A message on the topic of the situation of the main strata of society. Lesson summary on the topic "The situation of the main strata of Russian society" (8th grade)

Estates and classes.

The entire urban and rural population was divided “according to the difference in rights of state” into four main categories: nobility, clergy, urban and rural inhabitants.

The nobility remained the privileged class. It shared into personal and hereditary.

Right to personal nobility, which was not inherited, received by representatives of various classes who were in the civil service and had the lowest rank in the Table of Ranks. By serving the Fatherland, one could receive hereditary, i.e., inherited, nobility. To do this, one had to receive a certain rank or award. The emperor could grant hereditary nobility for successful entrepreneurial or other activities.

City dwellers- hereditary honorary citizens, merchants, townspeople, artisans.

Rural inhabitants, Cossacks and other people engaged in agriculture.

The country was in the process of forming a bourgeois society with its two the main classes - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. At the same time, the predominance of semi-feudal agriculture in the Russian economy contributed to the preservation and two main classes of feudal society - landowners and peasants.

The growth of cities, the development of industry, transport and communications, and the increase in the cultural needs of the population lead to the second half of the 19th century. to increase the proportion of people professionally engaged in mental work and artistic creativity - intelligentsia: engineers, teachers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, etc.

Peasantry.

The peasants are still constituted the vast majority population of the Russian Empire. Peasants, both former serfs and state-owned ones, were part of self-governing rural societies - communities Several rural societies made up the volost.

Community members were connected mutual guarantee in paying taxes and fulfilling duties. Therefore, there was a dependence of the peasants on the community, manifested primarily in the restriction of freedom of movement.

For the peasants there was special volost court, whose members were also elected by the village assembly. At the same time, the volost courts made their decisions not only on the basis of legal norms, but also guided by customs. Often these courts punished peasants for such offenses as wasting money, drunkenness, and even witchcraft. In addition, peasants were subject to certain punishments that had long been abolished for other classes. For example, volost courts had the right to sentence members of their class who had not reached 60 years of age to flogging.

Russian peasants revered their elders, viewing them as bearers of experience and traditions. This attitude extended to the emperor and served as a source of monarchism, faith in the “tsar-father” - an intercessor, guardian of truth and justice.

Russian peasants professed Orthodoxy. Unusually harsh natural conditions and the associated hard work - suffering, the results of which did not always correspond to the efforts expended, the bitter experience of lean years immersed the peasants in the world of superstitions, signs and rituals.

Liberation from serfdom brought to the village big changes:

• P First of all, the stratification of the peasants intensified. The horseless peasant (if he was not engaged in other non-agricultural work) became a symbol of rural poverty. At the end of the 80s. in European Russia, 27% of households were horseless. Having one horse was considered a sign of poverty. There were about 29% of such farms. At the same time, from 5 to 25% of owners had up to ten horses. They bought large land holdings, hired farm laborers and expanded their farms.

• a sharp increase in the need for money. The peasants had to pay redemption payments and a poll tax, have funds for zemstvo and secular fees, for rent payments for land and for repaying bank loans. The majority of peasant farms were involved in market relations. The main source of peasant income was the sale of bread. But due to low yields, peasants were often forced to sell grain to the detriment of their own interests. The export of grain abroad was based on the malnutrition of the village residents and was rightly called by contemporaries “hungry export.”

• Poverty, hardships associated with redemption payments, lack of land and other troubles firmly tied the bulk of the peasants to the community. After all, it guaranteed its members mutual support. In addition, the distribution of land in the community helped the middle and poorest peasants to survive in case of famine. Allotments were distributed among community members interstriped, and were not brought together in one place. Each community member had a small plot (strip) in different places. In a dry year, a plot located in a lowland could produce a quite bearable harvest; in rainy years, a plot on a hillock helped out.

There were peasants committed to the traditions of their fathers and grandfathers, to the community with its collectivism and security, and there were also “new” peasants who wanted to farm independently at their own risk. Many peasants went to work in the cities. The long-term isolation of men from the family, from village life and rural work led to an increased role of women not only in economic life, but also in peasant self-government.

The most important problem of Russia on the eve of the 20th century. was to turn the peasants - the bulk of the country's population - into politically mature citizens, respecting both their own and others' rights and capable of active participation in public life.

Nobility.

After the peasant reforms In 1861, the stratification of the nobility was rapidly progressing due to the active influx of people from other segments of the population into the privileged class.

Gradually, the most privileged class lost its economic advantages. After the peasant reform of 1861, the area of ​​land owned by the nobles decreased by an average of 0.68 million dessiatinas 8* per year. The number of landowners among the nobles was declining. Moreover, almost half of the landowners had estates that were considered small. In the post-reform period, most of the landowners continued to use semi-feudal forms of farming and went bankrupt.

Simultaneously Some of the nobles widely participated in entrepreneurial activities: in railway construction, industry, banking and insurance. Funds for business were received from the redemption under the reform of 1861, from the leasing of land and on collateral. Some nobles became owners of large industrial enterprises, took prominent positions in companies, and became owners of shares and real estate. A significant part of the nobles joined the ranks of owners of small commercial and industrial establishments. Many acquired the profession of doctors, lawyers, and became writers, artists, and performers. At the same time, some of the nobles went bankrupt, joining the lower strata of society.

Thus, the decline of the landowner economy accelerated the stratification of the nobility and weakened the influence of the landowners in the state. In the second half of the 19th century. the nobles lost their dominant position in the life of Russian society: political power was concentrated in the hands of officials, economic power in the hands of the bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia became the ruler of thoughts, and the class of once all-powerful landowners gradually disappeared.

Bourgeoisie.

The development of capitalism in Russia led to the growth of the bourgeoisie. Continuing to be officially listed as nobles, merchants, bourgeois, and peasants, representatives of this class played an increasingly important role in the life of the country. Since the time of the “railway fever” of the 60s and 70s. The bourgeoisie was actively replenished at the expense of officials. By serving on the boards of private banks and industrial enterprises, officials provided a link between state power and private production. They helped industrialists obtain lucrative orders and concessions.

The period of the formation of the Russian bourgeoisie coincided with the active activity of the populists within the country and with the growth of the revolutionary struggle of the Western European proletariat. Therefore, the bourgeoisie in Russia looked at the autocratic government as its protector from revolutionary uprisings.

And although the interests of the bourgeoisie were often infringed by the state, they did not dare to take active action against the autocracy.

Some of the founders of famous commercial and industrial families - S.V. Morozov, P.K. Konovalov - remained illiterate until the end of their days. But they tried to give their children a good education, including a university education. Sons were often sent abroad to study commercial and industrial practices.

Many representatives of this new generation of the bourgeoisie sought to support scientists and representatives of the creative intelligentsia, and invested money in the creation of libraries and art galleries. A. A. Korzinkin, K. T. Soldatenkov, P. K. Botkin and D. P. Botkin, S. M. Tretyakov and P. M. Tretyakov, S. I. played a significant role in the expansion of charity and patronage of the arts. Mamontov.

Proletariat.

One more The main class of industrial society was the proletariat. The proletariat included all hired workers, including those employed in agriculture and crafts, but its core were factory, mining and railway workers - the industrial proletariat. His education took place simultaneously with the industrial revolution. By the mid-90s. XIX century About 10 million people were employed in the wage labor sector, of which 1.5 million were industrial workers.

The working class of Russia had a number of features:

• He was closely connected with the peasantry. A significant part of the factories and factories were located in villages, and the industrial proletariat itself was constantly replenished with people from the village. A hired factory worker was, as a rule, a first-generation proletarian and maintained a close connection with the village.
• Representatives became workers different nationalities.
• In Russia there was a significantly greater concentration proletariat in large enterprises than in other countries.

Life of workers.

In factory barracks (dormitories), they settled not according to the workshops, but according to the provinces and districts from which they came. The workers from one locality were headed by a master, who recruited them to the enterprise. Workers had difficulty getting used to urban conditions. Separation from home often led to a drop in moral level and drunkenness. The workers worked long hours and, in order to send money home, huddled in damp and dark rooms and ate poorly.

Workers' speeches for improving their situation in the 80-90s. became more numerous, sometimes they took on acute forms, accompanied by violence against factory management, destruction of factory premises and clashes with the police and even with troops. The largest strike was that broke out on January 7, 1885 at Morozov’s Nikolskaya manufactory in the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo.

The labor movement during this period was a response to the specific actions of “their” factory owners: increasing fines, lowering prices, forced payment of wages in goods from the factory store, etc.

Clergy.

Church ministers - the clergy - constituted a special class, divided into black and white clergy. The black clergy - monks - took on special obligations, including leaving the "world". The monks lived in numerous monasteries.

The white clergy lived in the “world”; their main task was to perform worship and religious preaching. From the end of the 17th century. a procedure was established according to which the place of a deceased priest was inherited, as a rule, by his son or another relative. This contributed to the transformation of the white clergy into a closed class.

Although the clergy in Russia belonged to a privileged part of society, rural priests, who made up the vast majority of it, eked out a miserable existence, as they fed on their own labor and at the expense of parishioners, who themselves often barely made ends meet. In addition, as a rule, they were burdened with large families.

The Orthodox Church had its own educational institutions. At the end of the 19th century. in Russia there were 4 theological academies, in which about a thousand people studied, and 58 seminaries, training up to 19 thousand future clergy.

Intelligentsia.

At the end of the 19th century. Of the more than 125 million inhabitants of Russia, 870 thousand could be classified as intelligentsia. The country had over 3 thousand scientists and writers, 4 thousand engineers and technicians, 79.5 thousand teachers and 68 thousand private teachers, 18.8 thousand doctors, 18 thousand artists, musicians and actors.

In the first half of the 19th century. The ranks of the intelligentsia were replenished mainly at the expense of the nobles.

Some of the intelligentsia were never able to find practical application for their knowledge. Neither industry, nor zemstvos, nor other institutions could provide employment for many university graduates whose families experienced financial difficulties. Receiving a higher education was not a guarantee of an increase in living standards, and therefore, social status. This gave rise to a mood of protest.

But besides material reward for their work, the most important need of the intelligentsia is freedom of expression, without which true creativity is unthinkable. Therefore, in the absence of political freedoms in the country, the anti-government sentiments of a significant part of the intelligentsia intensified.

Cossacks.

The emergence of the Cossacks was associated with the need to develop and protect the newly acquired outlying lands. For their service, the Cossacks received land from the government. Therefore, a Cossack is both a warrior and a peasant.

At the end of the 19th century. there were 11 Cossack troops

In villages and villages there were special primary and secondary Cossack schools, where much attention was paid to the military training of students.

In 1869, the nature of land ownership in the Cossack regions was finally determined. Communal ownership of stanitsa lands was consolidated, of which each Cossack received a share of 30 dessiatines. The remaining lands constituted military reserves. It was intended mainly to create new village sites as the Cossack population grew. Forests, pastures, and reservoirs were in public use.

Conclusion:

In the second half of the 19th century. there was a breakdown of class barriers and the formation of new groups of society along economic and class lines. The new entrepreneurial class - the bourgeoisie - includes representatives of the merchant class, successful peasant entrepreneurs, and the nobility. The class of hired workers - the proletariat - is replenished primarily at the expense of peasants, but a tradesman, the son of a village priest, and even a “noble gentleman” were not uncommon in this environment. There is a significant democratization of the intelligentsia, even the clergy is losing its former isolation. And only the Cossacks remain to a greater extent adherents to their former way of life.

Historical dictation 1. The exclusive right of the state to produce and sell alcoholic beverages 2. List of state expenses and income for a certain period 3. Workers (synonym) 4. Owners of capital, owners of tools, using hired labor 5. Industry actively developing in the region Baku and Grozny

6. Payment collected from individuals and legal entities to the state and local budget 7. State policy aimed at protecting and patronizing domestic industry 8. Minister of Finance, who initiated the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway 9. Collection of workers for being late, producing low-quality products 10. Markup , established by the state for consumer goods

budget taxes protectionism S. Yu. Witte fine oil wine proletariat monopoly bourgeoisie indirect taxes

Which of the following was characteristic of the times of Alexander III a b c improvement of the tax system; development of private railways; state assistance to agriculture; Protectionism is a b c a reduction in the export of domestic goods abroad. protecting the national economy from foreign competition a increasing the well-being of the population b catching up and overtaking the developed European powers in production per capita increasing industrial production and strengthening military power The monetary reform of 1897 introduced: free exchange of the ruble for gold; new national currency; dependence of the ruble on the dollar exchange rate. One of the main events of N.H. Bunge was: a b c Topic: Development of the Russian economy at the end of the 19th century. widespread attraction of foreign goods into the country; The main goal of the economic policy of Alexander III was: a b c Test No. 1 the introduction of a wine monopoly; reduction of redemption payments and abolition of the poll tax; reduction of customs duties on goods imported from abroad 1 2 3 4 5

The policy of I. A. Vyshnegradsky was characterized by: a b c refusal of direct state intervention in the economy; active activity on foreign financial exchanges; reduction of tax duties on mechanical engineering products. One of the points of S. Yu. Witte’s economic program was: a b c increasing excise taxes on vodka and tobacco; widespread attraction of foreign capital to the country; division of society along economic lines; division of society along administrative lines; division of society along legal lines. What place did Russia occupy in economic development at the end of the century? a b c Topic: Development of the Russian economy at the end of the 19th century. prohibition of the activities of private banks; What are “estates”? a b c Test No. 1 Fifth Third First How Witte treated the community: a b He considered it necessary to strengthen it c He believed that it did not play a significant role in the life of society He considered it necessary to liquidate it 1 2 3 4 5

Structure of Russian post-reform society Classes - by economic status. A sign of capitalism. Estates - according to the law. A sign of feudalism. Nobility Clergy Urban inhabitants Rural inhabitants Landowners Bourgeoisie Proletariat Intelligentsia

What are “estates”? Estate is a social stratum, a group whose members differ in their legal status from the rest of the population. Belonging to classes is usually inherited. What classes was the population of Russia divided into? In Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, which determined the provisions of the estates, continues to operate. The law distinguished four main classes: the nobility, the clergy, the urban population, and the rural population. The urban population, in turn, was divided into five groups: honorary citizens, merchants, guild foremen, townspeople, small owners and working people, i.e., hired workers. What privileges did the nobles enjoy? The nobility had the following privileges: the right to own inhabited estates (until 1861), freedom from compulsory service (in 1762-1874, later all-class military service was introduced), freedom from zemstvo duties (until the 2nd half of the 19th century), the right to enter the civil service and to receive education in privileged educational institutions (the Corps of Pages, the Imperial Alexander Lyceum, the Imperial School of Law accepted children of nobles from parts 5 and 6 of the genealogy book and children of persons with a rank of at least 4th class), the right of corporate organization. What privileges did the clergy enjoy? The next privileged class after the nobility was the clergy, which was divided into white (parish) and black (monasticism). It enjoyed certain class privileges: the clergy and their children were exempt from the poll tax; conscription; were subject to church court according to canon law (with the exception of cases “according to the word and deed of the sovereign”).

Honorary citizens. In the Russian Empire, since 1832, a privileged category of the class of “urban inhabitants”; included hereditary honorary citizens (children of personal nobles and clergy who graduated from an academy or seminary; persons of liberal professions who had an academic degree) personal (children of ordinary clergy; persons who graduated from universities and other higher educational institutions; officials in grades 14-10). They were exempt from poll tax, conscription, and corporal punishment; Merchants The class status of a merchant was determined by property qualifications. Since the end of the 18th century, the merchant class was divided into three guilds. Belonging to one of them was determined by the size of the capital, from which the merchant was obliged to pay an annual guild fee in the amount of 1% of the total capital. This made it difficult for representatives of other segments of the population to gain access to the Merchants. During the period from the beginning of the 19th century until the 1917 revolution, the merchant class grew from 125 thousand males to 230 thousand. However, 70-80% belonged to the third guild. By the beginning of the 20th century, the class boundaries of the merchant class had lost clarity; many rich representatives of the merchant class received titles of nobility and, on the contrary, part of the philistinism and peasantry joined its ranks. The merchant class became the basis of the emerging commercial, financial and industrial bourgeoisie.

Who are the "philistines"? The main urban tax-paying class in the Russian Empire originates from the townspeople of Moscow Rus', united in the black hundreds and settlements. The unprivileged class was the philistinism: 1. urban artisans; 2. small traders; 3. hired workers. The townspeople were assigned to their city societies, which they could leave only with temporary passports, and transfer to others with the permission of the authorities. They paid a poll tax, were subject to conscription and corporal punishment, did not have the right to enter public service, and when entering military service they did not enjoy the rights of volunteers.

Petty trade, various crafts, and hired work were allowed for the townspeople. To engage in crafts and trade, they had to enroll in workshops and guilds. The organization of the bourgeois class was finally established in 1785. In each city they formed a bourgeois society, elected bourgeois councils or bourgeois elders and their assistants (governments were introduced in 1870). In the middle of the 19th century. The townspeople are exempt from corporal punishment, and since 1866 - from the poll tax.

The peasantry, which in Russia made up over 80% of the population, practically ensured the very existence of society with their labor. It paid the lion's share of the per capita tax and other taxes and fees, which ensured the maintenance of the army, navy, construction of St. Petersburg, new cities, Ural industry, etc. Peasants as recruits made up the bulk of the armed forces. They also developed new lands.

Peasants made up the bulk of the population, they were divided into three main categories: 1. Ownership 2. State or “state-owned” 3. Appanage (belonging to the royal family) Peasant community

1. What was the role of the community in the life of the peasants? 2. What do you see as the positive and negative aspects of the peasant community? 3. What is the essence of the concept of “community psychology”? 4. What new features appeared in the village after the abolition of serfdom?

1. In 1897, the first general population census was carried out in the Russian Empire. According to the census, the total population of the country was about 126 million people (excluding Finland); In fact, 66 million people lived in Russia, including 6.4 million people in Siberia.

2. There was still a class division of society. In the Code of the Russian Empire, the entire population of Russia was divided into 4 categories: nobility, clergy, urban and rural inhabitants. The highest privileged class remained the nobility, which was divided into personal (this included those who were included in the class for good service) and hereditary. City inhabitants - honorary citizens, merchants, townspeople, artisans. Rural inhabitants - peasants, Cossacks. But at the end of the 19th century, in the process of the development of capitalism and the formation of civil society, the class, i.e., economic, position of a person became increasingly important. Two classes were formed - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, but the landowners and the largest stratum - the peasants - remained and had great land wealth and actual power. The number of people who were engaged in intellectual work and artistic creativity grew - the intelligentsia: engineers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, artists, etc.

3. In 1879, peasants made up 88% of the Russian population. In the village there was mutual responsibility for the payment of taxes and duties; without a passport, peasants could not leave the village. Life in a community under serfdom formed in the peasants such traits as collectivism, a sense of social justice, reverence for elders, naive monarchism, and superstitions.

4. The abolition of serfdom intensified the process of stratification of the peasants. The community helped the poor peasant, supported the middle peasant in lean years, they stuck to the community. But at the same time, new peasants appeared who wanted to farm independently at their own peril and risk. Only 17% of peasants were literate. Progressive thinkers in Russia noted with regret that peasants were very far from becoming politically mature citizens capable of participating in public life.

5. Officially, representatives of the bourgeoisie were listed as nobles, merchants, burghers, and peasants. Banking developed. Bank managers, as well as officials on the boards of banks and joint stock companies, were in fact the bourgeoisie. They played a prominent role in economic life. But the long existence of the serf system and autocracy did not allow the formation of a united, politically active “third estate” in Russia. Many industrialists were philanthropists, supported scientists, artists, actors, and gave money for the creation of art galleries and libraries. For example, Savva Mamontov provided assistance to artists V. A. Serov, K. A. Korovin, and singer F. I. Chaliapin. On his Abramtsevo estate, he created a unique center of Russian artistic life; woodcarving and majolica workshops were opened here.

6. The working class in Russia had several features:

> it was closely connected with the peasantry, formed mainly by people from the villages;

> many plants and factories were located in villages, which left an imprint on the way of life of the workers: in times of need, many of them went to field work;

> was multinational;

> high concentration of the proletariat in large enterprises;

> high degree of exploitation: the working day reached 15 hours;

> the workers' struggle was mainly economic in nature.

7. The Russian Orthodox Church was dominant in Russia (70% of the population is Orthodox). The clergy was divided into black (monks) and white (priests, deacons). There were 4 theological academies and 58 seminaries.

8. The Cossack population was 4 million people, including 400 thousand in military service. At the head of the Cossack troops was an ataman, and at the head of each army was a task ataman with a military headquarters. The Cossacks received land from the government for military service and were also engaged in arable farming, gardening, winemaking, and horse breeding.

9. Thus, in the second half of the 19th century. There is a gradual erasure of class barriers and the formation of communities along economic and class lines. This is the bourgeoisie and the class of wage workers. The process of democratization of the intelligentsia is underway, a diverse intelligentsia is appearing - people from different classes: the clergy, the philistinism, the merchants, the impoverished nobility; the clergy loses its former isolation, and only the Cossacks retain the traditional way of life.

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Ancient and medieval Rus'

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Rus' on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo
1. In the 70s of the 14th century. The most important political task for Rus' was a decisive struggle against the Horde. Moreover, at this time the Horde was experiencing a period of feudal fragmentation, there were constant

Battle of Kulikovo September 8, 1380 and its historical significance
1. At the end of August 1380, the Russian army set out from Kolomna and on September 6 approached the banks of the Don. After the meeting, the princes decided to cross the Don in order to cut off their path to retreat. On the night from 7 to

Feudal war of the second quarter of the 15th century
1. In 1425, Grand Duke Vasily I died. His ten-year-old son Vasily became his heir. He received from his father the main part of the Moscow Principality and the lands of the Vladimir Principality, annexed by you

Formation of a unified state of Russia. Ivan III
1. After the death of Vasily II (1462), his son Ivan III (1462-1505) becomes Grand Duke. At this time he was 22 years old. It was during his reign that the process of unification of Russian lands was completed. Che

Overthrow of the Horde yoke (1480)
1. In 1476, Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde. The ruler of the Great Horde, Akhmat Khan, decided to force the Moscow prince to observe the old order. In the fall of 1480, Akhmat moved with a significant army

Growth of territory, population, agricultural development
1. At the beginning of the 16th century. Our state was called differently in official documents: Rus', Russia, the Russian State, the Muscovite Kingdom, and at the end of the 16th century. - Russia. Creation of a single state

Cities and trade
1. Cities grew rapidly, although overall the urban population was no more than 2%. By the middle of the 16th century. There were 160 cities in Russia. The largest of them, Moscow, had about 100 thousand inhabitants, but

Government
1. Central power in the country was exercised by the Grand Duke, the Boyar Duma (an advisory body under the sovereign), palace institutions and the clerk's apparatus. 2. Before Ivan the Terrible, there were two in Rus'

Political struggle of the boyar-palace nobility
1. After the death of Vasily III (1533), his three-year-old son Ivan IV became the Grand Duke. But in fact, power ended up in the hands of Elena Glinskaya, Ivan’s mother. During her reign, a number of reforms were launched,

Zemsky Sobor and reforms of the first half of the reign of Ivan the Terrible
1. Infighting between nobles, revelry and oppression of feeding boyars, and increased raids from the Kazan and Crimean khanates caused discontent among many segments of the population. With hope they looked at Ivan IV

On the eve of the oprichnina
1. Public administration reforms of the 50s strengthened the central government and undermined the political power of the boyars. The tsar, who was assisted by the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor, had the highest power.

Events of early January 1565
1. At the beginning of December 1564, the tsar and his family, guarded and accompanied by a huge convoy, left Moscow for Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. In January 1565, Ivan sent two letters: the first, “angry”, gr

Oprichnina politics 1565-1572
1. On February 2, 1565, Ivan Vasilyevich solemnly returned to Moscow and the next day announced to the clergy and noble boyars the establishment of the oprichnina. Voprichnin (from the word “oprich” - except, especially), subv

Consequences of the oprichnina and its impact on the life of the country
1. Ivan IV, introducing the oprichnina, pursued primarily the main goal - strengthening his autocratic power. It is also impossible not to admit that objectively the oprichnina contributed to the centralization of the country, i.e.

Religious and socio-political thought in Rus'. Journalism in the 16th century
1. The development and strengthening of the Russian state was accompanied by a strengthening of the position of the church in all spheres of spiritual life. In the 16th century The ideological activities of the church acquired a wide scope. Church

Painting
1. Russian painting in the XIV-XV centuries. reached unprecedented prosperity. Images of saints have become a means of conveying human feelings. Man and his spiritual world are the central theme of Russian painting.

Architecture
1. Medieval architecture was closely connected with princely power. Only the rich and strong prince had the money to build stone temples and fortifications. At the end of the 14th century. in Moscow there are

Enlightenment, scientific knowledge, printing in the 16th century
1. Centers for literacy and education in the 16th century. There were monasteries and churches where schools were created, and there were libraries of handwritten and printed books. Teachers appear in cities and villages - “master

The end of the Rurik dynasty and the question of succession to the throne
1. In the spring of 1579, when Ivan the Terrible became seriously ill, he appointed his eldest son, Ivan, as his heir. Tsarevich Ivan was educated, smart, and cruel. But in November 1581, in a quarrel, Ivan the Terrible struck

Exacerbation of social contradictions at the beginning of the 17th century
1. In 1601, there were long rains in Russia, then early frosts came and the harvest was destroyed. In 1602, frost destroyed the crops on which farmers had pinned their hopes. In 1603 there was no longer anything to sow with

False Dmitry I
1. In 1601 Godunov learned that a man had appeared in Poland posing as Tsarevich Dmitry. The search showed that this was a Galician nobleman, former monk Grigory Otrepiev, who fled to Poland (1602). Su

Intervention, the patriotic upsurge of the people and their liberation struggle
1. In the summer of 1606, an uprising led by the former serf Ivan Bolotnikov began in the southwest of the country, in the Putivl region. To attract peasants to his side, Bolotnikov used the name of the princess

Restoration of agriculture. Corvee farming. The final enslavement of the peasants. Cathedral Code of 1649
1. The Polish-Swedish intervention, wars with Poland and Sweden, and the Time of Troubles led Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. to the “great Moscow ruin.” Restoring the destroyed economy took several

Industry and manufactories. New phenomena in the country's economy
1. In the 17th century. new processes begin in the economic development of the country: > firstly, large patrimonial farms, monasteries, artisans,

The beginning of the formation of the all-Russian market
1. In the 17th century. There have been changes in the area of ​​trade. The government abolished small levies and introduced a single duty. Small artisans and poor merchants gave their goods to large merchants, who

Social groups and classes in Russia in the 17th century
1. In the 17th century. The following social class structure of Russian society developed. The ruling class is the patrimonial boyars, nobles, and clergy. The state sought to strengthen their own

Public administration in Russia. Strengthening autocracy
1. After the end of the Time of Troubles and the election of Mikhail Romanov as Tsar, a new political situation developed in the country. A significant role in government was played by Zemsky Sobors, which decided

Armed forces in the 17th century
1. The entire 17th century for Russia passed in difficult and long wars. The noble militia was losing its fighting qualities, the stronger Streltsy army was small in number. Nobles often avoided

Reasons for church reform. Filaret and Patriarch Nikon
1. The Russian Orthodox Church played a significant role in the life of Russia. On the one hand, she supported the royal power, on the other, she often conflicted with it: > the treasury and nobles tortured

Church reforms of Nikon
1. On the instructions of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1653, Nikon began to implement church reform. Its main content boiled down to the following: > a uniform ku was established for all churches

Schism in the Russian Orthodox Church. Old Believers
1. In 1667, the Church Council cursed all the defenders of the old rituals - the Old Believers. The Council officially recognized that the reform is not Nikon’s personal business, but the business of the Tsar, the state and the church. Therefore everything

Urban uprisings (1648,1662)
1. In 1645, after the death of Mikhail, his son Alexei Mikhailovich became king (until 1676). At the beginning of his reign, the young tsar was strongly influenced by his former tutor, boyar Boris Morozov.

Revolt of Stepan Razin (1670-1671)
1. But a few years after the “Copper Riot,” a major social uprising began under the leadership of the Don Cossack Stepan Razin. Its cause was the Council Code of 1649, which finally

Urban uprisings failed
But what impact did they have on Russian life at that time? 2. What changes in the life of the country led to the uprising of Stepan Razin? 3M

Russian-Polish (Smolensk) War (1632-1634). Azov
1. After the Time of Troubles, Russia began to establish international relations; Russian embassies were opened in many countries. Tsar Michael's father, Patriarch Filaret, also headed the Ambassadorial Order.

Russian-Polish War 1654-1667 Annexation of Ukrainian and Belarusian lands
1. According to the Union of Lublin in 1569, as a result of which the Polish-Lithuanian state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was formed, Ukrainian and Belarusian lands were annexed directly to Poland.

Annexation of Siberia to Russia in the 17th century
1. Russian people began to explore Siberia back in the 16th century, when, on the initiative of the Stroganov merchants, Ermak’s squad organized a campaign to Siberia. Over a vast territory - from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean

School and education
1. The development of cities, crafts, trade, manufactories, and connections with foreign parties contributed to the spread of literacy and education. In Moscow in the 80s of the 17th century. about 24% of the townspeople population

Development of scientific knowledge
1. The accumulation and dissemination of scientific knowledge, mainly of an applied, practical nature, continued. Compiled by O. Mikhailov “Charter of military, cannon and other matters relating to military

Painting
1. The process of secularization also affected painting. Russian painters showed interest in the human personality; biblical scenes served only as a pretext for depicting real life. Directed the arts

Architecture. Russian theater
1. New trends in architecture were expressed primarily in a departure from medieval severity and asceticism, in the desire for external elegance, picturesqueness, and decoration. Compared to the previous time

Tsar Fedor Alekseevich. Moscow uprising of 1682
1. After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1676. his son Fedor ascended the throne. The Miloslavskys came to power, and the Naryshkins (relatives of Tsar Alexei’s second wife) were removed from the throne. New king

Regency of Princess Sophia, her domestic and foreign policy (1682-1689)
1. Sophia's reign lasted 7 years, during which Ivan and Peter were considered kings, but did not play any role in political affairs. 25-year-old Sophia, according to foreigners, was ugly, smart,

The coming to power of Peter 1 Alekseevich
1. The relationship between Sophia and Peter has always been tense. Sophia understood that in the coming years she would have to give up power to her brothers and go to a monastery herself. At the beginning of 1689, Tsarina Natalya married Pet

The first years of the reign of Peter 1 (1689-1695)
1. The reign of Peter the Great (1689-1725), or the time of Peter’s reforms, is a turning point in the history of Russia. Reforms began under Tsars Michael and Alexei. But Peter I went much further

Azov campaigns (1695,1696)
1. In 1694, Austria and Poland - allies of Russia in the anti-Turkish coalition - demanded that Peter begin active actions against Turkey. It was decided, in contrast to the previous Crimean campaigns of the prince

Features of the economic development of Russia under Peter I. Manufacturing production
1. During the reign of Peter I, enormous changes occurred in the Russian economy. There are several reasons for this: > The Northern War required a large number of weapons for the army

All-Russian market. International trade. Policies of protectionism and mercantilism
1. Under Peter I, trade achieved significant development. At the same time, the government pursues a policy of patronage of domestic producers and protects domestic trade from foreign competition

Social policy and its consequences. Results of economic transformations
1. In 1721, there were 336 cities in Russia, in which 170 thousand inhabitants lived (out of 15 million of the country's population). In 1720, the Chief Magistrate, an estate-based body of city government, was established. Regulations

What facts indicate the need
economic reforms in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century? 2. What new features did the economic sphere acquire during the reign of Peter the Great? 3.

Renewal of government. Bureaucratic apparatus. Supreme authorities
1. Under Peter I, a new state apparatus was created. The reform of government bodies was largely dictated by the war, since the old state machine could not cope with the increasingly complex tasks and

Creation of boards. Local authorities
1. In 1718, the cumbersome system of orders was replaced by collegiums that were subordinate to the Senate. Each board was in charge of a specific branch of management, all issues were resolved jointly (collegially)

Church reform
1. Serious changes occurred in the position of the church, which also reflected the trend of bureaucratization and centralization of management. Patriarch Adrian died in 1700. The king's entourage advised him to

Service order. Table of ranks
1. The bureaucratic nature of the state required a change in the procedure for serving. Before Peter I, career advancement depended on origin and nobility. Peter stopped paying attention to the

Military reforms
1. The war with Sweden showed the need to reorganize the army. Its essence consisted in the liquidation of the noble militia and streltsy army and the formation of a regular army with a unified organization,

The case of Tsarevich Alexei
Peter's reforms evoked ambiguous assessments from various social groups of the Russian population - from complete rejection to enthusiastic approval. On the one hand, the reforms strengthened the state

Causes of the Northern War
1. Foreign policy of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century. was very active and was accompanied by continuous wars. They were aimed at solving the main task - to ensure Russia’s access to the

The beginning of the war. Defeat at Narva
1. Back in the mid-90s, Peter formed 30 infantry regiments from recruits. The colonels and junior officers were exclusively foreigners - Poles, Swedes, Germans, Danes, etc. He was for

First victories in the Baltics. Founding of St. Petersburg (1703)
1. Failures did not suppress Peter; he actively took up the creation of a regular army. Only 23 thousand people survived the battle of Narva, so a new set of recruits was announced. Recovery of losses

Battle of Poltava (1709)
1. Another ally of Russia was the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Charles XII captured Warsaw and placed his protege Stanislaw Leszczynski on the throne. The Swedish king then occupied Saxony and forced Augustus II to

Naval operations in the Baltic
1. However, after the Battle of Poltava, the war continued for another 12 years. Peter offered Sweden peace on his own terms, but Charles XII refused. Under his pressure, the Turkish Sultan at the end of 1710 declared war on R

Treaty of Nystadt (1721). The meaning of victory
1. In the Finnish city of Nystadt on August 30, 1721, an agreement was signed under which Russia received: > Estland, Livonia, Ingria, part of Karelia and part of Finland with Vyborg;

Science and education
1. During the reign of Peter I, great changes occurred in the field of education, culture, and science. They were due to profound changes in the socio-economic life of the country, expanded communications

Changes in the life of the nobility
1. After the return of the “great embassy” from Europe, Peter I began to introduce European-style clothing. Tsar's decrees prescribed that beards should be shaved and that one should dress not in a long-skirted Russian dress, but in a short one.

Palace coups (1725-1762)
1. From the second quarter of the 18th century. (from 1725 - with the death of Peter I) the era of palace coups begins in Russia - a change of reigning persons, which was accompanied by a fierce struggle between various

Russian foreign policy by the middle of the 18th century
1. At the end of Peter I’s life, Russia’s relations with England, Denmark, Turkey worsened, and after his death - with France and Sweden. In the 30s of the XVIII century. The War of the Polish Succession began. The French are under

Russian participation in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
1. In the 50s of the 18th century, having abandoned the alliance with England, Russia entered into an agreement with Austria and France. The Prussian king Frederick II the Great hoped to capture Saxony, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Kurlan

Peter III. Coup of June 28, 1762
1. Peter III arrived in Russia back in 1742, shortly after Elizabeth’s accession, and was appointed heir. But the choice turned out to be unsuccessful. Peter III was uneducated, cruel, demonstratively despised everything

Reforms of Catherine II. Public administration. Stacked commission
1. Catherine's reign lasted 34 years (1762-1796). Contemporaries called this period “the golden age of Catherine the Great,” “the era of enlightened absolutism.” Ekaterina wanted to implement

Local reforms
“Charter granted to the nobility” 1. The Peasant War led by Emelyan Pugachev (1773-1775) showed the need for further reforms, primarily local

Personality of Catherine II the Great
1. Catherine II lived for 67 years, of which she ruled Russia for 34 years. At the very beginning of her unhappy marriage, she believed that she would become an empress. She wanted to become Russian, loved by Russians

Territory, population of Russia. Agriculture
1. The territory of Russia in the second half of the 18th century. has expanded significantly. It included Belarus, Right Bank Ukraine, Crimea, the Azov region, the Black Sea region, and Lithuania. 2. Population

Development of industry, manufacturing
1. In Russian industry in the second half of the 18th century. great changes took place, the number of manufactories doubled (from 600 to 1200). Russia took 1st place in the world in iron smelting, etc.

Trade and finance
1. Specialization of individual regions in the production of grain, industrial crops, vegetable gardening, and the development of commercial livestock farming is emerging. The growth of cities and industry requires further development

Social contradictions and state legislation
1. At the end of the 18th century. Russia's population numbered 37 million people. The structure of the population was based on the class principle. Estates were divided into privileged and unprivileged. K is privileged

The movement of peasants and working people in the 30-60s of the 18th century
1. The continuous strengthening of serfdom, the increase in taxes and duties caused fierce resistance from the peasants. Its main form remained flight; from 1727 to 1742, 327 thousand people fled

The course of the peasant war
1. At the beginning of 1773, another Peter III appeared in the Yaitsky Cossack army, in fact, the Don Cossack of the Zimoveyskaya village, Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev. Thirty years old, illiterate, but very brave

The meaning of the peasant war, its features
1. Peasant War 1773-1775 markedly different from the movements of Bolotnikov, Razin, Bulavin, primarily in that it was the most powerful, covered a huge territory, and huge forces took part in it

The main tasks of Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 18th century
1. In the second half of the 18th century. Russia was solving several foreign policy problems: > access to the shores of the Black and Azov Seas, development and settlement of the southern black soil steppes, establishment

War with Poland. Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774
1. In 1763, the Polish king Augustus III died, and a struggle immediately began between candidates for the throne. With the support of Russia, Stanislav Poniatowski (formerly Catherine’s favorite) became King of Poland, although

Russian-Turkish War 1787-1791
1. Turkey did not want to accept the loss of its dominance in the Black Sea and was preparing for a new war. In 1777, Russian troops invaded Crimea and installed Shagin-Girey as Crimean Khan. However, his hair

What are the main tasks of Russia's foreign policy under Catherine II?
2. What assessment could you give to the results of Catherine II’s foreign policy? Question 35. Russia at the end of the 18th century. Paul I ANSWER PLAN:

Foreign policy (1796-1801)
1. Even as an heir, Pavel sought to prove to his mother that offensive wars are harmful to Russia and it is necessary to wage defensive wars. In 1796, in a special note to the European powers, he

Conspiracy of March 11, 1801 Murder of Paul 1
1. In the winter of 1801, dissatisfaction with the tsar’s policies reached its highest point. A conspiracy arose, headed by St. Petersburg Governor-General Count P.A. Palen. He managed to convince the heir Alexander

Enlightenment and science
1. In Russian culture of the 18th century. Significant changes are taking place, which are determined by fundamental changes in the socio-economic sphere, in the life and way of life of the people. The main influence is t

Age of Enlightenment. Social and political life
1. The 18th century is called the era of European Enlightenment. The great philosophers Voltaire, Montesquieu, Kant believed that social life is not subject to God, but to natural laws. Historical progress -

Architecture. Painting. Theater
1. In the middle of the 18th century. The Baroque style still predominates in Russian architecture. St. Petersburg becomes a city of palaces. V. Rastrelli erects his masterpieces in the Baroque style: Grand Palace

Social class and national composition of the population of Russia
1. By the beginning of the 19th century. The Russian Empire was the largest power in the world by territory: from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, from the Arctic to the Caucasus and the Black Sea. Information sent from St. Petersburg to

Industry, trade, communications
1. The basis of the country's economy was still the feudal-serf system of economy. But at the beginning of the 19th century. it has entered the stage of decomposition. This was evidenced by the following facts:

Political system of the Russian Empire
1. Russia was an autocratic monarchy. The highest legislative, executive and judicial power belonged to the emperor (king). He was also the actual head of the church. The Emperor claimed

Determine the national and class composition of the population of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century
2. What slowed down the economic development of Russia? 3. What is an “autocratic-bureaucratic system”? What influence did he have on the life and development of the country?

Reforms of the early 19th century
1. April 2, 1801 Alexander I issued five important decrees: > the “Charter of Grant to the Nobility” was restored in full; > the “Charter of Grant to Cities” was restored

Speransky's reform projects
1. But Alexander I saw that the actions of the “Unofficial Committee” did not lead to serious changes. A new person was needed who would decisively and consistently carry out reforms. It became the state

The Eastern Question in Russian foreign policy at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries
1. Russian foreign policy at the beginning of the 19th century. were determined by two circumstances: > firstly, the alliance of Paul I with Napoleon did not limit France’s aggression in Europe and at the same time worsened relations

Russian participation in coalition wars
1. In 1806, the war in Europe resumed, the 4th coalition took shape consisting of England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony, and Sweden. In response, Napoleon declared a continental blockade of England. He demanded from him

What are the reasons for Russia's active foreign policy at the beginning of the 19th century?
3. How did its accession to the continental blockade affect the development of Russia? Question 39. Patriotic War of 1812. Foreign campaign of the Russian army

Causes of the war; plans and strengths of the parties
1. The main direction of Russian foreign policy at the beginning of the 19th century. there was a struggle with Napoleonic France. A significant part of Europe was occupied by French troops. In 1807, after a series of times, it was time

The beginning of the war (June 12(24), 1812). Battle of Borodino (August 26, 1812)
1. Let us trace the course of military events from the beginning of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia (June 1812) to the end of the Battle of Borodino (August 1812). On the night of June 12, 1812, the French army crossed the rivers

Tarutino maneuver. Guerrilla warfare. Expulsion of Napoleon from Russia
1. Leaving Moscow, Kutuzov made a remarkable maneuver: creating the appearance of retreat along the Ryazan road, he moved with the main forces to the Kaluga road, where he stopped in the village of Tarutino (80 km

Foreign campaign of the Russian army. Congress of Vienna. Holy Alliance
1. After the enemy was expelled from the country, the people and the army believed that the war was over. But Alexander I understood that Napoleon could quickly assemble a new army and start the war again. Poeto

The historical significance of Russia's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812
1. The Patriotic War of 1812 ended with the victory of the Russian people, who waged a just, liberation struggle. The Napoleonic invasion caused enormous damage to the country's economy and brought

Socio-economic development of Russia. Military settlements
1. The Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaign of the Russian army (1813-1815) had a heavy impact on the Russian economy. Material losses amounted to 1 billion rubles (annual treasury income - 100 million).

Domestic policy of Alexander I. The question of the constitution. Increasing political reaction
1. After the end of the war with Napoleon, many in Russia expected reforms: the nobles dreamed of a constitution, the peasants hoped for the abolition of serfdom, non-Russian peoples expected relaxation in the nation

Decembrist movement
1. After the war of 1812 For the first time in Russia, an organized social movement arose, the basis of whose ideology was proclaimed the priority of the individual and his freedoms over everything else. This would

Strengthening the role of the state apparatus under Nicholas I. The essence of bureaucracy
1. In the first years of his reign, Nicholas I independently resolved many state issues and personally controlled ministries and departments. In his work he relied on the bureaucracy, many

Codification of laws. Reforms of Kiselev and Kankrin
1. Since 1649, a huge number of manifestos and decrees have accumulated that contradict each other. It was necessary to draw up a single Code of Laws, i.e., carry out codification. For this purpose it was involved

Results of the domestic policy of Nicholas I
1. So, the codification of laws, the reform of the management of state peasants, and monetary reform are the main achievements of the reign of Nicholas I. With their help, Nicholas I managed to strengthen his imp.

Features and directions of the social movement of the 30-50s of the XIX century
1. The social movement of the 30-50s had characteristic features: > it developed in conditions of political reaction (after the defeat of the Decembrists); > revolutionary and rights

Mugs from the 20s and 30s
1. In the conditions of political reaction that came after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising, a new form of social struggle in Russia was the creation of circles of advanced, mainly student, youth

Conservative direction. Liberal direction. Westerners and Slavophiles
1. After the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, the question arises about the further paths of development of Russia, around which a long struggle of various currents ensues. In resolving this issue, the main

Petrashevtsy. Revolutionary-democratic direction
1. At the turn of the 30-40s of the XIX century. A revolutionary-democratic direction of Russian social thought is emerging. Representatives of this direction are V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. P

Petr Yakovlevich Chaadaev
1. A peculiar response to the Nikolaev reaction on the part of the older generation of the noble intelligentsia was the first of the series “Telescope”, published in 1836 in the Moscow magazine “Telescope”.

Wars with Turkey and Iran (1826-1829). Exacerbation of Russian-English contradictions
1. In 1825, the Shah of Iran received news of an uprising in St. Petersburg. It was perceived by the Shah's government as the right moment to unleash military action against Russia. The Shah decided once

Caucasian War
1. The military conflict in the Caucasus had an ancient history and its own reasons. The main reason for the Great Caucasian War (1817-1864) was the attempts of the tsarist government to extend its power to the peoples

Crimean War (1853-1856)
1. By the beginning of the 50s, the Eastern question had intensified. The emergence of the so-called Eastern Question was facilitated by 3 main points: > the decline of the once powerful Ottoman Empire

Education in the first half of the 19th century
1. Beginning of the 19th century. - a time of cultural and spiritual upsurge in Russia. The Patriotic War of 1812 accelerated the growth of the national self-awareness of the Russian people, its consolidation, which greatly increased

Science and technology in Russia
1. Russian science has achieved great success in these years. Naturalists I.A. Dvigubsky and I.E. Dyadkovsky argued that living beings inhabiting the Earth change over time, that everything

Russian travelers
1. Russia was becoming a great maritime power, and new tasks arose for geographers. In 1803-1806. two Russian ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” under the command of I. F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. Lisyansko

Theater and music
1. As in literature, in the theater in the 20-30s, classicism and sentimentalism were pushed aside by romanticism. The romantic actor P. S. Mochalov played Hamlet very emotionally. On the stage of the same Alexandriysk

Painting. Architecture
1. In painting, artists’ interest in the personality of man, in the life of ordinary people, and not just gods and kings, is growing. There is a gradual shift away from academicism, the center of which was the Academy of Arts.

Reasons for the abolition of serfdom
1. With the end of the Crimean War (1856), the era of liberation, or the era of Great Reforms, began in the history of Russia, as contemporaries called it. The demand for the abolition of serfdom was put forward to

Preparation of peasant reform
1. Preparation for the reform began immediately after the end of the Crimean War. In 1857, a Secret Committee was formed “to discuss measures to organize the life of the landowner peasants,” which secretly began

Reform of local government (zemstvo and city)
1. The abolition of serfdom led to the need to carry out bourgeois reforms in other areas of public life. The autocratic monarchy turned into a bourgeois monarchy. 2.

Judicial and military reforms. The meaning and implementation of liberal reforms of the 60-70s of the XIX century
1. At the insistence of the public, in 1864 the government carried out judicial reform, which was developed by progressive lawyers. Before the reform, the court in Russia was class-based, secret, without the participation of the parties, shi

Industrial development of Russia in the 60-80s of the XIX century
1. The abolition of serfdom (1861) led to rapid growth of the country’s productive forces, the development of the domestic market, railway construction, and urban growth. Liberal reforms of the 60-70s

Railway construction
1. An important condition for economic development is the creation of a powerful infrastructure - highways and railways, canals, ports, warehouses, transport, communications. Construction of railways began

Industrial revolution. Russian entrepreneurs
1. The industrial revolution in Russia began in the late 30s of the 19th century, it had 2 sides: > technical - the transition from manufactory to factory, the replacement of manual labor with machine labor; >

Cities, population in the second half of the 19th century
1. Evidence of the capitalist development of Russia after the reform of 1861 was the growth of the urban population. According to official statistics, at the end of the century there were 932 cities in Russia in which people lived

Features of the development of landowner farming. Two paths of agricultural development in Russia
1. Unlike industry, the development of agriculture in post-reform times was not quite successful. True, over 20 years, bread exports from Russia have increased 3 times (1st place in the world). Prices

Peasant community
1. After the reform, intensive stratification of the village began. Rich peasants stood out (20% of families), who had a significant amount of land, livestock (less than 4 horses), cars, and farm laborers. This

Features of Russian liberalism in the 50s and 60s of the 19th century. Conservatives
1. In the social movement of Russia in the 60-80s of the XIX century. Several areas can be identified that received particular development in specific decades: > the liberal movement of the early 6

The emergence of populism. Three currents in populism
1. The ideas of communal socialism of Herzen and Chernyshevsky became the basis of the political movement of the radical intelligentsia - populism. The populists considered the people - the peasantry - as a real political force.

International position of Russia after the Crimean War (1856-1875)
1. In 1856, Russia suffered a heavy defeat in the Crimean War, and its international position worsened. After the war, Alexander II began to carry out fundamental reforms in the country. Their success is largely

Annexation of Central Asia and Kazakhstan to Russia
1. The territory of Central Asia was inhabited by numerous peoples - Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, who were at a relatively low stage of historical development, many of them moved

Siberia and the Far East. Treaties with China (1858 and 1860)
1. In the 19th century. The development of the Far East continued. At the end of the 50s, the Russian government received the latest maps of the area of ​​the Amur and Ussuri rivers, and the question arose about clarifying the border between Russia and China.

Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878
1. In the mid-70s, contradictions in the Balkans between Russia and Turkey intensified, and the rivalry between European powers intensified. 2. In the 70s, national liberation movements grew in the Balkans

Industrial boom in the 90s of the XIX century
1. By the beginning of the 80s, the industrial revolution was completed in Russia. The creation of a powerful economic base began, the modernization of industry was carried out, its organization on capitalist principles

Counter-reforms of Alexander III
1. Alexander III reigned from 1881 to 1894. He was not prepared for kingship, he received a military education, was modest, hardworking, attached to his family, had a will of steel, was not stupid, but his mentality

Foreign policy of Alexander III
1. Alexander III himself led the foreign policy of the Russian Empire. In 1882, the old diplomat official P.K. was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gire, who strictly followed the instructions of the emperor.

Labor movement at the end of the 19th century. Morozov strike (1885)
1. At the end of the 19th century. with the development of capitalist relations in post-reform Russia, the number of workers tripled; in 1900 it was 3 million people (most of them were immigrants

Liberal movement in Russia at the end of the 19th century
1. After the assassination of Alexander II, the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya addressed Alexander III with a letter, promising to end the terror in exchange for a constitution. But the wave of repression that followed the murder of Ale

Liberal populism
1. After the defeat of Narodnaya Volya (1881-1885), reformist liberal populism began to play a significant role. It preached the peaceful path of social transformation, the theory of small deeds in the sf

Conservatives
1. At the end of the 19th century. Conservatism becomes the leading direction of government policy. Its main ideologists were the former mentor of Alexander III, Chief Prosecutor of the Synod K. P. Pobedonostsev and re

Development of education
1. Russian culture of the second half of the 19th century. developed in conditions when new, capitalist relations were established in the country and various reforms were carried out. But at the same time, experiences remained

Russian science
1. Russian science in the second half of the 19th century. achieved great success. The Russian physiologist I. N. Sechenov published the work “Reflexes of the Brain” in 1863, where he proved the conditionality of mental

Painting
1. In the fine arts of the second half of the nineteenth century. the dominant trend was critical realism. The ideologist and organizer of artists of this movement was I. P. Kramskoy.

Sculpture, architecture
1. The architecture and sculpture of this period is characterized by a mixture of styles; modernity, determined by the achievements of scientific and technological progress, and antique stylization. Great popularity

Music. Theater
1. Second half of the 19th century. - this is the flowering of Russian musical art. In 1862, the “Balakirev circle” of musicians was formed, called the “Mighty Handful” by critic V.V. Stasov. It's in

History lesson 8th grade

Completed by: history and social studies teacher

Mkou Semiluki secondary school No. 1 with UIOP

Antonkina E.E.

1 . Was the economic development of Russia successful under Alexander III?

2. What people were appointed to economic positions?

3. What program did they run?

4. How did agriculture develop?

What hindered its development?

5. Conclusion

• 1. Estate
• 2.Nobility
• 3.Class
• 4.Bourgeoisie
• A) a social class of capital owners who receive income as a result of entrepreneurial activity
• B) a large group of people with certain rights and responsibilities that are inherited
• C) large social groups that stand out in the economic hierarchical structure
• D) class of secular landowners who had hereditary privileges

The situation of the main sections of society

What changes took place in Russian society at the end of the 19th century compared to the beginning of the century?

• 2.Nobility
• 3. Bourgeoisie
• 4.Proletariat
• 6. Intelligentsia
• 7. Cossacks

With the development of capitalism, it is not a person’s class affiliation, enshrined in laws, that becomes increasingly important, but his class, i.e., economic position. Class- large social groups that stand out in an economic hierarchical structure. Two classes emerge: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Bourgeoisie -social class of capital owners Proletariat -working class

• They made up the majority of the population
• Were strongly tied to the community
• For them there was a volost court
• Professed Orthodoxy
• After the abolition of serfdom, they were divided into rich and poor
• Otkhodniks - peasants who went to work in the cities

Document “Letters from the Village” by A.N. Engelhart

« Even if a man has an excess bread, then he still won’t sell it, but wants to have enough bread for “new” so that you can live on your bread for another year... If a man is in the fall sells bread for small change, then it is either a drunkard who sells for drinks, or a poor man who has nothing to buy salt, tar, has nothing to pay the priest for a prayer service in holiday… Our peasant farmer eats the worst rye bread, slurps empty gray cabbage soup, considers buckwheat porridge a luxury hemp oil, apple pies and has no idea, and even laugh It will be that there are countries where sissy men eat apple pies, yes farm laborers are fed the same..."

Nobility

• After 1861, the stratification of the nobility began
• The number of nobility increased (1867-625 thousand, 1897-over 1 million 222 thousand)
• Political influence has weakened, because when enlisting for service, preparedness for it and education were taken into account, and not class origin

• The economic advantage over other classes was lost (the connection with the land was lost, the use of semi-serf forms of farming
• Some nobles were engaged in entrepreneurial activities

• That. the decline of the landowner economy accelerated the stratification and weakened the influence of the landowners in the state. The nobles lost their dominant position in society .
• Officials have political power economic among the bourgeoisie .

Bourgeoisie

Nobles Merchants

Bourgeois Peasants

• People from wealthy merchant class:
• Gubonin Petr Ionovich

• Bobrinsky
• Branicki
• Potocki
• Shipovs
• People from peasant backgrounds:
• Morozovs
• Ryabushinsky
• Guchkovs
• Konovalovs

Many representatives of the new generation of the bourgeoisie patronized the development of science and art - patronage

S.I. Mamontov

P.M. Tretyakov

Bourgeoisie

Dmitry Petrovich Botkin

Kuzma Terentyevich Soldatenkov

• How did the situation of peasants change in the second half of the 19th century?
• Who are otkhodniks?
• What contributed to the weakening of the political and economic position of the nobles?
• What is the bourgeoisie?
• What is patronage? Name philanthropists you know. What can you say about S.I. Mamontov?

Proletariat

Hired workers

1.5 million

Industrial proletariat

Factory, mining, railway workers

10 million

Features of the Russian proletariat

• Close connection between workers and peasants
• Representatives of different nationalities
• Accounting of agricultural needs by enterprise owners
• The city adhered to the usual norms of community life
• Workers' movement to improve their situation
• They did not raise the issue of their political rights

Workers waiting to be hired

• Increase in educational institutions
• An attempt to improve the financial situation (parish care)
• The destruction of class barriers, which contributed to the renewal of the clergy

• This is a social group professionally engaged in mental work, development and dissemination of culture, usually with higher education

Intelligentsia

Shishkin I.I. .

A.P. Chekhov Vasnetsov brothers

• The Cossacks were necessary for the development and protection of the newly acquired outlying lands
• For their service they received land from the government
• From the age of 18 they carried out military service (their own uniform, equipment, melee weapons, horse).
• Occupations: gardening, tobacco growing, winemaking, viticulture.

• Nobility

• Bourgeoisie
• Landowners

• Peasants
• Bourgeois
• Merchants
• Cossacks

• Communal peasants
• Proletariat
• Intelligentsia
• Cossacks

• A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina “History of Russia XIX century 8th grade” / Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. - M. - Education. - 2o10. - 287 p.
• https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Melior condicio nostra per servos fieri potest, deterior fieri non potest (D. 50.17.133). - Our situation can become better with the help of slaves, but it cannot become worse.

Our views are like clocks - everyone shows different times, but everyone believes only their own."

1. In 1897, the first general population census was carried out in the Russian Empire. According to the census, the total population of the country was about 126 million people (excluding Finland); In fact, 66 million people lived in Russia, including 6.4 million people in Siberia.

2. There was still a class division of society. In the Code of the Russian Empire, the entire population of Russia was divided into 4 categories: nobility, clergy, urban and rural inhabitants. The highest privileged class remained the nobility, which was divided into personal (this included those who were included in the class for good service) and hereditary. City inhabitants - honorary citizens, merchants, townspeople, artisans. Rural inhabitants - peasants, Cossacks. But at the end of the 19th century, in the process of the development of capitalism and the formation of civil society, the class, i.e., economic, position of a person became increasingly important. Two classes were formed - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, but the landowners and the largest stratum - the peasants - remained and had great land wealth and actual power. The number of people who were engaged in intellectual work and artistic creativity grew - the intelligentsia: engineers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, artists, etc.

3. In 1879, peasants made up 88% of the Russian population. In the village there was mutual responsibility for the payment of taxes and duties; without a passport, peasants could not leave the village. Life in a community under serfdom formed in the peasants such traits as collectivism, a sense of social justice, reverence for elders, naive monarchism, and superstitions.

4. The abolition of serfdom intensified the process of stratification of the peasants. The community helped the poor peasant, supported the middle peasant in lean years, they stuck to the community. But at the same time, new peasants appeared who wanted to farm independently at their own peril and risk. Only 17% of peasants were literate. Progressive thinkers in Russia noted with regret that peasants were very far from becoming politically mature citizens capable of participating in public life.

5. Officially, representatives of the bourgeoisie were listed as nobles, merchants, burghers, and peasants. Banking developed. Bank managers, as well as officials on the boards of banks and joint stock companies, were in fact the bourgeoisie. They played a prominent role in economic life. But the long existence of the serf system and autocracy did not allow the formation of a united, politically active “third estate” in Russia. Many industrialists were philanthropists, supported scientists, artists, actors, and gave money for the creation of art galleries and libraries. For example, Savva Mamontov provided assistance to artists V. A. Serov, K. A. Korovin, and singer F. I. Chaliapin. On his Abramtsevo estate, he created a unique center of Russian artistic life; woodcarving and majolica workshops were opened here.

6. The working class in Russia had several features:

> it was closely connected with the peasantry, formed mainly by people from the villages;

> many plants and factories were located in villages, which left an imprint on the way of life of the workers: in times of need, many of them went to field work;

> was multinational;

> high concentration of the proletariat in large enterprises;

> high degree of exploitation: the working day reached 15 hours;

> the workers' struggle was mainly economic in nature.

7. The Russian Orthodox Church was dominant in Russia (70% of the population is Orthodox). The clergy was divided into black (monks) and white (priests, deacons). There were 4 theological academies and 58 seminaries.

8. The Cossack population was 4 million people, including 400 thousand in military service. At the head of the Cossack troops was an ataman, and at the head of each army was a task ataman with a military headquarters. The Cossacks received land from the government for military service and were also engaged in arable farming, gardening, winemaking, and horse breeding.

9. Thus, in the second half of the 19th century. There is a gradual erasure of class barriers and the formation of communities along economic and class lines. This is the bourgeoisie and the class of wage workers. The process of democratization of the intelligentsia is underway, a diverse intelligentsia is appearing - people from different classes: the clergy, the philistinism, the merchants, the impoverished nobility; the clergy loses its former isolation, and only the Cossacks retain the traditional way of life.