Nature management is a set of measures taken by society in order to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.
Rational environmental management– this type of relationship between human society and the environment, in which society manages its relationship with nature and prevents the undesirable consequences of its activities. An example is the creation of cultural landscapes; the use of technologies that allow for more complete processing of raw materials; reuse of industrial waste, protection of animal and plant species, creation of nature reserves, etc.
Irrational environmental management is a type of relationship with nature that does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection and its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature). Examples of such an attitude are excessive grazing of livestock, slash-and-burn agriculture, extermination of certain species of plants and animals, radioactive and thermal pollution of the environment. Also harming the environment is caused by rafting of timber along rivers with individual logs (moth rafting), draining swamps in the upper reaches of rivers, open-pit mining, etc. Natural gas as a raw material for thermal power plants is a more environmentally friendly fuel than coal or brown coal.
Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management, special environmental protection bodies have been created, and environmental programs and laws are being developed. It is important for countries to work together to protect nature and to create international projects that would address the following issues:
1) assessing the productivity of stocks in waters under national jurisdiction, both inland and marine, bringing fishing capacity in these waters to a level comparable to the long-term productivity of the stocks, and taking timely appropriate measures to restore overfished stocks to a sustainable state, as well as cooperation in in accordance with international law to take similar measures with respect to stocks found on the high seas;
2) the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and its components in the aquatic environment and, in particular, the prevention of practices leading to irreversible changes, such as the destruction of species by genetic erosion or large-scale destruction of habitats;
3) promoting the development of mariculture and aquaculture in coastal marine and inland waters by establishing appropriate legal mechanisms, coordinating the use of land and water with other activities, using the best and most suitable genetic material in accordance with the requirements for the conservation and sustainable use of the external environment and the conservation of biological diversity, application of social and environmental impact assessments.
Environmental pollution and environmental problems of humanity. Environmental pollution- this is an undesirable change in its properties, which leads or may lead to harmful effects on humans or natural complexes. The most well-known type of pollution is chemical (the release of harmful substances and compounds into the environment), but such types of pollution as radioactive, thermal (uncontrolled release of heat into the environment can lead to global climate changes in nature), and noise pose no less potential threat. Environmental pollution is mainly associated with human economic activity (anthropogenic environmental pollution), but pollution is possible as a result of natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorite falls, etc. All shells of the Earth are subject to pollution.
The lithosphere (as well as the soil cover) becomes polluted as a result of the influx of heavy metal compounds, fertilizers, and pesticides into it. Up to 12 billion tons of waste from large cities alone are removed annually. Mining developments lead to the destruction of natural soil cover over vast areas. The hydrosphere is polluted by wastewater from industrial enterprises (especially chemical and metallurgical enterprises), runoff from fields and livestock farms, and domestic wastewater from cities. Oil pollution is especially dangerous - up to 15 million tons of oil and petroleum products enter the waters of the World Ocean every year.
The atmosphere is polluted mainly as a result of the annual burning of huge amounts of mineral fuel and emissions from the metallurgical and chemical industries. The main pollutants are carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and radioactive compounds.
As a result of growing environmental pollution, many environmental problems arise both at the local and regional levels (in large industrial areas and urban agglomerations) and at the global level (global warming, reduction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, depletion of natural resources).
The main ways to solve environmental problems can be not only the construction of various treatment plants and devices, but also the introduction of new low-waste technologies, repurposing production, moving them to a new location in order to reduce the “concentration” of pressure on nature.
Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) belong to objects of national heritage and represent areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of government authorities completely or partly from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
According to estimates from leading international organizations, there are about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all types in the world. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; medical and recreational areas and resorts.
Examples of Unified State Examination Tasks with Comments
1. Which of the following countries has the largest proven coal reserves?
1) Algeria 3) South Africa
2) Pakistan 4) Peru
The answer is 3.
2. Which of the listed types of natural resources are classified as exhaustible and non-renewable?
1) copper ores 3) soil
2) peat 4) forest
The answer is 1.
3. On the coast of which gulf are large oil and gas fields being developed?
1) Bengal 3) Great Australian
2) Mexican 4) Hudson
The answer is 2.
4. Which of the following countries has the greatest hydroelectric potential?
1) Brazil 3) Netherlands
2) Sudan 4) Australia
To successfully answer questions of this type, you should apply knowledge about what the hydropower potential of rivers is and what it depends on (the number of rivers, their full flow and the terrain - the greater the slope of the river, the higher its hydro potential. In this case, there are many deep rivers in Brazil rivers flowing across the plateaus. Sudan is located in the Sahara, there are no rivers there. In the Netherlands there are rivers, but they are smaller in depth and length than in Brazil, in addition, the slope of the rivers is small, since the territory of the country does not have large differences in elevation , it is quite flat. Australia is a country of deserts. There are rivers only in the east - they originate in the mountains of the Great Dividing Range, have a sufficient slope. But their hydropotential is significantly lower than the rivers of Brazil, because they are less deep.
The answer is 1.
5. Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on the state of the natural environment?
1) construction of high pipes at thermal power plants
2) use of brown coal as fuel at thermal power plants
3) use of solar energy to heat homes
4) land reclamation
The answer is 2.
6. Which of the following cities has the highest level of air pollution?
1) Tambov 3) Rostov-on-Don
2) Petrozavodsk 4) Chelyabinsk
To answer questions of this type, you need to apply knowledge about which industries pollute the air to a greater extent and about which industries are developed in the listed cities. Thus, the largest air polluters are metallurgy enterprises (ferrous and non-ferrous), thermal power plants operating on brown or hard coal. Of the listed cities, Chelyabinsk has full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises.
The answer is 4.
7. As a result of global warming, the territory of which of the following countries may decrease?
1) Netherlands 3) Switzerland
2) Turkmenistan 4) Sudan
These types of questions test the ability to apply knowledge about the effects of global warming and the geographic location of countries to solve a specific problem. As a result of global warming, sea levels are rising. Accordingly, the low-lying coastal areas of countries with access to the coast of the World Ocean may be flooded. Of the countries listed in the text of the assignment, only the Netherlands has access to the ocean, and part of the coast is lowland. As a result of rising sea levels, part of the country will be flooded.
The answer is 1.
8. Which of the following industries pollutes inland waters the most?
1) shoe 3) food
2) textile 4) pulp and paper
The answer is 4.
9. In which of the territories indicated on the map will water erosion of the soil layer develop most intensively?
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D
Questions of this type require the ability to apply knowledge about the causes of the development of water soil erosion to analyze the possibility of its development in certain areas. It must be remembered that the development of water erosion depends on the topography, the composition of rocks, the degree of soil consolidation by vegetation, the amount of precipitation, etc. With leveled low-lying terrain, erosion develops with less intensity. To answer correctly, you need to remember what kind of relief is typical for the territories shown on the map. Thus, territory A is located approximately within the Central Russian Upland, and the rest are within the lowlands, which are characterized by swampiness.
The answer is 1.
10. Using the data from the table below, compare the availability of fresh water resources among countries. Arrange countries in order of increasing resource availability.
Canada290031, 1 93Bangladesh2360129,2 18Brazil6950170,1 40Write the resulting sequence of letters in the table.
To answer such questions, you should remember what resource availability is and calculate it for the countries presented in the table. Resource availability is the relationship between the amount of (explored) natural resources and the extent of their use. It is expressed either by the number of years for which the resource should last, or by reserves per capita at current rates of extraction or use. In this case, the table shows freshwater resources and population, therefore, it is necessary to compare indicators of resource availability per capita. To do this, divide the amount of fresh water resources, given in km3, by the population of the country, given in million people. and find out how much of this resource is available per capita. You can calculate the indicators and compare them. Or you can not count exactly, but roughly compare which countries will have the highest and lowest indicators. In this task, Canada will clearly have the highest indicator, and Bangladesh will have the lowest.
A typical mistake is an answer written in the opposite sequence to that required in the task. For example, you need to arrange the countries in order increase indicator of resource availability, and students write down the answer in the order decrease, because they first identified the country with the highest rate. To avoid making such mistakes, you should carefully read the text of the assignment, and, having determined the indicators of all countries, look again in what order they should be written down in the answer. Answer: BVA.
11. What features of agriculture in the Azov Sea basin have caused the increase in salinity and pollution of the waters of the Azov Sea in recent decades?
The Sea of Azov is small and shallow. It is connected to the Black Sea by the narrow Kerch Strait. Of the large rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov, the Don and Kuban stand out. The fresh waters of the rivers desalinate the salty waters of the sea.
A large amount of river water is withdrawn for irrigation,
because Agriculture is developing on irrigated lands. Less fresh river water enters the sea, and the salinity of sea waters increases. Sea water pollution is increasing
due to the fact that many chemical fertilizers are used in crop production, and some of them, together with river and
underground water flows into the sea.
Self-test tasks
1. Which of the listed types of natural resources are considered inexhaustible?
1) energy of ebbs and flows
2) coal
3) natural soil fertility
4) tin ores
2. Which of the following cities has the highest level of air pollution?
1) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 3) Blagoveshchensk
2) Smolensk 4) Kemerovo
3. In which region of Russia may problems arise due to the fact that permafrost is thawing as a result of global warming?
1) Krasnoyarsk Territory 3) Primorsky Territory
2) Rostov region 4) Republic of Karelia
4. Which of the listed sectors of the economy pollutes the atmosphere the most?
1) air transport
2) railway transport
3) thermal power engineering
4) nuclear power industry
5. Which of the following countries have rivers with the greatest hydroelectric potential?
1) Mauritania and Panama 3) Iran and Niger
2) Mongolia and Pakistan 4) DR Congo and Canada
6. The greenhouse effect in the Earth’s atmosphere increases with increasing levels of
1) nitrogen 3) hydrogen
2) oxygen 4) carbon dioxide
7. In which of the territories indicated on the map will wind erosion of the soil layer develop most intensively?
8. Establish a correspondence between each of the natural resources and the species to which it belongs.
NATURAL RESOURCES TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES
A) forest 1) inexhaustible
B) wind energy 2) exhaustible renewable
B) fuel 3) exhaustible non-renewable
D) metal ores
Write down the numbers corresponding to the selected answers in the table.
9. Using the data from the table below, compare the provision of regions with fresh water resources. Arrange the regions in order of increasing resource availability.
Foreign Asia 11.03682 South America 10.5345 Australia and Oceania 1.630 Write the resulting sequence of letters in the table.
10. Using the table, compare the resource availability of countries with oil. Arrange countries in order of increasing resource availability.
Answers
Russia11480Venezuela11145Norway1.1128Write the resulting sequence of letters in the table.
11. Explain why during anticyclones in cities the concentration of exhaust gases in the surface layer of air sharply increases? Give two reasons.
12. What are the features of the nature of the Yamal Peninsula on its territory? List two features.
13. Why are there less changes in the tundra zone on the West Siberian Plain associated with anthropogenic human activity than in the natural steppe zone?
14. Why is the Laptev Sea less polluted than the Black Sea? Give two reasons.
Answers
14134678910422133ABVVAB11. During an anticyclone there is no wind or its strength is very small. Exhaust gases remain in the ground layer of air. In addition, during anticyclones, downward air movement is observed, thus, exhaust gases are “pressed” to the surface of the earth.
12. The Yamal Peninsula is characterized by the spread of permafrost; in addition, there are swamps there. Winters are very harsh with low air temperatures. All this makes construction difficult, because... it is necessary to use special technologies and special equipment.
13. The tundra zone of the West Siberian Plain began to be intensively changed by humans not so long ago - in connection with the discovery and start of exploitation of gas and oil fields. Agricultural production is not developed. And in the steppe zone, development has been going on for a long time - it was populated earlier, the population density here is higher. In the south of the West Siberian Plain, the degree of agricultural development of the territory is high - large areas of land are plowed, natural vegetation is reduced.
14. We can name one reason related to human activity and one related to the characteristics of nature. Human economic activity on the Laptev Sea coast contributes little to its pollution. There are few cities on its shores, and transport routes along its waters are not used intensively. The shores of the Black Sea have been inhabited for a long time; there are many cities and towns, railways and roads on its coast. Numerous cargo and transport ship routes pass through its waters. Agricultural activities of the population on the coasts of the sea and in the river basins flowing into it also contributed to the pollution of the sea. Also, the Laptev Sea is less polluted, because it is marginal, and the waters of the sea mix freely with the waters of the Arctic Ocean. The Black Sea is inland, and water exchange processes here are very slow.
Section VI.
Regional studies
Rational and not
Nature management
Rational environmental management
Nuclear energy.
In the event of a major accident, the scale of radioactive contamination is so great that the legitimacy of the risk of further expansion of nuclear power plant construction becomes questionable. Moreover, as the number of nuclear power plants increases, the degree of risk also increases. The problem of radioactive waste disposal is of no less concern. Thus, the increase in energy consumption and production globally can cause the following dangerous consequences:
· climate change due to the greenhouse effect, the likelihood of which is increasing due to the increasing accumulation of carbon dioxide emitted by energy plants in the planet’s atmosphere;
· the problem of neutralization and disposal of radioactive waste and dismantled equipment of nuclear reactors after the end of their service life;
· increased likelihood of accidents in nuclear reactors;
· increase in areas and levels of environmental acidification;
· air pollution in cities and industrial areas as a result of burning fossil fuels.
Manufacturing industry as an environmental polluter.
The specificity of the impact of the manufacturing industry on the environment lies in the variety of pollutants for the environment and humans. The main channels of influence are the technogenic processing of natural substances and its changes during processing, the reaction to the effects of technological processes (splitting, changes in composition). In the process of production and consumption, the substance of nature is so modified that it turns into a toxic material that negatively affects both nature and humans.
A feature of the manufacturing industry is the similarity of the composition of pollutants emitted by enterprises in various industries, but using similar materials, raw materials and semi-finished products.
Chemical industry.
The chemical industry is one of the dynamic sectors of the manufacturing industry. It penetrated into all aspects of life: the production of medicines, medications, vitamins, etc. All this contributed to the growth of the quality of life and the level of material security of society. However, the downside of this level is the growth of waste, poisoning of the air, water bodies, and soil.
There are approximately 80 thousand different chemicals in the environment. Every year, 1-2 thousand new products from the chemical industry enter the retail chain around the world, often without prior testing. In the building materials industry, the largest “contribution” to environmental pollution comes from cement, glass and asphalt concrete production.
In the glass production process, among the pollutants, in addition to dust, are lead compounds, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen oxide, arsenic - all this is toxic waste, almost half of which ends up in the environment.
Timber industry complex.
It is well known that the forest area is catastrophically declining under the pressure of increasing demands for timber and arable land due to the growth of the total human population.
Types of violation of the environmental friendliness of the use of forest resources:
· violation of existing rules and regulations of forest management;
· the technology of skidding and removal of wood contradicts the protective functions of mountain forests (the use of caterpillar tractors), leads to the destruction of soil cover, stripping of forest litter, increased erosion processes, and the destruction of undergrowth and young growth;
· reforestation work does not keep pace with deforestation due to poor survival rate of plantings, as a result of negligence in care.
Energy factor
The energy factor is important due to the shortage of energy resources and the implementation of energy-saving policies in the European regions of the country. In highly energy-intensive production of the chemical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy (nylon and viscose silk, aluminum, nickel), fuel consumption significantly exceeds the weight of the finished product, reaching 7–10 tons or more for each ton. The total energy costs for the production of such products are greater than for raw materials. The share of the energy component is largest, in addition to electricity, in the metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries. In ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper industry, production of copper, lead, hydrolytic yeast, caustic soda and some other specific energy intensity of production is 1–3 tons of standard fuel, but the total need for energy resources due to large production volumes is very significant. Therefore, further development of energy-intensive industries is most effective in the eastern regions, primarily in Siberia, based on the rich and cheap energy resources available there.
Water factor
The water factor plays a significant, and in some cases, a decisive role in the location of enterprises in the chemical, pulp and paper, textile industries, ferrous metallurgy, and electric power industries. The costs of the entire complex of water management activities (water supply, disposal and wastewater treatment) range from 1–2% to 15–25% of the cost of an enterprise under construction in water-intensive industries. As a result, they should be located in Siberia, the Far East, and the European North, where the cost of 1 m3 of fresh water is 3–4 times less than in the regions of the Center and South of the European part.
Labor factor
The labor factor (the cost of living labor for the manufacture of products) remains important when locating mechanical engineering (in particular instrument making), light industry, as well as the largest enterprises in other industries. Since labor costs per 1 ton of products and the share of wages in the cost do not give a correct idea of the labor intensity of products, when organizing the placement of productive forces taking into account the labor factor, it is advisable to focus on the absolute need of each enterprise for labor.
Land factor
The land factor becomes especially acute when sites are allocated for industrial construction (their size for large enterprises reaches hundreds of hectares), in areas of intensive agriculture and in cities with limited urban communications and engineering structures. The most rational option in this case is the group placement of enterprises in the form of industrial hubs.
Raw material factor
The raw material factor determines material intensity, i.e. the consumption of raw materials and basic materials per unit of finished product. To industries with the highest material intensity indices (more than 1.5 tons of raw materials and supplies per
1 t of products) include full-cycle ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, hydrolysis, plywood, cement, and sugar industries. At the same time, enterprises remote from sources of supply of raw materials and enterprises with large-tonnage products (metallurgical, chemical, pulp and paper mills) require special attention. When placing them, it is necessary to correctly determine the areas of consumption of finished products and the costs of their transportation.
Transport factor
The transport factor is of particular importance for Russia with its large continental spaces. Despite the systematic reduction in the share of transport costs in the cost of industrial products, in a number of industries it remains very high - from 20% for ferrous metal ores to 40% for mineral construction materials. The transportability of raw materials and finished products depends on the material intensity of production, the transport intensity of transported goods, the quality properties of raw materials and finished products in terms of the possibility of their transportation and storage. When the material intensity index is more than 1.0, production gravitates towards raw material bases, less than 1.0 - towards regions and places of consumption of finished products.
Agroclimatic conditions
Agroclimatic conditions play a decisive role in the distribution of agricultural activities of the population. The specialization and efficiency of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy is directly related to the natural fertility of soils, climate, and water regime of the territory. Agricultural climate assessment is based on a comparison of the agroclimatic conditions of the territory with the requirements of various cultivated plants for their life factors and has significant regional differences.
Environmental factors in the location of productive forces at the present stage of economic development play a special role, since they are directly related to the careful use of natural resources and the provision of necessary living conditions for the population. Significant economic losses from anthropogenic pollution of the natural environment and increasing negative consequences for public health have led to an urgent need to constantly take into account the environmental factor in the location of production.
Features of socio-historical development. These include: the nature of social relations, features of the current stage of development of the state, stability of the economic and political system, perfection of the legislative framework, etc.
Recent decades have been marked by a noticeable change in the role of factors in the location of productive forces in a developed market environment. Thus, the process of scientific identification (the synthesis of science with production) led to the advancement of potential opportunities for establishing close ties through cooperation and the attraction of industrial enterprises to the largest scientific centers to the forefront in the location of industry. However, due to the extremely high fuel, energy, raw material and material intensity of the Russian economy, the specifics of the sectoral structure of its economy and the gigantic continental spaces, new factors for the location of productive forces in our country have not yet acquired such great importance as in developed post-industrial countries.
Of the variety of economic location factors, some of them are characteristic of many sectors of the production complex (for example, attraction to the consumer) and the non-production sphere, others are inherent only in one industry or group of industries (gravity towards recreational resources).
However, each sector of the economy has its own set of factors for its location. Moreover, even factors common to other industries in each specific case manifest themselves with varying strength, and if for some industries a factor has a decisive influence on the location of the industry, then in another industry it is of secondary importance.
Thus:
· each sector of the economy is characterized by its own set and combination of factors for its location;
· the combination and role of individual factors of economic location in a certain territory depends on the sectoral structure of the economy of the country or region.
At the same time, for most non-production industries, consumer orientation is the most important factor in their location. And the higher the share of non-production sectors in the economic complex of a country or region, the greater the role in the location of the economy plays by the attraction to the consumer. Since the industrial structure of most countries of the world is evolving along the path of increasing the share of non-production sectors and decreasing the production sector, it can be stated that the increasing role of the consumer factor in the location of the economy is a global trend.
Traditional approaches
Territorial approach
For Russia, with its gigantic spaces, the territorial approach is of great importance, the use of which makes it possible to regulate territorial and economic processes. The essence of this approach is to take into account the complex relationships between various objects and phenomena located in the same territory. In this case, the study is carried out at different spatial levels (ranks), the highest of which is global, followed by regional (subregional), national (country), district and local levels. The need to apply a territorial approach follows from the presence of the territorial organization of the country and the existing political and administrative structure of the Russian Federation. The enormous scale of Russia, the diversity of natural and social conditions characteristic of individual zones and regions requires taking into account regional characteristics when solving complex economic problems, especially the development of new territories. This approach was used in previous decades and found its manifestation in the development of such programs as the transformation of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia, the development of the BAM zone, and the development of the economy and culture of the indigenous peoples of the North.
The territorial approach reveals ways of rational distribution of production throughout the country and its regions, ensuring the integrated development of individual territories based on their rational specialization, optimal dynamic spatial proportions of production and distribution of products, improving settlement systems, nature conservation and environmental improvement. At the same time, the ultimate goal of using the territorial approach in studying the location of productive forces is the most effective development of the economy in the interests of society as a whole.
A complex approach
An integrated approach means establishing optimal interconnectedness between the elements of the economy of a certain territory, in which the main economic function (specialization) of the region is successfully performed based on the rational use of its natural, scientific, industrial, technical and socio-economic potential.
An integrated approach involves balancing the economic and social aspects of the functioning of the economy, the proportionality of the development of specialized, auxiliary and service industries, material production and non-production spheres by coordinating the activities of enterprises and organizations of various departmental subordination located in the district.
Historical approach
The historical approach reveals patterns of development of various territorial objects, processes and phenomena, features of their occurrence and functioning at different time stages, and makes it possible to trace trends in their development.
Typological approach
The typological approach is used in territorial studies of various objects when comparing classifications (groupings) and typologies. This approach is associated with the development of typologies that notice the quantitative differences of spatial objects, and the search for characterizing features and fundamental criteria for these typologies.
New approaches
Systems approach
The systems approach involves considering each object (phenomenon, process, complex) as a complex formation consisting of various elements (structural parts) interacting with each other. The use of this approach is most appropriate when studying objects with various internal and external connections (territorial production complexes, transport systems).
Ecological approach
The ecological approach involves identifying and studying the connections that exist between the object being studied and its environment. According to Academician I.P. Gerasimov, it should include monitoring environmental changes, forecasting the consequences of the impact of economic activities on the environment, and optimizing the environment in the created natural-technical systems.
Constructive approach
The constructive approach is associated with changes in spatial objects, phenomena and processes from the point of view of the possibility and feasibility of their use in human life and economic activity. This approach is a unique tool for building an optimal territorial organization of society and the basis for the development of applied regional research (district planning, long-term forecast of socio-economic development, etc.).
Behavioral approach
The behavioral approach is used to study the behavior of people in space, which is determined by the characteristics of the perception of the environment by various social, professional, gender, age, ethnic and other groups of people and is manifested in population migrations, the planning structure of populated areas, the territorial organization of places of employment, etc.
Problem Approach
The problem-based approach focuses research on the analysis and solution of a problem - a subjective category (since it is formulated by people) and acting as a barrier to achieving the goal. The goal of society's development is a social benchmark (result) that must be achieved and in accordance with which society organizes its resources. Accordingly, a problem is understood as a concentrated expression of the contradictions of spatio-temporal development, which is important for the distribution of productive forces.
Nature management- is the activity of human society aimed at satisfying its needs through the use of natural resources.
There are rational and irrational use of natural resources.
Irrational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and incompletely, which leads to rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.
Irrational use of natural resources is typical for an economy developing through new construction, development of new lands, use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees. Such an economy initially brings good results at a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to a decrease in natural and labor resources.
Rational environmental management- this is a system of environmental management in which extracted natural resources are fully used, restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured, production waste is fully and repeatedly used (i.e. waste-free production is organized), which can significantly reduce environmental pollution.
Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of intensive farming, which develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and good organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of rational environmental management would be waste-free production, in which waste is completely used, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimized environmental pollution.
One of the types of waste-free production is the repeated use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc. The used water is purified and re-entered into the production process.
- a type of relationship between a person and the environment in which people are able to intelligently develop natural resources and prevent the negative consequences of their activities. An example of rational environmental management is the creation of cultural landscapes and the use of low-waste and non-waste technologies. Rational environmental management includes the introduction of biological methods of controlling agricultural pests. Rational environmental management can also be considered the creation of environmentally friendly fuels, improvement of technologies for the extraction and transportation of natural raw materials, etc.
In Belarus, the implementation of rational environmental management is controlled at the state level. To this end, a number of environmental laws have been adopted. Among them are the laws “On the protection and use of wildlife”, “On waste management”, “On the protection of atmospheric air”.
Creation of low-waste and non-waste technologies
Low-waste technologies— production processes that ensure the fullest possible use of processed raw materials and generated waste. At the same time, substances are returned to the environment in relatively harmless quantities.
Part of the global problem of solid waste disposal is the problem of recycling recycled polymer raw materials (especially plastic bottles). In Belarus, about 20-30 million of them are thrown away every month. Today, domestic scientists have developed and are using their own technology that makes it possible to process plastic bottles into fibrous materials. They serve as filters for purifying contaminated wastewater from fuels and lubricants, and are also widely used at gas stations. Filters made from recycled materials are not inferior in their physical and chemical properties to their analogues made from primary polymers. In addition, their cost is several times lower. In addition, machine sink brushes, packaging tape, tiles, paving slabs, etc. are made from the resulting fiber.
The development and implementation of low-waste technologies is dictated by the interests of environmental protection and is a step towards the development of waste-free technologies. Waste-free technologies imply a complete transition of production to a closed resource cycle without any impact on the environment.
Since 2012, the largest biogas plant in Belarus has been launched at the Rassvet agricultural production complex (Mogilev region). It allows you to process organic waste (manure, bird droppings, household waste, etc.). After processing, gaseous fuel - biogas - is obtained. Thanks to biogas, the farm can completely avoid heating greenhouses with expensive natural gas in winter. In addition to biogas, environmentally friendly organic fertilizers are also obtained from production waste. These fertilizers are free of pathogenic microflora, weed seeds, nitrites and nitrates.
Another example of waste-free technology is the production of cheeses at most dairy enterprises in Belarus. In this case, the fat-free and protein-free whey obtained from cheese production is completely used as raw material for the baking industry.
The introduction of low-waste and non-waste technologies also implies a transition to the next step in rational environmental management. This is the use of non-traditional, environmentally friendly and inexhaustible natural resources.
For the economy of our republic, the use of wind as an alternative energy source is especially important. A wind power plant with a capacity of 1.5 MW is successfully operating in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. This power is quite enough to provide electricity to the city of Novogrudok, where more than 30 thousand residents live. In the near future, more than 10 wind farms with a capacity of more than 400 MW will appear in the republic.
For more than five years, the Berestye greenhouse plant (Brest) in Belarus has been operating a geothermal station, which does not emit carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides and soot into the atmosphere during operation. At the same time, this type of energy reduces the country’s dependence on imported energy resources. Belarusian scientists have calculated that by extracting warm water from the depths of the earth, natural gas savings amount to about 1 million m3 per year.
Ways to green agriculture and transport
The development of environmentally friendly fuels for transport is no less important than the creation of new automotive technologies. Today there are many examples where alcohol and hydrogen are used as fuel in vehicles. Unfortunately, these types of fuel have not yet received mass distribution due to the low economic efficiency of their use. At the same time, so-called hybrid cars have become increasingly used. Along with an internal combustion engine, they also have an electric motor, which is intended for movement within cities.
Currently, there are three enterprises in Belarus producing biodiesel fuel for internal combustion engines. These are OJSC "Grodno Azot" (Grodno), OJSC "Mogilevkhimvolokno" (Mogilev), OJSC "Belshina" (Bobruisk). These enterprises produce about 800 thousand tons of biodiesel fuel per year, most of which is exported. Belarusian biodiesel fuel is a mixture of petroleum diesel fuel and a biocomponent based on rapeseed oil and methanol in a ratio of 95% and 5%, respectively. This fuel reduces carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere compared to conventional diesel fuel. Scientists have found that the production of biodiesel fuel has allowed our country to reduce the purchase of oil by 300 thousand tons per year.
Solar panels are also known to be used as a source of energy for transportation. In July 2015, a Swiss manned aircraft equipped with solar panels flew for the first time in the world for more than 115 hours. At the same time, it reached an altitude of about 8.5 km, using exclusively solar energy during the flight.
Preservation of the gene pool
The species of living organisms on the planet are unique. They store information about all stages of the evolution of the biosphere, which is of practical and great educational importance. There are no useless or harmful species in nature; they are all necessary for the sustainable development of the biosphere. Any species that disappears will never appear on Earth again. Therefore, in conditions of increased anthropogenic impact on the environment, it is extremely important to preserve the gene pool of existing species on the planet. In the Republic of Belarus, the following system of measures has been developed for this purpose:
- creation of environmental areas - nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, etc.;
- development of a system for monitoring the state of the environment - environmental monitoring;
- development and adoption of environmental laws providing for various forms of liability for negative impacts on the environment. Responsibility concerns pollution of the biosphere, violation of the regime of protected areas, poaching, inhumane treatment of animals, etc.;
- breeding rare and endangered plants and animals. Relocating them to protected areas or new favorable habitats;
- creation of a genetic data bank (plant seeds, reproductive and somatic cells of animals, plants, fungal spores capable of reproducing in the future). This is relevant for the conservation of valuable plant varieties and animal breeds or endangered species;
- carrying out regular work on environmental education and upbringing of the entire population, and especially the younger generation.
Rational environmental management is a type of relationship between a person and the environment in which a person is able to intelligently develop natural resources and prevent the negative consequences of their activities. An example of rational environmental management is the use of low-waste and non-waste technologies in industry, as well as the greening of all spheres of human economic activity.
Nature management- is an activity of human society aimed at through the use of...
There are rational and irrational use of natural resources.
Irrational environmental management
Irrational use of natural resources - is a system of environmental management in which readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and incompletely, resulting in rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.
Irrational use of natural resources is typical for an economy developing through new construction, development of new lands, use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees. Such an economy initially brings good results at a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to a decrease in natural and labor resources.
Rational environmental management
is a system of environmental management in which extracted natural resources are fully used, restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured, production waste is fully and repeatedly used (i.e. waste-free production is organized), which can significantly reduce environmental pollution.
Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of intensive farming, which develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and good organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of rational environmental management there can be a zero-waste production in which waste is completely used, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimized environmental pollution.
One of the types of waste-free production is the repeated use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc. The used water is purified and re-entered into the production process.
A system of measures aimed at maintaining the interaction between human activities and the natural environment is called nature conservation. Environmental protection is a complex of various measures aimed at ensuring the functioning of natural systems. Rational environmental management implies ensuring the economical exploitation of natural resources and the conditions of human existence.
The system of specially protected natural areas includes reserves, national parks, sanctuaries, and natural monuments. A tool for monitoring the state of the biosphere is environmental monitoring - a system of continuous observations of the state of the natural environment in connection with human economic activities.
Nature conservation and rational use of natural resources
In the process of the formation of the science of ecology, there was a confusion of concepts about what determines the essence of this science in general and the structure of the ecological cycle of sciences in particular. Ecology began to be interpreted as the science of protection and rational use of nature. Automatically, everything related to the natural environment began to be called ecology, including nature conservation and protection of the human environment.
At the same time, the last two concepts were artificially mixed and are currently considered in a complex. Based on the ultimate goals, nature conservation and environmental protection are close to each other, but still not identical.
Protection of Nature is aimed primarily at maintaining rational interaction between human activities and the environment in order to preserve and restore natural resources and prevent the harmful effects of economic activity on nature and human health.
Environmental protection focuses primarily on the needs of the person himself. This is a complex of various activities (administrative, economic, technological, legal, social, etc.) aimed at ensuring the functioning of natural systems necessary to preserve human health and well-being.
Environmental management is aimed at meeting human needs through the rational use of natural resources and natural conditions.
Nature management- this is the totality of humanity’s impacts on the geographical envelope of the Earth, the totality of all forms of exploitation of natural resources, considered as a whole. The objectives of environmental management come down to the development of general principles for the implementation of all human activities related either to the direct use of nature and its resources, or to impacts on it.
Principles of rational environmental management
The practical application of environmental knowledge can be seen primarily in solving environmental management issues. Only ecology as a science is capable of creating a scientific basis for the exploitation of natural resources. The attention of ecology is directed primarily to the laws underlying natural processes.
Rational environmental management involves ensuring the economical exploitation of natural resources and conditions, taking into account the interests of future generations of people. It is aimed at ensuring the conditions for the existence of mankind and obtaining material benefits, at maximizing the use of each natural territorial complex, at preventing or significantly reducing the possible harmful consequences of production processes or other types of human activity, at maintaining and increasing the productivity of nature, maintaining its aesthetic function, ensuring and regulation of the economical development of its resources, taking into account the preservation of human health.
In contrast to the rational irrational environmental management affects the quality, waste and depletion of natural resources, undermining the restorative forces of nature, polluting the environment, reducing its health and aesthetic advantages. It leads to the deterioration of the natural environment and does not ensure the preservation of natural resource potential.
Nature management includes:
- extraction and processing of natural resources, their protection, renewal or reproduction;
- use and protection of natural conditions of the human living environment;
- preservation, restoration and rational change of the ecological balance of natural systems;
- regulation of human reproduction and population numbers.
Nature protection, rational use and reproduction of natural resources is a universal human task, in which everyone living on the planet should participate in the solution.
Environmental activities are focused primarily on preserving the diversity of life forms on Earth. The totality of species of living organisms on our planet creates a special fund of life, which is called gene pool. This concept is broader than just a collection of living beings. It includes not only manifested, but also potential hereditary inclinations of each type. We still don’t know everything about the prospects for using this or that type. The existence of some organism, which now seems unnecessary, in the future may turn out to be not only useful, but also, perhaps, saving for humanity.
The main task of nature conservation is not to protect a certain number of plant or animal species from the threat of extinction, but to combine a high level of productivity with the preservation of a wide network of centers of genetic diversity in the biosphere. The biological diversity of fauna and flora ensures the normal circulation of substances and the sustainable functioning of ecosystems. If humanity can solve this important environmental problem, in the future we can count on the production of new food products, medicines, and raw materials for industry.
The problem of preserving the biological diversity of living organisms on the planet is currently the most acute and significant for humanity. The possibility of preserving life on Earth and humanity itself as part of the biosphere depends on how this problem is solved.
Rational and irrational environmental management
Completed by: student of group 212
Poverty Natalya Igorevna
Scientific supervisor: Ph.D., senior. teacher
Pavlova Natalya Vladimirovna
Shadrinsk 2013
Introduction……………………………………………………………..............3
Chapter 1. Rational and irrational environmental management..5
1.1. Rational environmental management…………………………6
1.2. Irrational use of natural resources……………………...8
Chapter 2. Recreational environmental management……………………..9
Conclusion……………………………………………………...16
List of sources used…………………………….17
INTRODUCTION
Nature is the habitat of man and the source of all the benefits he needs for life and production activities. Man is a part of nature, its creation, he can produce only using its resources, and live only in those natural conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, atmospheric composition, etc.) to which he is genetically adapted. For many years, striving to conquer nature and dominate it, man unexpectedly found himself on the verge of an environmental disaster. The “greenhouse effect”, “ozone hole”, “acid rain”, lack of clean water and food, raw materials and energy crises, pollution of the World Ocean - all these problems have confronted humans, threatening death and requiring an immediate solution. One can hardly name a more important global problem these days than the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Her
a solution is possible only on the basis of environmental knowledge. The abstract is devoted to this problem, as it is relevant in our time. Nature management- this is the use of natural resources, therefore, to understand the problem posed, we will first focus on the natural resources themselves.
Many scientists (Yu.K. Efremov, V.A. Anuchin, I.Ya. Blekhmin, V.A. Minaev, N.F. Reimers, etc.) believe that the term “environmental management” includes development, use, transformation, reproduction and protection of natural conditions and resources by humanity. It should be noted that the concepts of “development”, “use”, “transformation”, “reproduction” mean not just mechanical processes, but their complex unity and are a consequence of deep interpenetration and interaction. Thus, environmental management provides not only for the economically and environmentally effective involvement of natural territorial complexes in the process of social production, but also for their transformation, restoration and protection.
Humanity cannot exist without using natural resources, without influencing their quantity and quality, and, consequently, without making changes to its natural environment. These changes associated with human activity are called anthropogenic. The process of exploiting natural resources in order to satisfy the material and cultural needs of society is called environmental management. It can be rational (reasonable) and irrational. The very concept of rationality presupposes reliance on reason and knowledge. Therefore, environmental management also includes science that develops general principles for carrying out any activity related to the use of natural resources and the impact on them, which will help to avoid environmental disaster.
Environmental management should be based on ecology and the laws it reveals of the interaction of various natural systems. Rational environmental management means the study of natural resources, their careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the present, but also the future interests of the development of the national economy and the preservation of human health. Unfortunately, the current state of environmental management in most cases can be characterized as irrational, leading to depletion (even extinction) of natural resources, even renewable ones; environmental pollution. There are many reasons for this. This includes insufficient knowledge of the laws of ecology, weak material interest of producers, low ecological culture of the population, etc.
CHAPTER 1. RATIONAL AND UNRATIONAL USE OF NATURE
Human impact on the environment can be either conscious or spontaneous, accidental. Direct impact associated with the direct influence of humans on nature and natural components in the process of environmental management. This includes crafts (hunting, fishing, collecting wild berries, mushrooms), industrial and agricultural production (drainage, irrigation, creation of artificial reservoirs, etc.). Concept and types of environmental management
Indirect impact caused by the interaction of components and elements of nature. For example, by cutting down forests (direct impact), a person affects changes in the depth of groundwater, climate, worsens living conditions for many species of plants and animals, contributes to the development of soil erosion, etc. The most common is the combined impact of humans on nature. Depending on the forms of impact, problems of protecting one or another natural resource arise of varying degrees of complexity (with direct impact, it is easier to protect the resource).
There are rational and irrational use of natural resources. Rational environmental management involves the reasonable development of natural resources, the prevention of potentially harmful impacts of human activity, maintaining and increasing labor productivity and the attractiveness of natural complexes and individual natural objects. With rational use of natural resources, people's living conditions improve. The Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Environmental Protection” states that “the rational use of natural resources, taking into account the capabilities of the environment, the need to renew natural resources and prevent irreversible results for the environment and health” is one of the basic principles of environmental protection. The most important principles of rational environmental management include:
a) compliance of the nature and method of use of natural resources with specific local conditions;
b) anticipation and prevention of negative consequences of environmental management;
c) increasing the intensity and complexity of the use of natural resources;
d) preservation of the scientific and aesthetic value of nature;
e) reducing losses of natural resources;
f) worldwide “greening” of social production.