SGS system decoding. Units of electrostatic quantities

The table shows the names symbols and the dimensions of the most commonly used units in the SI system. To transition to other systems - SGSE and SGSM - the last columns show the relationships between the units of these systems and the corresponding units of the SI system.

For mechanical quantities, the SGSE and SGSM systems are completely identical; the main units here are the centimeter, gram and second.

The difference in the GHS systems occurs for electrical quantities. This is due to the fact that the GSSE adopted as the fourth basic unit electrical permeability voids (ε 0 =1), and in SGSM - magnetic permeability of voids (μ 0 =1).

In the Gaussian system, the basic units are centimeter, gram and second, ε 0 =1 and μ 0 =1 (for vacuum). In this system electrical quantities are measured in SGSE, magnetic - in SGSM.

Magnitude	Name	Dimension	Designation	Contains units GHS systems
Magnitude	Name	Dimension	Designation	SSSE	SGSM
Basic units
Length	meter	m	m	10 2 cm
Weight	kilogram	kg	kg	10 3 g
Time	second	sec	sec	1sec
Current strength	ampere	A	A	3×10 9	10 -1
Temperature	Kelvin	TO	TO	-	-
Temperature	degrees Celsius	°C	°C	-	-
The power of light	candela	cd	cd	-	-
Mechanical units
Quantity electricity	pendant		Cl	3×10 9	10 -1
Voltage, EMF	volt		IN		10 8
Tension electric field	volt per meter				10 8
Electrical capacity	farad		F	9×10 11 cm	10 -9
Electrical resistance	ohm		Ohm		10 9
Specific resistance	ohm meter				10 11
Dielectric permeability	farad per meter
Magnetic units
Tension magnetic field	ampere per meter
Magnetic induction	tesla		Tl		10 4 Gs
Magnetic flux	weber		Wb		10 8 Mks
Inductance	Henry		Gn		10 8 cm
Magnetic permeability	henry per meter
Optical units
Solid angle	steradian	erased	erased	-	-
Light flow	lumen		lm	-	-
Brightness	nit		nt	-	-
Illumination	luxury		OK	-	-

Some definitions

Electric current strength- the strength of an unchanging current, which, passing through two parallel straight conductors of infinite length and negligible cross-section, located at a distance of 1 m from each other in a vacuum, would cause between these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10 -7 N per meter of length.
Kelvin- a unit of temperature measurement equal to 1/273 of the interval from absolute zero temperatures up to the melting temperature of ice.
Candela(candle) - the intensity of light emitted from an area of 1/600000 m 2 of the cross section of the full emitter, in the direction perpendicular to this section, at the temperature of the emitter, equal temperature solidification of platinum at a pressure of 1011325 Pa.
Newton- a force that imparts an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 to a body weighing 1 kg in the direction of its action.
Pascal- pressure caused by a force of 1 N, uniformly distributed over a surface area of 1 m 2.
Joule- the work done by a force of 1N when it moves a body at a distance of 1m in the direction of its action.
Watt- power at which work equal to 1 J is performed in 1 second.
Pendant- the amount of electricity passing through cross section conductor for 1 second at a current of 1A.
Volt- voltage at the site electrical circuit with a direct current of 1A, which consumes 1W of power.
Volts per meter- the intensity of a uniform electric field, at which a potential difference of 1V is created between points located at a distance of 1 m along the field strength line.
Ohm- the resistance of the conductor, between the ends of which a voltage of 1V arises at a current of 1A.
Ohm meter - electrical resistance conductor, in which the cylindrical straight conductor a cross-sectional area of 1 m2 and a length of 1 m has a resistance of 1 Ohm.
Farad- the capacitance of a capacitor, between the plates of which a voltage of 1V arises when charged at 1 C.
Ampere per meter- magnetic field strength at the center long solenoid with n turns for each meter of length through which a current of strength A/n passes.
Weber- magnetic flux, when it decreases to zero, an amount of electricity of 1 C passes through a circuit connected to this flux with a resistance of 1 Ohm.
Henry- inductance of the circuit, with which, under force direct current in it 1A a magnetic flux of 1Wb is coupled.
Tesla- magnetic induction, at which the magnetic flux through a cross section with an area of 1 m 2 is equal to 1 Wb.
Henry per meter- absolute magnetic permeability of the medium in which, at a magnetic field strength of 1A/m, a magnetic induction of 1H is created.
Steradian- a solid angle, the vertex of which is located at the center of the sphere and which cuts out an area on the surface of the sphere, equal to the area square with side equal to the radius spheres.
Lumen- product of the luminous intensity of the source and the solid angle into which the luminous flux is sent.

Some off-system units

Magnitude	Unit		Value in SI units
Magnitude	Name	designation	Value in SI units
Force	kilogram-wall force	sn	10H
Pressure and mechanical voltage	technical atmosphere	at	98066.5Pa
	kilogram-force per square centimeter	kgf/cm 2	98066.5Pa
	physical atmosphere	atm	101325Pa
	millimeter of water column	mm water Art.	9.80665Pa
	millimeter of mercury	mmHg Art.	133.322Pa
Work and Energy	kilogram-force meter	kgf×m	9.80665J
Work and Energy	kilowatt-hour	kWh	3.6×10 6 J
Power	kilogram-force meter per second	kgf×m/s	9.80665W
Power	Horsepower	hp	735.499W

Interesting fact. The concept of horsepower was introduced by my father. famous physicist Watt. Watt's father was a steam engine designer, and it was vital for him to convince mine owners to buy his machines instead of draft horses. So that mine owners could calculate the benefits, Watt coined the term horsepower to define the power of steam engines. One HP according to Watt, this is 500 pounds of load that a horse could pull all day. So one horsepower is the ability to pull a cart with 227 kg of cargo during a 12-hour working day. The steam engines sold by Watt had only a few horsepower.

Prefixes and factors for the formation of decimal multiples and submultiples

Console	Designation		The multiplier by which units are multiplied SI systems
Console	domestic	international
Mega	M	M	10 6
Kilo	To	k	10 3
Hecto	G	h	10 2
Deca	Yes	da	10
Deci	d	d	10 -1
Santi	With	c	10 -2
Milli	m	m	10 -3
Micro	mk	µ	10 -6
Nano	n	n	10 -9
Pico	P	p	10 -12

There are a number of additional units dimensions that are derived from the main ones. Some physical constants turn out to be dimensionless. There are several variants of the GHS, differing in the choice of electrical and magnetic units of measurement and the magnitude of the constants in various laws electromagnetism (SGSE, SGSM, Gaussian system of units).

GHS differs from SI not only in the choice of specific units of measurement. Due to the fact that the SI additionally introduced basic units for electromagnetic physical quantities, which were not in the GHS, some units have other dimensions. Because of this, some physical laws in these systems they are written differently (for example, Coulomb's law). The difference lies in the coefficients, most of which are dimensional. Therefore, if you simply substitute SI units into the formulas written in the GHS, incorrect results will be obtained. The same applies to different types of SGSE - in SGSE, SGSM and the Gaussian system of units, the same formulas can be written differently.

The SGS formulas do not contain the non-physical coefficients required in the SI (for example, the electric constant in Coulomb's law), therefore it is considered more convenient for theoretical studies.

IN scientific works As a rule, the choice of one system or another is determined more by the continuity of designations rather than by convenience.

GHS extensions

To facilitate work in the SGS in electrodynamics, the additional systems SGSM and SGSE were adopted.

SGSM

SSSE

In SGSE µ 0 = 1/ With 2 (dimension: s 2 / cm 2), ε 0 = 1. Electrical units in the SGSE system are used mainly in theoretical works. They do not have their own names and are inconvenient for measurements.

SGS symmetrical, or Gaussian system of units

In a symmetrical SGS (also called a mixed SGS or Gaussian system of units), magnetic units are equal to the units of the GSMS system, electrical units are equal to the units of the GSSE system. The magnetic and electric constants in this system are unit and dimensionless: µ 0 = 1, ε 0 = 1.

Story

A system of measures based on the centimeter, gram and second was proposed by the German scientist Gauss in . Maxwell and Thomson improved the system by adding electromagnetic units of measurement.

The values of many units of the GHS system were found to be inconvenient for practical use, and it was soon replaced by a system based on the meter, kilogram and second (ISS). The GHS continued to be used in parallel with the ISS, mainly in scientific research.

Of the three additional systems The most widely used system is the SGS symmetrical one.

Some units of measurement

speed - cm/s;
acceleration - cm/s²;
force - dyne, g cm/s²;
energy - erg, g cm²/s²;
power - erg/s, g cm²/s³;
pressure - dyne/cm², g/(cm·s²);
dynamic viscosity - poise, g/(cm s);
kinematic viscosity - Stokes, cm²/s;
magnetomotive force - Hilbert.

- [from lat. posi (tivus) positive and (electron)tron (See Electron)] (symbol e+), elementary particle with a positive electric charge, antiparticle (See Antiparticles) with respect to the electron. The masses (me) and spins (J) of the particle and the electron are equal... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Characteristics of a conductor, a quantitative measure of its ability to hold an electric charge. In an electrostatic field, all points of a conductor have the same potential φ. Potential φ (counted from the zero level at infinity) ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (novolat. molecule, abbreviated from lat. moles mass), the smallest part in va, possessing its basic. chem. with you and consisting of atoms connected to each other chemical bonds. The number of atoms in metal ranges from two (H2, O2, HF, KCl) to hundreds and thousands... Physical encyclopedia

ISOTOPE SEPARATION, separation of individual isotopes from natural sources. their mixtures or enrichment of the mixture with individual isotopes. The first attempts of I. r. made by F.W. Aston (F.W. Aston, 1949) and others. Ch. arr. to detect isotopes of stable elements,... ... Physical encyclopedia

The emission of electrons by heated bodies (emitters) into a vacuum or other medium. Only those electrons can leave the body whose energy is greater than the energy of the electron at rest outside the emitter (see Work function). The number of such electrons (usually electrons... Physical encyclopedia

CGS (centimeter-gram-second)- a system of units of measurement that was widely used before the adoption of the International System of Units (SI). Another name is absolute physical system units.

Within the framework of the GHS, there are three independent dimensions (length, mass and time), all others are reduced to them by multiplication, division and exponentiation (possibly fractional). In addition to the three basic units of measurement - centimeter, gram and second, in the GHS there are a number of additional units of measurement that are derived from the basic ones. Some physical constants turn out to be dimensionless. There are several variants of the SGS, differing in the choice of electrical and magnetic units of measurement and the magnitude of the constants in the various laws of electromagnetism (SGSE, SGSM, Gaussian system of units). GHS differs from SI not only in the choice of specific units of measurement. Due to the fact that the SI additionally introduced basic units for electromagnetic physical quantities that were not in the GHS, some units have different dimensions. Because of this, some physical laws in these systems are written differently (for example, Coulomb's law). The difference lies in the coefficients, most of which are dimensional. Therefore, if you simply substitute SI units into the formulas written in the GHS, incorrect results will be obtained. The same applies to different types of SGSE - in SGSE, SGSM and the Gaussian system of units, the same formulas can be written differently.

The GHS formulas lack the non-physical coefficients required in SI (for example, the electric constant in Coulomb's law), and, in the Gaussian variety, all four vectors of electric and magnetic fields E, D, B and H have the same dimensions, in accordance with their physical meaning , therefore, GHS is considered more convenient for theoretical research.

In scientific works, as a rule, the choice of one system or another is determined by continuity of notation and transparency physical meaning than the convenience of measurements.

Story

A system of measures based on the centimeter, gram and second was proposed by the German scientist Gauss in 1832. In 1874, Maxwell and Thomson improved the system by adding electromagnetic units of measurement.

The quantities of many units of the GHS system were found to be inconvenient for practical use, and it was soon replaced by a system based on the meter, kilogram and second (MKS). The GHS continued to be used in parallel with the ISS, mainly in scientific research.

After the adoption of the SI system in 1960, the GHS almost fell out of use in engineering applications, but continues to be widely used, for example, in theoretical physics and astrophysics due to more simple type laws of electromagnetism.

Of the three additional systems, the most widely used is the SGS symmetrical system.

Some units of measurement

- cm/s;
- cm/s²;
- , g cm/s²;
energy - erg, g cm² / s²;
- erg/s, g cm² / s²;
- dyne/cm², g/(cm·s²);
- , g/(cm s);
- , cm²/s;
- (SGSM, Gaussian system);

; accepted by the 1st Int. Congress of Electricians (Paris, 1881) as a system of units covering mechanics and electrodynamics. For electrodynamics, two SGS s were initially adopted. e.: el.-magn. (SGSM) and electrostatic (SGSE). The construction of these systems was based on Coulomb’s law of electrical action. charges (SGSE) and magnetic. charges (SGSM). In SGSM s. e. mag. vacuum permeability (magnetic constant) m0=1, and electrical. vacuum permeability (electric constant) e0=1/s2 s2/cm2, where s - . SGSM unit magnetic flux yavl. (Mks, Mx), magnetic induction - (Gs, Gs), magnetic intensity. fields - (E, Oe), magnetomotive force - (Gb, Gb). Electric units in this property system. no names assigned. In SGSE p. e. e0=1, m0=l/c2 s2/cm2. Electric units SGSE own. have no names; their size, as a rule, is inconvenient for measurements; apply their ch. arr. in theory works.

From the 2nd half. 20th century The most widespread is the so-called symmetrical GHS s. e. (it is also called a mixed or Gaussian system of units). In symmetrical GHS s. i.e. m0=1 and e0=1. Magn. units of this system are equal to the units of the SGSM, and electrical units are equal to the units of the SGSE system.

Based on GHS p. e. a thermal system was also created GHS units°C (cm - g - s - °C), SGSL light units (cm - g - s - ) and SGSR units of radioactivity and ionizing radiation (cm - g - s - ). Application of GHS p. e. is allowed in theory. works on physics and astronomy.

The ratios of the most important units of the three above-mentioned GHS systems and the corresponding SI units are shown in the table.

Physical encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. . 1983.

GHS SYSTEM OF UNITS

System of physical units values from the base units: centimeter, gram, second (CGS); accepted 1st International Congress Electricians (Paris, 1881) as a system of units covering mechanics and electrodynamics. Coulomb's law of electrical interaction. charges (SGSE) and magnetic. In the system of units SGSM mag. vacuum permeability ( magnetic constant), and electric vacuum permeability ( electrical constant); unit mag. flow is maxwell (Mx, Mx), mag. induction - Gauss (Gs, Gs), magnetic intensity. fields - Oersted (E, Oe), magnetomotive force - Gilbert (Gb, Gb). Electric units in this property system. no names assigned.

In the SGSE system,. Electric From the 2nd half. 20th century max. The so-called Gauss system of units, mixed system of units became widespread). In it and; mag. Application of GHS p. e. is allowed in scientific. research. The ratio of the most important units of the GHS system and the corresponding SI units is given in table.

Lit.: Sena L. A., Units of physical quantities and their dimensions, 3rd ed., M., 1989.

Physical encyclopedia. In 5 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Chief Editor A. M. Prokhorov. 1988 .

See what "GHS SYSTEM OF UNITS" is in other dictionaries:

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Modern encyclopedia

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SGS system decoding. Units of electrostatic quantities

GHS extensions

SGSM

SSSE

SGS symmetrical, or Gaussian system of units

Story

Some units of measurement

see also

See what "SGSE" is in other dictionaries:

Story

Some units of measurement

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