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1 NovaInfo.Ru - 46, 2016 Psychological sciences 1 THE PROBLEM OF STRESS IN THE MODERN WORLD Shafranova Anna Viktorovna Stress, as we know, in the modern world concerns each of us without exception. Since a person in the turmoil of the world is not able to withstand the tension that is expressed in special situations of life, caused by many reasons in nature. What exactly is stress in scientific terms? Stress is a common and common phenomenon. We all experience it at times, whether it's a feeling of emptiness in the pit of our stomach when we stand up to introduce ourselves in class, or increased irritability or insomnia during an exam session. Minor stress is inevitable and harmless. It is excessive stress that creates problems for individuals and organizations. Any event, fact or message can cause stress, i.e. become a stressor. Stressors can be a wide variety of factors: microbes and viruses, various poisons, high or low ambient temperature, injury, etc. But it turns out that any emotiogenic factors can be the same stressors, i.e. factors influencing the emotional sphere of a person. This is everything that can excite us, misfortune, a rude word, an undeserved insult, a sudden obstacle to our actions or aspirations. Stressful situations occur both at home and at work. From a management perspective, of greatest interest are the organizational factors that cause stress in the workplace. Knowledge of these factors and paying special attention to them will help prevent many stressful situations and increase the efficiency of managerial work, as well as achieve the goals of the organization with minimal psychological and physiological losses to personnel. After all, stress is the cause of many diseases, and therefore causes significant harm to human health, while health is one of the conditions for achieving success in any activity. How to identify stress? Signs of stress: Inability to concentrate on something. Too frequent mistakes in work. Memory deteriorates. Feeling tired too often. Very fast speech. Thoughts often disappear. Pain appears quite often (head, back, stomach area). Increased excitability. Work doesn't bring the same joy. Loss of sense of humor. The number of cigarettes smoked increases sharply.
2 NovaInfo.Ru - 46, 2016 Psychological sciences 2 Addiction to alcoholic beverages. Appetite disappears, taste for food is completely lost. Inability to finish work on time. Causes of stress Much more often you have to do not what you would like, but what you need, which is part of your responsibilities. You constantly lack time - you don’t have time to do anything. Something or someone is pushing you, you are constantly in a hurry to get somewhere. It begins to seem to you that everyone around you is clamped in the grip of some kind of internal tension. You constantly want to sleep and can’t get enough sleep. You dream too much, especially when you are very tired during the day. You smoke a lot. Drinking more alcohol than usual. At home, in your family, at work you have constant conflicts. You constantly feel dissatisfied with life. You get into debt without even knowing how to pay it off. You develop an inferiority complex. You have no one to talk to about your problems, and you don’t really want to. You don't feel respected either at home or at work. Stress is an integral part of human existence, you just need to learn to distinguish between an acceptable degree of stress and too much stress. Research shows that physiological signs of stress include ulcers, migraines, hypertension, back pain, arthritis, asthma and heart pain. Psychological manifestations include irritability, loss of appetite, depression and decreased interest in interpersonal and sexual relationships, etc. So, the causes of stress are countless and there is only one way to get out of stress: do not think and worry about what happened, but think about about what needs to be done to resolve the situation, about what to do next. This is a very correct position, here you do not lose your vitality, endlessly “chewing” an unpleasant event. What happened has already happened, and we cannot change it, we can only look forward, get a new outlook on life and always learn to emerge victorious from difficult situations. 10 secrets of dealing with stress Secret 1. Conviction that the situation is under control No one is immune from sudden (pleasant or not so pleasant) events that entail changes in the usual way of life. But, by and large, only we are responsible for our own routine. Other people and external circumstances in most cases do not solve anything. A sense of control over what is happening is what is necessary for peace of mind.
3 NovaInfo.Ru - 46, 2016 Psychological Sciences 3 Do you think that your life is controlled by someone else? Then you are guaranteed stress. Of course, if you have authoritarian parents, a stubborn friend, or an unstable boss, it is difficult to consider yourself the architect of your own happiness. Try to avoid being a victim. Learn to find time just for yourself every day. You can't change other people, but planning your own day is possible. Secret 2. Optimism... Everyone knows the joke that the same glass of water can be half empty for a pessimist and half full for an optimist. The choice of a calm and happy woman is obvious: a positive outlook on things. Some people have it by nature, while others have to develop it. The situation turns out in our favor if we do everything we consider necessary. So why do we let the fear of potential failure override our hope for the best? And fear of failure creates stress. Secret 3...and at the same time realism It is very useful to repeat to yourself that everything will be fine. But muttering this while closing your eyes and heading straight into the sewer hatch is unwise. Alas, blind optimism is not a panacea. Sometimes it is better to accept the circumstances and patiently wait out the unfavorable situation. This does not mean at all that those who are bypassed by stress do not want and do not know how to dream. Nothing like this! They do it “professionally”: they develop action plans and can laugh at the naivety of their own delusions. It is also true that these people, having taken up the implementation of plan A, always keep in mind a backup plan B. Secret 4. The ability to see the whole picture If you want to get rid of stress, do not worry about the little things. A problem that will disappear in a couple of months is simply not worth your nerves. We must learn to set priorities, including emotional ones. Always try in the morning to assess the coming day and choose the most important things to do. Whenever you find yourself very distracted, ask yourself, “Am I spending my time well?” If you answered “No”, put off solving the problem until better times, having first assessed its scale. For example, if a friend calls you in the middle of work, politely tell her that it would be better to talk at a more convenient time. But if something very important happened to a friend, a real misfortune or, conversely, a joyful event, then the conversation can turn out to be a really very significant thing. Secret 5. Don’t promise anything unnecessary Often we create stress for ourselves. One common mistake is telling people what they want to hear rather than what is within your capabilities. So much can be promised that it is simply impossible to fulfill it all.
4 NovaInfo.Ru - 46, 2016 Psychological Sciences 4 You cannot cope with the declared volume, and the stress doubles because you are letting people down. The solution is simple: learn to promise less than you can deliver. You'll see, your friends will be happy if you arrive at the party, albeit late, because you said that you wouldn't have time at all. Your boss will also be pleased if you finish the report a day earlier rather than a week later. Secret 6. Contacts with people Hundreds of psychological studies show that as a result of communication, provided the parties are in a friendly mood, the heart rate stabilizes and blood pressure decreases, which means people become calmer. Therefore, maintain good relationships with others. And at the same time, don’t always just be the vest that everyone cries into; look for support yourself when you feel bad. Secret 7. Improving health Stress caused by any disease can be quite strong and at the same time acts on the sly. Don’t underestimate minor problems in your body, promising yourself to take care of them as soon as the “hard times” are over. The rules for combating depression include supporting and nourishing the nervous system. Selenium, as well as antioxidants and B vitamins, will complement any vitamin complex well, especially if you are going through a busy period. But they, of course, will not replace the two main components of a healthy life without stress - sleep and proper nutrition. Secret 8. Save your energy Protect your energy from external intrusions. We are surrounded by energetic “black holes”: those who are always irritated and dissatisfied with life find no better occupation than to try to drag you into their sorrowful world. You know such people well. Stay away from energy vampires, but if collisions cannot be avoided, then try to isolate yourself from their negative influence. If you even mentally build a defense of white light around yourself, you will lose less strength. And maybe even charge the unfortunate “vampire” with your positive energy. Secret 9. Flexibility If you want to achieve certain results, change everything and even your own behavior. Flexibility is a very important trait for dealing with stress. For example, if you cannot argue with your colleague, although you are sure that you are right, try listening to his arguments for a change. Firstly, they probably have common sense, and secondly, by following your opponent’s train of thought, you will understand where he made a mistake, and it will be easier for you to direct his reasoning in the right direction. And thirdly, when you listen, they try to listen to you. Secret 10. “Look far ahead!” Whatever happens, don't take anything personally and don't blame yourself. Instead of
5 NovaInfo.Ru - 46, 2016 Psychological Sciences 5 in order to engage in self-flagellation, try to learn a lesson from the difficult situation in which you find yourself. Don't give up and ask yourself: “Why did this happen now? What can I do to turn everything in my favor? You may not find answers to these questions in the near future. But the fact that your thoughts are positive ensures you a stress-free future. References 1. Aliev Kh.M., The key method in the fight against stress [Text]: textbook / Kh.M. Aliev, - Rostov-n/D.: Phoenix, 2013, 320 p. 2. Igebaeva F.A., Gumerova L.U. Overcoming stress as a condition for social stability. In the collection: Socio-economic aspects of the development of a modern state. materials of the IV International Scientific and Practical Conference with Igebaeva F.A. Syndrome of professional personality deformation. 4. In the collection: society in an era of change: the formation of new socio-economic relations, materials of the VII International Scientific and Practical Conference with Igebaeva F.A. The importance of the socio-psychological factor in the development of agro-industrial complex enterprises.// Problems and prospects for sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex. Materials of scientific and practical conference. Saratov, S. Borozdina G.V. Psychology and ethics of business communication: Textbook for bachelors. M.: Yurayt Publishing House, p. 7. Igebaeva F.A. The problem of mobbing and professional career // Study of the innovative potential of society and the formation of directions for its strategic development. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference; VOLUME 1., in 2 volumes. Kursk, S. Igebaeva F.A. Workaholism and professional burnout syndrome // Theoretical and applied problems of science and education in the 21st century. Sat. scientific tr. on materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Part 8. Tambov: Publishing House TROO “Business-Science-Society”, S Morozov A.V. Business psychology. Textbook for higher and secondary specialized educational institutions. SPb.: Publishing house "Soyuz", p. 10. Igebaeva F.A. Business communications: workshop. Ufa: Bashkir State Agrarian University, p. 11. Igebaeva F.A. The art of managing people is the most difficult and highest of all the arts in the collection: Science, technology and life proceedings of the international scientific conference. editors v.a. iljuhina, v.i. zhukovskij, n.p. ketova, a.m. gazaliev, g.s.mal" with Igebaeva F.A. The influence of the socio-psychological factor on the creation of a favorable climate in the team. In the collection: Modern scientific knowledge: theory, methodology, practice Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference in 3 parts. LLC "NOVALENSO" S
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Stress is the state of an individual under extreme conditions at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels. Depending on the type of stressor and the nature of its influence, several types of stress are distinguished. One of the classifications distinguishes physiological and psychological stress, the latter being divided into informational and emotional. Physiological stress occurs under the influence of physiological stressors, such as elevated temperature. Information stress occurs in situations of information overload, when a person cannot cope with a task, does not have time to make the right decisions at the required pace, with a high degree of responsibility for the consequences of decisions made. It seems to me that this type of stress is especially relevant in the modern world, where most people strive to successfully build a career and occupy responsible positions. Emotional stress manifests itself in situations of threat, danger, resentment, etc. Moreover, its various forms lead to changes in the course of mental processes, emotional shifts, transformation of the motivational structure of activity, and disturbances in motor and speech behavior. All of these types of stress can have both a positive mobilizing effect on the body’s vital functions and a negative one.
Today, there is an extremely widespread point of view according to which stress is a rare and striking phenomenon in the lives of ordinary people. G. Selye's opinion on this matter is extremely different. He believes that a person, even in a state of complete relaxation, seems to him to be under stress. The circulatory, respiratory, nervous and digestive systems are constantly working. A complete lack of stress would mean death. However, the level of physiological stress is lowest during periods of rest and relaxation, although it is never absolute zero. Emotional arousal of any direction is accompanied by an increase in the degree of physiological stress.
Summing up the intermediate results, I would like to say that the characteristics of stress are quite diverse: there are several types of stress, depending on the type of stressor and the consequences. Stress also has three phases. And finally, stress is a fairly common phenomenon in the life of any person, regardless of his type of activity, social status and age. If a person can somehow avoid psychological stress, then physiological stress is beyond his control.
It is obvious that a person cannot completely protect and protect himself from stress, which is an integral companion of humans and all animals throughout their lives. Currently, there is a fairly widespread belief that stress can and should be avoided.
The meaning of stress in the modern world
In the modern world, there is quite widespread propaganda of the idea that stress has an extremely destructive effect on a person, contributing to the development of various mental disorders and general wear and tear of the body. Perhaps, to some extent, this is indeed true, and I will not refute it. However, I am convinced that stress can also have a positive effect, and further I will try to prove my point of view.
Firstly, I think it is stupid to attribute any polar qualities to anything. I don’t think you can definitely call something good and something bad. It seems to me that everything is relative, even those things that at first glance seem exclusively negative and negative can reveal some positive aspects in themselves. Let me explain with an example. Let's say a person was fired from his job. Of course, at first glance it seems that this is an extremely negative event in the life of anyone, because a person has lost his source of livelihood, as well as the ability to work and self-realize. However, this situation forces a person to mobilize all his strength and capabilities to take another job, which may be more promising and highly paid. If the person had not been fired, he, most likely, due to his habit of stability, would not have decided to change jobs. Although another outcome is possible. For example, a person could not find a job and became depressed. Then, of course, the whole series of these events is negative. However, it is not for nothing that they say: “He who seeks will always find.” I think that a person's ability to find a new job in this situation depends solely on his personal qualities and perseverance. Thus, I believe that the impact that certain events have on us depends only on our perception and attitude towards them, as well as on our behavior in a given situation. The result of all of the above can be my point of view, according to which any event or phenomenon, including stress, is dual in nature. You cannot definitely call something good and something bad.
Secondly, it seems to me that it is stupid in itself to assign a negative meaning to a phenomenon that takes place in the life of any person and which is inevitable. After all, it would never occur to anyone to say that hair growth or breathing, for example, is bad. I believe the situation is similar regarding stress. After all, stress, at least on a physiological level, accompanies a person throughout his life, like the growth of hair or nails.
Thirdly, even if stress is negative, its overall global impact on the body, in my opinion, is positive. After all, a person who has not known misfortune cannot be truly happy. It's the same with stress. Stress gives our lives a bright color. Illnesses give way to periods of health, tears give way to laughter, and hard daily work gives way to rest. It is this contrast that gives us a real opportunity to feel the taste of life, because “everything is known in comparison.” Stress gives a person the opportunity to enjoy moments of stability and harmony, to appreciate them, which is especially important, in my opinion, in the modern world, when life takes on a frantic rhythm, when people are often deprived of a free minute to simply think about their life, when a person cares only its monetary stability.
To summarize, I would like to say that stress affects the human body at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels, which, it seems to me, can affect a person’s life in two ways, both positively and negatively. Of course, each person is individual, each perceives this or that event in a special, subjective way. However, stress gives any of us the opportunity to experience the taste of life through comparison and acceptance of all the unexpected turns of fate. But whether to take advantage of this opportunity or complain about life is up to us to decide. I hope I have been able to show that stress can have significant positive and beneficial effects as well as negative ones.
In modern society, a person experiences increasing psycho-emotional stress due to the increasing difficulties of social life. The demands of the social environment, contradictions between society and the individual, and interpersonal conflicts sometimes reach dramatic severity. The absence of normal conditions for work and rest or their low quality create a fortunately pleasant environment for various stressful situations.
Stress (from the English stress - tension) is a state of tension that occurs in a person under the influence of various unfavorable factors. Under stress, protective physiological reactions occur in the human body in response to negative external influences.
The schematic diagram of stress is shown in Fig. 11.7.
The causes of stress include not only an unhealthy lifestyle and the inability to properly manage your time. Stress often arises due to an unfavorable psychological atmosphere at work, difficult relationships with colleagues, especially with superiors. For example, an insufficiently clear description of the job or instructions from the manager, or insufficient time for high-quality execution of the task can have a stressful effect. Stress can also be caused by a lack of reward or gratitude for doing a job well. Finally, uncertainty about the future, stability in work and personal life - all this, naturally, takes many people out of balance. / Everyone has become accustomed to the concept of “stress”, having forgotten that it means not just a state of fatigue, but rather serious changes in the human body. Stress-related disorders develop, as a rule, in people whose work is associated not so much with physical, but with psycho-emotional overload.
Human needs
Positive result
Response to needs
Negative result
Stress
Consequences of stress
Rice. 11.7. Schematic diagram of stress
The onset of stress is indicated by constant fatigue, irritability, blues or frequent changes in mood for minor reasons, depression. Work that was previously done easily and with interest causes fatigue, boredom and irritation. It is difficult to concentrate, memory fails, and absent-mindedness appears. Not all people are aware of what is happening to them. Even fewer people are making the necessary efforts to change the current situation.
There are four main types of inappropriate responses to stress.
Inaction. Anyone who makes this mistake may enjoy his condition by complaining to others. These people feel like innocent victims, but are unwilling to do anything personally to change the situation.
Depression (from Latin depressio - suppression). Its victims are characterized by a feeling of doom. They lose self-respect, become helpless, and withdraw from real life. Being in a depressed, depressed state, people experience constant fatigue and blame themselves for everything that happens.
Negation. A person tries not to lose courage, pretending that everything is fine and there is no reason to be depressed. Without recognizing the seriousness of the situation, such people often turn emotional problems into physical symptoms.
Disturbance. People who are angry due to stress blame others for everything that happens. They don't want to take any responsibility.
Many victims of stress seem to understand that they need to take care of themselves, but due to lack of time they constantly put it off. People, as a rule, do not pay due attention to increased fatigue or worsened memory, and meanwhile their health is getting worse. Worry begins to be caused by more menacing symptoms, which indicate long-term and chronic stress. And if at first a person is quite able to cope with stress on his own, then only a specialist will be able to change the situation.
v To deal with stress, you must first understand how serious its consequences can be. This struggle requires some effort and time. A natural step when signs of stress appear is to change your environment, rest, and recuperate. However, you need to clearly understand that returning to your previous environment will not change the situation, and that is precisely what needs to be changed. First of all, you need to analyze how the workday routine is structured. It must be remembered that monotonous work without a break will actually be much less effective than that in which a person from time to time gives himself a break and gets down to business with renewed vigor.
* Recipes for stress are widely known: sports, massage, communication with pleasant people and, finally, family. However, all this requires some effort and, most importantly, faith. Finally, don’t forget-
I 253
It is clear that the meaning of life does not come down to work, that besides work there are a lot of interesting things in life: theaters, museums, nature, etc. However, if it comes to long-term and chronic stress, then you cannot do without the help of a specialist.
Stress is a necessary condition of life, and its complete elimination is as unrealistic as it is harmful. Although a person’s resistance to stress is high, it is, however, far from unlimited. Therefore, an urgent problem for a manager is to regulate the level of acceptable physical and emotional stress in the team.
The problem of rush jobs at work, which contributes to stress, deserves special attention. Emergency (from the English over - to the top and all - all) - mobilization of a team of employees to carry out urgent work. This is nothing more than a factor that releases hidden human resources. During an emergency situation, a person is placed in such conditions under which he cannot help but do something. It is in this environment that a person’s potential physical and intellectual capabilities are revealed. However, overvoltage does not always contribute to high-quality work. And it's not just about ordinary fatigue; Not all people are suited to work in extreme conditions.
According to experts, according to their attitude to work in a stressful environment, people are divided into three main types:
powerless. At the slightest sign of tension, they become helpless and with their behavior only irritate those around them;
restless. People of this type begin to fuss uselessly, grab at everything in sight, immediately abandon the work they started, and at the same time become terribly nervous;
cold-blooded. Such people are ideal for emergency work, since stress mobilizes their will, forces them to make quick decisions and act. But even these workers cannot work under such extreme stress all the time. An unplanned mode of work is fraught with stress and, as a consequence, depression and physical exhaustion of people.
In conditions when the work still needs to be completed, the manager must actively motivate his subordinates. For each of the types of people listed above, you need to select the appropriate motivation option: success, money, fame, etc.
Chapter Summary
Conflicts are an objective reality, since the source of conflicts are people endowed with a significant variety of needs, life goals and habits that they strive to realize.
There are various types of conflict situations that require appropriate efforts from the manager to prevent and eliminate them.
There is a certain relationship between conflicts and stress.
A manager needs to distinguish between positive and negative stress, know methods of stress relief and be able to prevent stressful situations.
Test questions and assignments
What is the nature of conflicts?
Briefly describe the main types of conflicts.
3 What is the essence of conflict management?
Why is the work of preventing conflicts in a team important for a manager?
What is stress? What is its essence?
What methods of stress relief are there?
Describe the main ways to prevent stressful situations.
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Stress and depression. |
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The history of the word “stress” has developed in such a way that today it has two different meanings. The word “stress” came into Russian from English, and into English from Latin. In the 18th and 19th centuries in English this word was used mainly in physics and meant: the force of pressure, tension, pushing, compression or torsion that occurs when one object acts on another; deformation that occurs in an object under the influence of such a force. In the 30s of the 20th century, the world famous physician and biologist Hans Selye transferred the word “stress” to medicine. Today this term is widely used in medicine, biology and psychology and, just like in physics, has 2 meanings: a physical, chemical or emotional factor that causes physiological or psychological stress and may cause illness; physiological or psychological stress resulting from exposure to physical, chemical or emotional factors that upset the existing balance. From these definitions it is clear that in the first case, stress refers to a factor affecting the body; in the second - the result of the influence of such a factor. To avoid terminological confusion, we will use the word “stress” only in the second meaning, and for the first we will take the word “stressor”. As a result, we get the following definitions: Stressor- a physical-chemical or emotional-psychological factor that causes physiological or psychological stress and can be the cause of illness. Stress- physiological and/or psychological stress resulting from exposure to stressors that upset the existing balance. Or briefly: stress is tension, and a stressor is a factor that causes it. |
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It is customary to talk about stress as something unambiguously negative, harmful, and undesirable. But this attitude is not always fair. In certain situations, stress can literally save a person's life. When cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was making a training parachute jump in August 1967, an unexpected incident happened to him. The parachute opened, but the strap wrapped around the astronaut's leg and caught on the metal backrest. As a result, he flew upside down. It happens that parachutists break their legs. It's easy to imagine what would happen if you landed on your head. Of course, when a person finds himself in such a situation, he develops a very strong stress reaction. It was thanks to stress that Alexei Leonov was able to bend the metal structure and release the strap. The landing was successful. A little later, four (!) cosmonauts were unable to straighten the metal back to give it its original shape. Four strong, healthy men on the ground could not do what one in the air could do. Not only men are capable of extreme efforts in such situations. A young guy is repairing a car. The jack can't hold up and the car crushes it. His parents see this. The young man's father, knowing the weight of the car and soberly assessing the situation, runs for help. At this time, his mother runs up to the car and lifts the car with her hands (!). Stress gave her access to an untouchable reserve of strength. Many more examples can be given showing that a person in a state of severe stress is capable of gigantic muscular efforts that are inaccessible to him in a normal state. A stress response can save a person's life. But provided that the life-threatening problem can be solved through physical (muscular) efforts. Stress is a fight or flight response. And he is able to give a person super strength during battle or super speed when fleeing danger. If fight or flight is not necessary to solve the problem, stress can be destructive. As a rule, life in modern civilization is replete with just such problems. There is stress, but it is not necessary. Stress builds up in the body and causes a number of adverse effects. This is why stress management skills are becoming increasingly important. |
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There are at least 4 groups of stress symptoms: physiological, intellectual, emotional and behavioral. PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS:
Persistent headaches, migraines Headache Vague pain Digestive disorders Bloating due to gases Constipation or diarrhea Spasmodic, sharp pain in the abdomen Palpitations (a feeling that the heart is beating strongly, irregularly, or quickly) Feeling short of breath when inhaling INTELLECTUAL SIGNS OF STRESS: Indecisiveness Memory loss Decreased concentration Increased distractibility "Tunnel" vision Bad dreams, nightmares Wrong actions Losing Initiative Constant negative thoughts Impaired judgment, confused thinking Impulsive thinking, hasty decisions EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS: Irritability Anxiety Suspicion Gloomy mood, depression Fussiness Feeling tense Exhaustion Susceptibility to attacks of anger Cynical, inappropriate humor Feelings of nervousness, fearfulness, anxiety Loss of confidence Decreased life satisfaction Feeling alienated Lack of interest Low self-esteem Job dissatisfaction BEHAVIORAL SIGNS OF STRESS: Loss of appetite or overeating Bad driving Increased problems in the family Poor time management Avoidance of supportive, friendly relationships Ungroomed Antisocial behavior, deceit Failure to develop Low productivity Prone to accidents Sleep disturbance or insomnia Increased smoking and alcohol consumption Finishing work at home Too busy to rest Each symptom is worth one point. A stress level of up to 10 points is considered acceptable, more than 10 - requiring action. At the same time, a score from 20 to 30 indicates a high level of stress, and more than 30 indicates a very high level. |
Typical symptoms of exam stress
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One of the fairly common types of stress is exam stress. As with “ordinary” stress, symptoms of exam stress can be classified into one of four groups: PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS:
worsening skin rash headache EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS:
feeling of general malaise confusion COGNITIVE (INTELLECTUAL) SYMPTOMS: excessive self-criticism, comparing one's preparedness with others in an unfavorable light unpleasant memories of failing exams in the past (your own or someone else's) imagining the negative consequences of failing an exam (expulsion from a university, loss of a scholarship, etc.) nightmares memory impairment decreased ability to concentrate, absent-mindedness BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS: the desire to do any other thing, just not to prepare for the exam avoiding any reminders about exams decreased efficiency in studying during the exam period engaging others in anxious conversations about upcoming exams increased caffeine and alcohol consumption deterioration of sleep loss of appetite |
Anxiety and aggression.
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The fight or flight response is often called stress. According to this definition, two types of stress can be distinguished: attack stress and escape stress. As a rule, the first type of stress is accompanied by aggressive emotions, the second - by anxious ones. Aggressive emotions:
irritation Anxious emotions: feeling of tension concern excitement concern excitement feeling of danger, threat feeling of confusion sense of anxiety confusion confusion Any of these emotions indicates more or less severe stress. |
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Once the disease has developed, it can be difficult to cope with. It is easier to prevent any disease than to treat it. Modern methods of stress management are effective prevention of psychosomatic diseases.
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Psychosomatic diseases
Stress and depression are two sides of the same process
Yu.V. Khmelevsky
Is depression a disease or a condition of the body? Let's try to figure this out together. Medicine characterizes depression with the following symptoms:
depressed, depressed mood, loss of interest in loved ones, everyday activities, work;
insomnia, waking up early in the morning or, on the contrary, sleeping too long;
irritability and anxiety, fatigue and loss of strength;
lack of appetite and weight loss or sometimes, on the contrary, overeating and weight gain;
inability to concentrate and make decisions;
decreased sex drive;
feelings of worthlessness and guilt, feelings of hopelessness and helplessness;
frequent bouts of sobbing;
thoughts of suicide.
On the other hand, depression can be seen as a response to stress. We encounter stress almost constantly when solving certain problems. For example, a bad grade on an exam or failure to pass a test causes stress (strong negative emotions) to a greater or lesser extent. We may experience stress when standing in a long line, because of difficulties at work or problems in the family, when there is no mutual love, when we want to do a lot but there is no time for it, when there are unrealized opportunities, when we watch crime stories on TV every day, and many other reasons, the list of which can be continued almost indefinitely. And after stress, a response (protective) reaction of the body necessarily occurs - a state of depression. In response to every, even the smallest (insignificant) stress, the body responds with adequate depression. But a little stress is even beneficial for the body. They constantly train it, putting it into a state of activation or training (according to the terminology of the Canadian scientist Hans Selye). The greater the stress, the stronger (deeper) and longer the depression. Depression of moderate severity lasts up to two weeks. In severe cases (during severe stress, such as the death of loved ones), depression can last for several months or even several years. That is why the obligatory commemoration of the deceased after 3, 9 and especially 40 days (“farewell to the soul”) helps to first reduce stress and then get out of the depressed state of family members, relatives and friends. During stress, the body mobilizes and uses its energy as much as possible and directs it to protect the body. After stress, the body is in a state of “low battery”, exhaustion, i.e. depression, after which a gradual accumulation of energy begins (“recharging” the body) until the moment of complete restoration of strength and energy. The process (duration) of depression or inhibition of the body in time (duration) is approximately three times longer than the time of exposure to a stressful situation (the process of excitation of the body) and this must be taken into account when eliminating the consequences of any stress, large or small.
The graph shows the processes (two curves) of excitation and inhibition of the body under different stressful situations. The 1st graph reflects the body’s reaction to small (small amplitude and duration) stress that we encounter every day. Curve 2 reflects the body's response to severe stress. In the negative phase, the body is most energetically weakened and against this background various diseases can develop, especially during periods of prolonged depression. According to statistics, up to 70% of those who go to the clinic for somatic diseases have one form or another of depression.
And so, “bombarding” the body with small stresses and protecting it with small and short-term depressions is a normal state of the body, accustomed to constant protection from the environment. Severe stress takes a lot of energy from the body and causes deep (on the graph the depth of depression is marked by the segment BC) and prolonged depression (severe lethargy of the body with a significant decrease in activity). The body gradually accumulates energy, trying to return to the state of dynamic equilibrium that it had before stress, i.e. self-healing. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the most difficult and dangerous time for the occurrence of other diseases for the body during depression does not come immediately after the end of the stress (point A, for curve 2), but after some time, from the end of the stress (point B ). During this period of time, you need to especially monitor your health. We can clearly conclude that the cause of all depression (depressive state) is stress. Depression is a nonspecific reaction of the body to stress. Minor depression, with mild stress, is a normal state of the body, which the body, as a rule, copes with on its own. Severe, deep depression is already a disease and you can’t do it without the help of a doctor.
As a rule, in melancholic people, stress reactions are most often associated with constitutional arousal, such as anxiety or fear, phobia or neurotic anxiety. Cholerics have a typical stress reaction - anger. That is why they more often suffer from hypertension, stomach ulcers, and ulcerative colitis. In phlegmatic people, under the influence of stress, the activity of the thyroid gland decreases, metabolism slows down and blood sugar may increase, which leads to a pre-diabetic state. In stressful situations, they “press” on food, as a result of which they can become obese. Sanguine people with their strong nervous system tolerate stress most easily.
Ideally, the body should not react to any stress at all or with a minimal reaction, but practically this does not happen in life and to achieve this, persistent and long-term training of the body is necessary. People who do not have a culture of health, especially young people, try to solve problems associated with stress and depression with the help of drugs (the fastest, easiest and most accessible way to overcome stress or get out of depression, but also the most harmful to health). Subsequently, they develop an addiction (constant craving) to drugs such as tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and so on, from which it is no longer possible to free themselves without outside help. And these problems are gradually moving from personal ones to state ones (the state’s fight against the drug mafia, treatment of drug addicts, etc.). Traditional medicine solves these problems with its own methods that are no less effective, but absolutely safe for health. And in order to minimize the effects of stress on the body, she developed certain recommendations and advice.
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Stress can cause depression. This is due to the fact that during stress the body spends its reserves, and in the post-stress period it needs to be restored. Therefore, some depression, depression and reluctance to do anything are quite natural results of stress. Such emotions prevent further activity, which gives the body the opportunity to quickly restore its strength. Normally, this condition is not very pronounced, does not last long and disappears after rest. However, too much or too much stress can lead to clinically significant depression, which requires qualified help from a psychotherapist or psychiatrist. How to distinguish normal post-stress depression, which goes away on its own, from pathological depression, which requires medication or psychotherapeutic professional intervention? This can be done using the following 10 questions: Do you feel depressed, depressed, melancholy? Have you lost the ability to experience pleasure in those activities that usually made you happy (work, hobbies, reading, etc.)? Do you constantly feel tired and lacking energy? Do you notice a decrease in confidence and self-esteem? Do you feel guilty towards others? Do you ever have thoughts that life no longer has value for you? Do you have difficulty concentrating and making decisions? Do you complain of anxiety or, on the contrary, a feeling of general lethargy? Do you suffer from insomnia or, on the contrary, do you sleep more than usual? Do you notice a decrease or increase in appetite or weight? If you answered positively to any two of the first three questions, the total number of positive answers is four or more, these symptoms are not associated with somatic diseases, and you have been experiencing them for two or more weeks, the likelihood of a diagnosis of “Depression” is quite high . In this case, it would be correct to contact a psychotherapist, neuropsychiatrist or psychiatrist to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe effective treatment. Abstract >> Psychology The exhaustion stage is characterized by restlessness, irritability, depression. Experienced stress negatively affects the work carried out... by its employees. If they are susceptible stress, hypersensitivity, depression and hostile sentiments, then this... |
Consideration of the main causes of stress. A study of the symptoms associated with stress. Establishing the impact of stress on health. Determining the main ways to deal with stress. Analysis of psycho-emotional stress.
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Stress is the main problem of the modern world!
According to statistics, 3/4 of the country's population is constantly under stress, and the remaining 1/4 is in a severe state of stress. Small stresses that arise during the day cannot be avoided, but they cannot cause much harm or reduce performance.
Excessive stress has a negative impact on human health. In medical practice, its mechanisms are defined as an unfavorable physiological and psycho-emotional reaction of the body to external extreme factors that are perceived as a threat to its usual way of life and well-being.
The main causes of stress:
The heavy emotional stress that we experience every day, negative information, and a tense work environment can cause a feeling of discomfort. Their influence on the human body is expressed in constant nervous tension, which in turn will cause depression or an aggressive state, frustration. Each person's reaction to stress is different, but at the same time, each of us feels depressed and unhappy at this moment. And the causes of stress may be related to specific people who are trying to control you, put pressure on you, thus trying to raise their self-esteem, routine hateful work, constant quarrels with relatives who are not satisfied with your lifestyle.
If the situation you find yourself in “poisons” your life, a psychologist may even advise you to decide to make drastic changes - change jobs, leave your family, or leave a person with whom you cannot solve problems. Constant stress on the nervous system can not only interfere with a full life, but also cause a number of both mental and physical diseases that will further complicate life.
Types of stress and their classification
Too fast a pace of life is the first and main cause of stress, which can be very difficult to combat. We overload ourselves every day with a lot of things to do, we receive too much information, which also leads to emotional overload, and we believe that we will always have time to rest. But the price for such a neglectful attitude towards oneself is chronic fatigue, insomnia and irritation. Some people say that they feel as if life is passing them by. Nothing makes them happy anymore, sleep doesn’t bring rest and they have neither the strength nor the desire to do or change anything.
The state of stress is manifested by the following symptoms:
even the slightest difficulty causes an inadequate reaction;
the mood often changes, and increased excitability is accompanied by either irritation or laughter for no reason, which ends in tears;
activity or performance decreases and the person is unable to cope with daily activities, doing less and more;
behavior becomes uncontrollable and the person often argues and becomes very critical;
taste preferences change;
sleep and appetite are disturbed, which either decreases or becomes excessive;
there is a craving for alcohol, a feeling of self-pity, despondency and blues;
control over the situation is lost and disturbances in sexual function occur;
the functioning of the immune system is weakened and the person often gets sick;
pain appears in the stomach;
headaches often;
peptic ulcer may appear;
all symptoms are explained by a difficult situation that cannot be solved and no attempts are made to change.
Eustress is classified as an emotional state caused by positive emotions, new and interesting plans, the desire to take “new heights” in work, changes in personal life, and anticipation of something good! It mobilizes all a person’s strength, helps to quickly solve assigned tasks and is characterized as “vigor or awakening reaction.” Such adrenaline rushes increase the efficiency of life, increase the pleasure from it and support us!
In contrast, distress has a negative impact on a person, and stress of this type can be classified into the following classifications: nervous, short-term or chronic, psychological or physiological. This type of stress can be sudden, caused by a serious situation of danger, threat or loss, or “cumulative”, with constant negative impact.
Nervous stress is the body's reaction to an excessive or constant state of nervous tension. And here, the peculiarity of the human nervous system, its tendency to neuroses and increased anxiety are of great importance.
Short-term stress is caused by the instinct of self-preservation, in cases where there is a danger to health or life. It passes just as quickly and does not pose any threats.
Chronic distress is considered one of the most dangerous. A person gets used to constant stress on the nervous system and does not pay attention to his condition, believing that he has adapted to it. But any word or action that might offend him leads to a nervous breakdown, prolonged depression and even suicide.
Psychological stress is always associated with emotions and its cause can be either real or illusory. Even if there is no reason for stress, it can manifest itself in the form of strong emotions and experiences.
Physiological stress is caused by external factors - extreme cold or heat, diet, hunger or thirst. Many women who go on diets often do not realize how much stress they are putting on their body and what harm they are causing themselves, since when they go off their diet, the body, which has gone through stress, has to go through a period of adaptation in order to work as usual again.
Some people do not like boredom and enjoy the feeling of danger, such as driving a car at high speed, skydiving, or sailing on a yacht in stormy weather. But things and situations that are pleasant to some people are completely unacceptable to others.
In many ways, the roots of problems and poor adaptation of a person in the social environment are in family traditions and the characteristics of upbringing. Indeed, in some families, the child’s parents may believe that showing off their emotions is indecent, while in others it is a way of manipulating other people. In one family, even checking lessons and scolding can cause a neurotic state in a child, while in another, despite difficulties, he will always receive the support of his family. The level of stress resistance is laid down in a person from childhood. The impact of stress on human health
Psycho-emotional stress in a person with any diseases can provoke their sharp exacerbation. And in a patient with hypertension, cause a hypertensive crisis and lead to complications, stroke or stroke. Heart and vascular diseases and their unfavorable outcome can be caused by aggression, depression, a tense environment at work and at home, increased demands of other people on a person or even on oneself, and lack of material and moral reward. Many people believe that all diseases are caused by stress. And the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates noted: “There is no disease of the body that is separate from the soul.” Many of the problems that patients complain about are almost 90% related to stress. It can cause a variety of diseases, ranging from migraines and insomnia to high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. Severe nervous stress leads to the formation of stomach ulcers within a few days! It can also lead not only to physical, but also to psycho-emotional problems - neuroses and nervous breakdowns, loss of strength and emotional instability, memory impairment, pain of various localizations. People suffering from stress often get sick, catch colds, and their immunity is always weakened. It can also cause allergies and skin diseases.
According to research by scientists, it was found that during stress, the central nervous system is activated, which in turn gives a signal to the pituitary gland, thyroid gland and adrenal glands to begin producing hormones in an enhanced mode. A large number of hormones, with low mobility, circulating in the blood have a negative effect on both internal organs and the nervous system. And this leads to a strong heartbeat, narrowing of blood vessels, and poor circulation. It was also noted that people living in constant stress and depression have a reduced level of leukocytes - the main defenders of the body!
Ways to deal with stress
The impact of stress on health is a serious reason to think about how to learn to recognize the dangers of such situations and learn how to respond correctly to them. And if you often begin to feel tension, frustration, anger, or irritation caused by difficult relationships in the family, a visit from a relative, or moving, then first of all you should think about whether you can change the situation or look at it from the other side? The list of stress-related problems can be overwhelming. How to cope with stress? It is impossible to get rid of it, as well as from its influence. Therefore, psychotherapists advise using all the forces of the body, using such methods of getting out of the situation as:
keeping a diary, which will help you analyze the whole situation, assessing everything from the outside;
meditative practices, auto-training, relaxation;
art therapy - drawing your problems and then destroying them. psycho-emotional overstrain stress symptom
This way the brain gets rid of unnecessary stress, emotions and unnecessary worries. A good remedy for stress would be manual therapy, dousing with cold water, hydromassage and contrast showers, physical exercise, breathing exercises, and of course - a smile! By smiling, even in the most difficult situations, we give rest to our muscles, causing a feeling of joy, and reducing the stress hormone! This therapy helps even in the most difficult cases!
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