Oral speech is not. Differences between spoken and written language
Did you know that ancient people could not speak at all? And they learned this gradually. When did speech originate? Nobody knows for sure. Primitive people invented a language, because it did not exist at all. Gradually they gave a name to everything that surrounded them. With the advent of speech, people escaped from the world of silence and loneliness. They began to unite and pass on their knowledge. And when writing appeared, people were able to communicate at a distance and store knowledge in books. During the lesson we will try to answer the questions: why do we need speech? What kind of speech is there? What kind of speech is called oral speech? And which one - written?
You know that the main worker in our language is the word. Sentences are built from words. Our speech consists of words and sentences. Conversations, stories, questions, arguments, advice, even the songs you sing and listen to - this is all speech. Speech conveys our thoughts. By communicating with each other and using language, you perform a speech act.
Look at the pictures. What speech actions do the guys perform (Fig. 1)?
Rice. 1. Speech actions ()
Speaking and listening is oral speech. In ancient times, the mouth and lips were called mouths, which is how the word “oral” appeared, i.e. what is pronounced sounds. The guys also write and read - this is written speech, the one that is written down and read. Oral speech is conveyed by sounds, written speech by signs.
Speech
oral written
listen and speak write and read
What is necessary for writing? Know letters and be able to read and write words and sentences. What is necessary for oral speech? Understand the meaning of words and be able to tell stories using sentences.
Why do we need speech? Imagine a little man who cannot talk, listen, read, or write. There are no books, notebooks, computer, friends, or classmates in his life. Is it interesting to live like this? Do you want to be in his place? I think it's unlikely. Living like this is boring and uninteresting.
A person’s speech “grows” and “matures” with him. The more words a person knows, the more accurately and vividly he expresses his thoughts, the more pleasant it is for people around him to communicate with him, so it is necessary to get acquainted with new words, their meaning, learn the rules and laws by which correct and beautiful speech is built.
In distant, distant times, people did not know how to write and read. But they knew how to compose beautiful songs, fairy tales, and riddles. And some of them have survived to this day. How did they do it? People retold them (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Oral folk art ()
In the old days, people passed on all information by word of mouth. From grandparents to children, from children to grandchildren, and so on from generation to generation (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Oral folk art ().
Read the folk wisdom:
“Good speech is good to listen to.”
“Friendly words will not dry your tongue.”
“Let any other word fall on deaf ears.”
“Think first, and then say.”
“The field is red with millet, but the conversation is with the mind.”
What did our ancestors value? First of all, speech is literate and smart. In our language there are words with which you can give a speech characteristic to a person: loudmouth, silent man, idle talker, joker, grumbler, debater, talker. What you will be called will depend on your oral speech.
Complete the task. Divide the words into two columns. In the first - words that will tell what the speech of an educated person should be like, in the second - speech that needs to be corrected:
This is how teachers would like to hear their students speak.
Speech should be clear, thoughtful, rich, cultured, literate, free, correct, pleasant, and intelligible.
Did you know that in Ancient Greece and Rome there were even public speaking competitions (Fig. 4)? An orator is one who gives a speech, as well as a person who masters the art of making speeches.
Rice. 4. Speakers' competition ()
The art of oratory has always interested people and aroused admiration and admiration. The speaker was seen as having a special power that could convince of something with the help of words. The speaker was supposed to have mysterious qualities that do not exist in an ordinary person. That is why orators became government leaders, great scientists, sages and heroes.
Some peoples even had gods and goddesses of eloquence, persuasion, and debate who were worshiped (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Goddess of eloquence ()
The art of speech was studied in schools, in families, independently. What did they learn in those distant times (Fig. 6)?
Rice. 6. Pre-revolutionary school ()
First of all, we learned to speak and write only what leads to virtue and happiness of people, not to talk nonsense, not to deceive. In addition, they were taught to collect and accumulate knowledge. They taught that speech should be clear and expressive. Finally, it was necessary to master the art of calligraphy - beautiful and clear writing - and mastery of your voice - its intonations, pauses, voice strength, tempo. Do you think it’s worth learning the same thing in our modern times? Certainly.
What kind of speech do these rules apply to? To oral. How to develop written speech? In Russian language lessons, you need to learn how to correctly compose and write sentences, and collect texts and stories from them. Learn to sign greeting cards and SMS messages on your mobile phone. But always remember: other people will read your written speech, so it needs to be corrected, that is, corrected and improved.
On our huge planet Earth, only we, people, have been given a great gift - the ability to speak, to communicate with each other using words. It is important to use this gift only for the benefit of others and yourself. Try to be interesting interlocutors, good listeners, and active readers. Language is what a person knows, speech is what a person can do. Improve your speech - oral and written.
Today in class we learned what speech is, got acquainted with the concepts of “oral speech”, “written speech”, and learned to distinguish between them.
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. - M.: Ballas. (Download link )
Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.
Nsc.1september.ru ().
Festival.1september.ru ().
Nsportal.ru ().
Homework
1. Tell your friends what you learned about the topic of the lesson.
2. Why is oral speech called this?
3. What do oral and written language consist of?
4. Choose words that name speech actions.
They listen, sit, talk on the phone, watch, read, sleep, write, type on a computer, tell stories, share impressions, draw, sendsms-message.
5. Read the riddle. What kind of speech do readers use?
I know everything, I teach everyone,
But I myself am always silent.
To make friends with me,
We need to learn to read and write.
6. Connect the parts of the proverbs. What kind of speech do they characterize?
There is no shame in being silent... in time to remain silent.
Know how to say it in time... don’t say too much.
Fear what is above... if you have nothing to say.
The differences between spoken and written language are not limited to the way they are encoded; Oral and written speech also differ in the mechanisms of their generation, in the predominant use of certain linguistic means, and in expressive capabilities.
Oral speech is primary in relation to written speech - both historically and in the process of implementing the written text. However, the relationship between oral and written speech in the lives of modern people is very complex: there is an increasing role of written speech and the influence of the latter on oral speech, which does not always lead to its enrichment. OQ
Let's compare these two types of speech.
a) Oral speech clearly predominates in terms of frequency of use; however, the number of recorded oral texts (sound recordings) is still small compared to written texts - books, magazines, manuscripts, etc. Written speech has always been accepted as correct, exemplary, and has been studied by linguists; oral speech began to be studied relatively recently.
b) By the nature of its production, oral speech is always less prepared than written speech; there is more spontaneity, spontaneity, and more randomness in it.
Written speech is usually prepared speech. It is more strict, complex in form and more complete in content, it is consistently subordinated to the literary norm; it has a clearer and more precise choice of words, larger and more complex sentences, etc. In oral speech, the syntax is simpler; clauses, repetitions, ellipses, interjections, incomplete and connecting constructions, etc. are often found.
c) Oral speech has means of sound expressiveness: intonation, tempo, pitch and timbre, pauses, logical stresses, sound strength. In addition, oral speech can be accompanied by gestures and facial expressions. All this is unusual for written speech, and therefore it is less expressive than oral speech (to some extent, these shortcomings are compensated for by the use of punctuation marks, quotation marks, font selections - italics, petit, etc.).
d) The norms of oral and written speech are also different: orthoepic requirements are imposed on oral speech, orthographic and punctuation requirements on written speech, and calligraphic requirements on the handwritten version.
In modern society, there is a rapid development of a variant of oral speech based on written (voiced written speech): reports, speeches, television programs, audio letters and other texts, which, before their oral implementation, are usually compiled in writing and therefore have many of the properties of written speech: preparedness, completeness and correctness, while maintaining the advantages of oral speech - sound expressiveness, facial expressions and gestures.
Initially, only oral, that is, sounding, speech existed. Then special signs were created, and written speech appeared. However, the difference between these methods of communication lies not only in the means used, but also in many other things. Let's take a closer look at how written speech differs from oral speech.
Definition
Written speech- a graphic system that serves to consolidate and transmit information, one of the ways of language existence. Written speech is presented, for example, in books, personal and business letters, and official documents.
Oral speech- a form of language expressed in spoken and audible utterances. Communication using oral speech can occur through direct contact (friendly conversation, teacher explanations in class) or indirectly (telephone conversation).
Comparison
Deployment
Written speech is characterized as contextual. That is, all the necessary information is contained only in the text itself. Such speech is often addressed to an unknown reader, and in this case one cannot count on supplementing the content with details that are usually understood without words during direct contact. Therefore, written speech appears in a more expanded form. It most fully reveals all the essential points and describes the nuances.
Oral speech most often involves the unification of interlocutors by a specific situation that is understandable to both of them. In this state of affairs, many details remain untold. After all, if you say out loud what is already obvious, the speech will turn out boring, even tedious, unreasonably long, pedantic. In other words, oral speech is situational in nature, and therefore it is less developed than written speech. Often, with such communication, only a hint is enough to understand each other.
Means used
The difference between written and oral speech is that the writer does not have the opportunity to influence the addressee with the means that the speaker has in his arsenal. The expressiveness of written texts is ensured by placing punctuation marks, changing fonts, using paragraphs, and so on.
During oral communication, a lot can be shown by intonation, gaze, facial expressions, and various gestures. For example, saying “goodbye” can in one situation mean “see you later, I’ll wait,” and in another it can mean “it’s all over between us.” In a conversation, even a pause can be significant. And sometimes it happens that the spoken speech shocks the listeners, but the same words, simply written down on paper, make absolutely no impression.
Construction Features
Thoughts in the letter must be presented in an extremely understandable form. After all, if in a conversation the listener has the opportunity to ask again, and the speaker has the opportunity to explain and clarify something, then such direct regulation of written speech is impossible.
Written speech is subject to spelling and syntax requirements. There is also a stylistic component to it. For example, in a speech addressed to a listener, the use of incomplete sentences is allowed, since the rest is suggested by the situation, and incomplete constructions in writing are in many cases considered an error.
Possibility of reflection
All responsibility for the content of the written text rests with the author. But at the same time, he has more time to think about phrases, correct them, and add them. This largely applies to such types of oral speech as reports and lectures, which are also prepared in advance.
Meanwhile, spoken language is carried out at a certain moment of communication and is aimed at specific listeners. These conditions sometimes cause difficulties for the speaker. The inability to express thoughts, ignorance of what should be said next, the desire to correct what has already been said, as well as the desire to express everything at once leads to noticeable mistakes. This is intermittency of speech or, on the contrary, undifferentiated phrases, unnecessary repetition of words, incorrect stress. As a result, the content of the speech may not be fully understood.
Duration of existence
Let's look at the difference between written and spoken language regarding the duration of each of them. Let's turn to written speech. Its important property is that the text, once written, will exist for a long time regardless of the presence of the author. Even if the writer is no longer alive, important information will reach the reader.
It is the fact that the passage of time does not affect writing that gives humanity the opportunity to pass on accumulated knowledge from generation to generation and preserve history in chronicles. Meanwhile, oral speech lives only at the moment of sound. In this case, the presence of the author is mandatory. The exception is statements recorded on media.
Type of speech: written
Type of speech: oral
Attached graphically
Sent by voice
Contextual
Situational
Expanded
Less developed
Punctuation marks, text fragmentation, font changes, etc. are used
Complemented by gestures, appropriate facial expressions, play of intonation
Must meet the requirements of spelling, syntax, style
There are no rules specific to writing
More thought out
Spontaneous, with the exception of prepared reports, lectures
The author's presence is not required when reading.
Oral and written forms of speech.
Speech communication occurs in two forms - oral and written. They are in a complex unity and occupy an important and approximately equal place in speech practice in terms of their importance. In the sphere of production, the spheres of management, education, law, art, and in the media, both oral and written speech forms of speech take place. In real communication conditions, their constant interaction and interpenetration is observed. Any written text can be spoken, i.e. read aloud, and oral - written down using technical means. There are such genres, for example, drama, oratorical works, which are intended specifically for subsequent scoring. And, conversely, in literary works, techniques of stylization for “orality” are widely used: dialogical speech, in which the author seeks to preserve the features of oral spontaneous speech, monologues of characters in the first person, etc. The practice of radio and television has led to the creation of a unique form of oral speech, in which oral and voiced written speech constantly coexist and interact - television interviews. !
The basis of written and oral speech is literary speech, acting as the leading form of existence of the Russian language. Literary speech is speech designed for a conscious approach to the system of means of communication, in which orientation is carried out on certain standardized patterns. It is such a means of communication, the norms of which are fixed as forms of exemplary speech, i.e. they are recorded in grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks. The dissemination of these norms is facilitated by schools, cultural institutions, and mass media. Literary speech is distinguished by its universality in its functioning. On its basis, scientific essays, journalistic works, business writing, etc. are created. Oral and written forms of speech are independent and have their own characteristics and features.
Oral speech.
!
Oral speech is any spoken language. Historically oral form of speech is primary, it arose much earlier than writing. Material form of oral speech are sound waves, i.e. pronounced sounds that arise as a result of the activity of the human pronunciation organs. This phenomenon is associated with the rich intonation capabilities of oral speech. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, duration, increase or decrease in the tempo of speech and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, and the presence or absence of pauses play an important role. Oral speech has this intonation variety of speech, which can convey all the richness of human experiences, moods, etc. The perception of oral speech during direct communication occurs simultaneously and through the auditory and visual channels. Oral speech is accompanied, strengthening it expressiveness, such additional means, such as the nature of the gaze (wary or open, etc.), the spatial location of the speaker and listener, facial expressions and gestures. A gesture can be likened to an index word (pointing to some object), can express an emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, etc., serve as a means of establishing contact, for example, a raised hand as a sign of greeting. Irreversibility, progressive and linear nature of unfolding in time is one of the main properties of oral speech. It is impossible to return to some point in oral speech again, so the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, i.e. he thinks as if “on the go”, in connection with this, oral speech may be characterized by sluggishness, fragmentation, division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent units: message from the secretary to the meeting participants “The director called. He’s delayed. He’ll be there in half an hour. Start without him.” On the other hand, the speaker is obliged to take into account the reaction of the listener and strive to attract his attention and arouse interest in the message. Therefore, in oral speech there appears intonation highlighting of important points, underlining, clarification of some parts, auto-commenting, repetitions: “The department carried out a lot of work during the year / yes / I must say / great and important / And educational, and scientific, and methodological / Well / educational/ everyone knows/ Do I need detailed/ educational/ No/ Yes/ I also think/don’t/. Oral speech can be prepared(report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared(conversation, conversation). Prepared oral speech is distinguished by thoughtfulness and a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives for his speech to be relaxed, not “memorized,” and to resemble direct communication. Unprepared oral speech characterized by spontaneity. An unprepared oral utterance (the basic unit of oral speech, similar to a sentence in written speech) is formed gradually, in portions, as one realizes what has been said, what should be said next, what needs to be repeated, clarified. Therefore, in oral unprepared speech there are many pauses, and the use of pause fillers (words like uh, um) allows the speaker to think about what follows. The speaker controls the logical-compositional, syntactic and partially lexical-phraseological levels of the language, i.e. makes sure that his speech is logical and coherent, chooses the appropriate words to adequately express thoughts. Phonetic and morphological levels of language, i.e. pronunciation and grammatical forms are not controlled and are reproduced automatically. Therefore, oral speech is characterized by less lexical precision, short sentence length, limited complexity of phrases and sentences, the absence of participial and adverbial phrases, and the division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent ones. !Oral speech just like written normalized and regulated, however, the norms of oral speech are completely different. “Many of the so-called flaws of oral speech - the functioning of unfinished statements, the introduction of interruptions, auto-commentators, contactors, reprises, elements of hesitation, etc. - are a necessary condition for the success and effectiveness of the oral method of communication.” The listener cannot retain in memory all the grammatical and semantic connections of the text, and the speaker must take this into account; then his speech will be understood and meaningful. Unlike written speech, which is constructed in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative additions. The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language However, it has an advantage in the colloquial style of speech. The following functional types of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, artistic speech and colloquial speech. It should be said that colloquial speech influences all types of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author’s “I”, the personal principle in speech in order to enhance the impact on the listeners. Therefore, in oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, and even colloquial elements are used.
Written speech.
!
Writing is a human-created auxiliary sign system, which is used to capture sound language and sound speech. At the same time, writing is an independent communication system, which, while performing the function of recording oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions: written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by a person and expands the scope of human communication. By reading books and historical documents from different times and peoples, we can touch the history and culture of all mankind. ! Writing has gone through a long path of historical development from the first notches on trees, rock paintings to the sound-letter type that most people use today, i.e. written language is secondary to oral. Letters used in writing are signs that represent speech sounds. The sound shells of words and parts of words are depicted by combinations of letters; knowledge of the letters allows them to be reproduced in sound form, i.e. read any text. Punctuation marks used in writing serve to divide speech: periods, commas, dashes correspond to intonation pauses in oral speech. It means that letters are the material form of written speech. The main function of written speech is to record oral speech, with the goal of preserving it in space and time. Writing serves as a means of communication between people when direct communication is impossible, when they are separated by space and time. The development of a technical means of communication - the telephone - has reduced the role of writing. The advent of the fax and the spread of the Internet help overcome space and reactivate the written form of speech. The main property of written speech is the ability to store information for a long time. Written speech unfolds not in a temporary, but in a static space, which allows the writer to think through the speech, return to what was written, rebuild the text, replace words, etc. In this regard, the written form of speech has its own characteristics: Written language uses bookish language, the use of which word is strictly standardized and regulated. The order of words in a sentence is fixed; inversion (changing the order of words) is not typical for written speech, and in some cases, for example, in texts of an official business style of speech, is unacceptable. The sentence, which is the basic unit of written speech, expresses complex logical and semantic connections through syntax. Written speech is characterized by complex syntactic structures, participial and participial phrases, common definitions, plug-in constructions, etc. When combining sentences into paragraphs, each sentence is strictly related to the preceding and following context. Written speech is focused on perception by the visual organs, therefore, it has a clear structural and formal organization: it has a page numbering system, division into sections, paragraphs, a system of links, font selection, etc. You can return to a complex text more than once, think about it, comprehend what has been written, having the opportunity to look through this or that passage of text with your eyes.
Written speech is different in that the very form of speech activity definitely reflects the conditions and purpose of communication, for example, a work of art or a description of a scientific experiment, a vacation application or an information message in a newspaper. Consequently, written speech has a style-forming function, which is reflected in the choice of linguistic means that are used to create a particular text. The written form is the main form of existence of speech in scientific, journalistic, official business and artistic styles.
Thus, when talking about the fact that verbal communication occurs in two forms - oral and written, we must keep in mind the similarities and differences between them. The similarity lies in the fact that these forms of speech have a common basis - literary language and in practice they occupy approximately equal space. The differences most often come down to the means of expression. Oral speech is associated with intonation and melody, non-verbalism, it uses a certain amount of “its own” linguistic means, it is tied more to the conversational style. The letter uses alphabetic and graphic symbols, often bookish language with all its styles and features.
Two forms of speech: oral and written.
Speech communication occurs in two forms oral and written.
The basis of written and oral speech is literary speech.
Oral speech is any spoken speech. Historically, the oral form of speech is primary; it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is sound waves, i.e. pronounced sounds that arise as a result of the activity of the human pronunciation organs. This phenomenon is associated with rich intonation capabilities of oral speech. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, duration, increase or decrease in the tempo of speech and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, and the presence or absence of pauses play a big role. Oral speech has such intonation variety of speech that it can convey the entire wealth of human experiences and moods.
the perception of oral speech during direct communication occurs simultaneously through both the auditory and visual channels. Oral speech is accompanied, enhancing its expressiveness, by such additional means as the nature of the gaze (wary or open), the spatial arrangement of the speaker and listener, facial expressions and gestures. A gesture can be likened to an index word (pointing to some object), can express an emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, or serve as a means of establishing contact, for example, a raised hand as a sign of greeting.
Irreversibility, progressive and linear nature of development in time is one of the main properties of oral speech. You need to speak and think here and now.
Oral speech can be prepared(report, lecture) and unprepared(conversation, conversation). A prepared speech is a thoughtful, clearer structure of the organization. Unprepared oral speech is spontaneity. Oral speech is the same as written normalized and regulated. Oral speech unfolds through associative additions. The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language. Functional types of oral speech: - oral scientific speech, - oral journalistic speech, - types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, - artistic and colloquial speech. In oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, and colloquial elements are used.
Written speech This is a human-created auxiliary sign system that is used to record sound language and sound speech. Writing is an independent communication system, which, while performing the function of recording oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions: written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by a person and expands the scope of human communication. By reading books and historical documents, we can touch the history and culture of all humanity. It was thanks to writing that we learned about the great civilizations of Ancient Egypt, Sumerians, Incas, Mayans.
Writing has gone through a long path of historical development from the first notches in trees, rock paintings to the sound-letter type. Written speech is secondary to oral. Letters used in writing are signs that represent speech sounds. The sound shells of words and parts of words are depicted by combinations of letters, which allows them to be reproduced in sound form, i.e. read any text. Punctuation marks used in writing serve to divide speech: periods, commas, dashes correspond to intonation pauses in oral speech. This means that letters are the material form of written language.
The main function of written speech is to record oral speech.
The main property is the ability to store information for a long time. Written speech uses bookish language.
Written speech is characterized by complex syntactic structures, participial and participial phrases, common definitions, plug-in constructions.
Written speech is focused on perception by the visual organs, therefore it has a clear structure and formal organization: it has a page numbering system and division into sections. Paragraphs, link system, font selection. It has a style-forming function, which is reflected in the choice of linguistic means that are used to create a particular text. It is the main form of existence in scientific, journalistic, official business and artistic styles.
So, verbal communication occurs in two forms - oral and written, we must keep in mind the similarities and differences between them. The similarity is that these forms of speech have a common basis - literary language, and occupy approximately equal places in practice. Differences in means of expression. Oral speech is more tied to a conversational style. Writing is often a bookish language with all its styles and features.
