POLYANE, an East Slavic tribal association of the 6th-9th centuries, living along the banks of the Dnieper and the lower reaches of its tributaries from the mouth of Pripyat to Ros. They created an early state association in the Middle Russian Land (1st half of the 9th century), which became ... ... Russian history
West Slavic tribal association (in the 8th and 9th centuries a tribal principality with a center in Gniezno) in the river basin. Varta. They took part in the ethnogenesis of the Polish people, whose name came from the name of the Principality of Polyane...
Modern encyclopedia
East Slavic tribal association 6-9 centuries. along the banks of the Dnieper and the lower reaches of its tributaries from the mouth of Pripyat to Ros. The Polyans played a major role in the creation of the early state association of the Slavs Wed. The Dnieper region of the Russian land (1st half of 9... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Poly) the name of a Slavic tribe that settled, during the era of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, along the middle reaches of the Dnieper, on its right bank. Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of P. before the Christian ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Noun, number of synonyms: 1 tribe (116) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
Glade- the name of the middle class population of a place in Ukraine... Spelling dictionary of Ukrainian language
Glade- POLYANE, a union of East Slavic tribes mainly along the banks of the Dnieper and the lower reaches of its tributaries, from the mouth of Pripyat to Ros. Along with the Ilmen Slovenes and other tribes, they played a significant role in the formation of Old Russian... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
1 . eastern Slavic tribal association 6-9 centuries. in the forest-steppe region of the Dnieper region between the mouth of the Desna and the mouth of the Ros. The ethnonym P. the chronicle explains: zane in polysedyahu, contrasting P. with the neighboring Drevlyans, the inhabitants of Polesie. Area P.... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
Mn., name eastern. glory tribe in the vicinity of Kyiv, now also as a designation for the inhabitants of [formerly] Mosalsk. u. Kaluzh. lips (Sobolevsky, Zhst., 1892, issue 1, p. 15), other Russian. polyanin, plural glade (mostly time years),… … Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Vasmer
Books
- , T. A. Kuzminskaya. We present to your attention a collection of memoirs by T. A. Kuzminskaya “My life at home and in Yasnaya Polyana”...
- My life at home and in Yasnaya Polyana, T. A. Kuzminskaya. The book by T. A. Kuzminskaya “My Life at Home and in Yasnaya Polyana” is one of the best in the extensive memoir literature about Tolstoy. This book is about young Tolstoy, about those “best years of his life”, years...
POLANA- a tribal union of Eastern Slavs who lived on the Dnieper, in the area of modern Kyiv.
One of the versions of the origin of Rus', mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, is associated with the glades. Scientists consider the “Polyano-Russian” version to be more ancient than the “Varangian legend” and attribute it to the end. X century
The Old Russian author of this version considered the Polyans to be Slavs who came from Norik (territory on the Danube), who were the first to be called by the name “Rus”: “ Glades are now called Rus'"The chronicle sharply contrasts the customs of the Polyans and other East Slavic tribes, united under the name Drevlyans.
In the Middle Dnieper region near Kyiv, archaeologists discovered a culture of the 2nd quarter. X century with a characteristic Slavic funeral rite: the mounds were characterized by a clay base, on which a fire was lit and the dead were burned. The borders of the culture extended in the west to the river. Teterev, in the north - to the city of Lyubech, in the south - to the river. Ros. This was, obviously, the Slavic tribe of the Polyans.
In the 2nd quarter. X century another people appears on these same lands. A number of scientists consider the Middle Danube region to be the place of its initial settlement. Others identify him with the Ruti-Rus of Great Moravia. These people were familiar with the potter's wheel. The dead were buried according to the rite of corpse deposition in pits under the mounds. Pectoral crosses were often found in burial mounds. Over time, the Polyane and the Rus mixed, the Rus began to speak the Slavic language, and the tribal union received a double name - Polyane-Rus.
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Polyane - East Slavic tribal association of the 6th-9th centuries. in the forest-steppe region of the Dnieper region, between the mouths of pp. Desna and Rosi. The chronicle explains the ethnonym “Polyane”: “zane in polysedyahu,” contrasting the Polyans with the neighboring Drevlyans - the inhabitants of Polesie.
Polyane - East Slavic tribal association of the 6th-9th centuries. in the forest-steppe region of the Dnieper region, between the mouths of pp. Desna and Rosi.
The chronicle explains the ethnonym “Polyane”: “zane in polysedyahu,” contrasting the Polyans with the neighboring Drevlyans - the inhabitants of Polesie.
The center of the Polyanskaya ("Polish") land was Kyiv; its other settlements are Vyshgorod, Belgorod, Zvenigorod, Trepol, Vasilev, etc.
The area of the glades was part of the zone of ancient agricultural culture. According to chronicles and archival data, the glades were engaged in arable farming, cattle breeding, hunting, beekeeping and fishing; cattle breeding, farming, “timbering” and trade were more common among them than among other Slavs. The latter was quite extensive not only with its Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: from the coin hoards it is clear that trade with the East began in the 8th century. - stopped during the strife of the appanage princes. At first, around the middle of the 8th century, the Polans, who paid tribute to the Khazars due to their cultural and economic superiority, soon moved from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors to an offensive one. Drevlyans, Dregovichs, northerners, etc. by the end of the 9th century. were already subject to the glades. Christianity was established among them earlier than others.
The remains of their settlements with small square semi-dugout dwellings were usually located on low river banks. With the development of feudal relations, fortified settlements and loans began to appear near the glades.
Evolution of Polyansky antiquities
The glades contain burial mounds. Jewelry of the Polyans, known from treasures of the 6th - 8th centuries, and distribution in the 9th century. potter's wheel indicate a significant development of their crafts. The chronicle repeatedly noted that the economic and social order of the glades was at a higher stage of development than that of their neighbors. The chronicle legend about the beginning of Rus', about the first Russian princes, about the founding of Kyiv, which conveys the historical situation of the 6th-7th centuries, is associated with Polyany. At this time, the land of the glades became the core of the ancient Russian statehood, which subsequently united other East Slavic regions around itself. The last time the name of the Polyans was mentioned in the chronicle was in 994, after which they were replaced by the ethnonym “Rus”.
According to Nestor, the glades came from the Danube back in the days of tribal life: during the initial settlement, they sat down near the Dnieper in the Danube style, scattered, each clan separately, in the mountains and in the forests, and were engaged in hunting. Nestor directly speaks about this: “In the field, the individual lives and rules over his own generations, and each one lives with his own kind and in his own place, each owning his own kind; and beat the catching beast.” But a foreign land soon forced the Polyans to deviate from their ancestral life. One clan soon grew stronger between them, with its settlements adjacent directly to the Dnieper. The oldest representatives of this family, brothers: Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv, became the main leaders, princes of all Polyana families, and built the first city of Kyiv in this region. After the death of Kiy and his brothers, the power acquired by them passed to their clan: “their clan began to reign in the Fields.” Thus, even in the first generations of the Danube settlers, the Polyanian clans were united into one whole, and at the same time their original clan structure suffered a strong change. And when the descendants of Kiya, who ruled the glades, died out, the communal principles in this tribe received full development - the glades began to be governed by the veche; so that Nestor already compares them with the Novgorodians: “The Novgorodians and Smolnyans and Kiyans, and all the authorities, as if they come to a council at a meeting, whatever the elders decide, the suburbs will become the same.”
Thus, with the suppression of Kyiv’s descendants, the entire tribe of the Polyans formed a union of communities and the former clan eldership turned into a new eldership - communal, based as much on eldership as on power and wealth; It was not the clan or its representative, the ancestor, who became the eldest, but the city, which served as the first foundation of the community, and the youngest were its settlements and suburbs. Clan life here has decisively lost its former significance, society has taken a completely different path, its benefits are completely at odds with the benefits of the clan. The clan demanded separation and removal from others, and society sought communication and unification into one whole and found it in the subordination of the suburbs to the older city. Among the glades, the representative and leader of the whole tribe became not the ancestor, but the eldest city in that region - Kyiv; There is no information about childbirth as representatives of tribal life in the entire subsequent history of the glades. The first news about the communal structure of the Polyans, attested by history, we encounter during the attack of the Khazars. Nestor says: “I am the Kozari who sits on these mountains, and I decide to the Kozari: “Pay us tribute.” The clearing thought and the sword was blown away from the smoke.” This is the first Kiev Veche known to us. We meet the second veche during the invasion of Askold and Dir.
Under the communal structure, the glades began to strengthen, which was facilitated by the benefits of the area they occupied during the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The glades became representatives of communal life, the principles of which began to penetrate into their family life. The very structure of the family in the Polyans was special. Marriage was determined by an agreement, which determined the amount of dowry for the bride, and the agreement determined the child of the community. Family relations among the Polyans were distinguished by particular severity and order: “The Polyans have the custom of being meek and quiet towards their fathers, and shame towards their daughters-in-law, and sisters, and towards brothers-in-law, great shame in the name, marriage customs in the name. I don’t want a son-in-law to marry a bride, but I spend the evening, and in the morning I bring her what I have given.” The religion of the Polyans itself was influenced by the communal structure. According to Procopius, the Slavs on the Danube did not change ancient customs and strictly observed them, while the Polans, having moved, changed their religion. Initially, their religion consisted of worshiping lakes, rivers, forests, mountains, but later we see other gods among them - Perun, Stribog, Volos, etc., which they borrowed from the Lithuanians and Finnish tribes. This borrowing of foreign gods, unthinkable in tribal life, serves as irrefutable proof that the Slavic tribe moved from alienation and isolation to community on the widest scale.
Russian Civilization
Polyane - East Slavic tribal association of the 6th-9th centuries. in the forest-steppe region of the Dnieper region, between the mouths of pp. Desna and Rosi. The chronicle explains the ethnonym “Polyane”: “zane in polysedyahu,” contrasting the Polyans with the neighboring Drevlyans - the inhabitants of Polesie.
Polyane - East Slavic tribal association of the 6th-9th centuries. in the forest-steppe region of the Dnieper region, between the mouths of pp. Desna and Rosi.
The chronicle explains the ethnonym “Polyane”: “zane in polysedyahu,” contrasting the Polyans with the neighboring Drevlyans - the inhabitants of Polesie.
The center of the Polyanskaya ("Polish") land was Kyiv; its other settlements are Vyshgorod, Belgorod, Zvenigorod, Trepol, Vasilev, etc.
The area of the glades was part of the zone of ancient agricultural culture. According to chronicles and archival data, the glades were engaged in arable farming, cattle breeding, hunting, beekeeping and fishing; cattle breeding, farming, “timbering” and trade were more common among them than among other Slavs. The latter was quite extensive not only with its Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: from the coin hoards it is clear that trade with the East began in the 8th century. - stopped during the strife of the appanage princes. At first, around the middle of the 8th century, the Polans, who paid tribute to the Khazars due to their cultural and economic superiority, soon moved from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors to an offensive one. Drevlyans, Dregovichs, northerners, etc. by the end of the 9th century. were already subject to the glades. Christianity was established among them earlier than others.
The remains of their settlements with small square semi-dugout dwellings were usually located on low river banks. With the development of feudal relations, fortified settlements and loans began to appear near the glades.
Evolution of Polyansky antiquities
The glades contain burial mounds. Jewelry of the Polyans, known from treasures of the 6th - 8th centuries, and distribution in the 9th century. potter's wheel indicate a significant development of their crafts. The chronicle repeatedly noted that the economic and social order of the glades was at a higher stage of development than that of their neighbors. The chronicle legend about the beginning of Rus', about the first Russian princes, about the founding of Kyiv, which conveys the historical situation of the 6th-7th centuries, is associated with Polyany. At this time, the land of the glades became the core of the ancient Russian statehood, which subsequently united other East Slavic regions around itself. The last time the name of the Polyans was mentioned in the chronicle was in 994, after which they were replaced by the ethnonym “Rus”.
According to Nestor, the glades came from the Danube back in the days of tribal life: during the initial settlement, they sat down near the Dnieper in the Danube style, scattered, each clan separately, in the mountains and in the forests, and were engaged in hunting. Nestor directly speaks about this: “In the field, the individual lives and rules over his own generations, and each one lives with his own kind and in his own place, each owning his own kind; and beat the catching beast.” But a foreign land soon forced the Polyans to deviate from their ancestral life. One clan soon grew stronger between them, with its settlements adjacent directly to the Dnieper. The oldest representatives of this family, brothers: Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv, became the main leaders, princes of all Polyana families, and built the first city of Kyiv in this region. After the death of Kiy and his brothers, the power acquired by them passed to their clan: “their clan began to reign in the Fields.” Thus, even in the first generations of the Danube settlers, the Polyanian clans were united into one whole, and at the same time their original clan structure suffered a strong change. And when the descendants of Kiya, who ruled the glades, died out, the communal principles in this tribe received full development - the glades began to be governed by the veche; so that Nestor already compares them with the Novgorodians: “The Novgorodians and Smolnyans and Kiyans, and all the authorities, as if they come to a council at a meeting, whatever the elders decide, the suburbs will become the same.”
Thus, with the suppression of Kyiv’s descendants, the entire tribe of the Polyans formed a union of communities and the former clan eldership turned into a new eldership - communal, based as much on eldership as on power and wealth; It was not the clan or its representative, the ancestor, who became the eldest, but the city, which served as the first foundation of the community, and the youngest were its settlements and suburbs. Clan life here has decisively lost its former significance, society has taken a completely different path, its benefits are completely at odds with the benefits of the clan. The clan demanded separation and removal from others, and society sought communication and unification into one whole and found it in the subordination of the suburbs to the older city. Among the glades, the representative and leader of the whole tribe became not the ancestor, but the eldest city in that region - Kyiv; There is no information about childbirth as representatives of tribal life in the entire subsequent history of the glades. The first news about the communal structure of the Polyans, attested by history, we encounter during the attack of the Khazars. Nestor says: “I am the Kozari who sits on these mountains, and I decide to the Kozari: “Pay us tribute.” The clearing thought and the sword was blown away from the smoke.” This is the first Kiev Veche known to us. We meet the second veche during the invasion of Askold and Dir.
Under the communal structure, the glades began to strengthen, which was facilitated by the benefits of the area they occupied during the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The glades became representatives of communal life, the principles of which began to penetrate into their family life. The very structure of the family in the Polyans was special. Marriage was determined by an agreement, which determined the amount of dowry for the bride, and the agreement determined the child of the community. Family relations among the Polyans were distinguished by particular severity and order: “The Polyans have the custom of being meek and quiet towards their fathers, and shame towards their daughters-in-law, and sisters, and towards brothers-in-law, great shame in the name, marriage customs in the name. I don’t want a son-in-law to marry a bride, but I spend the evening, and in the morning I bring her what I have given.” The religion of the Polyans itself was influenced by the communal structure. According to Procopius, the Slavs on the Danube did not change ancient customs and strictly observed them, while the Polans, having moved, changed their religion. Initially, their religion consisted of worshiping lakes, rivers, forests, mountains, but later we see other gods among them - Perun, Stribog, Volos, etc., which they borrowed from the Lithuanians and Finnish tribes. This borrowing of foreign gods, unthinkable in tribal life, serves as irrefutable proof that the Slavic tribe moved from alienation and isolation to community on the widest scale.
Russian Civilization
It is assumed that the name of one of the Slavic tribes - Polyans - comes from the fact that their main occupation was agriculture. However, at the same time, the chronicle glades were not, as one might expect, inhabitants of open steppe spaces and even forest-steppes. They settled in forested areas - in the Kiev region, in Poland. Nestor the chronicler claimed that the glades lived in the area of the future Kyiv both before and after its foundation: “And there was a forest and a large forest near the city and there was a wild beast. And be husbands wise and thoughtful and naritsakhus glade. From them are the essence of the glades in Kyiv to this day.”
Were forested areas favorable for farming? The most ancient method of farming is known, used in the forest belt, called slash-and-burn farming. A part of the forest was burned, usually on a mountain, or at its slope (when the wind blew in its direction) in order not to cause an uncontrollable forest fire. The artificially formed clearing was used for construction and economic needs (livestock grazing and farming). The soil fertilized with ash had high fertility.
According to the author, the origin of the words “glade” and “field” is associated with the slash-and-burn method of farming. In Ukrainian, Polish and some West Slavic languages, firing (in Old Church Slavonic - fly) means the same as in Russian - to burn. Hence, a field or clearing originally meant a place cleared of forest by burning. Later, a clearing also began to be called a natural edge of a forest, a field - any vast space free from forest, including the steppe, a meadow - a treeless mountain top.
This method of economic activity is reflected in the names of some peoples. The 6th-century Gothic historian Jordan mentions the Spals, whom Udaltsov associated with the glades of the Russian chronicle. Diodorus /2, 43.3/ spoke about the existence of the Scythians-Paleyans in ancient times, and Pliny mentioned the Paleyans.
The first people to widely use shifting agriculture in the Kiev region were the bearers of the Trypillian archaeological culture, who settled on the banks of the Borysthenes in the 4th millennium BC. The conclusion suggests itself that it was the Trypillians who were called Polyans.
The memory of the trappers was immortalized in one of the Kyiv toponyms - Menagerie, the memory of the forest gatherers Borich (Drevlyans) - in the names of the Borisfen River, Borichev Uzvoz and Borichev Tok streets. Are there any names left in Kyiv associated with glades?
One of the Kyiv streets is called Staraya Polyana, and before Staraya Polyana was the name of the highland on which it is located, connecting the chronicle Mount Shchekovitsa with Mount Yurkovitsa and the vast plateau in the northwest of it. What could this name mean?
In the modern understanding, a clearing is the edge of a forest, a natural formation, the age of which makes no sense to talk about. It would be another matter if the clearing were the work of man. It is believed that due to the gradually decreasing productivity of the soil fertilized with ash, the Trypillians left their homes after fifty to seventy years and moved to a new one. But during their lifetime, several generations managed to grow up on the old ashes. For them, abandoned, it forever remained dear and evoked heartfelt memories.
Probably, this is where the Slavs came up with and are still in use a strange, at first glance, expression - “native ashes”, which does not refer to a burnt house, but to an abandoned place where they spent their childhood and youth. One of these ashes, of which there were a great many in our forest region, apparently was Staraya Polyana. Of the several Trypillian settlements discovered on the territory of Kyiv, one was located on Mount Yurkovitsa, that is, in the area adjacent to Staraya Polyana, and two more to the northwest of it.
In ancient times, shifting agriculture was widespread in the Balkans and the Middle East. The Greeks called their predecessors who lived in these areas Pelasgians. This name sounds like pali-zhigi and probably has the same meaning as polyane. In addition, the ancestors of the Trypillian Polyans came to the territory of Ukraine, as is known, from the Balkans. The Greek name "polis", which originally meant a rural settlement, probably came from the fact that part of the forest was burned for it.
There are many derivatives from the word “fire” in Slavic languages. These include: a log, a stick, (combustible materials), a club (a burnt club), ashes and ashes (fallen, burnt) - what is left after burning.
In Slavic mythology (Polish, Bulgarian, Slovak, Croatian, etc.) there was a character Polaznik, who brought fertility and performed magical acts with logs, casting spells about the reproduction of livestock and the health of people.
And on the Apennine Peninsula, the pre-Roman shepherd deity Paleia was revered. It was considered a fertility deity. Holidays similar to the Slavic holidays of Kupala were celebrated in his honor. These holidays were called Palilia; bonfires were lit (scorched), over which shepherds jumped, and herds of cattle were led between the bonfires.
The Pelasgians performed their religious cults at home altars and in sacred groves, such as the famous oak grove of the Pelasgian Zeus at Dodona in Greece or the sacred grove described by Virgil in Etruria:
There is a huge grove near Kerith of the cold current,
According to the legend of the fathers, sacred, and close
The hills are everywhere, surrounded by black spruce.
According to rumor, Silvanus is ancient to the Pelasgians
To God the herds and fields, and the grove and the day were dedicated,
Those who were the first to capture the region of the Latins in ancient times.
The ancestors of the Polans (Pelasgians) were newcomers to Europe, but very ancient and numerous. They came to the Balkans at the turn of the 6th millennium BC. with the culture of shifting agriculture and cattle breeding apparently already established in the Middle East. The bones of the cattle indicate its southern origin. Based on the characteristic painting and shapes of ceramic products, as well as other features, we can conclude that their culture is related to the archaeological cultures of Hacilar, Gassuna, Sammara, Çatal-Hayuk, etc. that have developed in the north of present-day Syria and Iraq and the south of Turkey, Anatolia. Therefore, the root in the names Palestine, Palmyra and palma, apparently the same as in the corresponding European words.
“Researchers agree that the origins of Cucuteni-Trypillia are lost in the cultures of Asia Minor, and the immediate beginning is in the Boyan culture of the lower Danube... The most ancient settlements of Cucuteni-Tripillia appeared in the second half of the 5th millennium BC. on the territory of southeastern Transylvania and the Moldavian Carpathian region, in the valleys of the left bank tributaries of the Danube." It is also noted that the appearance of these cultures in Europe was preceded by the catastrophic desolation of Çatalhayuk and Hacilar at the end of the 6th millennium BC.
In Europe, the newcomers coexisted for a long time with peaceful forest gatherers - boras (borates, borans). They probably exchanged their products with them and were safe. The areas of forest they burned were not so large as to disturb the ecosystem of the natives (forest gatherers), and they coexisted peacefully with each other. Among the numerous material monuments of Trypillian culture there is no military armor. In Europe, they were not threatened by the ecological disaster associated with the slash-and-burn method of farming (the transformation of the land into a desert) due to the more humid climate, the widespread deciduous forests here and the previously accumulated experience.
Unlike the aborigines of Europe - hunters and forest gatherers, who lived scatteredly, in small groups, the newcomers settled compactly, in large settlements. This was facilitated not by the appropriating, but by the productive method of management.
“It is known that more than a millennium before the creation of the Acropolis in Athens, on the same hill stood Pelistikon, the fortress of the Pelasgians, the most ancient inhabitants of the Mediterranean. The Greeks were the new settlers in these territories."
After arriving in the Balkans, the area of settlement of the Pelasgians gradually expanded. First, they advanced to Transylvania, where, according to V.G. Zbenovich, mixed with the natives of Europe, after which they began to spread west to the river. Olt and to the east, in the territory of present-day Moldova and Ukraine.
Along the paths of their spread, the newcomers mixed with the local inhabitants of the forests and steppes, neighboring them and assimilating them, since they surpassed the latter in numbers and level of material culture. They belong to the archaeological cultures of Boyan and Cucuteni on the territory of Romania. Their northeastern enclave (from the Prut to Borysthenes), probably already with an admixture of the indigenous European population, was called the Trypillian culture.
In the 4th millennium BC. the Trypillians (glades) reach Borysthenes, where they find themselves neighbors with nomadic hunters and cattle breeders occupying the Left Bank and sharply differing from them in their way of life, customs and beliefs. The eastern border of the Trypillian culture was Borysthenes, and not the Dnieper, the routes of which south of Cherkassy differ significantly. This can be seen by comparing the map showing the bed of the Borysthenes (Fig. 6) with the map of the distribution of the Trypillian culture shown in Fig. 19. .
The legend about the arrival of the Slavs in Eastern Europe from the Danube region is obviously connected with the Polyansky tribe, since all later migrations, as can be seen from the previous chapters, went in the opposite direction. The contribution of the Polans (Pelasgians) to the ethnic groups of Europe, especially the Romanesque and Slavic ones, is very great.
“Appearing on the historical scene at the beginning of the 4th millennium BC, the Trypillian culture existed for about 1,500 years. The tribes of its carriers mastered the entire right-bank Ukrainian forest-steppe and part of the left bank in the Middle Dnieper region. Chronologically, the history of the Trypillians is divided into three main stages: early A (4000-600), middle B (3600-100) and late C (3100-500). Each of the stages, in addition, is divided into substages: in the early stage it is A1 and A2, in the middle stage it is B1, B1-B2 and B2, in the late stage it is C1 and C2.” MAP