This, that, these, those are demonstrative or demonstrative pronouns in English. As a rule, this, that, these and those are used to indicate a specific object, creature or phenomenon. When should you use these pronouns? What is their difference? Read more in the article.
Basic Rules
So, the rule about this, that, these and those indicates: in English speech these words can serve not only as pronouns, but also as determiners. Consider the following table.
It's also worth noting that these is the plural form of this, and those is the plural form of that.
Thus, this and that should be used with singular nouns, and these and those should be used with plural nouns.
Using the pronouns this, that, these and those: rule
The first thing to remember is that we use this and that with uncountable nouns as well as singular nouns.
Try to repeat this exercise every morning and evening.
What does this music make you think.
I’ve never been to that part of France.
Can I have some of that juice, please?
- Try to repeat this exercise every morning and evening.
- What does this music make you think about?
- I've never been to this part of France.
- Can I have some of this juice please?
The English rule about this, that, these and those indicates that these and those should be used exclusively with plural nouns:
You can use any one of these computers.
I need to paint those windows.
- You can use any of these computers.
- I need to paint those windows.
Interestingly, according to the rules of the English language, this, that, these and those are used in the context of time.
Demonstrative pronouns and tenses
For example, we often use this with words that describe time and date (morning, afternoon, evening, week, month, year).
In this case, it is important to refer to the time in which the speaker directly speaks, or the time that is coming. For example:
I'll be with you some time this evening.
Johan seemed very happy this afternoon.
Ian is in Germany all this week.
- I'll be with you tonight.
- Johan seemed very happy this afternoon.
- Jan is in Germany this week.
This, that, these, those are the rules for using as pronouns further.
This, that, these, those - pronouns
We use the above words as pronouns when referring to things or phenomena:
Put the butter, chocolate and sugar in a saucepan. Heat this over a low flame until it melts.
Add the butter, chocolate and sugar to the pan. Heat it (this/container with the mixture) over low heat until the ingredients melt.
What color are those? Black or dark blue. I can't see.
What color are they? Black or blue. I can `t get it.
It is acceptable to use this and that if you want to refer to a person:
Linda, this is my mother, Anne.
Is that your brother over there?
- Linda, this is my mother, Ann.
- Is that your brother there?
Demonstrative pronouns are often used in telephone conversations.
Hello, is that Ken Orm? This is Jane Bromham here.
Hello, is this Ken Orme? This is Jane Bromham calling.
Use cases of this and these, that and those
In many ways, the selection of the correct pronoun is determined by the physical proximity of the object/person/phenomenon to the speaker. Those and these, this, that and the writing rules are presented in the following examples:
Translation: Should I use this knife?
I'll post these letters on my way home.
Translation: I will send these letters on the way home.
We use that and those to refer to things and people that are not easily identified in a particular situation.
They are often further away from the speaker, and sometimes closer to the listener:
What's in that bottle over there?
Could you blow out those candles near you?
- What's in that bottle over there?
- Can you blow out those candles next to you?
Sometimes they are not in the field of view of either the listener or the speaker:
Budapest! That's my favorite place!
Translation: Budapest! My favorite place!
Emotional meaning
Oddly enough, in the rule about this, that, those and these and the use of these pronouns, the speaker’s attitude towards them plays an important role. So, we use this and these when thinking about positive things that we like to think about.
I love these new blue walls.
We use that and those to point out things that don't make us feel good.
(talking about the restaurant) I didn’t like the decoration. It had those awful paintings.
I didn't like the decor. There (in the restaurant) these terrible pictures hung.
Generally known information
We sometimes use that instead of the to direct the listener to commonly known information. For example, when telling a story or explaining something, we might say:
Do you know that old shop on the corner? Well, they’re going to turn it into a restaurant.
You know that old corner store? Basically, they're going to turn it into a restaurant.
It is also acceptable to use this instead of the indefinite article a/an if the speaker is referring to something important or relevant, or is going to introduce a new person or mention something new.
This guy knocked on the door and asked if I wanted new windows.
Then suddenly she pulled out this big pile of papers from her briefcase and threw them on the table.
- This guy knocked on the door and asked if I wanted new windows.
- Suddenly she pulled out such a large pile of papers from her pocket and threw it on the table.
What other uses of this, that, those, these are there?
Replacement
In the context of formal speech, it is acceptable to use the demonstrative pronouns that and those as substitutes in the meaning of the one(s), in order to avoid lexical repetitions.
The most important information is that given at the beginning of the manual.
The most important information is that given at the beginning of the manual.
In this case, that replaces the word information.
The methods employed are those familiar to researchers. (sounds more formal than The methods employed are the ones familiar to researchers.)
The methods used are those(methods) that are familiar to the researchers.
In the context of formal writing and speech, especially in academic style, we use that of/those of instead of the one of/the ones of. The use of demonstrative pronouns in this case is preferable.
The proton has a similar mass to that of a neutron
A proton has a mass similar to the mass of a neutron. In this case we can see that the word mass has been replaced by the construction that of.
The emotions in the poems are those of loss and grief.
Translation: The emotions in the poems are those of loss and grief.
It should be noted that in English the demonstrative pronoun that can only be used as a substitute for a thing or object. This pronoun is not used in relation to animals, people and other living beings. Consider the following dialogue.
B: The one who works at the town hall, or his brother?
You can't say: That who works at the town hall.
A: Have you met Mr. Kelly?
Q: The one who works at the town hall, or his brother?
A: The one who works at the town hall.
However, the use of this plural demonstrative pronoun as a substitute for people and animals is permitted. For example:
There are sports facilities for guests.Those interested in golf can enjoy our course.
There are sports facilities for guests. Those who are interested in golf can enjoy our course.
Demonstrative pronouns in English ( demonstrative pronouns / demonstratives) indicate a person, object, or their signs. There are several demonstrative pronouns in English.
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| this– this, this, this | these- these |
| that- that, that, that | those– those |
| such- such, similar | such- such, similar |
| the same- the same | the same- same |
| it- This | it- This |
Now you know what demonstrative pronouns are in English. Next we will look at cases where each of them is used.
Demonstrative pronouns this and these
This these– with plural nouns. These pronouns should be used in the following cases:
- When we talk about people or things that are close to us. Sometimes in sentences with this And these adverb is used here(here), which also shows the proximity of the object to us.
- When a situation occurs in the present or future tense, we describe this situation using this/these.
- When we talk about the same thing several times and want to avoid repetition.
- When we introduce people or introduce ourselves in a telephone conversation.
This table is wooden. – This table wood. (the table is nearby and we point to it)
These books belong to me. – These books belong to me. (several books are near me)
This girl is here and she is waiting for you. – This girl Here, and she is waiting for you.
We are going to meet this week. - We are going to meet at this week.
This month you are making a great progress. - IN this month you are making great progress.
I don't want to discuss this but I have to. - I don't want This discuss, but I have to. (implies that this event has already been called before, thus avoiding repetition)
Look at this! He seems to be looking for his money. - Look at This! Looks like he's looking for his money. (the pronoun indicates the situation described in the second sentence)
This is the main goal in my life. – This main goal in my life.
Jim, these are my brothers, Tom and Carl. – Jim This my brothers, Tom and Carl.
Hello! This is Kate speaking! Can I speak to Mary? - Hello. This Kate. Can I talk to Mary?
Demonstrative pronouns that and those
Demonstrative pronoun that used with singular nouns, pronoun those– with plural nouns. Let's see when we can use demonstrative pronouns that And those:
- When we talk about people or things located far away from us. Sometimes in sentences with demonstrative pronouns that And those adverb used there(there).
- When we talk about a situation that took place in the past.
- When we refer to some information that has been mentioned before and want to avoid repetition. We usually talk about a past action.
She got married a month ago. That was wonderful! – She got married a month ago. It was Wonderful!
- When we start a conversation on the phone and ask the other person to introduce himself. The person on the other end of the line is far from us, so we need to use a demonstrative pronoun that.
Good morning! This is Brenda White. Who's that speaking? - Good morning! This is Brenda White! Who am I talking to?
I don't like this piece of cake. Give me that one, please. – I don’t like this piece of cake. Give me That, Please. (the piece of cake that the speaker liked is located further from him)
Those ships are too far. I can't see their names. – Those ships too far. I don't see their names. (the indicated ships are at a distance from the speaker)
Look at that! There's a camel. - Look there! Vaughn there camel.
That's my future husband. – That- My future husband.
In those days people didn't have cars. - IN those times people didn't have cars.
We made only four kilometers that day. - IN that day we only walked four kilometers.
The picture clearly shows how demonstrative pronouns work this/that And these/those when indicating the proximity or distance of an object.
We also suggest you watch a video from the teacher Alex. It's interesting how a native speaker explains this topic.
Demonstrative pronouns such, the same, it
Other demonstrative pronouns in English include such(such, similar) the same(the same one) and it(This). Let's look at how they should be used in speech:
- When the noun is singular, then together with the demonstrative pronoun such(such, similar) the indefinite article is used.
It's such an important decision - This such important decision.
If the noun is plural, use the article after the pronoun such(such, similar) no.
Don't do such things! - Don't do it such of things!
- Demonstrative pronoun the same(the same / the same) is always used with the definite article. Nouns after the same can be in either singular or plural form.
- Demonstrative pronoun it corresponds to the Russian pronoun “this”.
Underline the word with the same meaning, please. – Please underline the word with same meaning.
He chose the same movies as I did. - He chose the same films, and me too.
– What is it? - What This?
- It's my ring. - This is my ring.
Is it your passport? – This your passport?
Don't miss it! - Do not miss This!
Difference between this and it
Many linguists say that there is little difference between it And this No. You will be understood in any case if you say This is a cat or It is a cat. But there is a difference, albeit a small one.
This is a cat. - It's a cat. (we focus on the word “this”, that is, exactly this, and not that cat)
It is a cat. - It's a cat. (we focus on the word “cat”, that is, not a dog or a guinea pig)
And one last little detail. To avoid repeating the same noun twice, the word is sometimes used instead one. And before that one You must also use a demonstrative pronoun. If the demonstrative pronoun in English is not followed by an adjective, then one (ones) can be omitted.
Would you like to buy this hat or that (one)? – Would you like to buy this hat or that?
And if there is an adjective, then you must save it one or ones in a sentence.
I don't want to buy this hat, I will take that blue one. – I don’t want to buy this hat, I'll take it out that blue one
Greetings, everyone! Today we'll talk about the basics. We will tell you the difference between “this / that” and “these / those”, explain their meaning, give clear examples and decorate it all with a final table with the difference.
It's time to clear your doubts and learn the difference so you can be 200% confident in using some of the most common words in the English language.
This and That
The main difference is distance of the object from the speaker.
You need to use " this"[ðɪs] - this / this / this, when the object is close to the speaker (he is holding it in his hands, for example), and " that» [ðæt] - that / that / that when it is at a distance or outside the field of view of the speaker or listener.
This is my cat (pointing at a cat on my lap).
This my cat (pointing to him on her lap).
That is his dog (pointing at a dog beside some stranger on the street).
Ta his dog (pointing to the dog next to the stranger on the street).
Note that tense will also affect the use of "this" and "that" as demonstrative pronouns.
If something happened in the past, use " that" would be more appropriate. Although in Russian we still say “this”.
You can, of course, say “that”, but it will sound suspiciously strange. There is no need for clarification, which cannot be said about English.
He didn't die yet. That made me think.
He's not dead yet. This got me thinking.
On the other hand, if the event has not yet occurred, then the appropriate form would be " this».
She won't go to church tomorrow. This is quite strange.
She won't go to church tomorrow. This quite strange.
It’s surprising that Americans, when they pick up the phone, usually say: “ Who is this?", and the British - " Who is that?».
Usually we use " that", speaking about things, but not about people or animals:
Right: - Have you met Mr. Rogers? - The one with the stupid haircut or silly mustache?
Wrong: That who has stupid haircut?
These and Those
In a formal context, especially in scientific work, when talking about the similarity of something, we use " that of / those of" instead of "the one of / the ones of".
The proton has a similar mass to that of a neutron.
A proton has a similar mass to the proton of a neutron.
The emotions in the poems are those of loss and grief.
The emotions in the poems reflect loss and grief.
How to use these pronouns
- In the role defining word:
What's in this bag?
That whiskey tastes strange.
I might get myself a pair of those Nikes.
- In the role pronouns(meaning things or ideas):
Come and look at this.
That's a very bad idea.
Can I have one of these?
Uses of this and that
Emotional distance
Sometimes we use this, that, these and those to refer to things that make us happy.
For example, you can use " this/these”, referring to something we approve of or feel positive about.
I love this new woolen smartphone cover that you can get.
I like this new wool phone case, which you can get.
We use " that/those” to create distance.
What are you going to say to that friend of yours?
What are you going to say that friend of mine?
We use " those", talking about objects inside the room where we were.
I didn't like his house. It had those awful paintings.
I didn't like his house. It contained those terrible pictures.
Knowledge sharing and new information
Often this happens when we are telling a story or explaining something.
You know that waterfall in the forest nearby? Well, they're gonna privatize it.
You know That waterfall in the forest nearby? Well, they're going to privatize it.
« This" is sometimes used instead of "a/an" when we are referring to something important or recent, or when introducing someone to a new person or thing in our history.
This guy today knocked on the door and asked if I wanted to talk about God.
This the guy knocked on the door and asked if I wanted to talk about God.
Physical proximity and distance
We use " this", And " these» most often, pointing to things and people that are close to the speaker or writer, or to what is happening at the moment.
Shall I use this knife here?
I should take advantage this with a knife?
I'll post these letters on my way home.
I'll throw it in these letters to the post office on the way home.
We use " that" And " those”, pointing out things and people that are not easily identified in a situation. They are often located at a distance from the speaker, and sometimes closer to the listener.
What's in that bottle over there?
What's in it that bottle there?
Sometimes things are not visible to either the speaker or the listener.
Death Star! That's my favorite star!
The Death Star! This my favorite star!
Useful expressions and phrases
That's it- exclamation when solving a problem: “that’s all!”; in the role of agreement: “yes, right”, “exactly!”, “whoa!”, “period!; in the role of the final replica in an unambiguous plan: “that’s it!”, “that’s enough!”, “dry the oars!”; interrogative meaning in the sense of “that’s all?”, “oh well?”.
That's it! I"m not putting up with any more of her rudeness!
That's it! I won't tolerate her rudeness anymore!
That's it, it is working now.
That's all! Now it works.
That's alright(that's ok) - both expressions can be used to express forgiveness.
- Sorry, I didn't mean to hurt you.
-That's ok.
- Sorry, I didn't mean to offend you.
- Everything is fine.
That's right is one of the most popular answers in English. Says that you agree or confirm someone else's words.
Translations: exactly like that, right, exactly, absolutely, just about, like that.
- You must be one lucky son of a b*tch, right?
- You must be a lucky son of a bitch, huh?
- That's right, I am. What?
- Yes sir. What?
And others:
this one time only(this once, just for once) - only 1 time;
this one is still kicking- this one is still alive;
this one is as good as any- this one is no better than any other;
this side of the Black Stump- on “this side” (where there is water, trees, life);
this said- at the same time (despite the fact that ...), everything said means that ... ;
this and that- This and that; bench stoves;
those against?- who is against?;
those abstaining- abstained from voting;
those and those ones- both;
those are her days- on these days she receives (guests, for example).
Is this one taken?- Is it busy/free here?;
What's all this/that about?- What kind of news is this!; Here's more news!;
This is it!- Here it is!; This is what I was looking for!; This is a critical moment!; Fine!; Right!; In fact of the matter!
| This/These | That/That | |
| Meaning | Pronouns and modifier. | |
| Use | 1) With people and objects near the speaker or listener in singular/plural. 2) To introduce someone. 3) Speaking about close time periods. 4) Referring to what will happen in the future, to what has not yet happened, or to what we are going to say or do. 5) Referring to something important or recently happened, or when introducing someone new person or thing in our 6) Speaking about things close in time or location to the speaker or happening at the moment. 7) Referring to something we approve of or feel positive about. |
1) With people and objects away from the speaker or listener in singular/plural. Do you want to sit down on that bench over there? 2) Talking about events in the past. 3) Talking about what just happened. 5) In a formal context, especially in scientific activities, talking about the similarity of something. 6) Talking about objects inside the room where we were. 7) To create a sense of distance. |
Conclusion
Summarize:
This/that- here & singular / there & singular.
These/those- here & plural / there & plural.
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This, That, These And Those known as demonstrative determiners or demonstrative pronouns ( demonstrative pronouns ). They are often used with location words here (here and there (there), or phrases indicating a specific place, e.g. on the corner (on the corner). Demonstrative pronouns mean that we show someone that one or more objects are here or there.
Demonstrative pronouns in examples
Notice how pronouns this, that, these And those change depending on the location of the items in the following dialogues. Location can be relative. If I'm standing in this room over there (there) can mean that someone or something is on the other side of the room, as in this example:
Harry: Could you pass me that pen on the shelf over there?(Can you pass me that pen over there on the shelf?)
Mark: Do you mean this pen here?(You mean this pen here?)
Harry: Yes, that pen.(Yes, that pen)
Mark: Here you are. Oh, could you pass me those newspapers on the chair over there?(Yes, please. Oh, can you pass me those newspapers on that chair over there?)
Harry: These? Of course, here you are.(These? Of course, please)
In this dialogue, Harry asks Mark about the pen that is next to Mark. Note that Harry uses over there (there) to refer to something on a shelf in another part of the room.
However, the next example is about a street, and in it here covers a much larger area, and there means something further away.
Harry: Is that Miss Smith over there?(Is that Miss Smith there?)
Mark: No, Miss Smith is further away. That's Mrs. Twins.(No, Miss Smith is much further away. This is Mrs. Twins)
Harry: What’s the number of this house in front of us?(What is the number of this house in front of us?)
Mark: This is number 5. It’s not what we need.(This is number 5. This is not what we need.)
Harry: I’m glad your sight is much better than mine! How about these flowers in this lawn?(I'm glad your eyesight is much better than mine. What are those flowers on this lawn?)
Mark: These are called mallow.(They are called mallows.)
Here (here), There (there)
This and these are used with objects that are relatively close, that is, they can be used with the word here (Here ) or indicating a specific nearby location.
This is my book here.(It is my book.)
These are my new shoes here. I bought them last month.(These are my new shoes. I bought them last month.)
This is my new phone on the table.(This is my new phone on the table.)
These are my sons on this sofa.(These are my sons on this sofa.)
That (for singular) and Those (for the plural) are used for objects located at a distance. WITH that And those often used there or over there (there) to indicate that the object is far from the speaker. At the same time, instead of there or over there Can also indicate specific locations of objects at a distance.
That is my wife sitting over there.(That's my wife sitting there.)
Over there! Those are the sportsmen who won the competition.(Over there! These are the athletes who won the competition.)
Those are my friends over there.(These are my friends.)
Those are my apple trees at the back of the garden.(These are my apple trees at the back of the garden.)
Singular demonstrative pronouns
This and That are used with singular verbs and indicate one object, one person or one place.
That blouse is wonderful!(That blouse is wonderful!)
This window overlooks the garden.(This window looks out onto the garden.)
This woman walks with a dog.(This woman is walking her dog.)
That park is known for its wildlife.(This park is known for its wildlife.)
Plural demonstrative pronouns
These Andthose are used with the plural form of the verb and refer to more than one object, person or place.
These dresses are so light!(These dresses are so easy!)
Those figures were done by Michelangelo.(These sculptures were made by Michelangelo.)
These study students in our college.(These students study in our college.)
Those girls play volleyball on the middle school team.(These girls play volleyball on the middle school team.)
Exercises on demonstrative pronouns
Complete the sentences using this, that, these, those
, and here
or there
:
1. Could you give me that pencil over _____?
2. Here are _____ books you wanted.
3. Can you see _____ palace next to the shop?
4. Is _____ a pen over there for me?
5. _____ are three boys standing on the beach.
6. Could I take some of _____ cakes right here?
7. _____ cars over there are luxury.
8. _____ computers on the desk are ancient.
9. _____ is the document you asked for.
10. Could I have that photo on the table over _____.
Answers and explanations to them
1. there
- you are talking about something remote from you.
2. those
- use those
in cases where you have already talked about this before.
3. that
- points to a large building far away from you.
4. there
— use there in questions: is there/are there
to ask about the availability of something.
5. There
- use there
to point out people far away from you.
6. these
- use these
, talking about something close.
7. those
- use those
, pointing to multiple objects.
8. those
- use those,
talking about something distant.
9. here
- use here is/here are
when you convey something to someone.
10. there
- use there
to point to something at a distance.
You will find a large number of exercises on demonstrative pronouns on the website
Demonstrative pronouns have separate forms for the singular - this this, this, this,
that mom, that, then- and plural - these these, those me.
Demonstrative pronouns are used both as adjective pronouns and noun pronouns.
1. Demonstrative pronoun-adjective, being a determiner of a noun,
excludes the use of an article before the noun to which it refers.
When the noun to which the demonstrative pronoun refers is preceded by others
definitions, then the demonstrative pronoun, like any determiner, is placed before them:
Don't live in that house. - He lives in that house.
He lives in that white house. - He lives in that white house.
2. Pronouns this And these indicate objects in
close proximity to the interlocutor, while that And those point to
more distant objects:
This pencil is mine. - This pencil is mine. (We are talking about a pencil that the speaker holds in his hand or that is directly in front of his eyes.)
That pencil is yours. - That pencil is yours. (We are talking about a pencil that is not in close proximity to the speaker.)
This young man is my brother. - This young man is my brother. (We are talking about a person standing close to the speaker.)
Do you know that man? - Do you know this person? (We are talking about a person located at some distance from the interlocutor.)
These cigarettes are very good. - These cigarettes are very good. (We are talking about cigarettes that the speaker holds in his hand or that are in close proximity to him.)
I like those flowers. - I like those (these) flowers. (We are talking about flowers that are not in close proximity to the speaker.)
3. Pronoun this with the word country used in relation to the country in which
there is a speaker or author. Therefore, when the combination country this found in
English newspaper, it should be translated England, in an American newspaper - USA, V
message from a correspondent from Holland - Holland etc.:
The exports of coal from this country decreased last year (from an article in an English newspaper). Coal exports from England fell last year.
The exports of coal from this country decreased last year (from an article in an English newspaper). - Coal exports from England decreased last year.
The imports of coal into this country decreased last year (from a report by a correspondent from Holland, published in an English newspaper). - Coal imports to Holland decreased last year.
If we are not talking about the country of residence of the speaker or author, then it is used that country
both with the meaning of that country and this country:
I was in Bulgaria last year. I liked that country very much. - I was in Bulgaria last year. I really liked this country.
4. This in time expressions refers to the moment of conversation or to the current period
time, a that- to a moment or period of time in the past or future:
I am busy at this moment. - I'm busy at the moment.
It is only the beginning of May. - It's only the beginning of May.
You can’t bathe at this time of the year. - You can't swim at this time of year.
My brother will go to the Caucasus this summer. - My brother will go to the Caucasus this summer (summer of this year).
I spent the summer of 1986 in the south. We had a lot of rain that summer. - I spent the summer of 1986 in the south. This (that) summer was very rainy.
At that moment the door opened and a man entered the room. - At that (that) moment the door opened and a man entered the room.
I am going to call on him at five o’clock. I hope he will come home by that time. - I'm going to see him at five o'clock. I hope he comes home by this time.
In Russian the demonstrative pronoun this (this) often used not only for
indications of nearby objects and to indicate the moment of conversation or the current period
time, but also to indicate more distant objects, objects that are not present,
and to indicate past and future moments or periods of time. Therefore the pronoun this (these)
in English in some cases it corresponds this (these), and in others that (those):
I'll go south this summer. - I shall go to the south this summer.
I usually work in this room. - I usually work in this room.
Do you see the white house at the end of the street? My brother lives in this house. - Do you see the white house at the end of the street? My brother lives in that house.
Yesterday he showed me his new dictionary. He bought this dictionary in Leningrad. - He showed me his new dictionary yesterday. He bought that dictionary in Leningrad.
At that moment I heard a noise in the corridor. - At that moment I heard a noise in the corridor.
Come at 5 o'clock. I'll be home at that time. - Come at five o'clock. I shall be at home at that time.
After pronouns this And that pronoun is often used one to avoid
repetition of the previously mentioned noun:
Will you give me another book? I don't like this one. - Give me another book. I don't like this one.
This book is mine, and that one is yours. - This book is mine, and that one is yours.
1. Demonstrative pronouns-nouns are used in the same way as corresponding
adjective pronouns, namely: this And these are used when talking about objects close to the speaker, a that And those- when it comes to more distant objects:
This is my dictionary and that is yours. - This is my dictionary, otherwise it’s yours.
These are my magazines and those are yours. - These are my magazines, otherwise they are yours.
Have you read this? -Have you read this?
I shall take these. - I'll take these.
2. This often used in relation to subsequent direct speech, and that in relation to
to the previous direct speech:
This is what she said: “I don’t think he is right.” “That’s what she said: “I don’t think he’s right.”
“I don’t think he is right.” - That's what she said.
That used to replace a preceding singular noun, a
those to replace a plural noun when they should
repeat with the definite article. That And those in such cases it is usually translated into
Russian language with the nouns they replace:
The price of tin is higher than that of copper (that = the price). - The price of tin is higher than the price of copper.
At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine (those = the machines). - There are several machines in our factory similar to the machines described in this magazine (similar to those described in this magazine).
In the meaning of a demonstrative pronoun, the pronoun is also used it, corresponding
Russian pronoun This:
Who is there? -It is Helen. - Who's there? - This is Elena.
What is this? - It is a dictionary. - What is this? -This is a dictionary.
Demonstrative pronouns also include the pronoun such such, such,
which is used as an adjective pronoun,
and noun pronouns:
These are such interesting books! - These are such interesting books!
Such was the agreement between the two parties. - That was the agreement between both parties.
When such defines a countable noun in the singular, then the noun
used with the indefinite article, which is placed after such:
It is such an interesting book! - This is such an interesting book!