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How people discovered and studied the Earth. The presentation was prepared by Nekhaeva E.A. Teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 39”, Ryazan
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Repetition The largest continent The smallest ocean Which continent passes through all the meridians of the Earth Which continent does the equator intersect almost in the center Which continent is located only in the southern and eastern hemispheres Which continent is located only in the northern and western hemispheres Which continent is divided into two parts of the world Which part of the world includes contains two continents Which continent is washed by four oceans Which ocean washes the shores of Eurasia and North America Which island crosses the parallel 8° N. and meridian 80°E.
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Repetition The largest continent Eurasia The smallest ocean Arctic Arctic Which continent does all the meridians of the Earth pass through Antarctica Which continent does the equator cross almost in the center Africa Which continent is located only in the southern and eastern hemispheres Australia Which continent is located only in the northern and western hemispheres North America Which continent is divided into two parts of the world Eurasia Which part of the world includes two continents America Which continent is washed by four oceans Eurasia Which ocean washes the shores of Eurasia and North America Arctic Which island crosses the parallel 8° N. and meridian 80°E. island of Sri Lanka Self-test: “5” - 10-11 correct answers “4” - 7 – 9 correct answers “3” - 5 – 6 correct answers
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How people's ideas about the Earth changed The development of navigation and long-distance travel not only made people think about the shape of the Earth, they provided a huge amount of information about newly discovered territories. This information had to be recorded and transmitted from one person to another. This is how the first images of the area appeared, which later turned into geographical maps.
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How people's ideas about the Earth changed Open the atlas on page 3 III century BC. The world according to Eratosthenes, 2nd century AD. Image of the Earth on Ptolemy's map 17th century World map from Mercator's atlas Modern map of the hemispheres Remember what people knew about the Earth in the distant past? In what order were the continents discovered? From the history course, remember the names of the states of the ancient world.
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The Ancient East Scientists find the beginnings of geographical knowledge among the peoples of the Ancient East - the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Phenicia. Agriculture, cattle breeding, trade, settlement of peoples and wars led to the accumulation of knowledge about the world around us. When crossing deserts and sailing the seas, people learned to navigate by the Sun, Moon and stars.
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Ancient East From hieroglyphic inscriptions and drawings that have survived to this day, scientists have learned that even 40 centuries BC, the Egyptians equipped expeditions to Central Africa and sailed the Mediterranean Sea. Phoenicians - went out into the Atlantic Ocean, were the first to circumnavigate Africa and possibly reached the shores of America
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During the lesson, students fill out the table: MAIN STAGES OF ACCUMULATING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EARTH (workbook p. 7 task 1)
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Herodotus An ancient Greek scientist, historian, traveler, left to his descendants a monument to ancient science, “History in Nine Books.” He introduced his readers to the entire Old World, all three old countries of the world that he knew. These are Europe, Asia and Libya, meaning Africa.
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In the time of Herodotus, scientists of ancient Greece suggested that natural conditions depended on geographic latitude. Within the land inhabited at that time, they identified three “belts”: the northern – damp and cold (Scythia), the southern – dry and desert (Egypt and Arabia) and the middle, most favorable for human life (Mediterranean) Northern Belt Southern Belt Middle Belt
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Aristotle One of the fundamental ideas of ancient geography is the idea of the unity of the boundless World Ocean. It was first expressed by Aristotle. Through long-term observations of the eclipse of the moon and the sun, he came to the conclusion that the earth should have the shape of a ball.
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Ancient Greek mathematician, astronomer and geographer ERATOSTHENES at the turn of the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC e. determined the size of the earth along the meridian. He developed a method for constructing a map, created a systematic work in which he identified territories that differ from each other in natural conditions, features of life and everyday life of the population. The book was called “Geography” (Earth Description). This is where the name of the science comes from - GEOGRAPHY
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MAIN STAGES OF ACCUMULATING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EARTH (workbook p. 7 task 1) What ancient knowledge about our planet was accumulated in the ancient world? Name the scientists and the contribution they made to the development of geography
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The Age of Great Geographical Discovery Venetian traveler. Born on the island of Korcula (Dalmatian Islands, now in Croatia). In 1271-1275 he traveled to China, where he lived for about 17 years. In 1292-1295 he returned to Italy by sea. The “Book” written in his words (1298) is one of the first sources of European knowledge about the countries of Central, East and South Asia. Marco Polo
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In the 14th and 15th centuries, Marco Polo's Book was a guide for cartographers. She played a big role in the history of great geographical discoveries. The organizers and leaders of the Portuguese and first Spanish expeditions of the 15th-16th centuries not only used maps compiled under the influence of Polo, but his work itself was a reference book for outstanding navigators, including Columbus.
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Afanasy Nikitin NIKITIN Afanasy (?-1475), Russian traveler, Tver merchant. Traveled to Persia and India (1468-74). On the way back I visited the African coast (Somalia), Muscat, Turkey. Nikitin's travel notes “Walking across Three Seas” are a valuable literary and historical monument. Marked by the versatility of his observations, as well as his religious tolerance, unusual for the Middle Ages, combined with devotion to the Christian faith and his native land.
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There is no biographical information about Afanasy Nikitin, but his travel notes “Walking across Three Seas” (the exact name of the diary) are not only a most valuable and interesting geographical document, but also a wonderful literary monument. The author tells the story of his wanderings along the Caucasian coast of the Caspian Sea, Persia, India, Turkey, Crimea and southern Russia.
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Great geographical discoveries Christopher Columbus navigator, Spanish admiral (1492), viceroy of the Indies (1492), discoverer of the Sargasso and Caribbean seas, the Bahamas and Antilles, part of the northern coast of South America and the Caribbean coastline of Central America. (autumn 1451, Genoa - May 20, 1506, Valladolid),
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Then Columbus thought about his project of a sea voyage to India. In 1474, astronomer and geographer Paolo Toscanelli informed Columbus in a letter that India could be reached by a much shorter sea route by sailing west. Having made his own calculations, he decided that it was most convenient to sail through the Canary Islands, from which, in his opinion, there were about 5 thousand km to Japan.
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In total, Columbus made 4 voyages to America: The first voyage (August 3, 1492 - March 15, 1493). Second voyage (September 25, 1493 - June 11, 1496). Third voyage (May 30, 1498 - November 25, 1500). 4. Fourth journey (May 9, 1502 - November 1504). Columbus caravel models
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Contrary to his own conviction, which he maintained until his death, Columbus was not given the opportunity to complete the task to which he devoted his entire life: he never discovered the Western route to the countries of the East. Columbus's discoveries were accompanied by the colonization of lands, the founding of Spanish settlements, brutal enslavement and mass extermination of the indigenous population, called “Indians,” by conquistador troops. But it was Columbus's expeditions that laid the foundation for the great geographical discoveries of the Renaissance, in particular the final proof of the sphericity of the Earth.
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Italian navigator, one of the discoverers of South America, the Amazon delta, the Gulf of Venezuela, the Maracaibo lagoon and the Brazilian Highlands; chief pilot (navigator) of Spain (1508). established that the West Indies are the New World! light! Amerigo Vespucci (March 9, 1454, Florence - February 22, 1512, Seville)
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Vasco da Gama On July 8, 1497, a flotilla of four ships with a crew of 168 people sailed from Lisbon. Having passed the Cape Verde Islands, the expedition headed west, and then turned east, making a large arc along the Atlantic Ocean, and in early November reached the African coast. Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope (discovered by the navigator Bartolomeo Dias), the flotilla reached the east coast of modern South Africa. At the end of January 1498, the Portuguese came to Calicut, the largest transit center for trade in spices, precious stones and pearls on the southwestern coast of India. In September 1499 they reached Lisbon. Most of the expedition members died, only 55 people returned to their homeland. However, the purpose of the journey was fulfilled. A sea route from Europe to Asia was opened.
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Ferdinand Magellan. (spring 1480, Sabrosa, Vila Real province, Portugal - April 27, 1521, Philippines) Fernand MAGELLAN - Portuguese navigator, whose expedition made the first circumnavigation of the world; discoverer of part of the Atlantic coast of South America, the passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, which he first crossed. Magellan proved the existence of a single World Ocean and provided practical evidence of the sphericity of the Earth.
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On September 20, 1519, a flotilla of five ships with a crew of 265 people, led by Magellan, left the port of Sanlúcar de Barramedan in search of the southwest strait from the Atlantic Ocean. Two months later, the ships reached the coast of Brazil and headed south along the American continent. In March 1520, they stopped for the winter in San Julian Bay. Here Magellan, with great difficulty, managed to suppress the rebellion of some of the members. In September 1520, an expedition on four ships (Santiago died in reconnaissance on May 22) entered the ocean and headed south.
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At the end of October 1520, they reached the strait, which was subsequently named after its discoverer - the Strait of Magellan. The passage through the strait with an unfamiliar fairway was very difficult. On the southern shore of the strait, the sailors saw the lights of fires. Magellan called this land Tierra del Fuego. "San Antonio", which was in the lead, came out of the strait, turned south and, rounding the southern tip of America, voluntarily returned to Spain. The number of expedition members who insisted on returning to Spain grew.
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Having passed the strait, the expedition headed to the shores of Asia. Magellan called the “South Sea” the Pacific Ocean, “because,” as one of the participants reports, “we have never experienced the slightest storm.” This passage lasted for more than three months, during which part of the crew, who suffered greatly from hunger and thirst, died, and the ships were in a state close to mutiny. In the spring of 1521, Magellan reached the islands off the east coast of Asia, later called the Philippine Islands. Pursuing the goal of subjugating the local population to the Spanish crown, Magellan intervened in a dispute between two local rulers and was killed in battle on April 27. I had to set sail urgently. The absence of an experienced leader made itself felt. Almost there, the flotilla spent several months reaching the Moluccas.
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On the islands, the Spaniards learned that the Portuguese king had declared Magellan a deserter, so his ships were subject to capture. The ships are dilapidated. The Concepcion had previously been abandoned by its crew and burned. There were only two ships left. "Trinidad" was repaired and went east to the Spanish possessions in Panama, and "Victoria" went west, bypassing Africa. The Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese. "Victoria" under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano continued its journey. After making a long journey around Africa, 18 people returned to their homeland. El Cano
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Discovery and exploration of Australia From 1768 to 1771, James Cook discovered and explored the islands of Oceania and the mainland of Australia, which he declared possession of England. James Cook Abel Tasman At the beginning of the 17th century, he explored part of the northern coast of the mainland and discovered an island named after the discoverer - Tasmania.
- Eurasia is the largest continent on Earth.
- Africa is the hottest continent.
- North America is the 3rd largest continent by area.
- South America is the wettest continent.
- Australia is the driest continent.
- Antarctica is the highest continent. It was discovered quite recently, in the 19th century :).
It depends on what is considered the discovery of the continent, and from which one to count. The initial emergence of humanity occurred in Africa, from where it partially spread to South-West Asia and subsequently to the east and Europe. 10-12 thousand years ago, migration to America took place along the dry Bering Strait. 30-40 thousand years ago the same thing happened with Australia.
And geographical discoveries occurred in this order: in 1492 the islands of the Caribbean Sea were discovered, then North America, a few years later South America; then Australia was discovered, and in 1821 - Antarctica.
This assignment is given in geography to 6th grade students.
There are 6 continents in total on Earth:
Eurasia is the largest of them, and European discoveries about the continents of the Earth begin with it.
Africa. Already from the 16th century, Europeans took slaves for themselves. Conducted active trading.
North America was explored and included on the world map in 1497-1507.
South America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
Australia. Matthew Flinders first circumnavigated Australia on his ship and described it in his writings in 1814. But it was discovered by Europeans in the 17th century, and Great Britain colonized this continent.
The last continent, Antarctica, was discovered by the Russians in 1820.
The earth did not immediately submit to man. The following continents were discovered successively:
- Africa (people are believed to have been born there).
- Eurasia (humans are believed to have evolved there).
- North America (believed to be Vikings).
- South America (believed to be Spanish).
- Australia (believed to be British).
- Antarctica (believed to be Russian).
A very interesting question, because indeed, the continents were not discovered all at once, but one by one. First, Eurasia was discovered, then Africa was discovered, then North America was discovered. THEN we got to South America. Then very young continents - Australia and Antarctica
As you know, there are 6 continents in total, they opened in this order:
- Eurasia- this is a pioneer, we are here, so history is told in relation to our population, and since we lived here, it means we were the first to discover the mainland.
- Africa- is the closest, you can already get to it by land.
- North America- from the end of the 15th century it was already beginning to be explored.
- South America.
- Australia- achieving it was not easy.
- Antarctica, was opened the very last, due to the fact that the conditions for its achievement are not at all childish.
The continents of planet Earth were not all discovered at once. This happened gradually, consistently. Eurasia was discovered first. It is believed that humanity originated in Africa and from there they began to explore the planet and move to the north in search of escape from the tropical climate and a better life. Then Columbus discovered North America. Then we reached South America. Australia was the last to be found and settled. Antarctica was the last to be discovered.
The discoveries occurred in the following sequence:
appeared first Eurasia, it was so long ago that it cannot be called a discovery.
in the fifteenth century the continent was discovered North America. Many attribute this discovery to the most famous navigator for this fact, Christopher Columbus. There is a theory that the discovery occurred through the efforts of Amerigo Vespucci. Jacob, the continent was named after him.
Then comes Australia, the name of James Cook comes to mind.
was the last one to open Antarctica researchers Bellingshausen and Lazarev. This happened in the nineteenth century.
Africa first. Along with the discovery of the continent of Africa, the Canary Islands were also discovered. The Phoenicians settled in the north of the mainland.
In 334321 BC, Alexander the Great set out from Greece to discover Asia, which is part of Eurasia.
In 1004, Norman Leif Erikson arrived on the shores of North America.
The Dutch were the first to reach Australia in 1606.
Antarctica. Its discovery in 1820 belongs to Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.
Since it is believed that the birthplace of humanity is Africa, it would be fair to consider the discoveries of continents from Africa. The ancestors of humanity discovered Eurasia as the first continent; this happened no earlier than a hundred thousand years ago. The second place was Australia, where the first settlers entered about 50 thousand years ago. The next continent discovered by humanity was America, first North, resettled to it through the current Bering Strait about 20 thousand years ago, then South - about 12 thousand years ago. Much later, these continents were rediscovered by Europeans. America was discovered in 1492 by the Spaniards, or in 900 by the Vikings. Australia was discovered by the Dutch in 1606, and Antarctica was discovered by Russian sailors in 1820.
I will list the continents in the order of their discovery:
In what sequence the continents were discovered by Europeans, you will learn from this article.
In what centuries were the continents discovered?
The discovery of continents was consistent and natural. It is known that there are 6 continents on our planet. The largest of them is Eurasia. The second continent in terms of territorial size is Africa. Its shores are washed by two oceans - the Atlantic and Indian. The two subsequent continents, South and North America, are connected by the small Isthmus of Panama. The fifth continent is Antarctica, which is covered with a thick shell of ice. This is the only continent of all 6 continents where there are no permanent residents. A large number of polar stations have been created on it; scientists regularly visit them and conduct observations. Australia is the last and smallest continent on the planet.
How did the continents get their names?
The continents were named by the Europeans who discovered them. There is no exact date for the discovery of Eurasia and Africa. What is known is that even the ancient Greeks knew and distinguished Eurasia into Asia and Europe. Europe is the part of the territory that was located to the west of Greece, and Asia was on the eastern side. Africa became known to the world after the Romans conquered the southern part of the Mediterranean coast.
At the end of the 15th century - the beginning of the 16th century, namely in 1492 he made a long sea expedition and discovered America.
In the 17th century Dutch navigators discovered a fifth continent, which they called Terra Australis Incognita. It stands for Unknown Southern Land. The fifth continent was Australia.
on 2014-09-30Knowledge about the Earth, its nature, population and its economic activities has accumulated over millennia. Through the work of many peoples, the feats of brave sailors and travelers, and geographers, a general picture of the modern world was slowly created.
Scientists drew maps and wrote up descriptions of new lands and the peoples inhabiting them.
Now the Soil is being studied from space, automatic stations are being sent to second planets, their nature is being compared with the nature of the Soil, and they are learning more about it as part of the Universe. International scientific expeditions are being created, meetings are being held, and scientific information is being exchanged.
Modern geography has information about the geological past of our planet, about the highlights of the development and structure of each geosphere, about the components of nature, their connections, about natural complexes and about the most enormous of them - the geographical envelope, which is now under the enormous influence of human activity.
In the Russian space age, the soil, which previously seemed immensely huge, has ceased to be so. At the moment, it is possible to quickly get to any point of the Soil, collect information about the processes and phenomena occurring in its nature. But this was not always the case!
- Remember from the previous geography course what people knew about the Earth in the distant past.
- In what order were the continents discovered?
- From your history course, remember the names of the countries of the old world. Where were they located?
The main stages of accumulating knowledge about the Earth
Scientists find the beginnings of geographical knowledge among the peoples of the Ancient East - the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Phenicia. Cattle breeding and agriculture, trade, wars and the settlement of peoples led to the accumulation of knowledge about the surrounding world. When crossing deserts and sailing the seas, people learned to navigate by the Sun, Moon and stars.
The ancient scientists of Mesopotamia for the first time divided the circle into degrees, the year into 12 months, days into 24 hours; This is where the Russian calendar originates.
From drawings and hieroglyphic inscriptions that have survived to this day, scientists have found out that even 40 centuries BC, the Egyptians equipped expeditions to Central Africa and sailed the Mediterranean Sea. The brave Phoenicians - skilled shipbuilders, merchants and sailors - having loaded their own ships with various goods, went on long voyages across the Mediterranean Sea and entered the Atlantic Ocean. They were the first to sail near Africa and, perhaps, reached the shores of America.
The geographical knowledge accumulated by the populations of Ukraine was expanded by the great thinkers of Old Greece. They tried to explain the structure and origin of the world around them, to depict countries recognizable at that time in the form of drawings (maps). Herodotus - ancient Greek scientist, traveler and historian
left us a good monument of ancient science, recognizable by the title “History in Nine Books.” He was an eyewitness to many of the events described and conveyed with the greatest reliability everything that he himself saw or others noticed. In the time of Herodotus, scientists of Old Greece made assumptions about the dependence of natural conditions on geographic latitude.
Within the land inhabited at that time, they identified three zones: the northern - damp and cold (Scythia), the southern - dry and Arabia (and desert Egypt) and the middle, the most favorable for human life (Mediterranean).
The greatest event in the development of geographical knowledge of that time was the doctrine of the sphericity of the Soil. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, through long observations of eclipses of the Sun and Moon, concluded that the Soil should be spherical. And the ancient Greek mathematician, geographer and astronomer Eratosthenes at the turn of the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC e. found out the size of the soil along the meridian.
He created a method for constructing a map, created the first systematic work, in which he identified territories that differ from each other in natural conditions, features of everyday life and life of the population. The book was called “Geography,” which in ancient Greek meant “description of the earth.” This is how the name of domestic science seemed.
This stage of the development of geography is called cognitive-descriptive.
- What specific knowledge about our planet was accumulated in the old world?
- Name the scientists and tell us about the contribution they made to the development of geography.
During the early Middle Ages, there was a decline in geographical knowledge. Wars and slave uprisings slowed down the development of science. But even at this time many geographical discoveries were made. The leading role in them passed to the Arabs.
Their ships plied the waters of the Indian Ocean from the coast of Africa to the Sunda Islands. The Arabs founded colonies in the eastern part of the African coastline and traveled to India and China.
Serious discoveries in the Middle Ages were made by the Novgorodians and Normans. Normans in the 9th century. discovered and began to populate the island of Iceland, after that - Greenland, and in the 11th century. they reached the shores of North America. Novgorodians went to the shores of the Arctic Ocean, sailed to the island of Grumant (Spitsbergen), and reached the mouth of the Ob.
Europeans' knowledge of the earth's space expanded significantly in the 13th century. as a result of the travels to Asian soils of the Venetian merchants Polo. They were ahead of the Italians, and perhaps the first Europeans to make their way over a long distance to the east of a huge continent. Their journey continued for many years.
Marco Polo outlined a huge world, hitherto little known to Europeans, and for the first time provided information about the nature of the Pamirs, the monsoons of India, and the necessary plants of China.
Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin also contributed to the development of knowledge about the Earth. In the second half of the 15th century. He reached India through the Arabian Sea and Persia and compiled truthful descriptions of the states he saw.
At a time when feudalism was replaced by a new public formation - capitalism, again, as in the old world, interest in the sciences, as well as in geography, increased.
During the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, navigation and trade developed rapidly. Portuguese and Spanish ships rush to find roads to rich India. The Portuguese sail south along the western coast of Africa and reach the Cape of Good Hope.
Rice. 4. One of the maps of the ancient world
At the end of 1492, H. Columbus led Spanish ships to little-known soils beyond the Atlantic Ocean. Discovery of the New World
became the greatest event in history.
A couple of years after the discovery of America, having circumnavigated Africa, Vasco da Shuma’s ships reached India. And in 1521, the first voyage around the world began under the leadership of F. Magellan, which ended in 1524. The geographical horizon of Europeans expanded to dimensions unprecedented for that time.
Thanks to these geographical discoveries, people determined the true size of their own planet, the ratio of land and water on Earth. It became clear that it is the ocean that determines the appearance of the entire planet and affects the nature of all its parts.
In the second half of the era of great geographical discoveries (XVI-XVII centuries), sea routes to India and China were searched throughout northern North America and the shores of Eurasia. The names of British and Dutch navigators finally remained on geographical maps.
The names of Russian explorers can be found in the vast expanses of Siberia - from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean.
The Cossack detachments of I. Moskvitin, S. Dezhnev, V. Poyarkov, E. Khabarov and others sailed along the Siberian rivers and put them on maps.
During the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, geography became one of the most important sciences for humanity. She was enriched with extensive information about the structure of the soil surface, collected a large amount of information about the nature and population of almost the entire land, and took the first ideas about the nature of the World Ocean. But at that time, geography mostly served the function of land description, answering the questions: what? Where?
Geographical works, descriptions and maps of that time played mostly the role of reference books.
- Name the most important discoveries made during the early Middle Ages.
- What is the significance of the Age of Discovery?
In the second half of the 17th and 18th centuries. travelers continued to search for new sea passages near the continents, new lands in the oceans, and studied the interior parts of the continents, little known to science. At this time, scientific expeditions were organized for the first time, the purpose of which, along with discoveries, was to study and explain the circumstances of geographical processes and phenomena, the highlights of the nature of individual territories. Land description tasks were slowly replaced by research tasks.
Rice. 5. The most significant discoveries and geographical travels
Vast spaces of the northern part of Eurasia were discovered and explored by Russian travelers. In the 18th century In the Russian Federation, many expeditions were carried out, conceived by Peter I. All of them took the non-specialized name of the Great Northern Expedition. The sea and land teams of this expedition studied and mapped the northern and northeastern shores of Eurasia, reached the northwestern shores of North America, and discovered a sequence of islands off the coast of Alaska.
Having studied and summarized the works of this expedition, the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov in the 60s. XVIII century created a project for the passage of the Siberian Ocean to eastern India. In one of his own odes he wrote: Russian Columbuses, despising joyless fate.
Between the ice, a new path will be opened to the east, And the Russian power will reach America.
A significant contribution to the development of geography was made by the expeditions of the famous British navigator J. Cook, whose name is in the same sequence as X. Columbus and F. Magellan. J. Cook made three voyages to then little-known areas of the Pacific Ocean, discovered the eastern shores of Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and a number of other islands. He studied both the subpolar and polar regions of the soil, passed through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean. Suda J.
Cook reached the Antarctic Circle, but fog and ice did not allow the navigator to get further south.
Countless expeditions of the 18th-19th and early 20th centuries. enriched geography with knowledge about the nature and population of the soil. During this era, the polar regions of our planet were discovered and studied.
Thus, geography moved from the accumulation of traditional reference material to the creation of complex individual territories and descriptions of countries. The first theories appeared about the structure of air, the movement of air balances, the doctrine of the origin of land relief and its development under the influence of internal and external forces. Geographers put forward the integrity and idea of the unity of all nature of the Soil.
The latest discoveries of the 20th century. made a significant contribution to the development of knowledge about our planet. They are carried out using new methods of studying the Soil in deliberately created scientific organizations, the purpose of which is to conduct scientific research. In many countries of the world, scientists organize enormous expeditions to Antarctica and the Arctic.
Extensive study of the World Ocean is underway. Its study began with the British expedition on the Challenger ship, and continued on the Russian Vityaz and other scientific vessels. In the 60s
67 states participated in the study of the planet under the International Geophysical Year program.
The launch of the first unnatural satellite, and after that spacecraft, opened up new opportunities in the study of the Soil.
The materials collected during the expeditions allowed scientists to put forward guesses (assumptions) about the nature of this or that phenomenon, and make scientific discoveries based on the achievements of second sciences (physics, mathematics, biology). Scientists have created the theoretical foundations of geographical science, recognized cause-and-effect relationships, dependencies between the components of nature, and established patterns inherent in the formation of nature throughout the world.
Rice. 6. Sea vessels help with research laboratories for oceanographers
Geographers recognized the patterns of location of large relief forms, discovered air circulation, and created the doctrine of lands as a special component of nature. The main thing in geography was the doctrine of natural complexes and the most enormous complex - the geographical shell of the Soil in which man lives and works.
So slowly geography turned from a purely descriptive science into a science that interprets the features of the nature of the Soil. Under no circumstances will humanity lose its enormous interest in its own home, our own light blue planet.
- Develop an idea for the text you read.
- Name the main eras of accumulation of geographical knowledge about the Earth.
- Name the expeditions and the most important journeys that led to the most important discoveries.
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Geradot is an ancient Greek scientist, historian and traveler. He was an eyewitness to many of the events described and conveyed everything that he himself saw or others saw. In his time, 3 zones were distinguished: northern, southern, and Mediterranean. Geradot is an ancient Greek scientist, historian and traveler. He was an eyewitness to many of the events described and conveyed everything that he himself saw or others saw. In his time, 3 zones were distinguished: northern, southern, and Mediterranean.
The greatest event of that time was the doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, through long-term observations of eclipses of the Moon and the Sun, came to the conclusion that the Earth is spherical. The greatest event of that time was the doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, through long-term observations of eclipses of the Moon and the Sun, came to the conclusion that the Earth is spherical.
Eratosthenes determined the size of the Earth, developed a method for constructing a map, and created the first systematic work in which he identified territories that differed from each other in natural conditions. Eratosthenes determined the size of the Earth, developed a method for constructing a map, and created the first systematic work in which he identified territories that differed from each other in natural conditions.
Important discoveries were made by the Normans, who discovered and began to populate the island of Iceland, then Greenland, and reached the shores of North America. Important discoveries were made by the Normans, who discovered and began to populate the island of Iceland, then Greenland, and reached the shores of North America.
The traveler discovered the East for Europeans and was the first to travel by sea from China to Italy. His work “Description of the World” is the most famous book of that era. The traveler discovered the East for Europeans and was the first to travel by sea from China to Italy. His work “Description of the World” is the most famous book of that era. Marco Polo
The discovery of America is associated with the voyage of Christopher Columbus in search of a sea route to India. The traveler discovered a beautiful world where powerful states have now arisen, and the peoples that inhabit them glorify the name of Columbus and pass it on to their descendants with honor. Christopher Columbus
“A Monument to Human Injustice” is the name given to the origin story of the name America. It was the Italian traveler Amerigo Vespucci who came to the conclusion that Christopher Columbus reached not India, but an unknown huge landmass - the New World. Amerigo Vespucci
Traveled to India and established the outlines of the African continent. Vasco da Gama
He made the first circumnavigation of the world, as a result of which it was proven: -The Earth has the shape of a ball; - there is more water on Earth than land; - all oceans are interconnected and form a single World Ocean. Ferdinand Magellan
It is this English traveler who is credited with the discovery of the continent of Australia. The navigator, Captain Cook, was an outstanding explorer of three oceans, the discoverer of many unknown lands. His courage and patriotism still inspire travelers to achieve feats in studying the nature of the Earth. James Cook
A talented researcher of the life of primitive peoples. He was an educator of many tribes among whom he lived. An outstanding traveler, he explored the island of New Guinea and other islands of the Pacific Ocean. Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay
The discovery of Antarctica - this distant, cold, but naturally interesting continent - is associated with the names of these travelers. Thaddeus Bellingshausen Mikhail Lazarev
He described the nature of South America, created the first geological map of the continent, and collected a herbarium of 12 thousand plant species. His research has been compared to the second discovery of America. Alexander Humboldt
The northern and eastern regions of North America were explored. Henry Hudson Alexander Mackenzie
He led the Great Northern Expedition, took part in the organization of the Russian fleet, and maritime geographical research of that time. Vitus Bering
He made two trips to the Tien Shan, drew up a map of the relief and altitudinal zones of this gigantic mountain system, discovered mountain glaciers, and explored the high-mountain lake Issyk-Kul. Petr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky
He described and mapped the Tibetan Plateau, deserts, lakes, and the sources of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. Carried out five expeditions to Central Asia. Nikolai Przhevalsky
