- Teacher Zhilonene S.V.
Lesson Plan
3. Education and science.
4.Cultural figures to the front.
5. The Church during the war years.
Lesson assignment
Home front workers
1.Soviet society during the war.
The war radically changed people's lives. At first there was hope that the fighting would move to enemy territory, but it soon became clear that the fate of the country itself was being decided during the war. The atrocities of the fascists led the Soviet people to the need for a merciless fight against the aggressor. Stalin, in his speech on July 3, unexpectedly said: “Brothers and sisters!” People understood the need for unity and dedication in the struggle and this became a prerequisite for the partisan movement.
Refugees on the roads
2.Restructuring the economy on a war footing.
The threat of occupation of the front-line areas forced the removal of all the most valuable equipment, raw materials, people, etc. from there. led this activity Evacuation advice. In a short period of time, a huge amount of cargo was transferred to the East. In 5 months, 1,500 large enterprises and 10 million people were evacuated; new production facilities were built for them in a new location, or merged with existing enterprises (Tankograd).
Evacuated
plant at
new place.
2.Restructuring the economy on a war footing.
Many production facilities were repurposed for the production of military products. In December 1941, the decline in production stopped and its growth began. In mid-1942 The restructuring of the country's life into a military one was successfully completed, although Western experts believed that we would need at least 5 years for this. The Soviet economy eventually won the competition against the economy of Nazi Germany and this was one of the reasons for our victory in the war.
Children of war will be equalized
to the home front workers
3. Education and science.
The war dealt a heavy blow to the education system. Thousands of schools were destroyed, and there were not enough textbooks and notebooks. But the work of schools continued even in besieged Sevastopol, Leningrad, Stalingrad and other cities. In the occupied areas, the education of children ceased.
Scientific centers moved to the East during the war. Research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences were evacuated here.
Military
school.
1942
3. Education and science.
During the war, Soviet scientists worked for the needs of the army. Academician E. Paton developed a new method of steel welding, which made it possible to obtain heavy-duty tank hulls. A. Ioffe created the world's first radars. Doctors developed a blood transfusion technique and began using penicillin for the first time.
In 1943, the development of Soviet nuclear weapons began. Designers worked on creating new types of weapons.
Paton
Boris Evgenievich
4.Cultural figures-front
From the first days of the war, thousands of Soviet cultural figures went to the front. A. Gaidar and E. Petrov died defending their homeland. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, A. Fadeev and others worked as front-line correspondents. O. Bergoltz, V. Inber, D. Shostakovich continued to work in besieged Leningrad. The events of those days were reflected in the “Front Diaries” of K. Simonov,
I. Erenburg, N. Tikhonov
Mikhail Sholokhov
4.Cultural figures to the front.
Other representatives of culture went to the front as part of artistic brigades. In Central Asia, films continued to be made at the united film studio. Lyrical songs (“Spark,” “In the Dugout,” “Katyusha,” etc.) by D. Shostakovich gained enormous popularity in the besieged In Leningrad he wrote the Seventh Symphony, which in the summer of 1942 was performed in the besieged city. Theaters continued to operate in Moscow and Leningrad.
Performed in besieged Leningrad
("Leningrad") symphony by Dmitri Shostakovich
5. The Church during the war years.
By 1941, 7 bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church remained at large. Locum Tenens
On June 22, 1941, the Patriarchal Throne, Metropolitan Sergius, called on believers to defend the Motherland. Leaders of other faiths followed his example. The church not only carried out ideological work, but also collected funds for the needs of the front. Under these conditions, Stalin in September 1943 restored the patriarchate and freed some of the priests.
Priests and monks are veterans
Great Patriotic War
Let's answer the questions:
Prove that home front workers made a significant contribution to the defeat of the Nazi invaders
Slide 2
1.Soviet society during the war. 2.Restructuring the economy on a war footing. 3. Education and science. 4.Cultural figures to the front. 5. The Church during the war years. Lesson plan.
Slide 3
Prove that home front workers made a significant contribution to the defeat of the Nazi invaders? Lesson assignment.
Slide 4
The war radically changed the lives of people. At first there was hope that the fighting would move to enemy territory, but it soon became clear that during the war the fate of the country itself was being decided. The atrocities of the Nazis led the Soviet people to the need for a merciless struggle with the aggressor, Stalin in his speech on July 3 unexpectedly said: “Brothers and sisters!” People understood the need for unity and dedication in the struggle and this became a prerequisite for the partisan movement. 1.Soviet society during the war. Refugees.
Slide 5
The threat of occupation of the front-line areas forced the removal of all the most valuable equipment, raw materials, people, etc. from there. this activity was headed by the Evacuation Council. In a short period of time, a huge amount of cargo was transferred to the East. In 5 months, 1,500 large enterprises and 10 million people were evacuated. New production facilities were built for them in a new place, or combined with existing ones enterprises (Tankograd). 2.Restructuring the economy on a war footing. Evacuated plant in a new location.
Slide 6
Many industries were repurposed for the production of military products. In December 1941, the decline in production stopped and its growth began. All R. In 1942, the restructuring of the country's life into a military one was successfully completed, although Western experts believed that we would need at least 5 years for this. The Soviet economy eventually won the competition against the economy of Nazi Germany and this became one of the reasons for our victory in the war. 2.Restructuring the economy on a war footing. Poster. 1943
Slide 7
The war dealt a heavy blow to the education system. Thousands of schools were destroyed, there were not enough textbooks and textbooks. But the work of schools continued even in besieged Sevastopol, Leningrad, Stalingrad and other cities. In the occupied areas, the education of children ceased. During the war, scientific centers moved to the East. Scientific research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences were evacuated here. 3. Education and science. Military school. 1942
Slide 8
During the war, Soviet scientists worked for the needs of the army. Academician E. Paton developed a new method of welding steel, which made it possible to obtain super-strong tank hulls. A. Ioffe created the world's first radars. Doctors developed a method of blood transfusion and began to use blood transfusions for the first time. take penicillin. In 1943, the development of Soviet nuclear weapons began. Designers worked on creating new types of weapons. 3. Education and science. Designer P. Degtyarev.
Slide 9
From the first days of the war, thousands of Soviet cultural figures went to the front. A. Gaidar and E. Petrov died defending their homeland. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, A. Fadeev and others worked as front-line correspondents. O. Bergoltz, V. Inber, D. Shostakovich continued to work in besieged Leningrad. The events of those days were reflected in the “Front-line Diaries” K. Simonova, I. Erenburg, N. Tikhonova and others. 4. Cultural figures to the front. A.P. Gaidar at the front
Slide 10
Other representatives of culture went to the front as part of artistic brigades. In Central Asia, films continued to be made at the united film studio. Lyrical songs (“Ogonyok”, “In the Dugout”, “Katyu-sha”, etc.) by D. Shestakovich gained enormous popularity in the besieged In Leningrad he wrote the Seventh Symphony, which in the summer of 1942 was performed in the besieged city. Theaters continued to operate in Moscow and Leningrad. 4.Cultural figures to the front. A.N. Tolstoy with the pilots
Slide 11
By 1941, 7 bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church remained at large. The locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, Metropolitan Sergius, on June 22, 1941, called on believers to defend the Motherland. Other denominations followed his example. The church not only carried out ideological work, but also collected funds for the needs of the front. Under these conditions, Stalin in September 1943 restored the patriarchate and released some of the priests. 5. The Church during the war years. Metropolitan Sergius.
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Germany's attack on the USSR required the country to transfer its economy to a war footing, i.e. development and maximum expansion of military production. It was envisaged to transfer the economy to a military footing, taking into account the current situation at the front and in the country, to increase the production of weapons, ammunition, the production of fuels, lubricants and other products of primary importance, to relocate enterprises from the front line to the east, and to create state reserves. During the war, the Soviet economy went through two stages in its development: the first was the restructuring of the national economy on a war footing (June 1941, autumn 1942), the second was the growth of the military economy (autumn 1942, September 1945). Perestroika proceeded along two main lines: first, the switch to military production of almost all industries, a sharp reduction or cessation of the production of civilian products; secondly, the relocation (evacuation) of productive forces to areas remote from the front.
During the war years, the labor force declined sharply. If in 1940 31.2 million workers and employees were employed in the national economy of the USSR, then in 1942 only 18.4 million. The reduction in the number of workers and employees was closely related to the increase in the number of armed forces, which since June 1941 By May 1945 it grew from 5.4 million to 11.4 million people. During the war, agriculture found itself in an extremely difficult situation. In The most important agricultural areas were lost. The number of collective and state farms, tractors, cars, and horses decreased by 40-60%. Investments in rural areas were reduced to a minimum. The situation with labor resources in rural areas remained exceptionally acute. The number of working-age population in the village decreased by 38%. The most difficult year was 1943. Drought affected the main agricultural areas. Gross agricultural output in 1943 amounted to 37% of the pre-war 1940 level. Grain yields sharply decreased. The turning point came only in 1944.
Despite the successes of industry, 1942 was a particularly difficult year for the country's agriculture. Due to the enemy's occupation of important food supply regions of the USSR, the area under cultivation and the gross grain harvest were significantly reduced. The losses suffered by agriculture were significant, its material and technical supplies deteriorated sharply, and there was an acute shortage of labor. By the end of the year, the number of able-bodied collective farmers had halved compared to pre-war times, the machine stock of MTS and state farms had decreased, there was a shortage of fuel, and the production of mineral fertilizers had decreased. All this affected agricultural production. The village workers were given the task of developing new lands in the east. In a short time, the sown area was increased by 2.8 million hectares.
Scientific and cultural workers worked for the needs of the front, in the interests of victory. Science focused on developing military-technical problems and mobilizing the country's raw materials for defense needs. In 1943, work began on the creation of a Soviet atomic bomb, which was carried out by a special laboratory for the fission of uranium nuclei under the leadership of Academician I.V. Kurchatov. Soviet T-34, KB tanks surpassed the best German models. Aircraft designers A.S. Yakovlev, S.A. Lavochkin, S.V. Ilyushin (creator of attack aircraft, the best of which was the IL-2 “flying tank”), A.N. Tupolev, N. N. Polikarpov, V. M. Petlyakov, V. M. Myasishchev, the creators of aircraft engines A.D. Shvetsov, V.Ya. Klimov, A.A. Mikulin and others. Doctors, in particular, the chief surgeon of the Red Army, academician N.N. Burdenko, provided great assistance to the fighters. The method he proposed for treating skull wounds with sulfa drugs made it possible to sharply, from 65 to 25%, reduce mortality among the wounded. N.N.Burdenko
Soviet rear Youth to the front In the second half of 1941, 360 thousand students in grades 8-10 joined the work. Already in the third year of the war, the share of workers and employees under the age of 18 in various industries ranged from 40 to 60% Fundraising Voluntary assistance from workers made it possible to send to the front: More than 2.5 thousand aircraft More than 5 thousand tanks Loans and lotteries over 118 billion rub. Village workers to the front! 80% of the total workforce in the village were women, old people and children. collective and state farms gave the country 4.3 billion poods of grain. Working class to the front! From 1941 to 1944 the production of aircraft increased by 3.3 times, aircraft engines by 5.4 times, tanks by 2 times, and diesel engines by 4.6 times.
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Slide captions:
Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War
The directive of June 29, 1941 provided for: - the introduction of labor conscription - operational regulation of the work of enterprises and institutions - the transition of railways to a military schedule, which ensured priority and - rapid movement of military echelons.
Evacuated Plant "767" - press shop. Autumn 1941 The evacuation of industrial enterprises from front-line areas was carried out in two stages: - summer-autumn 1941 - summer-autumn 1942.
Evacuation plan: First of all, finished products, uninstalled equipment, raw materials and basic materials were removed. Secondly, technological equipment to be installed at existing enterprises, power equipment and machine tools. In the third phase, vehicles, property and auxiliary materials were evacuated.
As a result of the colossal efforts of the people, the Soviet Union, in the shortest possible time, was able to carry out a radical restructuring of the economy on a war footing, evacuate and put into operation enormous production capacities in extremely difficult conditions.
By the autumn of 1941, the enemy had captured a vast territory, which provided 38% of grain production and 84% of sugar. in the autumn of 1941, a card system for the distribution of basic food products was introduced, which made it possible to avoid cases of mass starvation throughout the war.
The victory of the Russian people in the war gave rise to hopes among farmers for the dissolution of collective farms, among the intelligentsia for a weakening of political dictatorship, and among the population of the Union republics (especially in the Baltic states, Western Ukraine and Belarus) for a change in state policy.
In an effort to suppress the emerging social tension, the regime moved on two fronts: on the one hand, along the path of decorative, visible democratization, and on the other, intensifying the fight against “freethinking” and strengthening the totalitarian regime.
Taking into account the current situation, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, by its resolution of June 25, 1941, entrusted the NKVD troops with the task of protecting the rear of the active Red Army. To protect the rear of each front, NKVD troop directorates were created. On June 26, 1941, by order of the NKVD of the USSR, chiefs of troops for guarding the rear of the fronts were appointed. The tasks of the rear security troops included: establishing order in the military rear, regulating the movement of refugees on the roads, detaining deserters, identifying saboteurs and spies and fighting them, regulating the supply and evacuation of property, etc.
The NKVD troops guarding the rear of the active Red Army are entrusted with: fighting saboteurs, spies and bandit elements in the rear of the front; liquidation of small detachments and groups of the enemy penetrating or being thrown into the rear of the front (submachine gunners, paratroopers, signalmen, etc.), in special cases (by decision of the Military Council of the front) protection of communications in certain areas. “
In accordance with the decree of April 20, 1933 of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 775/146 “On the organization of labor settlements of the OGPU,” the GULAG of the OGPU was reorganized into the Main Directorate of Camps and Labor Settlements of the OGPU. M. Berman was appointed head of the GULAG and TP of the United State Political Directorate. Statistics show that as of June 1, 1944, only in the system of forced labor camps and colonies of the Gulag there were 56 central and 69 republican, regional and regional directorates and departments of camps and colonies.
During the years 1941-1944, 117,000 soldiers and officers were mobilized from among the legal citizens of the Gulag and transferred to the Red Army, including 93,500 people from the paramilitary guards. Between 1941 and 1944, 43,000 Polish and 10,000 Czechoslovak citizens were released from the Gulag. During 1941-1944, more than 2,000,000 former convicts entered the national economy.
By the Secret Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated April 19, 1943, the SMERSH Counterintelligence Directorate of the NKVMF of the USSR and the SMERSH Counterintelligence Department of the NKVD of the USSR were created.
The activities of the GUKR SMERSH included the filtration of soldiers returning from captivity, as well as the preliminary clearing of the front line from German agents and anti-Soviet elements (together with the NKVD troops to protect the rear of the army and the territorial bodies of the NKVD). SMERSH took an active part in the search, detention and investigation of Soviet citizens who were active in anti-Soviet armed groups fighting on the side of Germany, such as the Russian Liberation Army.
The activities of GUKR SMERSH are characterized by obvious successes in the fight against foreign intelligence services; in terms of effectiveness, SMERSH was the most effective intelligence service during the Second World War.
The country would not have withstood such a terrible and severe test if it had not lived with a single thought: “Everything for the front, everything for victory!” The country “forged victory” through the common efforts of the entire people. Instead of those who went to the front, their fathers and mothers, wives and children stood at the machines.
The initiator of the creation of the people's militia was the party organization of Leningrad. On June 30, 1941, the creation of volunteer divisions began in Leningrad, which began to be called militia divisions. On July 2, they began organizing the people's militia of the party organization of Moscow and the Moscow region.
The people's militia was created not only in the front-line regions and republics, but also in the deep rear: in many regions of the RSFSR, in Ukraine, in Belarus, Karelia, communist and workers' regiments - in Estonia, Lithuania, Moldova, in Latvia - detachments of party-Soviet activists . Militia units were formed in the republics of Transcaucasia. Many units of the people's militia from Kyiv, Odessa, Sevastopol, Kursk, Kharkov, Murmansk and other cities also heroically fought against the advancing enemy troops.
MILITARY PARADE. Weapons of World War II. Home front workers. Women of the Great Patriotic War. And at this time in the rear... Soviet rear. Military equipment of the Great Patriotic War. Women during the Great Patriotic War. Soviet tanks of the Second World War. Soviet medium tanks. The Navy in WWII. USSR tanks of the Second World War.
Mathematics in the Great Patriotic War. The man in the rear. My grandmother is a home front worker. Mathematics and mathematics during the Great Patriotic War. Mathematics during the Great Patriotic War. Here the rear was the front. The heroism of the home front workers. Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War. Home front and occupied territories during the Great Patriotic War.
The contribution of the home front to the victory of the Great Patriotic War. Everyday life in the rear. Tanks and tank crews of the Great Patriotic War. The role of mathematics in the Great Patriotic War. Yaroslavl rear. Chemists in the Great Patriotic War. Mathematics and mathematicians during the Great Patriotic War. My great-grandmother is a home front worker. Soviet rear during WWII.
Mathematics during the Great Patriotic War. Armament of the Soviet Army during the Great Patriotic War. Women aviators in the Great Patriotic War. The contribution of home front workers to the Great Victory. Difficulties of military life. In the rear and at the front they forged Victory. Scientists - chemists during the Great Patriotic War.
The contribution of mathematics during the Great Patriotic War. SOVIET HARDWARE IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR 1941-1945. At the front and in the rear: two stories. Chemical scientists during the Great Patriotic War. Presentation on the topic “Mathematicians during the Great Patriotic War.” Outstanding domestic linguists.