties of all kinds. They are connected with military training in general, and with the Mozhaisk Academy in particular.

Admission restrictions

For example, children often take physical training in the rain, and if someone gets sick, they may not pass the medical examination (MEC), which has deadlines (you may simply not have time to recover).

Or a child travels with a slight flat foot, and the medical board adds a diagnosis of arthrosis - and that’s it, he’s unfit.

Once enrolled, the cadets will also face many restrictions on their freedom. And you need to be mentally prepared for this in advance.

Oath 2017 at the Mozhaisky Academy

• After passing exams and tests, and before the start of training, cadets are no longer allowed to go home.
• During the introductory selection, living conditions were spartan (almost daily rain and leaky tents, warm showers once a week, theft of personal and valuable things).
• The use of social networks and communication on the Internet is limited.
• Cadets of the Mozhaisky Academy are prohibited from driving a car for the entire period of study at the Academy.

Is it enough, or do you need more? Believe me, there will be many restrictions, starting with hairstyles and behavioral habits.

Vaccinations

In Russia there is a national vaccination calendar, where infants begin to be vaccinated in the maternity hospital.

When entering Mozhaika (as well as any other military university), the applicant must have a vaccination card with notes on all vaccinations prescribed by the calendar. If they are not there, do them, and the sooner the better, because many vaccinations require repeated vaccination.

You won’t be accepted without vaccinations (they will be considered unfit for admission), and it doesn’t matter whether you were allergic, or your mother refused vaccinations for ideological reasons.

Expulsions based on discipline

Are pranks and disobedience possible? If you perform well, you can be expelled only for behavior. And by the way, according to the cadets, in recent years it has been customary to expel students for any offense. You understand how offensive this will be.

On the other hand, studying here has a lot of advantages.

Pros of Mozhaisky Academy

Large selection of specialties

Across all programs, there are about 40 specialties in which training is provided that will satisfy even the discerning student. And there’s nothing even to say about the military space fleet, for which Mozhaika is the source of personnel. In general, everyone will find a specialty to their liking.

For example, the specialty of specialist training.

Specialties for specialty, Mozhaika, 2018

Really do it without cronyism

It’s quite possible to do it without cronyism. You just need to do well in the entrance examinations and demonstrate decent personal qualities (the role of the psychologist in the selection process is really important, not just for show).

According to one of the fathers of applicants who entered in 2017, if there was an opportunity to put in a word, he would definitely take advantage, but there was no such opportunity, and the son entered quite successfully on his own.

The quality of education

Most graduates, including recent years, are satisfied with their education.

A good academy and one of the few where they teach what you need! But the discipline is very strict, they expel you for any mistake!

Feedback from cadet 2017

Graduates have a real opportunity to rise to high ranks and positions. For example, among the graduates are the former Deputy Minister of Defense (Vladimir Popovkin), the famous cosmonaut pilot (Yuri Sharygin), Lieutenant General and Chief of the General Staff (Stanislav Suvorov) and many other famous people.

As a start to their career, all graduates will receive assignment to serve as an officer.

As you can see, there is where to start and where to strive.

Living conditions

During basic training, cadets live in barracks. The living conditions are quite acceptable, everything is clean and suitable for living.

Mozhaisky Academy. Barracks

A good canteen (according to reviews, the food is quite decent), the barracks are being renovated.

Dining room at the Mozhaisky Academy, St. Petersburg

The presented photos from the official materials of the Academy demonstrate what the cadets will have to face.

Cultural leisure

Don't forget that this is St. Petersburg, the cultural capital of Russia. The Academy is “friends” with all sorts of museums, exhibitions, and theaters, and students regularly and in an organized manner visit cultural places.

In general, the child will not only receive a military specialty, but will also have cultural leisure in St. Petersburg, which may be of particular interest to children from the outback (and their parents).

Summary

We will not take into account those who have a negative attitude towards the army and military education, and who were not accepted, or were sent home after training. The rest of the reviews about Mozhaisk Academy are mostly positive.

If we summarize the reviews of Mozhaika applicants and cadets, we get the following picture.

They speak positively about:

• quality of education
• barracks and living conditions
• cultural and organized leisure

Neutral or good:

• nutrition

Negative:

• strict selection upon admission
• poor living conditions in the camp for applicants
• too strict discipline, with expulsion for offenses
• old part of the training facilities

I hope you now have a better understanding of what you're up against.

If you like St. Petersburg, you have chosen a military career for yourself, and one of the faculties of Mozhaika appeals to you - go for it. Moreover, you will be able to enroll in another university at the same time, or enroll while already studying in civilian life - upon admission they will ask for a copy of the certificate, the original can be picked up and brought back after the order.

The A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy is one of the oldest military universities in the country. It traces its history back to the first Military Engineering School, created by decree of Peter I on January 16, 1712. It was the first military educational institution in Russia in which polytechnic training was carried out. In 1800, the Military Engineering School was transformed into the Second Cadet Corps. Other military educational institutions in Russia were formed in his likeness.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the cadet corps turned into the largest center in the empire for training artillery officers and engineers for the Russian army, which entered a long period of wars with Napoleonic France. The level of training of officers in the corps allowed them to successfully carry out the most complex combat missions. This is evidenced by the resounding victories of the Russian army.

According to official data, of all the officers of the guards, field and horse artillery who took part in the hostilities against the French, about 70% were graduates of the Second Cadet Corps, including the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, Field Marshal General, His Serene Highness Prince M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov; generals K.F. Levenstern, V.G. Kostenetsky, L.M. Yashvil, who at different times commanded the artillery of the entire Russian army and others.

The cadet corps entered the new 20th century with a structure that differed little from that existing at the time of its creation. The cadets were divided into companies, which were placed in separate locations and divided into sections. The following classes were taught in the building: the Law of God, the Russian language with Church Slavonic and Russian literature, French and German, mathematics, basic information on natural history, physics, cosmography, geography, history, fundamentals of law, penmanship and drawing. In addition, there were extracurricular subjects: drill, gymnastics, fencing, swimming, music, singing and dancing. Upon successful completion of the full course of training, the cadet had the right to enter a military school for free.

On January 31, 1910, an event of historical significance for the cadet corps took place. In the Highest Order of Emperor Nicholas II, it was announced: “Due to the continuity of the Second Cadet Corps established by historical data from the Engineering School established by Emperor Peter I on January 16, 1712 in Moscow, the Sovereign Emperor on the 31st day of January of this year, deigned to give the highest order to give the Second Cadet Corps seniority to the corps from the date of establishment of the said school, that is, from January 16, 1712.” In accordance with the order of the emperor, since 1912 the corps began to be called the Second Cadet Corps named after Peter the Great.

The revolution of 1917 put an end to the existence of the Second Cadet Corps. The Provisional Government made an unsuccessful attempt to reform the cadet corps in Russia, and in the military development plans of the Soviet government there was no place at all for the old system of military education, of which the Second Cadet Corps had been an integral part for two centuries. By order of the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs No. 11 of November 14, 1917, admission to all military educational institutions was stopped.

After the October Revolution of 1917, two military educational institutions of the Air Force were located in the buildings of the former Second Cadet Corps - the Military Technical School of the Red Air Fleet and the Military Theoretical School of the Red Air Fleet. The educational institutions trained officers for the Red Army Air Force. Over the years, the school’s graduates included famous aviators and Heroes of the Soviet Union A.V. Lyapidevsky, N.P. Kamanin, G.F. Baidukov, V.A. Kokkinaki, M.T. Slepnev.

By order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 0812 of March 27, 1941, the Leningrad Air Force Academy of the Red Army was created on the basis of the schools of the Red Air Fleet. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, only in 1941, the academy managed to graduate three times and provide the front with 246 qualified engineers, and in total during the war years the academy trained about 2,000 military aviation specialists. Nine graduates of the academy became Heroes of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War.

On March 19, 1955, by order of the USSR Minister of Defense, the Leningrad Air Force Academy of the Red Army was named after Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky.

In 1960, the Academy began training specialist officers in the operation of rocket and space technology.

By Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated September 22, 1994 No. 311, the legal succession of the Academy and the Engineering School created by Peter I was established and determined.

In light of the ongoing reform of the military education system of the Russian Defense Ministry, large-scale structural changes have been carried out at the academy.

Currently the Academy carries out:

• complete military special training for officers at nine faculties in 39 military specialties and 1 specialization
• secondary military special training for sergeants (foremen) of contract service - in 1 military specialty out of 6 available in the license;
• professional retraining and advanced training of military specialists in 94 specialties (including 10 specialties of higher military operational-tactical training), as well as retraining of military personnel transferred to the reserve, on the basis of higher professional education - in 30 specialties and on the basis of secondary vocational education - in 4 specialties.

Faculty of Aircraft Design

On March 27, 1941, on the basis of the Institute of Civil Air Fleet Engineers as part of the Leningrad Air Force Academy of the Red Army, a mechanical faculty was formed - Faculty No. 1.

From the first days of his education, he was awarded the title “engineer”. It is this faculty that throughout its history has been and remains decisive in the affiliation and direction of the academy.

The faculty trains cadets in 5 specialties, which fully cover the system of operating space assets. It consists of 6 departments:

• Department of Quality Control and Testing of Weapons, Military and Special Equipment;
• Department of Spacecraft and Interorbital Transportation;
• Department of Launch Vehicle Design;
• Department of Launch and Technical Complexes;
• Department of Refueling Equipment;
• Department of navigation and ballistic support for the use of CS and flight theory of aircraft.

Today, the scientific potential of the faculty consists of 11 doctors of technical sciences, 9 professors, 47 candidates of technical sciences, 25 associate professors, 3 honorary workers of higher professional education of the Russian Federation, one honored worker of science of the Russian Federation.

The Faculty is rightfully proud of its graduates. Among them are the head of the Federal Space Agency, Army General Vladimir Aleksandrovich Popovkin, the first cosmonaut of the Space Forces, Hero of Russia, Colonel Yuri Georgievich Shargin, heads and deputy heads of cosmodromes, leading researchers at the Research Institute of the Russian Defense Ministry.

Today the faculty solves complex problems. Third generation programs are being formed. New training standards are being developed. The educational material base is being modernized.

Faculty of Control Systems for Rocket and Space Complexes

Since the formation of the Space Forces, the faculty has been training specialists for launch units and control of orbital groups.

Currently, the faculty of “Control Systems for Rocket and Space Complexes” includes five departments:

• Department of Autonomous Control Systems;
• Department of Onboard Electrical Equipment and Power Systems of Aircraft;
• Department of Management of Organizational and Technical Systems for Space Purposes;
• Department of Onboard Information and Measurement Systems;
• Department of automated systems for preparation and launch of space rockets.

The faculty provides training for higher education in four specialties:

1. Aircraft control systems.
2. Application of launch units.
3. Operation of automated systems for preparing and launching rockets and spacecraft.
4. Operation of optical and optical-electronic means of spacecraft.

The scientific and teaching staff includes 6 doctors of science and 50 candidates of science. 6 teachers have the academic title of professor, and 27 teachers have the title of associate professor. This ensures a high level of educational, methodological and research work.

Honorary professors of the academy work at the faculty: Ponomarev Valentin Mikhailovich - Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, colonel, head of the department; Smirnov Valentin Vladimirovich - Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Colonel, Head of the Department; Luchko Sergey Viktorovich, Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, colonel, head of the department.

Faculty of Radioelectronic Systems of Space Complexes

The faculty was created on January 17, 1946 on the basis of the Faculty of Electrical Special Equipment, which by that time was already training officers - specialists in aviation radio equipment.

Currently the faculty includes 6 departments:

• transmitting, antenna-feeder devices and SEB means,
• space radio systems,
• space radar and radio navigation,
• telemetry systems and integrated information processing,
• Department of Networks and Communication Systems of Space Complexes,
• receiving devices and radio automation.

In the field of creation and use of small spacecraft, the faculty has priority in the creation of educational and experimental spacecraft of the Mozhaets series and the development of programs for conducting space experiments with them to test and test elements of promising space systems.

The faculty is equipped with all on-board and ground-based information and telemetry equipment in service with the East Kazakhstan region

Faculty members are permanent participants in the working group on the development of new navigation signals for the modernized GNSS GLONASS.

The faculty's scientific schools cover the fundamental and most knowledge-intensive areas of space radio electronics. Over the years of the existence of the faculty, these scientific schools have trained 35 doctors of science and more than 180 candidates of science. The scientific potential of the faculty is 57 candidates and 4 doctors of science.

Faculty of Ground-Based Space Infrastructure

On March 27, 1941, the Leningrad Air Force Engineering Academy of the Red Army was created, within which the faculty of airfield construction was organized.

Currently, in the context of army reform and the transition to training according to new educational standards, the faculty is faced with new tasks in training personnel for the renewed Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and retraining military personnel being transferred to the reserve. Military engineers are trained in the following specialties:

1. Operation and design of buildings and structures.
2. Operation of technical systems and life support systems of RKK surface and underground structures.
3. Heat and gas supply and ventilation.
4. Operation of power supply facilities for special-purpose facilities.

The departments of the faculty have carried out a large number of research projects aimed at improving methods of design and application of buildings, structures and their engineering equipment.

The educational and material base includes a training and laboratory base at the faculty and a field training base at the educational educational institution.

On the basis of supporting the educational process, there is a training engineering camp with fragments of fortification structures, engineering barriers and camouflage of combat positions, and an energy testing site.

One of the outstanding graduates of the faculty is Nikolai Alekseevich Krylov, the founder of the Russian scientific school of non-destructive testing in construction.

The scientific and teaching staff includes 4 doctors of science and 56 candidates of science. 6 teachers have the academic title of professor, 22 teachers have the title of associate professor.

Faculty of Information Collection and Processing

It was formed in 1977 on the basis of the Faculty of Applied Cosmophysics and Meteorology of the Red Banner Military Engineering Institute named after A.F. Mozhaisky, consisting of 5 military special departments and a training military geophysical observatory.

Currently, the faculty trains cadets in 5 specialties:

1. Optical-electronic control means
2. Technologies and means of geophysical support for troops
3. Engineering analysis
4. Space electronic control
5. Integrated radio-electronic control.

4 scientific schools have been formed and are actively functioning: a scientific school of military applied geophysics, a scientific school on the theory of efficiency of targeted processes, a scientific school on optical-electronic means of control and image processing, a scientific school on radio engineering systems for monitoring and analyzing information. Within the framework of these scientific schools, 44 doctors of science and more than 200 candidates of military, technical, physical, mathematical and geographical sciences were trained.

During the existence of the faculty, 74 people graduated with a gold medal. From year to year, cadets of the faculty take prizes in regional and all-Russian competitions for the best student scientific work.

The faculty currently employs two Honored Workers of Science and Technology, one Honored Inventor, 3 doctors and 35 candidates of military, technical, physical, mathematical and geographical sciences.

Graduates of the faculty at one time were: Hero of Russia, laureate of the State Prize, Chairman of the State Technical Commission under the President of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Colonel General S.I. Grigorov, as well as the Head of the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Academy, Dr. Ph.D., Professor, Major General S. S. Suvorov.

Faculty of Information Support and Computer Science

The faculty is intended to train officers in specialties covering the field of information and technical support for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The faculty includes:

• Department of Information Collection and Processing Systems;
• Department of Information Computing Systems and Networks;
• Department of Mathematical and Software;
• Department of “Complexes and means of information security”;
• Department of Information and Analytical Work.
• subject-methodological commission “Psychological actions”.

The main directions of scientific and educational activities of the faculty are:

1. Information support for the use of the RF Armed Forces;
2. Technologies for the use of computer systems and networks of the RF Ministry of Defense;
3. Information and analytical work;
4. Justification of tactical and technical requirements for computer systems and networks of the RF Ministry of Defense;
5. Development of software and algorithmic support for computer systems and networks of the RF Ministry of Defense;
6. Computer and information security technologies;
7. Computer simulation of combat operations.

The scientific and pedagogical potential of the faculty consists of 10 doctors of science, 63 candidates of science. Of these, 3 are Honored Scientists, 8 are professors, 31 are associate professors.

Honored professors of the academy work at the faculty: Rostovtsev Yuri Grigorievich - Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, author of more than 200 scientific and educational works; Ryzhikov Yuri Ivanovich - Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, author of 260 scientific and educational works.

Faculty of Topographic and Geodetic Support and Cartography

In 2006, the Military Space Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky included the Military Institute (Topographic), transformed from the Military Topographical Institute named after A.I. Antonov.
In 2011, the Military Institute as part of the Military Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky was reorganized into the 7th Faculty of Topographical Support and Cartography.

The faculty trains cadets in the following specialties: Secondary vocational education - Applied geodesy (Operation of geodetic equipment). Higher professional education:

• Astronomic geodesy (Application of geodetic units and operation of geodetic equipment).
• Aerial photogeodesy (Application of topographic units and operation of topographic equipment).
• Cartography (Use of cartographic units and operation of cartographic equipment).

The faculty also carries out advanced training for specialists of the Topographical Service of the RF Armed Forces and retrains discharged military personnel for a new type of activity in the field of cadastral relations and operation of geodetic equipment.

Graduates Kudryavtsev M.K., Byzov B.E., Nikolaev L.S., Losev A.I., Khvostov V.V., Filatov V.N. Over the years, they rose from a cadet to the head of the Topographical Service of the Armed Forces.
Among the graduates are the Chief of the Logistics Staff of the Leningrad Military District, Major General V.D. Santalov, and the Head of the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Major General G.D. Zhdanov.

Faculty of Missile and Space Defense

The faculty was created by the Order of the Minister of Defense of Russia dated July 12, 2011 on the basis of two former structural divisions of the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy: the military institute of systems and means of supporting troops in the city of Pushkin and a branch of the academy in the urban village of Kubinka. Both structural divisions of the academy have long been important elements of the personnel training system for the country's Air Defense Forces, Strategic Missile Forces and Space Forces.

Currently, the faculty organizes the training of officers for the Russian Aerospace Defense Forces and other departments in the field of training “Radio Engineering” in the specialty “Special Radio Engineering Systems”. The main military training specialties are: “Application and operation of missile attack warning systems”, “Application and operation of missile defense systems” and “Application and operation of anti-space defense and space control systems”. The main customer of the specialists is the Russian Aerospace Defense Forces.

The faculty employs four doctors and 28 candidates of science, three of whom have the academic title of professor, 13 have the academic title of associate professor, two have the academic title of senior researcher. Two teachers are honorary workers of higher professional education of the Russian Federation.

Among the graduates of the faculty there are many military leaders and prominent scientists: Colonel General E.S. Yurasov, Lieutenant General G.V. Kisunko, N.S. Zaitsev, V.V. Artemyev, A.K. Efremov, M.M. Kucheryavyi, A.I. Ilyin and others.

The glorious past of the faculty, its traditions, accumulated experience in organizing the educational process, modern educational and laboratory facilities, high qualifications of teachers - all this constitutes the main prerequisites and conditions for successfully solving the problems of modern military reform, the main content of which is the creation of a mechanism for ensuring the country's security and an effective military construction.

Faculty of Automated Troop Control Systems

• Department of System Analysis and Mathematical Support of ACS (troops),
• Department of Technologies and Means of Technical Support and Operation of ACS (troops)
• Department of Technology and Means of Integrated Processing and Transmission of Information to ACS (troops),
• Department of ACS of space complexes,
• Department of ACS PRO.

The faculty trains cadets in 10 specialties:

• Mathematical support for automated control systems for spacecraft
• Application and operation of automated systems for special purposes;
• Mathematical support for automated spacecraft control systems;
• Informatics and Computer Science;
• Automated information processing and control systems;
• Computers, complexes, systems and networks;
• Computer software and automated systems;
• Maintenance of computer equipment, computer networks;
• Application and operation of automated systems for special purposes.

The faculty has created a scientific school for automating the management of complex organizational systems. In total, over the years of existence of this scientific school, 8 doctors and 66 candidates of sciences have been trained.

Faculty of retraining and advanced training

On June 29, 1941, based on the directive of the General Staff of the Red Army, 3-month training courses for engineers were created. Over the many years of its existence, this unit has undergone many changes and reorganizations, as a result of which on September 1, 2009, the faculty of retraining and advanced training was created with a new staff structure.

Currently, the faculty is engaged in retraining officers with higher military operational-tactical training in 11 specialties. Improving the qualifications of military specialists in 85 specialties.

Professional retraining of discharged military personnel:

• with higher education in 30 specialties;
• with secondary education in 9 specialties and three working specialties.

The faculty trains specialists for the East Kazakhstan region, the Topographical Service of the RF Armed Forces and other central military command and control bodies. Classes are taught by faculty from all faculties of the academy and general academic departments.

During the existence of the faculty (academic courses), more than 20,000 specialists have undergone retraining and improved their qualifications. In 2009-2011, 802 officers underwent advanced training of military specialists from branches and branches of the military. 969 people underwent professional retraining of discharged military personnel.

Military Institute (research)

In accordance with the requirements of the time and the tasks facing the academy, all previously separate scientific divisions of the academy were united from July 15, 2009 into a newly formed unit - the Military Institute (research).

Currently, the structure of the scientific component of the academy best suits the needs of the time. The personnel of the institute's departments are engaged in the production of scientific and technical products in current and promising areas of scientific research.

The basis of the scientific potential of VINI consists of 115 candidates and 31 doctors of science. 18 people have the title of professor, and 19 people have the title of associate professor.

To conduct research, the institute has unique samples of laboratory, experimental and modeling facilities, such as:

• experimental ballistic stand
• radar measuring complex “Tsunami-3”;
• integrated aircraft laboratory "FOTON";
• stands for studying the impact of space factors on RCT objects;
• models of the phono-target environment.

The main objectives of the institute are:

• military scientific support for research and development work;
• carrying out flight experimental work in the interests of types and branches of the military;
• release of a system of initial data to support work on the creation of space weapons for the period until 2015;
• participation in the working group on the GLONASS system;
• carrying out operational tasks of military command and control bodies.

Thanks to the scientific potential of the institute, the capabilities of the laboratory and experimental base, as well as taking into account the prospects for the construction of the armed forces and the improvement of means of armed warfare, a significant expansion of the range of use of forces and means of the VINI has been achieved.

Educational process support base

The main task of the base is to support the educational process and scientific research on the field educational and material base of the academy. The educational process support base (Lekhtusi village) provides practical training for cadets and students in operational-tactical, tactical-special, military-technical, military-special and general military disciplines in all training specialties established for the academy within the scope of current curricula and programs, as well as conducting related scientific research. It is located in the village of Lekhtusi, Vsevolozhsk district. The total area of ​​the base is more than 900 hectares.

The base is used when carrying out:

• practical and group classes in the operation of space assets, life safety, military topography, fire training, management of the daily activities of units and other disciplines;
• tactical and special training and exercises;
• operational practice and military training;
• applied scientific research;
• field exits;
• recruitment of applicants;
• basic military training.

The base is equipped with:

• workplaces for training combat crews for the preparation and launch of rocket launchers and spacecraft control;
• test site;
• tactical training field;
• military shooting range;
• chemical training campus;
• combined arms and assault fire obstacle courses;
• structures and training grounds according to rules and safety measures, engineering support facilities;
• sports town with a football field and running tracks.

The field base facilities are equipped in accordance with the requirements of Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of 2010 No. 150, provided with the required samples of weapons and military equipment, simulators; equipped with management, communication and monitoring tools for the implementation of curricula and programs. Existing weapons and military equipment, training facilities, and classrooms are maintained in working order and provide the required throughput for high-quality training of practical training tasks for students and cadets in the time allotted by the curriculum.

Educational and methodological work

Educational and methodological work is the most important component of the educational process at the academy. It includes the organization and conduct of all types of training sessions, ongoing monitoring of progress, intermediate and final certification of students, improving the methodology and improving the quality of training sessions, increasing the professional level of the management and scientific-pedagogical staff of the academy.

The main objectives of educational and methodological work are:

• training of officers with higher professional education, sergeants with secondary vocational education, highly qualified scientific, pedagogical and scientific personnel for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other federal executive bodies;
• professional retraining and advanced training of military personnel and civilian personnel;
• meeting the needs of students in intellectual, cultural and moral development through obtaining higher, secondary and (or) postgraduate professional education.

The Academy has a license to conduct educational activities and a certificate of state accreditation for training specialties determined by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.

State requirements for the minimum content and level of training of graduates in all training specialties are established by state educational standards and qualification requirements for military professional training of graduates, on the basis of which curricula and training programs have been developed.

The most important events in educational and methodological work in 2011:

• The 83rd graduation of officers was held: 907 graduates successfully passed the final certification, of which 838 were cadets, 40 students, 29 foreign military personnel. At the same time, 86 graduates received diplomas with honors, and 13 of them were awarded gold medals;
• 553 military specialists were trained at the faculty of retraining and advanced training;
• approved by the Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation 7 federal state educational standards (FSES) of a new generation out of 28 entrusted to the development of military universities. On September 1, the academy began teaching first-year students according to the new Federal State Educational Standards.

Educational work

An integral part of the educational activities of the academy and one of the main activities of all university officials is educational work. Educational tasks are successfully solved during the educational process, daily military service, joint educational, scientific work and other types of activities of the permanent and variable staff of the university.

The academy annually hosts a set of organizational, technical, informational, propaganda, and cultural and leisure events for the patriotic education of military personnel.

Since 2010, it has become traditional for personnel to participate in Victory Parades on Palace Square in St. Petersburg and Red Square in the capital of our Motherland, the Hero City of Moscow.

In order to improve the quality of information and propaganda work with personnel, in 2010 the publication of the weekly radio newspaper “Altair” and the monthly academic printed newspaper “Bulletin of the Academy” was organized. This made it possible to cover events in the life of the academy, divisions, and departments more widely and quickly, and to provide information about the work of the academic council of the academy, the tasks being solved by the academy, and the prospects for its development.

Cadets and officers take an active part in the cultural and social life of the city of St. Petersburg and the Petrograd region. The participation of cadets in the festival of patriotic songs “Songs of Victory”, held by the city administration, has become traditional. Academy personnel take an active part in events held by municipal councils, the city government and the administration of the Petrograd region as part of the celebration of Victory Day, youth festivals and holidays.

Close cooperation has been established with the State Chapel, the Russian Museum, the Large and Small Philharmonic Halls, and the Mariinsky Theater. For the first time since 2010, groups of our cadets began to visit the exhibitions of the A.V. Museum in an organized manner. Suvorov, museum-palace A.D. Menshikov, the Hermitage Theater and the St. Petersburg Opera, the historical complex of the Peter and Paul Fortress and St. Isaac's Cathedral.

A lot of work on the patriotic education of personnel is carried out by employees of the historical and memorial hall of the academy. Created in 1966, the museum remains the place where academy graduates from different years often meet.

Sports work

The main role in organizing physical training and sports at the Academy is played by the Department of Physical Training. Created in March 1941, the department has always set itself the task of ensuring high physical readiness of the academy’s military personnel when performing their duty to defend the Motherland.

The staff of the Department of Physical Training and Sports has gained well-deserved authority. This is evidenced by the high rates of physical fitness and mass sports work in the unit.

The Academy has trained tens of thousands of highly qualified, physically hardened officers for the Armed Forces.

In the military, academy graduates continue to pass on to their subordinates the knowledge and skills acquired at the academy during physical training classes.

Over the past years, physical training and sports at the academy have achieved significant development. Sport has become widespread and has become firmly established in the studies, life and everyday life of cadets. Spartakiads are held among faculties, courses and permanent staff. The Academy participates in all competitions of the city, district, Space Forces, Armed Forces, Europe and the World.

For its success in sports, the academy was awarded many challenge prizes, 86 of which were left for permanent storage. Over the years of the academy's existence, more than 250 masters of sports of the USSR have grown up in it.

Teachers of the department are the authors of many published works on the theory and practice of physical culture and sports. These works were important for the development of physical training and sports at the academy and were highly appreciated by other universities and military units of the Russian Defense Ministry.

The department’s staff includes five candidates of pedagogical sciences, one professor, three associate professors, two honored masters of sports, one international master of sports, 12 masters of sports, two honored coaches of Russia, eight excellent students of physical education and sports.

Currently, the staff of the Department of Physical Training and Sports continues to maintain glorious traditions and successfully solves the problems of further improving physical training and sports at the academy.

Education has always been an important indicator not only for an individual, but also for the country as a whole. Modern education provides many opportunities that allow you to travel to other countries for practice and receive online education. But we should not forget about the culture of education that has developed over centuries in Russia.

Educational institutions that have managed to maintain and increase their reputation over the centuries deserve special attention. Institutions of this level include the Mozhaisk Academy, which began its existence several centuries ago. For centuries it was the best school for training professional personnel and remains so to this day. The Academy produces the best specialists who are building the future of the entire country.

Acquaintance

Mozhaisk Academy is located in St. Petersburg. The Academy is engaged in professional training of officers for the Space Forces of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Beginning in 2008, the Mozhaisk Academy began full-fledged training of women, and in 2009, vigorous activity began to retrain personnel transferred to the reserve. Over a long period of time from 1941 to 2011, the Mozhaisk Academy graduated more than 46 thousand worthy officers.

The Academy was founded on January 16, 1712. Now the institution is considered state-owned, it is headed by Maxim Mikhailovich Penkov. The educational institution employs 10 doctors of science and 92 professors. It is also important to note that the Academy employs more than 20 honored scientists of Russia.

The Mozhaisky Military Academy consists of 12 faculties, a military research institute, a branch in Yaroslavl and separate services and units.

A. F. Mozhaisky

Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky was a rear admiral and Russian military leader, as well as a talented inventor and aviation pioneer. Alexander Fedorovich was born in the spring of 1825 in the Vyborg province of the Grand Duchy of Finland.

The boy was the son of a sailor, so it is not surprising that he graduated with honors from the Naval Cadet Corps. Mozhaisky spent seven years on long voyages across the White and Baltic Seas and finally received the rank of lieutenant. The book “Cherry Branch” mentions the frigate “Diana”, on which Mozhaisky sailed with his crew. Unfortunately, the frigate crashed, and the crew was saved only thanks to a small schooner. The drawing of this schooner belonged to A.F. Mozhaisky. Interestingly, this drawing was used by Japanese engineers to build the first keelboat.

Then Mozhaisky took part in the Khiva expedition. Soon he became a candidate for peace mediator in the Vologda province. Then he returned to military service several more times, but soon abandoned it completely. He began developing his own invention - an aircraft that would be heavier than air. Having a large supply of free time and enormous potential, Alexander Fedorovich consulted with the best Russian minds and improved his project.

For his discoveries and great contribution to science, A.F. Mozhaisky became revered and known not only in Russia, but also abroad.

History in the Russian Empire

The Mozhaisky Military Academy began its existence in 1712 under the name “Engineering School” on the orders of Peter the Great. It became one of the first military educational institutions on Russian territory. There were no more than a hundred people studying at the school, but they received the highest level of education. The school was headed by De-Coulon, a Swedish engineer major. By an understandable coincidence, the school “moves” to St. Petersburg - the new capital of the great empire.

At first, the Mozhaisky Military Academy experienced great difficulties due to the lack of living quarters and material resources for training, but gradually the issue was resolved. Only qualified educational officers were hired. Over time, the school began to provide complete information and became an authoritative center of knowledge in Russia.

Students were subject to a strict regime and graduated from school as ordinary soldiers. Having proven their knowledge at the place of service, they received the rank of officer.

An association

Empress Elizaveta Petrovna agreed to merge the Engineering School with the Artillery School. The new director N.I. Mordvinov carried out a number of successful reforms that modernized training. It also became possible to graduate from school as an officer.

Under Catherine II, the United Engineering and Artillery School became known as the Engineering and Artillery Gentry Corps. The building adopted a completely different training program, which was clearly more progressive than training in other institutions. Important courses in algebra, chemistry, geography, history, drawing, mechanics, etc. were also introduced. Much attention was paid to moral education, so corporal punishment was abolished and rewards for excellent studies were introduced.

After Paul I ascended the throne, a new round of reform began, which now became known as the Second Cadet Corps. In 1864, the Second Cadet Corps was renamed the Second Military Gymnasium. G. G. Danilovich became the director of the gymnasium, who developed many principles of internal structure, which surpassed almost all other educational institutions. When the Provisional Government came to power, cadet corps became an important part of training young men for military service.

History in the USSR

After the October Revolution, the country needed qualified military personnel, so the Cadet Corps was somewhat simplified. After the end of the Civil War, the Red Army needed reorganization, and the Military Technical School of the Red Air Fleet was located on the premises of the Cadet Corps. In the first half of the last century, it became very famous as the best aviation and technical educational institution in the country.

In 1941, the Leningrad Air Force Academy of the Red Army was created, which was located in the aviation town. During the war, the academy was located in Yoshkar-Ola. During this time, it graduated more than 2,000 professional military engineers. In addition, the period is memorable for the fact that one of the departments was headed by K. E. Tsiolkovsky’s associate, N. A. Rynin. He compiled an encyclopedia on interplanetary communications, consisting of 9 volumes. In addition, Nikolai Rynin was one of the founders of the group for the study of jet propulsion. It was she who laid the foundation for the most important research in this area.

In 1945, the academy received the Order of the Red Banner and was returned to Leningrad. Only 10 years later, in 1955, the academy received the name of A.F. Mozhaisky, the creator of the first aircraft in Russia. In the 60-90s, the Mozhaisky Space Academy changed its names many times, but worked in the same profile. In 1961, the educational institution was visited by S.P. Korolev, the chief designer of rocketry in Russia at that time. Interestingly, he highly appreciated the scientific activities of the academy, predicting a great future for persistent students. The Academy changed many names until it became the Red Banner Military Engineering Institute named after Mozhaisky.

Modern history of the academy

Mozhaisk Academy underwent a new round of development in the early 90s. In 1994, it was officially confirmed that the prototype of the academy was the School of Engineering. An order was issued from the Ministry of Defense, which was supposed to consider January 16, 1712 as the founding date of the academy.

V.V. Putin visited the academy in 2003. He interviewed the International Space Station and spoke personally with its crew.

Academy structure

At the educational institution, young people receive a military education. Mozhaisky Space Academy has an updated list of available faculties dated January 26, 2016. Applicants can choose the following faculties: aircraft design, control of rocket and space complexes, radio-electronic systems of space complexes, ground-based space infrastructure, collection and processing of information, information support, topographic and geodetic support, rocket and space defense, etc.

Branch in Yaroslavl

The Mozhaisky Academy in St. Petersburg has its own branch in Yaroslavl - the Higher Military School of Air Defense. The school was founded in 1951. Today you can get education there in 6 military specialties. The educational institution employs 6 doctors of science and 79 candidates of science, as well as 10 professors. It is worth noting that the school’s management staff has personally taken part in military parades on Red Square since 2009.

Teaching Staff

The Mozhaisky Academy in St. Petersburg can boast of its professional teaching staff. During each period of the Academy's existence, the best specialists in their field always worked in it. Among the most outstanding teachers it should be noted: D. Mendeleev, N. Dobrolyubov, N. Rynin, E. Popop, A. Maslov and H. Smolitsky. All of these people were outstanding cultural or scientific figures who made a huge contribution to the development of the entire society, and later showed themselves as talented teachers.

Famous personalities who are graduates of the academy

The A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy has produced many good specialists who continued the traditions of Russian science, developing and supporting it. Among the most famous graduates of the academy are: M. I. Kutuzov - graduate of 1761, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the War of 1812; A. A. Arakcheev - a graduate of 1783, a statesman who enjoyed the trust of Paul I and Alexander I; A. D. Zasyadko - graduate of 1797, Russian designer, artilleryman and officer; F. F. Buxhoeveden - graduate of 1770, military governor of Riga and St. Petersburg, etc.

Conferences

The Mozhaisky Academy in St. Petersburg regularly holds conferences in which many intellectually developed young people take part. In 2016, a round table meeting was held on the topic of small spacecraft as part of the Army-2016 general forum. On the occasion of the 160th anniversary of Professor V.V. Vitkovsky, a conference was held on improving the means and methods of collecting information. On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the Department of Geophysical Support, an all-Russian scientific conference was held on the topic of environmental problems and military-applied geophysics. In the same spring, a large-scale conference was held on robotics for the military needs of the Russian Federation.

The Mozhaisky Military Space Academy in St. Petersburg is known and respected as an authoritative educational institution that produces specialists who will build the future of Russia, protect and preserve its citizens and territory.

Scientific activity

The Mozhaisky Academy has postgraduate and doctoral studies, in which anyone can study. Also, the Academy actively has 5 dissertation defense programs in 14 different specialties. More than 150 doctoral works have been defended at the academy over the past 5 years.

The state relies heavily on a large number of teachers with academic degrees or titles. Competent and professional personnel allow the Mozhaisky Academy to regularly undergo repeated accreditation and licensing procedures. Thanks to many years of work and persistent work of the academy’s management team, every year it becomes more and more in demand among applicants.

HEAD OF THE ACADEMY

lieutenant general

O. FROLOV

ADMISSION RULES

TO THE MILITARY SPACE ACADEMY

NAMED AFTER A.F. MOZHAYSKY

The Military Space Academy, being a polytechnic university of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, trains highly qualified officers with higher military-special education for the Space Forces, other branches, branches of the Armed Forces and law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation.

Those who graduate from the academy are awarded the military rank of “lieutenant” and are issued a diploma in the following specialties:

AT THE MILITARY INSTITUTE ACADEMY

(TOPOGRAPHICAL):

- cartography;

- astronomical geodesy;

- aerial photogeodesy.

Phone for information:

AT THE MILITARY INSTITUTE ACADEMY

(SYSTEMS AND MEANS OF SUPPORT FOR TROOPS) Pushkin:

- computers, complexes, systems and networks;

- power supply;

Phone for information:

at the Faculty of Launch Vehicle Designs

AND SPACE VEHICLES:

- spacecraft and upper stages;

- rocket science;

- launch and technical complexes of rockets and space

devices;

- technical systems and life support systems;

- heat, water and gas supply and ventilation;

- power supply.

At the Faculty of INFORMATION COLLECTION AND PROCESSING:

- optical-electronic devices and systems;

- meteorology;

- computer security;

and management.

The duration of study at the academy is 5 years.

The academy accepts males, and by specialty «» And female persons, citizens of the Russian Federation with secondary (complete) general or secondary vocational education, from among:

citizens who have not served in the military – aged 16 to 22 years;

citizens who have completed military service and military personnel undergoing military service upon conscription - until they reach the age of 24 years;

military personnel performing military service under a contract (except for officers) - until they reach the age of 24 years.

Age is determined by the state at the time of entry into the academy.

Persons from among the citizens who have and have not undergone military service, who have expressed a desire to enter the academy, submit applications to the military commissariat at their place of residence before April 1 of the year of admission.

The application shall indicate: last name, first name, patronymic, year, day and month of birth, address of residence, name of the academy and specialty (for females, the specialty of training " software for computer technology and automated systems") in which the candidate wishes to study. The application is accompanied by: a copy of the birth certificate, an autobiography, a reference from the place of work or study, a copy of the document on secondary education (students submit a certificate of current academic performance; persons who have completed the first and subsequent courses of educational institutions of higher professional education submit an academic certificate), three photographs (without headdress) measuring 4.5 x 6 cm.

biology (oral);

Russian language (written, essay).

The exam results are determined by grades: 5 (excellent), 4 (good), 3 (satisfactory), 2 (unsatisfactory).

Unified State Exam results are counted in the following subjects: mathematics, physics and Russian language. The core entrance test is mathematics.

When determining the level of general educational preparedness of candidates entering the specialty “Psychology and Pedagogy,” the results of the Unified State Exam are counted in the subjects: history of Russia, biology and the Russian language. The main entrance test is biology.

The USE results for each subject are translated into a scale comparable to the grading system at the academy, since admission is based both on the USE results and on the results of entrance tests conducted at the academy.

The results of the current year's Unified State Examination are accepted as the results of entrance examinations.

In case of doubt about the reliability of the data contained in the certificate of Unified State Exam results submitted by the candidate, and in order to confirm the candidate’s participation (non-participation) in the Unified State Exam in May-June of the current year, the selection committee reserves the right to make a request to the Federal database of certificates of Unified State Exam results . A candidate who has provided false information participates in the competition with the actual number of points that he received when passing the Unified State Exam in the relevant general education subject.

From testing knowledge in general education subjects candidates are exempt from:

military personnel who underwent conscription military service, while performing tasks in conditions of an armed conflict of a non-international nature in the Chechen Republic and in the immediately adjacent territories of the North Caucasus, classified as a zone of armed conflict;

graduates of Suvorov military schools who were awarded a medal (gold or silver) “For special achievements in learning”;

persons who graduated with medals (gold or silver) “For special achievements in learning” from educational institutions of secondary (full) general or primary vocational education, as well as persons who graduated with honors from educational institutions of secondary vocational education, if the interview results are positive;

other citizens who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, are exempt from testing knowledge in general education subjects upon admission to universities.

Candidates entering training majors taking into account the results of the Unified State Exam, who graduated with medals (gold or silver) “For special achievements in learning” from educational institutions of secondary (full) general or primary vocational education, as well as candidates who graduated with honors from educational institutions of secondary vocational education , pass professional entrance tests (profile tests) in general education subjects.

In case the specified candidates:

participated in the Unified State Exam in May-June of the current year and scored the number of points established by the academy in this general education subject, then they are admitted to the university based on the Unified State Exam results in specialized general education subjects. Entrance tests in the form of an interview are not conducted for them.

did not participate in the Unified State Exam in May-June of the current year in this general education subject, then they pass the corresponding professional entrance tests (profile tests);

have a lower number of points based on the results of the Unified State Exam than the number of points established by the university for admission based on the results of the entrance profile test, but not below the threshold of a satisfactory assessment, they are given the right to further take entrance tests and participate in the competition on a general basis.

Candidates who fail to appear (without valid reasons) for one of the examinations at the scheduled time will not be allowed to take further examinations. The candidate must inform the admissions committee about the impossibility of taking the exams due to health reasons or other reasons confirmed by documents.

Candidates take entrance exams for their chosen faculty and are assigned to specific majors once they are accepted.

The procedure for considering complaints from candidates regarding the grade given by examiners is determined by the selection committee. The complaint must be submitted on the day of the oral examination or on the day the score for the written examination is announced.

ADMISSION PROCEDURE

CANDIDATES BY ACADEMY CADETS

Candidates who successfully pass the professional selection are included in the competition lists and, based on the results of the competition, are enrolled to study at the academy. The general conclusion about the advisability of enrolling a candidate in the academy is made on the basis of an integrated approach to all indicators of military professional selection.

Out of competition Candidates who have successfully passed the professional selection are enrolled from among:

orphans;

children left without parental care;

citizens under the age of 20 who have only one parent - a disabled person of group 1, if the average per capita family income is below the subsistence level established in the relevant constituent entity of the Russian Federation;

citizens discharged from military service and entering universities on the recommendations of commanders of military units;

participants in hostilities;

citizens who, in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR dated January 1, 2001 No. 000-1 “On the social protection of citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant,” were granted the right to non-competitive admission to a higher educational institution.

Preferential right upon enrollment cadets are candidates who have shown equal results during the professional selection, from among:

citizens who have a preferential right to enter higher and secondary specialized educational institutions in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR dated January 1, 2001 No. 000-1 “On the social protection of citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant”;

citizens discharged from military service;

children of military personnel performing military service under a contract and having a total duration of military service of 20 years or more;

children of citizens discharged from military service upon reaching the age limit for military service, health reasons or in connection with organizational and staffing events, the total duration of military service of which is 20 years or more;

children of military personnel who died while performing their military service duties or who died as a result of injury (wounds, trauma, concussion) or diseases received by them while performing their military service duties;

graduates of general education boarding schools with initial flight training;

citizens who, in accordance with the established procedure, have been awarded the sports rank of candidate for master of sports, the first sports rank or sports rank in a military-applied sport, as well as citizens who have been trained in military-patriotic youth and children's associations;

other citizens who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, are given preferential rights when entering universities.

Candidates entering training majors taking into account the results of the Unified State Exam, who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have the right to non-competitive admission, undergo entrance examinations in all general education subjects defined for the chosen specialty. At the same time, for non-competitive admission based on the results of the Unified State Examination, it is necessary to score a number of points no less than those established for a satisfactory grade in each of the general education subjects.

Candidates who are not accepted for study because they have not passed the professional selection are sent to military commissariats at their place of residence, and military personnel are sent to their military units. Personal files and other documents indicating the reasons for refusal to enroll in studies, as well as certificates of the results of professional selection are issued to candidates against signature, which is reported to military units and military commissariats at the place of residence no later than 10 days after the end of professional selection.

Candidates accepted by the decision of the admissions committee for study are enrolled in the academy and appointed to military positions as cadets from August 1 of the year of admission to study by order of the head of the academy.

The life, everyday life and study of cadets at the academy are organized in accordance with the requirements of the General Military Regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and orders of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation for military educational institutions.

During the spring break, the academy holds an Open Day and paid rehearsal exams in mathematics and physics.

The academy is organized Institute for the Training of Civilian Specialists on a paid basis in the following specialties:

Industrial and civil construction;

Astronomic geodesy;

Cartography;

Aerial photogeodesy.

Males and females with secondary (complete) general or secondary vocational education are accepted. Form of study: part-time and full-time. Entrance tests are conducted in the form of an interview from September 1. Training starts on October 1.

Phone for information:

The Academy operates paid correspondence mathematical (ZMS) and physical (ZPS) schools for targeted individual training in mathematics and physics for successfully passing the entrance exams to the Higher Academy of Arts named after. . The school accepts young men from graduating classes of secondary schools, technical schools, colleges, as well as persons who have graduated from educational institutions with a secondary education, or final year students of a secondary educational institution preparing to enter an academy or any polytechnic university.

The basis of the classes is the independent work of students using methods and manuals that take into account the peculiarities of training at the academy.

The school sends each student the necessary literature: texts of individual assignments, guidelines for their implementation, sets of textbooks. Completed individual assignments are sent (submitted) for verification within the established time frame. They are checked by highly qualified teachers from the departments of higher mathematics and physics. After a thorough review and analysis of errors, each work is provided with detailed comments, recommendations and a resolution on passing the assignment or instructions for its revision. At the end of their studies, ZMS and ZFS students take a final exam. The date and place of the exam are communicated individually to each student in advance. Receiving an unsatisfactory grade on the final examination does not deprive the candidate of the right to take the entrance examination.

The results of final exams in ZMS and ZFS, as well as rehearsal exams in mathematics and physics are not counted as entrance to the academy.

Training in ZMSH and ZFSh begins on October 15 and ends on May 15.

Those wishing to study in correspondence schools must send an application using the form below with a receipt (photocopy of the receipt) for payment of tuition from September 1 to October 15 to the postal address ZMSH (ZFS). The receipt must include the student's last name and initials.

The cost of training in ZMSH and ZFSH is 4,500 rubles each. You can pay 9,000 for tuition at correspondence schools and arrange payment with one receipt.

Payment is made to the bank account:

VIKU named after. .

North-Western Bank of Sberbank of the Russian Federation

St. Petersburg Kalininskoye OSB 2004/0783

Sample application

To the head of the ZMSH (ZFSH)

from________________________________

(full full name)

zip code and detailed postal address

contact number______________

STATEMENT

I ask you to enroll me as a student at a correspondence mathematics (physics) school in the 2008/09 academic year.

I have read and agreed with the training rules and payment terms.

If I stop studying on my initiative, I will have no financial claims against the school.

I am attaching a receipt (copy of the receipt) for tuition fees.

_________ ______________

(date) (signature)

Postal address ZMSH (ZFSH):

G. St. Petersburg, ZMSH (ZFSH).

Phone numbers for inquiries: .

Academy address:

G. Saint Petersburg, .

Admissions Committee of the VKA named after.

Phone for information: ,

Fax: (8

ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PROGRAMS

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE PROGRAM

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

The Russian language exam consists of a written presentation, the topic of which is a complete passage from a literary work or a story of a narrative nature, and for those entering the specialty “Organization of moral and psychological support for troops” - an essay. At the Russian language exam, the candidate must:

a) listen carefully to the text read by the examiner, paying special attention to the main semantic content, the expressive means of speech used by the author, and the features of the language;

b) write the statement in neat, clear and legible handwriting;

c) state the content of the proposed text in sufficient detail;

d) reveal the semantic content of the read work, observing the logical sequence of the source text;

f) follow the rules for constructing sentences (syntax of simple and complex sentences);

g) competently use the existing vocabulary and various expressive means of language;

h) carefully check the text (spelling and punctuation).

MAIN CONTENT UNITS.

Morphology. Spelling. A culture of speech.

Parts of a word. Spelling. Place of spellings in words. Independent and auxiliary parts of speech.

Independent parts of speech.

Noun. The syntactic role of a noun in a sentence.

Adjective. The syntactic role of the adjective in a sentence.

a) deep understanding of the essence of physical phenomena and knowledge of basic physical laws;

b) skills in solving physical problems;

c) ability to use the SI system of units and knowledge of basic physical constants;

d) an idea of ​​the history of the most important discoveries in physics and the role of domestic and foreign scientists in its development.

I. MECHANICS

1. Kinematics

Mechanical movement. Relativity of motion. Reference system. Material point. Trajectory. Path and movement. Speed. Acceleration.

Uniform and uniformly accelerated linear motion. Graphs of the dependence of kinematic quantities on time for uniform and uniformly accelerated motion.

Free fall of bodies. Acceleration of gravity. Equation of rectilinear uniformly accelerated motion.

Curvilinear motion of a point using the example of motion in a circle with a constant absolute speed. Centripetal acceleration.

2. Basics of dynamics

Inertia. Newton's first law. Inertial reference systems.

Interaction of bodies. Weight. Pulse. Force. Newton's second law. The principle of superposition of forces. Galileo's principle of relativity.

Elastic forces. Hooke's law. Friction force. Law of sliding friction.

Gravitational forces. The law of universal gravitation. Gravity. Body weight.

Movement of planets and artificial satellites of the Earth. First escape velocity. Weightlessness.

Newton's third law.

Moment of power. Lever equilibrium condition. Center of gravity.

3. Conservation laws in mechanics.

Law of conservation of momentum. Jet propulsion. Rocket movement.

Mechanical work. Power. Kinetic and potential energy. Law of conservation of energy in mechanics.

Simple mechanisms. Efficiency of the mechanism.

4. Mechanics of liquids and gases.

Pressure. Atmosphere pressure. Change in atmospheric pressure with altitude.

Pascal's law for liquids and gases. Communicating vessels. The principle of a hydraulic press.

Archimedean force for liquids and gases. The condition for bodies to float on the surface of a liquid.

Movement of fluid through pipes. Dependence of fluid pressure on its flow rate.

II. MOLECULAR PHYSICS. THERMAL PHENOMENA

1. Fundamentals of molecular kinetic theory

Experimental substantiation of the main provisions of the molecular kinetic theory. Brownian motion. Diffusion.

Mass and size of molecules. Measuring molecular speeds. Stern's experience.

Amount of substance. Mol. Avogadro's constant.

Ideal gas. Basic equation of the molecular kinetic theory of an ideal gas.

Temperature and its measurement. Absolute temperature scale. Temperature and speed of gas molecules.

Interaction of molecules. Gas, liquid and solid models.

2. Fundamentals of thermodynamics

Equation of state of an ideal gas (Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation). Universal gas constant. Isothermal, isochoric and isobaric processes.

Internal energy of an ideal gas. Quantity of heat. Specific heat capacity of a substance.

Work in thermodynamics. The law of conservation of energy in thermal processes (the first law of thermodynamics). Application of the first law of thermodynamics to isoprocesses. Adiabatic process.

Irreversibility of thermal processes. Second law of thermodynamics.

Operating principle of heat engines. Heat engine efficiency and its maximum value.

3. Liquids and solids

Evaporation and condensation. Saturated and unsaturated pairs. Air humidity. Boiling liquid. Dependence of boiling temperature on pressure.

Crystalline and amorphous bodies. Energy conversion during changes in the state of aggregation of matter.

III. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRODYNAMICS

1. Electrostatics

Electrification of bodies. Electric charge. Elementary electric charge. Law of conservation of electric charge.

Interaction of charges. Coulomb's law.

Electric field. Electric field strength. Electric field of a point charge. The principle of superposition of fields.

The work of the electric field when moving a charge. Electric field potential. Potential difference. Relationship between tension and potential difference.

Conductors in an electric field. Electrical capacity. Capacitor. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.

Dielectrics in an electric field. The dielectric constant. Electric field energy of a flat capacitor.

2. Constant electric current

Electricity. Current strength. Voltage. Carriers of free electric charges in metals, liquids and gases.

Conductor resistance. Ohm's law for a section of a circuit. Serial and parallel connection of conductors.

Electromotive force. Ohm's law for a complete circuit.

Work and current power. Joule-Lenz law.

Semiconductors. Electrical conductivity of semiconductors and its dependence on temperature. Intrinsic and impurity conductivity of semiconductors, r-p-transition.

3. Magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction.

Interaction of magnets. Interaction of conductors with current. A magnetic field. Magnetic field induction.

The force acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Ampere's law.

The effect of a magnetic field on a moving charge. Lorentz force. Magnetic flux. Electric motor.

Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Lenz's rule.

Vortex electric field. The phenomenon of self-induction. Inductance. Magnetic field energy.

IV. OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

1. Mechanical vibrations and waves.

Harmonic vibrations. Amplitude, period and frequency of oscillations. Free vibrations. Mathematical pendulum. Period of oscillation of a mathematical pendulum.

Energy conversion during harmonic oscillations. Forced vibrations. Resonance. The concept of self-oscillations.

Mechanical waves. Wave propagation speed. Wavelength. Transverse and longitudinal waves. Equation of harmonic plane wave. Sound waves.

2. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves.

Oscillatory circuit. Free electromagnetic oscillations in the circuit. Conversion of energy in an oscillatory circuit. Natural frequency of oscillations.

Forced electrical oscillations. Alternating electric current. Alternator. Effective values ​​of current and voltage. Resonance in an electrical circuit.

Transformer. Production, transmission and consumption of electricity.

Ideas of Maxwell's theory. Electromagnetic waves. The speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves. Properties of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic wave scale.

Emission and reception of electromagnetic waves. Principles of radio communication. Invention of radio. Electromagnetic wave scale.

V. OPTICS

Rectilinear propagation of light. Speed ​​of light. Laws of reflection and refraction of light. Total reflection. Lens. Focal length of the lens. Constructing an image in a plane mirror.

Converging and diverging lenses. Thin lens formula. Constructing images in lenses. Camera. Eye. Glasses.

Light is an electromagnetic wave. Interference of light. Coherence. Diffraction of light. Diffraction grating. Polarization of light. Transverse light. Dispersion of light.

VI. ELEMENTS OF A SPECIAL THEORY

RELATIVITY

Einstein's principle of relativity. Invariance of the speed of light. Space and time in the special theory of relativity. Relationship between mass and energy.

VII. THE QUANTUM PHYSICS

1. Light quanta.

Thermal radiation. Quanta of light. Planck's constant.

Photo effect. Stoletov's experiments. Einstein's equation for the photoelectric effect.

Louis de Broglie's hypothesis. Electron diffraction. Wave-particle duality.

2. Atom and atomic nucleus.

Rutherford's experiment on alpha particle scattering. Planetary model of the atom. Bohr model of the atom. Spectra. Luminescence. Lasers.

Radioactivity. Alpha, beta, gamma radiation. Methods for observing and recording particles in nuclear physics.

Composition of the nucleus of an atom. Nucleon model of the nucleus. Core charge. Mass number of the nucleus. Isotopes.

Radioactive transformations. Law of radioactive decay.

Binding energy of particles in the nucleus. Nuclear fission. Nuclear synthesis. Energy release during fission and fusion of nuclei.

Nuclear reactions. The mechanism of nuclear reactions and the conditions for their occurrence. Fission of uranium nuclei. Use of nuclear energy. Dosimetry.

BIOLOGY PROGRAM

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Chemical composition of the cell.

Organic substances: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

ATP, biopolymers, their role in the cell. Enzymes, their role in life processes.

2. Cell structure and functions.

Basic principles of cell theory. A cell is a structural and functional unit of living things.

The structure and functions of the nucleus, membrane, cytoplasm and main organelles of the cell.

Features of the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Features of the structure of cells of bacteria, fungi, animals and plants.

Viruses, features of their structure and life activity. AIDS virus, AIDS prevention.

3. Metabolism and energy conversion.

Energy exchange is the basis of cell life. Energy metabolism in the cell and its essence. The main stages of energy metabolism. Distinctive features of cellular respiration processes.

The importance of ATP in energy metabolism.

Autotrophs and heterotrophs. Plastic exchange. Photosynthesis, the cosmic role of plants in the biosphere. Chemosynthesis and its significance in the biosphere.

The gene and its role in biosynthesis. DNA code. Self duplication of DNA

Matrix synthesis reactions. Biosynthesis of proteins.

The concept of homeostasis. The relationship between the processes of plastic and energy metabolism.

II. Reproduction and individual development of organisms.

1. Reproduction of organisms.

Self-reproduction is a universal property of living things.

Cell division is the basis for reproduction and individual development of organisms. Sexual and asexual reproduction of organisms.

Mitosis. Preparing the cell for division. Doubling of DNA molecules. Protein synthesis. Chromosomes, their haploid and diploid set, constancy of number and shape. Phases of cell division. The meaning of cell division.

Sex cells. Meiosis. Development of eggs and sperm. Fertilization.

2. Individual development of organisms.

Features of fertilization in flowering plants.

The concept of individual development (ontogenesis) of organisms. Cell division, growth, differentiation, organogenesis, reproduction, aging, death of individuals. Plant ontogeny. Ontogenesis of animals. Embryogenesis (using the example of animals). Mutual influence of parts of the developing embryo. The influence of environmental factors on the development of the embryo.

Postembryonic development. Levels of adaptation of the body to changing conditions.

The harmful effects of alcohol and nicotine on the development of the human body.

Aging and death of the body. Specifics of ontogeny during asexual reproduction.

III. Fundamentals of genetics and selection.

1. Basics of genetics.

History of the development of genetics.

Patterns of inheritance of traits identified by G. Mendel. Hybridological method of studying heredity. Monohybrid crossing. Dominant and recessive traits. Allelic genes. Homozygote and heterozygote. Law of Dominance. The law of splitting.

Complete and incomplete dominance. The law of gamete purity and its cytological basis. Multiple alleles.

Analyzing crossing. Dihybrid and polyhybrid crossing. Law of independent combination.

Phenotype and genotype.

Cytological basis of genetic laws of inheritance.

Genetic sex determination. Genetic structure of sex chromosomes. Homogametic and heterogametic sex.

Inheritance of sex-linked traits.

Chromosomal theory of heredity. Gene linkage groups. Linked inheritance of traits. T. Morgan's Law. Complete and incomplete gene linkage. Genetic maps of chromosomes.

Genotype as an integral system.

Chromosomal (nuclear) and cytoplasmic inheritance.

2. Patterns of variability.

Basic forms of variability. Genotypic variability. Mutations. Gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations. Somatic and generative mutations.

Causes and frequency of mutations, mutagenic factors. Experimental production of mutations. Mutations as material for artificial and natural selection. Pollution of the natural environment with mutagens and its consequences.

The evolutionary role of mutations.

Combinative variability. The occurrence of different combinations of genes and their role in creating genetic diversity within a species. Evolutionary significance of combinative variability. The law of homological series in hereditary variability.

Phenotypic or modification variability. The role of environmental conditions in the development and manifestation of signs and properties. Statistical patterns of modification variability. Dominance management.

3. Human genetics.

Methods for studying human heredity. Human genetic diversity. The nature of inheritance of traits in humans.

Genetic basis of health. The influence of the environment on human genetic health. Genetic diseases. Genotype and human health.

Gene pool of the population. The relationship between biological and social inheritance. Social problems of genetics.

Ethical problems of genetic engineering. Genetic prognosis and medical genetic counseling, their practical significance, tasks and prospects.

4. Objectives and methods of selection.

Genetics as the scientific basis for the selection of organisms. Source material for selection. The doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants. Breed, variety, strain.

Selection of plants and animals. Artificial selection in breeding. Hybridization as a method in selection. Types of crossings.

Polyploidy in plant breeding.

Achievements of modern selection.

Problems and prospects of biotechnology.

Genetic and cellular engineering, its achievements and prospects.

IV. Evolutionary doctrine.

1. Fundamentals of evolutionary teaching.

The essence of the evolutionary approach and its methodological significance. The main features of biological evolution: adaptability, progressive nature, historicity. The main problems and methods of evolutionary teaching, its synthetic nature.

The main stages in the development of evolutionary ideas.

The importance of data from other sciences to prove the evolution of the organic world.

View. Type criteria. Speciation. The concept of microevolution. Population structure of the species. Population as an elementary evolutionary unit. Factors of evolution and their characteristics.

2. Mechanisms of the evolutionary process.

Natural selection is the driving and directing force of evolution. Prerequisites for the action of natural selection.

Driving forces of evolution: heredity, variability, struggle for existence, natural selection. The leading role of natural selection in evolution.

Forms of the struggle for existence. The struggle for existence as the basis of natural selection. Mechanism, object and scope of selection. Basic forms of selection. The role of natural selection in the formation of new properties, characteristics and new species.

Genetic drift and isolation are factors of evolution.

The emergence of adaptations and their relative nature. Mutual adaptation of species as a result of natural selection.

Differentiation of organisms during phylogenesis as an expression of progressive evolution. Basic principles of transformation of organs in connection with their function. Patterns of phylogeny.

The main directions of the evolutionary process. Aromorphosis, ideological adaptation. Correlation of different directions of evolution. Biological progress and regression.

The current state of evolutionary theory. The significance of evolutionary theory in human practical activity.

3. The emergence and development of life on Earth.

Views, hypotheses and theories about the origin of life. The organic world as a result of evolution.

A brief history of the development of the organic world. Basic aromorphoses in the evolution of the organic world. The main directions of evolution of various groups of plants and animals.

Phylogenetic connections in living nature. Modern classifications of living organisms.

V. Anthropogenesis.

The place of man in the system of the organic world. Evidence of the origin of man from animals.

Driving forces of anthropogenesis. Biological and social factors of anthropogenesis. The main stages of human evolution. The ancestral home of humanity. Human settlement and race formation.

Population structure of the species Homo sapiens.

Adaptive types of humans. Human races, their origin and unity. The anti-scientific, reactionary essence of “social Darwinism” and racism.

Development of material and spiritual culture, transformation of nature.

Factors in the evolution of modern man. The influence of human activity on the biosphere.

VI. Basics of ecology.

1. Ecosystems.

Ecology is the science of the relationship of living organisms with the environment. Current environmental situation. Relevance of environmental education in the context of the global environmental crisis. Ecological knowledge as the basis for human interaction with the environment.

The concept of living environment. Diversity of living environments on earth. Environmental factors and adaptation of living organisms to them. Population, their structure.

The concept of "biocenosis". Connections between organisms and organisms with their environment. Ecosystems. Types of ecosystems. Power circuits. Biomass pyramid. Biological cycle of substances in ecosystems. Productivity and biomass. Ecosystem dynamics.

Ecosystem, its main components. Diversity of populations in an ecosystem, food connections between populations, their significance. The role of producer, consumer and decomposer organisms in the cycle of substances in ecosystems. Regulation of population numbers as the basis for their conservation. Ecosystem development.

Agroecosystems, their diversity, differences from natural ecosystems. Conservation of biological diversity as the basis for sustainable development of ecosystems.

2. Global ecology.

Biosphere. Definition. Boundaries of life. Abiotic and biotic components. Distribution of life in the biosphere.

Biogeochemical cycle of substances. Stages of development of the biosphere in the process of historical development of the Earth.

The biosphere is a global ecosystem. Vernadsky in the development of the doctrine of the biosphere, living matter.

The circulation of substances and the flow of energy in the biosphere, the role of living matter in it. The role of plants on Earth.

Global changes in the biosphere under the influence of human activity. The problem of sustainable development of the biosphere.

3. Human environmental activities.

Environmental ethics, culture, education, consciousness, thinking. Legal protection of nature. Environmental problems of modern Russia. Movement for environmental safety. Various socio-political movements in defense of nature. The international cooperation. Environmental monitoring. Environmental human needs, health factors.

The problem of implementing the concept of sustainable development and the doctrine of the noosphere. Rational environmental management. Environmental technologies. Development of new energy sources.

Protection of the natural environment and humans from man-made pollution. Prevention of technological and military disasters.

PROGRAM ON "HISTORY OF RUSSIA"

Introduction.

Russia's place in European and world history. The manifestation of general patterns of development of countries and peoples in the history of Russia. Features of Russian history against the background of European and world history. Historical rates of development of Russia. Multifactorial approach to history. The influence of geographical, geopolitical, economic, ethnic, religious, personal and psychological factors on the fate of Russia. Epochs in the development of the country.

The most ancient roots of the Eastern Slavs.

Proto-Slavs. The ancestral homeland and settlement of the Indo-Europeans. Indo-European linguistic community. Pan-Slavic European stream. The history of the Eastern Slavs is part of European history, the identification of the Eastern Slavs.

Geographical location of the Eastern Slavs. Nature of the East European Plain in ancient times. The problem of natural borders, the “openness” of Rus' to the West and East. The proximity of the steppe, the consequences of this for the life of the Slavs in ancient times. Geographical and natural-climatic characteristics of individual regions of the country: North, Dnieper region, South-West, North-East. Contact civilized zones of Rus' and individual regions. The influence of Byzantine civilization. Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs. Early integration of peoples on the East European Plain.

Economy of the Eastern Slavs. Agriculture Skills. Trades. Craft. General and specific in the formation of cities in Rus' and Western Europe. Religion of the Eastern Slavs in ancient times. Paganism of the Slavs, its features. Reflection in paganism and the social system of the Slavs.

Formation of the Old Russian state with its center in Kyiv.

The decomposition of primitive communal relations among the Eastern Slavs. The emergence of social differentiation of social differences: causes and consequences. Formation of tribal alliances. The squad and the nobility. The emergence of princely power. Features of the development of socio-political processes among the Eastern Slavs in ancient times in comparison with the peoples of Western Europe.

The emergence of principalities among the Eastern Slavs in the 8th - 9th centuries, the formation of the state association "Rus" at the turn of the 8th - 9th centuries. led by the Principality of Polyan. The emergence of Kyiv: legend and reality. Origin of the word "Rus". Novgorod Rus', its place in Russian history.

The genesis of the multinational Old Russian state.

Legendary and real in the “recognition of the Varangians”. “Norman theory”, its role in Russian history. Neo-Normanism. The first Western and Eastern evidence of the state of Rus'. Liberation of the East Slavic lands from the yoke of the Khazars. The emergence of two main directions of ancient Russian foreign policy: the Balkans and the Azov-Caspian region.

The struggle of Novgorod and Kyiv as two centers of statehood in Rus'. Victory of the North over the South. Prince Oleg. Subjugation of the glades and other tribes. Peaceful and violent inclusion of Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes into Rus'. Creation of a power centered in Kyiv. Multi-ethnic character of the first Russian state. Rus' at the end of the 9th - middle of the 10th century. Oleg's campaign against Constantinople in 907. Treaties between Rus' and the Greeks. Strengthening the Kyiv state under Igor. The beginning of the fight against the Pechenegs. Advancement to the Black Sea region, the mouth of the Dnieper, to the Taman Peninsula. Russian-Byzantine War 941-944. The uprising of the Drevlyans and the death of Igor. Management and taxation reform under Olga. Olga's journey to Constantinople. Olga's baptism. Political relations with the German Empire. Rus' between Byzantium and the West. Strengthening the importance of Christianity in Kyiv. Transfer of power to the pagan Svyatoslav.

The origin of early feudal relations in Kievan Rus. Consolidation of state and private ownership of land. The transition from polyudye to the organized collection of tribute. The natural character of master's and peasant farms. The emergence of a feudal-dependent population in the countryside and city.

The structure of dominance of the upper population. Princely castles, boyar courtyards. Army.

Nicholas I and his intentions. Investigation and trial of the Decembrists. Pestel, Trubetskoy, Ryleev. Wives of the Decembrists. Decembrists in Siberia. Activities of the Third Department, increased censorship. The theory of "official nationality". Expansion of the bureaucratic apparatus. Codification of laws. State village management reform. and monetary reform. The personality of Nicholas I. The beginning of the crisis of the Nicholas system. Annexation of the Caucasus to Russia and the Caucasian War. Ermolov, Shamil. The growth of protest against the Nikolaev regime in the public consciousness. Slavophiles and Westerners. Petrashevtsy. , . . Crimean War.

Russia in the post-reform era.

The era of liberation. Abolition of serfdom. Historical significance of the abolition of serfdom. Reforms of the 60s - 70s. XIX century: zemstvo, city, judicial, military, financial, censorship, education. Personality of Alexander II. Author of reforms.

Industrial revolution. Construction of the great highway from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. The emergence of new industrial centers. The capitalist city is a new phenomenon in Russia. Preservation of the landowners' latifundia and the peasant community. Slow development of commodity-money relations in agriculture of the central provinces. Rapid development of agrarian capitalism in the North Caucasus and Southern Ukraine.

Drama after release. The question of the constitution in the government of Alexander II. Russian liberalism and the movement for the constitution. . The emergence of populism. Three currents in populism. Lavrov, Tkachev, Bakunin. Government repression and the victory of the terrorist trend. Activities -Melikova. Draft constitution. Seven attempts on the life of the Tsar. Assassination of Alexander II. Lessons and failures of the populist movement.

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Industrial boom of the 90s. and activities. Deterioration of the situation in the countryside: population explosion and global; agricultural crisis, growing peasant land shortage and poverty. Hungry years. The government's transition to a policy of preserving patriarchal-communal relations in the countryside while preserving the landowners' latifundia. Political reaction. Alexander III and. Accession to the throne of Nicholas II. Liberal movement of the 80-90s. "The third element" in the zemstvo. . Liberal populism. . The Russian labor movement takes the stage. The Liberation of Labor group and the emergence of the Marxist movement in Russia. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class" and the beginning of activities. A new stage of the liberation movement.

Russia at the crossroads of world politics. Chancellor and the restoration of Russian rights in the Black Sea. Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878 and the liberation of Bulgaria. The annexation of Central Asia to Russia. The end of the “alliance of the three emperors” and the rapprochement of Russia and France.

Russian Orthodox Church in the 19th century. Orthodoxy in the system of tsarist autocracy. Church government system. Chief prosecutors and the Synod. and Metropolitan Filaret. The question of church reforms in the post-reform era. The emergence of a liberal movement in the clergy, the emergence of democratic priests. Christianization of the peoples of the Volga region and Siberia and its historical significance. Monastic "eldership". Elder Ambrose from Optina Hermitage. Politics and the growing crisis of the Orthodox Church in the context of the development of capitalism.

Culture of Russia in the 19th century. Enlightenment and science. Russian travelers. Urban planning. Old Petersburg is a masterpiece of European architecture. Russian painting. Music of the peoples of Russia. Russian literature is conquering Europe. The growth of literacy in the second half of the 19th century. Creation of national writing among a number of peoples of the Volga region. Capital and provincial seals. Book publishing. Theater. Music. Exhibitions. Museums. Temples.

Russia in the era of revolutions.

National crisis at the beginning of the 20th century. Searching for a way out of the crisis. and “Special Meeting on the Needs of the Agricultural Industry,” and “Liberation Union.” Formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Its leaders. II Congress of the RSDLP and the formation of the Bolshevik and Menshevik movements in social democracy. Lenin, Plekhanov, Martov. “Russia needs a small, victorious war” - the opinion of the Minister of Internal Affairs. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 and Portsmouth Peace. Unfulfilled hopes of the “liberal spring” - Mirsky.

The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. Priest and “Meeting of Russian factory workers of St. Petersburg.” “Bloody Sunday” January 9, 1905 The beginning of the first Russian revolution. The main demands of the revolution: the introduction of a constitution and civil liberties, equal rights for all classes, and a solution to the land issue. Political camps in the revolution. General political strike in October 1905. Manifesto of October 17, 1905. Formation of the liberal parties of the constitutional democrats and the “Union of October 17”. Failure of the December armed uprising. Correction of the liberals and division of the opposition. State Duma of the first and second convocations. The government's entry into punitive operations. The June 3rd coup d'etat is the final milestone of the revolution. Political and social results of the revolution of 1905 - 1907.

Years of missed opportunities. Stabilization of the internal situation of Russia in 1907 - 1914. Activity. Stolypin's personality. Agrarian reform. The destruction of the community is the primary task of the reform. Planting of farmsteads and cuts. Suppression of alternative ways to improve peasant life. The violent nature of the reform. Stolypin's projects in the field of reforms of local government, courts, and public education. The emergence of a coalition against Stolypin (local nobility, court camarilla, high bureaucracy). Political crisis in the spring of 1911. The murder of Stolypin. Failure of the second era of reforms. A revolutionary crisis is brewing.

Silver age of Russian culture. New technology and new features of everyday life. Education. Book and print. Social Sciences. Natural science and technology. Culture and art of the peoples of Russia.

World War I. Lack of consolidation of Russian society. Defeat of the Russian army in the spring - summer of 1915. Railway crisis. Fuel crisis. Food crisis. The struggle for power between the Duma, the generals and the court camarilla. And

The February Revolution of 1917 and the abdication of Nicholas II. Personality of Nicholas II. The emergence of the Petrograd Soviet. Creation of the Provisional Government. Characteristics of its members. . Establishment of dual power. Leadership of the Soviets. Russian society is facing a severe test. Results of the February Revolution.

Russia after February 1917. The Provisional Government is surrounded by problems. A question about peace. Question about land. Question about the Constituent Assembly. National catastrophe. The decline in prestige and power of the Provisional Government. Summer - autumn 1917. Growing discontent of the masses. Growing chaos. Polarization of forces. The growing influence of the Bolsheviks. The position of the main political forces: Cadets, Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks. July crisis. General's speech. Domestic policy of the Provisional Government.

October Revolution in Petrograd. The Bolsheviks are in power. Creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution (VChK). Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly. Adoption by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People." Adoption of the Decree “On the Socialization of the Land”. Conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty between Soviet Russia and Germany and its allies. Adoption of the Decree on the nationalization of industry. Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

The struggle of the Soviet government against the troops. Adoption of the Decree on the introduction of surplus appropriation for bread. The struggle of the Soviet government against the united Armed Forces of Southern Russia under the command. The Entente lifts the blockade of Soviet Russia.

Soviet-Polish war. Conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. The struggle of the Soviet government against the general's troops. The end of the civil war on the territory of the RSFSR (in the European part and Siberia). Results of the civil war.

Soviet Union in the interwar period.

Revolt of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt. Workers' strikes in Petrograd. The adoption by the X Congress of the RCP(b) of the decision on the transition to a new economic policy.

Russia during the years of the new economic policy and the accelerated construction of “state socialism” 1921-1941. New economic policy. Contradictions and “NEP crises”. Formation of the Stalinist economic model of “state socialism”.

Convocation of the First All-Union Congress of Soviets: formation of the USSR. Adoption of the first Constitution of the USSR. The course towards building socialism in one country and its consequences. Soviet statehood during the period of accelerated construction of “state socialism.” Formation of the structure of the “party state” in the USSR. Formation of a one-party political regime. Cultural life of the country in the 20s.

Socio-economic development of the country in the 20s. Industrialization. Socio-economic transformations in the 30s. Strengthening the regime of Stalin's personal power. Resistance to Stalinism. The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

Foreign policy of the USSR in 1921-1941. Genoa Conference. Treaty of Rappal between the RSFSR and Germany. Official recognition of the USSR by a number of European states. Entry of the USSR into the League of Nations. The Soviet Union on the eve and during the initial period of the Second World War. Armed clashes between the USSR and Japan near Lake Khasan and in the area of ​​the Khalkhin Gol River. Conclusion of the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact. The German attack on Poland marks the beginning of the Second World War. The entry of Soviet troops into the eastern regions of Poland (Western Belarus and Western Ukraine). Conclusion of the Soviet-German Treaty “On Friendship and Border”. Soviet-Finnish war. The entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.

Great Patriotic War of the Soviet

people (years).

The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR. The reasons for the failures of the Red Army in the initial period of the war. Measures to transfer the country to martial law. Front and rear, power and people in the Great Patriotic War. Mass heroism of Soviet soldiers on the war fronts. Battle for Moscow. Creation of an anti-Hitler coalition: the signing of a number of agreements between the USSR, Great Britain and the USA. Signing of the Declaration of the United Nations against Germany and its allies. A radical turning point in the war. Battle of Stalingrad. Battle of Kursk. Adoption of the resolution “On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation.” Conference of heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain in Tehran. Liberation of the territory of the USSR from the Nazi invaders.

Conference of heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain in Yalta. Battle for Berlin. Signing of the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Germany. Liberation of the territory of the USSR and European countries. Victory over Nazism in Europe. Defeat of Japan. The end of World War II. International conference in San Francisco. Signing of the Charter of the United Nations (UN). Conference of heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain in Potsdam. Nuremberg trials.

Sources of victory in the war and its price. Results and lessons of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War in general.

Soviet Union in 1945 - 1985

State-political system of the USSR in 1945 - 1953. The apogee of Stalinism. Socio-economic development of the USSR in 1945 - 1955. The fourth five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy. The fifth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

Foreign policy of the USSR in 1945 - 1955. "Bipole" world. Cold War. Creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). Testing an atomic bomb in the USSR. Signing in Warsaw of a treaty on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between socialist countries (creation of the Warsaw Treaty Organization - WTO).

XX Congress of the CPSU. Report “On the cult of personality and its consequences.” Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences.”

Foreign policy of the USSR during the “thaw” period (1955 - 1964). The entry of troops from the Warsaw Pact countries into Hungary.

Soviet Union in the era of scientific and technological revolution. Launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR. The first human flight into space in history ().

Economic development of the USSR during the “thaw”. Seven-year plan for the development of the national economy. New phenomena in social policy. Social and political life of the country during the “thaw”. Tragedy in Novocherkassk.

XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of a new Party Program - the program for building communism.

Caribbean crisis. The signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and under water.

Resignation from positions.

Socio-economic policy of the period of “stagnation” (1965-1985). Socio-political movements in the USSR during the era of “stagnation”. Attempts to implement political and economic reforms. Scientific and technological revolution and its influence on the course of social development.

Resolution of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee “On urgent measures for the further development of agriculture of the USSR.” Resolution of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee “On improving industrial management, improving planning and strengthening economic incentives for industrial production.”

Eighth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR. The ninth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR. Tenth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

Adoption of the third Constitution of the USSR.

Foreign policy of the USSR. Foreign policy of the USSR in the era of “stagnation”. The policy of "détente".

The entry of troops from the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia. Signing of the SALT-1 treaty between the USSR and the USA. Meeting in Helsinki on security and cooperation in Europe.

"Undeclared war" in Afghanistan.

Socio-economic development, socio-political life and culture of the USSR in the 60-80s, the increase in crisis phenomena.

The Soviet Union in the era of “perestroika” and “new political thinking.” 1985-1991

Social and economic crisis in the USSR. Election as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

Soviet policy of “new thinking” in the international arena. Signing of the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles between the USSR and the USA.

Eleventh five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

Twelfth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

XIX All-Union Party Conference. A course towards reform of the political system. Reforming the political system of the USSR in the era of “perestroika”.

I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Election as President of the USSR.

Adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. Beginning of official registration of political parties and organizations.

Dissolution of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact Organization.

The beginning of negotiations in Novo-Ogarevo on the conclusion of a new Union Treaty between the President of the USSR and the heads of nine Union republics.

Signing of the Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START-1).

Anti-state putsch in Moscow. Bialowieza Agreement. The decision of the leadership of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus on the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Resignation of M. Gorbachev from the post of President of the USSR. Completion of the historical path of the USSR. The collapse of the USSR and its consequences.

Russian Federation at the endXX-beginningXXIcentury.

Russia in the post-Soviet space. The beginning of socio-economic and political transformations, their impact on life and mood in society. Federal Treaty of 1992. Confrontation of the highest institutions of state power. All-Russian referendum on confidence in the policies of the Russian President. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On phased constitutional reform and dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation.” Armed uprising of opposition forces in October 1993 in Moscow. Elections to the Federal Assembly of Russia. Constitutional foundations of the Russian Federation. Election of B. Yeltsin as President of the Russian Federation in 1996.

Signing of the Treaty between Russia and the United States on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START-2). Russia's accession to the Partnership for Peace program proposed by NATO member states. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Eastern European countries.

Socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. The inconsistency of the socio-economic policies of the Russian leadership. Reforms of the Russian economy using “shock therapy” methods and their results. The collapse of the domestic economy, growing problems in the social sphere. War in Chechnya. Resignation.

Elections of the new President of Russia in March 2000 and the government’s policy to stabilize the socio-economic and socio-political situation in the country. State and political development of Russian society. Elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation (December 2003) and presidential elections (March 2004).

The main directions of Russian foreign policy: relations with countries near and far abroad. Russia's participation in solving global problems of the modern world.

HEAD OF ACADEMIC DEPARTMENT

Colonel

N. KUZHEKIN

For notes

For notes

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On January 6, 1712, Peter I issued a decree on the creation of a Military Engineering School in Moscow. Now it is the A.F. Military Space Academy. Mozhaisky, which trains officers for the Space Forces of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Ministry of Defense. For the anniversary of the Academy, the portal “Word and Deed” prepared historically

On January 16, 1712, Peter I issued a decree on the creation of a Military Engineering School in Moscow. Seven years later the school was transferred to the new capital - St. Petersburg. Over more than three centuries of history, this establishment has changed its name and direction of activity several times. Now it is the A.F. Military Space Academy. Mozhaisky, which trains officers for the Space Forces of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Ministry of Defense. For the Academy’s birthday, the portal “Word and Deed” prepared a historical essay.

It is interesting that the father of Russian aircraft manufacturing, Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890), has nothing to do with the academy. He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps and served in the navy all his life, rising to the rank of rear admiral. Mozhaisky was a talented naval engineer - several ships were built according to his drawings. He would build the plane when he was already retired.

Under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the Engineering School merged with the Artillery School, and the combined educational institution was named the Artillery and Engineering Nobility School. Under Catherine II, it was transformed into the Artillery and Engineering Gentry Cadet Corps.

Distinguished Alumni

Among the school's graduates there are outstanding historical figures

Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1747-1813)

Perhaps the most outstanding graduate of this educational institution is commander Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov. His father Illarion Matveevich taught artillery sciences at this school. Natural talent allowed Mikhail Illarionovich to complete the full course in a year and a half instead of the required three. After graduation, he remains at school, where he teaches mathematics. Kutuzov's military achievements are well known, and a detailed presentation of them would take several volumes.

Fedor Fedorovich Buxgewden (1750-1811)

Fedor Fedorovich Buxgevden, while still a cadet, participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774, where he distinguished himself in the battle of Bendery. Then he went through the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. He took part in the Polish campaign of 1793-1794 as commander of an infantry division. In the Battle of Austerlitz he was able to lead his units out of encirclement. In 1808-1809, during the last Russian-Swedish war in history, Fyodor Fedorovich already commanded the entire active army and annexed Finland to Russia.

Pyotr Petrovich Konovnitsyn (1764-1822)

A participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, Count Pyotr Petrovich Konovnitsyn rose to the position of Minister of War. During World War II, Kutuzov appointed Konovnitsyn as duty general of the Russian army headquarters. All of Kutuzov’s combat correspondence with the military leaders subordinate to him passed through Pyotr Petrovich. This is how two graduates of the famous military school ended up side by side in the war.

Alexey Andreevich Arakcheev (1769-1834)

The son of a poor landowner, Alexey Andreevich Arakcheev (1769-1834), thanks to his natural talents and excellent education in the future Mozhaika, made a brilliant military career from a cadet to the Minister of War, in which position he served from 1808 to 1810. Arakcheev perfectly organized the supply of the army, without which victories in the Russian-Swedish War of 1808-1809 and in the Patriotic War of 1812 would have been impossible. Alexey Andreevich mercilessly fought against bribes in his department, immediately dismissing those who were guilty. It is clear that by doing this he made many enemies, who coined the term “Arakcheevism.” In fact, Arakcheev was a talented organizer and one of the most effective administrators in Russian history.

Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko (1774-1837)

But graduates of the Artillery and Engineering Gentile Cadet Corps glorified their alma mater not only through feats of arms and organizational work. They also have important inventions to their credit. One of the graduates, Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko, will lay the foundation for the domestic rocket industry. Missiles designed by Zasyadko flew at a distance of 6 km, while the English ones flew only at 2700 meters. He also invented the prototype of the famous Katyusha - a device that could fire six missiles in one salvo. Rocket weapons played a decisive role in 1828 during the siege of the Turkish fortress of Brailov. This was the first combat use of missiles, demonstrating the enormous potential of these weapons.

Teachers

The scientific achievements of the corps graduates would not have been possible if they had not had brilliant teachers. Over the years, outstanding minds of Russia gave lectures to the cadets. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov lectured on physics in 1758. And in 1861, cadets learned the basics of chemistry from Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev himself, the discoverer of the periodic law. In 1850-1855, Russian literature was taught within the walls of the then 2nd Cadet Corps by the Russian utopian philosopher, democratic revolutionary, scientist, literary critic, publicist and writer Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the building taught the Law of God, the Russian language with Church Slavonic and Russian literature, French and German, mathematics, basic information on natural history, physics, cosmography, geography, history, fundamentals of law, penmanship and drawing. In addition, there were extracurricular subjects: drill, gymnastics, fencing, swimming, music, singing and dancing.

Soviet period

In Soviet times, this educational institution, which often changed its name, continued the traditions of the pre-revolutionary cadet corps, but changed direction. Now it was not an artillery school, but a higher military educational institution that trained officers for the air force.

On March 19, 1955, the Leningrad Red Banner Air Force Engineering Academy, as the successor to the Military Engineering School was then called, received the name A.F. Mozhaisky. By this time, the Academy had completed 736 research projects, graduated 21 doctors of science and 413 candidates.

Soviet graduates

During the existence of the academy as a personnel forge for the Soviet air force, it produced many outstanding pilots. Let's remember some of them.

Anatoly Vasilievich Lyapidevsky (1908-1983)

Anatoly Vasilyevich Lyapidevsky graduated from the Leningrad Air Force Military Theoretical School in 1927, and then from the Sevastopol School of Naval Pilots. In 1934, he participated in the operation to rescue passengers and crew of the Chelyuskin steamship, crushed by Arctic ice. Lyapidevsky made 29 missions. Together with other pilots, he saved all 102 people who had been drifting on the ice floe for two months. For his courage, Anatoly Vasilyevich was the first to be awarded the newly introduced title of “Hero of the Soviet Union” with the presentation of the “Gold Star” medal No. 1.

Vladimir Konstantinovich Kokkinaki (1904-1985)

Vladimir Konstantinovich also graduated from the Leningrad Air Force Military Theoretical School and became a test pilot. He holds 22 different records for altitude and flight range. Among them are a non-stop flight from Moscow to the Far East with a length of 7,580 kilometers and a non-stop flight from Moscow to North America with a length of 8,000 kilometers. Vladimir Konstantinovich rose to the rank of major general of aviation and was twice awarded the title “Hero of the Soviet Union.”

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Sudets (1904-1981)

In 1927 he graduated from the Air Force Military Technical School. Participant in the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. and the Great Patriotic War, where he commanded various air armies with the rank of Colonel General of Aviation. At the very end of the war, Sudets received the title “Hero of the Soviet Union.” In 1955, he became an air marshal and took the position of commander of long-range aviation, and later commanded the country's air defense and served as deputy minister of defense of the USSR. All three of his sons also devoted their lives to military aviation.

Space Age

In the late 50s, teaching of space sciences and space technology began at the Mozhaisky Academy. In 1960, the academy was transferred from subordination to the Air Force to the control of the Strategic Missile Forces. A year later, the first graduation of specialists for the Strategic Missile Forces took place. Since then, the activities of the Academy have been inextricably linked with the rocket and space industry.

Within the walls of the academy, through the joint work of cadets and teachers, several spacecraft were designed under the general name “Mozhaets”. The first of them was assembled in 1995, but did not fly into space, but was used for educational work. Mozhaets-2 was launched into space in 1997. The third and fourth satellites in this series were launched in 2002 and 2003. The launch of these devices allowed the cadets not only to acquire skills in controlling spacecraft from the academic control center, but also to conduct scientific experiments in orbit.

Not only satellites are launched into space by students and graduates of the academy. Some even fly themselves.

Yuri Georgievich Shargin (born 1960)

Yuri Georgievich Shargin, Colonel of the Space Forces, in 2004, as a flight engineer of the Soyuz TMA-5 spacecraft, flew as part of the seventh visiting expedition to the International Space Station. In 2005 he was awarded the title “Hero of Russia”.

On September 22, 1994, by decree of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 311, the legal succession of the Military Space Engineering Academy named after. A.F. Mozhaisky (then name) and the Military Engineering School, which was founded by Peter I. This decree decided to consider January 16 as the day the academy was created. By popularity Military Space Academy named after. A.F. Mozhaisky ranks 44th overall in the country, 5th in St. Petersburg and 2nd among military educational institutions.