It is not news that the science of the rules of behavior in a decent society originated a long time ago and, changing over the course of eras, still continued to live and develop safely. Today the answer to the question “What is secular ethics?” Even children know, because for younger schoolchildren this subject is included in the compulsory curriculum. Therefore, understanding what such a lesson is and what the children learn from it turns out to be important and relevant.
ORKSE: what is this?
This acronym stands for “Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics” and is an academic subject introduced universally by the Russian Ministry of Education since 2012 in primary school classrooms across the country. For all regions, this subject is currently a federal and mandatory component. Fundamentals of Secular Ethics and Religion includes 6 modules; of these, the student, together with his legal representatives (parents, guardians), chooses only one at his own discretion for further study.
Goals and objectives
If everything is clear about what secular ethics is, then the analysis of the provisions on what the introduction of this academic subject is aimed at remains open. The global goal of the general ORKSE course includes the formation of conscious moral behavior and motivation for it in younger adolescents, instilling in the child respect for the religious and cultural traditions of the multinational population of Russia, and teaching the student the ability to conduct dialogue with representatives of other worldviews and views. More local tasks highlighted in the program of fundamentals of secular ethics include:
- cultivating in the minds of younger teenagers ideas about the importance of moral values and norms for the dignified existence of the individual, family, and the whole society;
- introducing students to the basic foundations of Christian (Orthodox), Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist cultures, key provisions of world religious movements and ethics;
- systematization of concepts, knowledge and ideas about spiritual self-awareness, morality and culture received by younger adolescents in the early grades of primary school, based on them the formation of ideological value-semantic guidelines that ensure a unified perception of the native culture and history and their achievements when turning to the study of subjects with a humanitarian background focus on the levels of basic (secondary) school;
- developing students’ abilities to cooperate and communicate in a multi-religious and multi-ethnic environment, where interaction is built on the principles of mutual respect and dialogue in order to preserve social harmony and peace.
Formation of the subject
So, what secular ethics in schools is and what priority tasks it is aimed at today has been clarified. But how was the introduction into school practice of a completely new academic discipline previously unfamiliar to children? This process was carried out in 3 long stages:
- From 2009 to 2011, this subject area was tested in 21 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
- From 2011 to 2014, the subject was introduced without exception in all regions of the country, supported and accompanied by a system of information and communication technologies, thanks to a specially created Internet resource that provides an organizational, methodological and information base for conducting the ORKSE course.
- The final stage took place quite recently, namely, it covered the period from 2014 to 2016. At this time, a positive assessment was given of the effectiveness of introducing such a discipline into general educational institutions, and therefore culture, secular ethics and knowledge of the fundamental provisions of world religions were included in school curricula as a single, compulsory and unchangeable subject.
Directions for future development
At the third stage, it is also planned to gradually develop coordination activities on the part of the executive branch in relation to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of education. The same applies to other participants, namely:
- parents or other legal representatives who are required to make an informed choice of one of the modules offered within the framework of the ORKSE;
- professional personnel who organize the process on site, are responsible for the implementation of effective course study, support the theory with material and technical aids, etc.
In addition, it is planned to take control of activities that will help identify the quality of teaching the subject in municipal and state educational institutions of the Russian Federation. The development of the subject area of the foundations of secular ethics in this case - primary basic general education (BGE) will also continue. Adjustments and additions will be made taking into account the Concept of upbringing the personality of the Russian citizen and his spiritual and moral development.
What is prescribed in the Federal State Educational Standards of the NOO?
The Federal State Educational Standards work program on secular ethics provides for compulsory study of the subject, for example, in the 4th grade, for 34 academic hours for the entire academic year. The frequency of the discipline is 1 lesson every 5 working days; a similar provision was approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 28, 2012, and secured by a special letter from the Ministry of Education and Science with a special provision even earlier - back in August. Initially, the subject was called “Fundamentals of the spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia,” however, by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of December 2012, a change was made to the Federal State Educational Standard, according to which the academic discipline changed its name to the already mentioned above ORKSE.
Regarding the question “What is secular ethics in schools?” There should be no gaps in knowledge now. However, how is discipline implemented within the walls of each individual educational institution? The standard in this case is loyal: organizations independently form the structures of basic educational school programs and lesson planning on secular ethics, one of the constituent units of which is, for example, the curriculum. At the same time, management still needs to rely on some documents. These are regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and the Government, provisions of the Federal Law and a sample plan for the main educational program of the Federal State Educational Standard on the basics of secular ethics.
How does monitoring occur and why is it needed?
It may seem that ORKSE is an extremely inaccurate subject, incomparable, for example, with mathematics or physics, where there are formulas, laws, proven theorems. Is it really impossible to test knowledge in this case? This is wrong. The Federal State Educational Standard enshrines a provision according to which quarterly monitoring of student knowledge (traditional tests, tests, etc.) is carried out annually at the regional and federal levels in each constituent entity of Russia. It allows:
- determine the needs of constituent entities of the Russian Federation for additional support for course delivery;
- compare and enrich the accumulated pedagogical experience of teaching a relatively “young” discipline;
- identify the qualitative effects of the program, build a vector for its correction.
Subsequently, the monitoring results are processed in a specially created automated information and analytical system (in short - IAS). The data is saved and gradually forms a single database.
Modules
A lesson on the basics of secular ethics for their child is chosen by parents or any other legal representatives, who complete the application in writing and submit it to the school management. There are 6 modules offered - these could be the basics:
- Buddhist culture.
- Orthodox culture.
- Islamic culture.
- Jewish culture.
- Secular ethics.
- World religious cultures.
At the same time, parents of third-grade students are offered advisory, informative, and educational activities so that they can make a voluntary, free, informed and best choice of module for their child. According to the law, both the implementation of the course itself and assistance to legal representatives in determining it can and should be carried out through the involvement of relevant centralized religious associations.
Positive value
The ORKSE course allows you to instill in children patriotism, love, including for their small homeland, its representatives and their work, help them learn moral values and develop qualities such as respect for other cultures, tolerance, tolerance. The ORKSE course is aimed at developing meta-subject and personal results, which will be useful in the further development of the child as a student.
In addition, it is within the framework of this discipline that the family joins the school: parents and other adults help children understand and correctly interpret the different categories (love, friendship, altruism, guilt, morality, conscientiousness, etc.) embedded in the content of the subject. Consolidating the efforts of all participants in the educational process allows us to achieve the most effective results: this is the development of the child’s ability to reflect on his own actions, show emotional and moral responsiveness, and work in a team.
The presentation “Final lesson on the subject “Fundamentals of Secular Ethics”” is intended for a general lesson on secular ethics in 4th grade. The lesson is structured in a game form; the proposed tasks allow you to repeat and reinforce the key concepts of the course (conscience, morality, ethics, etc.). This lesson will help the teacher effectively complete the course on secular ethics. The material is focused on the textbook by R.N. Buneeva, publishing house Ballas, but the proposed tasks are universal in nature and can be used in different situations.
The purpose of the lesson: the formation of the concepts of “spirituality” and “morality” as the main regulator of human behavior. Forming an understanding of the role of spiritual and moral values in the fate of man and humanity.
Acquaintance with the activities of one of the spiritual leaders of the Russian people - Sergius of Radonezh and his role in the unification of Rus'.
The results of the lesson should be:
Understanding the difference between spiritual and material values, the ability to explain why morality arose, and understand its significance in the life of every person.
Lesson type: learning new material. The presentation slides follow the lesson steps exactly. The development includes individual worksheets, handouts for students and material with information for the teacher.
Subject: Metasubject
Target audience: for 4th grade
Target:
formation in younger teenagers of motivation for conscious moral behavior based on knowledge and respect for the cultural and religious traditions of the multinational people of Russia, as well as for dialogue with representatives of other cultures and worldviews.
Tasks:
- acquaintance of students with the basics of secular ethics;
- development of the younger teenager’s ideas about the importance of moral norms and values for a decent life for the individual, family, and society;
- generalization of knowledge, concepts and ideas about spiritual culture and morality received by students in primary school, and the formation of their value-semantic worldview foundations, ensuring a holistic perception of national history and culture when studying humanitarian subjects at the primary school level.
Author's program on the subject “Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics”, developed by A.Ya. Danilyuk
Target audience: for 4th grade
This development includes a complete outline of a lesson on the basics of secular ethics in grade 4 on the topic “Conscience” and a presentation for it. The purpose of the lesson is to form an idea of conscience as a moral category, and the planned results are the development of independence and personal responsibility for one’s actions based on ideas about conscience and moral standards.
The abstract was developed based on the textbook Danilyuk A.Ya. Fundamentals of the spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia. O-75 basics of religious cultures and secular ethics. Fundamentals of secular ethics. 4-5 grades [text] / Danilyuk A.Ya.: textbook. for general education institutions. - M.: Education, 2012.-63 p.: ill.-ISBN 978-5-09-026774-8
Target audience: for 4th grade
Synopsis and presentation for the lesson on the basics of secular ethics "Why does a family need traditions?" This development is intended to help teachers teaching “Fundamentals of Secular Ethics” conduct their lessons more effectively. The development meets the new requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard. The psychological characteristics of students are taken into account, there are tasks of different directions, joint work with parents, the beginning of project activities, and electronic physical education for the eyes are provided. Due to their large size, video clips cannot be downloaded, but they can be viewed or downloaded; the corresponding links are available. The outline contains all the necessary explanations.
Target audience: for 4th grade
Purpose and objectives of the lesson:
help students understand the sense of conscience as one of the moral and ethical values in society, teach them to relate the concepts of “shame” and “conscience”
Subject results: mastery of concepts: conscience, shame, repentance, feelings, will.
Types of activities: conversation, commented reading, oral narrative on a topic, working with illustrative material, independent work with sources of information, preparing a creative conversation with family members
Equipment:
(multimedia presentation) laptop, textbook, handouts, F. Chopin. Nocturne No. 20.
It is even impossible to count the variety of situations that happen in life. And it is not always clear how to do the right thing so as not to infringe on yourself and not to offend others. The lessons of secular ethics, which teach children to make decisions according to ideas about good and evil, will help to understand this issue.
Secular ethics in school
So what is secular ethics? This is a subject that studies the norms of behavior in society. Its basic foundations are the ideas of good and evil. That is, secular ethics teaches how to act correctly in a given situation, without violating the rules of good behavior, introduces moral standards that every person should know, and considers such concepts as patriotism, politeness, loyalty and acceptability.
Not long ago, the educational subject “Fundamentals of Secular Ethics” was included in the school curriculum by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Intended for study in the last quarter of the 4th and the first quarter of the 5th grade. Initially, the “Fundamentals of Secular Ethics” program was introduced in 19 regions of Russia as an experiment. This happened in April 2010.
Secular Ethics Course
The course of this subject consists of four blocks, with the first and last being mandatory for all students; from blocks 2 and 3, some lessons can be combined into one.
What is secular ethics for grade 4? The first block is devoted to moral ideals in human life and society. Consists of one lesson about patriotism - “Russia is our Motherland.”
Block No. 2 includes information about the basics of religious cultures and secular ethics. Consists of 16 lessons:
- Morality and culture. The importance of ethics in human life.
- Family is the source of moral relations.
- Family values and kinship values.
- Family holidays are a form of historical memory.
- Morality in the cultures of the world.
- The Russian hero is a model of morality.
- Nobleman's Code of Honor.
- Lady and gentleman.
- The state and the morality of the citizen.
- Examples of morality in the culture of the Fatherland.
- Moral code of the defender of the Fatherland.
- Intelligence.
- Work ethics. Traditions of entrepreneurship.
- Morality in our time.
- Creative tasks for students.
- Summarizing.
This is exactly what the “Secular Ethics” program looks like in 4th grade. The second half of the course begins already in the 5th year, the main part of the lessons examines the problems of multinational minorities and patriotism. It also pays attention to the concepts of good and evil, values, religion, morality and etiquette.
Second half of the course
The third block is also devoted to the basics of religious cultures and secular ethics. Consists of 12 lessons:
- The concept of good and evil.
- What are duty and conscience?
- Dignity and honor in the modern world.
- What is happiness and what is the meaning of life?
- Highest moral values.
- Ideals
- Moral principles.
- How a moral code is created at school.
- Etiquette and moral standards.
- Dialogue: “School uniforms - pros and cons.” Etiquette of appropriate outfits.
- Is education a moral norm?
- Methods of moral self-improvement.
Final stage of the course
The fourth block studies the spiritual traditions of the multinational peoples of Russia.
The topics of patriotism are discussed here, students prepare creative projects on the topics:
- “What is Orthodoxy and how do I understand it?”
- “How do I understand Islam/Buddhism/Judaism?” (optional).
- "What is secular ethics?"
- “What is the significance of religion for man and society?”
- “Monuments of spiritual culture in my city/village.”
- “My attitude towards the world/people/Russia” (optional).
- "Heroes of Russia".
- “What contribution has my family made to the prosperity of the state.”
The course ends with a presentation of creative projects on topics that have been studied previously or those suggested by the teacher.
Problem
The last block most clearly examines the relationship between religious culture and secular ethics. At one time this issue received wide publicity. The minions of religious concepts, in particular church ministers, were against secular ethics, since it viewed religion as a phenomenon of society and did not pay attention to its sacred, spiritual component.
In turn, parents of students believe that secular ethics will help the younger generation act morally. It is worth noting that here and there they study issues of morality, and if a person is far from God, he should have at least a basic understanding of how to properly interact with the world around him. The question of whether secular ethics is needed in school or not will be raised repeatedly. In particular, this is caused by a reluctance to compromise one’s principles or simple ignorance of what the foundations of ethical teaching are built on and what secular ethics is in general.
From the 90s to today
People first started talking about the culture of secular ethics in the 90s. Then this subject taught the norms of morality and morality exclusively in the context of social behavior. That is, in the lessons it was impossible to hear the words “Orthodox” or “religious.”
Today, as shown in the course program, the issue of religiosity is discussed in lessons, perhaps not as deeply and broadly as desired, but it is not ignored. Although some parents are sure that it is completely wrong to take away precious hours of mathematics and Russian from their children for the sake of “unknown dregs.”
Although if we consider this issue from the point of view of pedagogy and psychology, then studying ethics is as necessary as mathematics. This helps the child develop fully, behave correctly in society and understand from an early age what is possible and what is not.
Ethics
A course in secular ethics begins with the concept of what ethics in general is. This is a science that examines actions and relationships between people based on good and evil. Ethics transmits from generation to generation established ideas about what is good and bad. Knowing this, you can assess whether a person did the right thing or not. This science was founded by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, considering ethics to be part of philosophical teaching.
As a philosophical discipline, ethics has several features, which are represented by three main constants:
- The object of study is morality.
- Ethics is described and theorized in a sociocultural context.
- Ethics is the basic paradigm of philosophizing.
Together with all of the above, ethics can be considered as a theory of virtues, the main goal of which is to substantiate a model of a decent human life, where the basis is the basic ideals of humanity. In modern scientific traditions, ethics is the field of knowledge, and morality is its subject, although this division has not yet taken root in everyday use.
And yet it is logical to ask why “secular”? And what is secular ethics? Its foundations come from experiments and logical arguments. Here, what is considered good is what is rational and deliberate. Secular ethics are the objective laws of nature that operate in society. But above all, “secular” means “non-religious” (in fact, this is why people close to the church deny its existence). Although "secular" does not mean "atheist" or "non-religious entity."
A question of morality
Secular ethics teaches morality, and this is one of the derivatives of religion. Secular ethics is closely related to religion, but does not complement it, but rather shades it. As Fyodor Dostoevsky brilliantly put it: “if there is no God, then everything is permitted.” Naturally, in our society there are very few true believers who observe religious morality. For the rest, there is no God - accordingly, you can do whatever you want. And if a person is allowed to do whatever he wants, then real anarchy will come in the world. That is why secular ethics was created, to substantiate human permissiveness and express it in acceptable, civilized properties.
Morality does not always require religion. You can go to church and do things that are not accepted in any society. You may not know about the existence of different religions, but act like a real person. It is precisely so that a person understands how to act correctly, what this world is like and what it can be, that secular ethics exists.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SECULAR ETHICS
Original text project
textbook for students
Moscow
2009
Russia is our Motherland
You will learn
How Russia developed historically, and what place does your generation occupy in this process?
How rich is our Fatherland?
What are traditions and why do they exist?
Basic Concepts
Russia. Fatherland. Homeland. Spiritual traditions.
You live in a wonderful country, whose name is the Russian Federation, or Russia for short. Say this word out loud and you will feel in its sound light, expanse, space, spirituality...
The history of our country goes back more than a thousand years. During this time, approximately 40–50 generations have changed. One generation gave birth to another. You and your peers are the younger generation. Your parents are the older generation. When you become an adult and create your own family, then you will be the eldest, and your children will be the younger generation.
In every generation, people worked, studied, selflessly fought for the happiness of their children, for the right to live freely in their country. One generation passed on its native language, life experience and knowledge, place of residence to the next, and multiplied spiritual and material wealth. This is how our country developed historically.
We respectfully call our country the fatherland, because our fathers, grandfathers, great-grandfathers, great-grandfathers of our great-grandfathers and their ancestors studied, worked and defended their land in order to preserve Russia for future generations.
We lovingly call our country our homeland because we were born in it. The life of your family, of the entire people to which you and your ancestors belong, takes place in Russia.
It is the sacred duty of every Russian citizen to love his Motherland, strengthen its power and prosperity.
Previous generations accumulated and preserved enormous wealth for posterity. The nature of Russia is diverse and fabulously rich. Our country is the largest country in the world by territory. Russia's main public treasure is its people. The Russian Federation is the most multinational country in the world; 160 peoples and nationalities live in it in friendship and harmony. But, nevertheless, the main wealth of our great Motherland is the spiritual traditions of the peoples of Russia.
Spiritual traditions allow a person to distinguish between good and evil, good and bad, useful and harmful. Spiritual You can call a person who follows these traditions: loves his homeland, his people, parents, treats nature with care, studies or works conscientiously, respects the traditions of other peoples. A spiritual person is distinguished by honesty, kindness, curiosity, hard work and other qualities. The life of such a person is filled with meaning and has meaning not only for himself, but also for other people. If a person does not follow these traditions, then he has to learn from his mistakes.
This happens not only in society, but also in the family. Remember, your parents often tell you that you should dress for the weather, follow hygiene rules, and avoid dangerous situations. Why? Because if you do not follow these simple rules, your health may be at risk.
Spiritual traditions contain the same simple rules of social behavior. They warn us against illnesses, against relationships with people that can cause pain and suffering. Like parents, older generations take care of the younger ones and pass on to them their spiritual experience, which they, in turn, received from previous generations.
Today you have chosen to study one of the greatest spiritual traditions of Russia. Your classmates will study other traditions. All together you are the young people of united Russia, whose life is based on the diversity and unity of great spiritual traditions.
Questions and tasks
Consult with your parents and name a few traditions accepted by your family.
What values underlie your family's traditions?
Important Concepts
Traditions (from the Latin tradere - to transmit) are something that is of great importance to a person, but was not created by him, but received from his predecessors and will subsequently be passed on to younger generations. For example, congratulating family and friends on their birthday, celebrating holidays, etc.
Value is any material or spiritual object that is of great importance for a person and society as a whole. For example, the Fatherland, family, love, kindness, health, education, natural resources of the country, etc. - all these are values.
Spiritual traditions are values, ideals, life experiences passed on from one generation to another. The most important spiritual traditions in Russia include: Christianity, primarily Russian Orthodoxy, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, and secular ethics.
What is secular ethics
You will learn
What does the science of ethics study?
What is philosophy.
What is secular ethics?
Basic Concepts
Ethics. Philosophy. Morality. Moral. Good. Evil.
Ethics is the science of actions and relationships between people from the point of view of ideas about good and evil. The word ethics was coined about 2500 years ago by Aristotle. He lived in Ancient Greece and was a philosopher. The word philosophy is made up of two Greek words filo(love and Sofia(wisdom), therefore philosophy is the love of wisdom. In Ancient Greece, all sciences were called philosophy. Aristotle believed that ethics is part of philosophy and teaches how to behave correctly and make yourself and other people happy. Since then, ethics has been part of philosophy.
Ethics studies Ethics studies morality and ethics. The word morality originated in Ancient Rome and means habits, customs, rules of behavior, and character traits of a person. All this together can be denoted by the word “morals”, from which the word morality comes from in Russian. Therefore, the words morality and morality can often be used in the same way.
Ethics is not simply the study of how people behave and why they act the way they do. After all, people can do not only good, but also bad. Ethics studies what actions are good or bad, kind or evil? There have always been a lot of troubles and suffering in people's lives. And today in the world there is poverty, violence, wars, some people lie, steal, offend each other, torture animals. But there are a lot of good people. They are friends, love others, help and care for them. Ethics tries to understand why some people do good and kind deeds, while others do bad things to others or to themselves? Ethics teaches Ethics teaches what needs to be done so that there are more good people. And how to deservedly reward them. But it’s not enough to be kind yourself. We must also fight evil. It's hard to be friends with a bad person. Anyone who has committed a bad deed must be punished. Therefore, ethics studies how to do this correctly so that the punishment is deserved? We can say that the main task of ethics is to answer the questions of how to make people's lives better?
Ethics comes in different forms. The main ones are religious and secular ethics. Secular ethics arose before many modern religions Secular ethics arose before many modern religions, which included some ideas of secular ethics. But secular ethics also uses individual ethical thoughts that exist in religions.
The word “secular” means non-religious The word “secular” means non-religious. (Definition of religion?) Secular ethics assumes that people themselves can determine what is good and evil; that it depends on the person whether he is good or bad; that a person must be responsible for his actions to other people and receive a well-deserved assessment from others. (Don’t religions think so?)
We can say that secular ethics studies questions about how to independently perform actions and build relationships with other people from the point of view of human ideas about good and evil (and in religion, non-human ideas? Why even mention religion here). It is not easy, and people sometimes make mistakes in their actions and assessments, but gradually, by helping each other, people learn to be better. And people's good lives depend on themselves.
Questions and tasks
What does the science of ethics study?
Who came up with this word?
What is philosophy?
With the help of your parents, give your definition of the concepts of “morality” and “morality”.
Basic Concepts
Ethics is the science of actions and relationships between people from the point of view of ideas about good and evil.
Philosophy (from Greek. philo- love and Sofia- wisdom) - “love of wisdom.
Morality - habits, customs, rules of behavior, character traits of a person. All this together can be denoted by the word “morals”, hence the word morality.
Culture and morality
You will learn
What does the word "culture" mean?
How did morality arise?
How does nature differ from culture?
Basic Concepts
Culture Morality (morality)
Culture translated from Latin means cultivation, upbringing, education, development, reverence. Culture is second nature. Culture is the second nature. The distant ancestors of people, the ancestors of people (it wasn’t people who sewed clothes????) began to build houses, sew clothes, get and cook food, create various tools and tools. Gradually, people gained consciousness (i.e., houses were built unconsciously), a language emerged, with the help of which they were able to communicate and pass on their knowledge to children. To make their lives easier, people began to unite (does this mean at first they lived alone?). This is how the society came into being. Trying to understand the world and explain how man arose, people created religion. Over time (first religion, then an understanding of beauty?) they began to understand beauty, and thus art arose. All this is part of culture, the habitat created by man.
Creating material and spiritual values, people realized that if they do everything together, helping rather than hindering each other, the results will be much better. Build houses, hunt, grow grain and bake bread, raise children - all this had to be done together (so again, at first there were atoms and not even packs of higher primates?). This is how ideas about the duty and responsibilities of man arose. (How “so”? Monkeys also have joint activities. Does this mean they also have ethics?)
In addition, people learned that some actions help to live, while others interfere. For example, if you help each other, it makes life together easier. And if you take time off from work, quarrel, deceive each other, or steal other people’s things, then this makes people’s lives worse. This is how ideas about good and bad, good and evil gradually arise.
As a result, people began to support (encourage) good (kind) deeds and prohibit bad (evil) deeds. In order to pass on knowledge about good and evil to subsequent generations, people began to create moral norms (rules) of behavior. In order for there to be more good people, they began to raise children, teaching them good behavior. This is how morality arises as the most important part of culture.
As stated earlier, culture is second nature. The main difference between nature and culture is that nature can exist without humans. Culture is created by the labor of many people who continue to support it, cultivate it, and care for it. (A person takes care of the culture?)
Morality is not only created by people, but just like culture, it needs constant care. Moreover, unlike nature, there is no single culture. Each nation at different times created its own culture. These cultures exist together and enrich each other. (if cultures enrich each other, then they are of the same essence. Something radically different cannot be perceived) Morality (morality) also makes people better (if there is no one culture, then there is no one morality. And how then can we say that morality makes people better? , if the idea of better and worse are postulated as different?). Therefore, it is very important to study the culture and morality of not only your own country and people, but also other countries and peoples. (Is it possible to take someone else’s morality? Morality, and not the cuisine of someone else’s culture? If there is a transition of ethical themes, it means that there was no alienation in this area between these cultures before).
Questions and tasks
Give an example of working together with parents, friends or classmates.
What do you think the results would be if you worked alone?
Important Concepts
Culture (from the Latin K???ultura - cultivation, upbringing, education) historically determines the level of development of society, creative powers and abilities of a person, expressed in the organization of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values they create .
Morality (from Latin moralis - moral) is a special form of social consciousness and type of social relations; one of the main ways to regulate human actions in society through norms.
Features of morality
You will learn
That culture can be spiritual and material.
Morality is a special type of spiritual culture.
Basic Concepts
Culture. Material culture. Spiritual culture. Morality.
Culture includes not only objects of human labor (material culture), but also ideas, thoughts of people, values and ideals, traditions and customs, norms and rules (spiritual culture). Sometimes spiritual culture is called spiritual-practical, because how they act depends on the thoughts and knowledge of people. There are many different types of spiritual culture. So, for example, political culture is the ideals and values of the life of people in the state, the laws (law) by which people live in society and which are mandatory for everyone without exception, political culture is the ideals and values of the life of people in the state, laws (law ) according to which people live in society and which are mandatory for everyone without exception. Religious culture tells people about a supreme being (God), about the traditions of worshiping him and communicating with him, about the rules by which a person should live if he believes in God. And there is morality, as a set of thoughts, values and ideals, norms and rules of human behavior from the point of view of good and evil.
What is the peculiarity of morality as a type of spiritual and practical culture? How is it different from its other types?
1. Moral standards are not written. This does not mean that moral rules cannot be read anywhere. There are many sources from which you can learn about them. These are religious books, works of scientists, literary works and films whose characters talk about morality. Moral standards can also be found in laws. Most state laws, including Russian ones, are based on moral norms (for example, “thou shalt not kill,” “thou shalt not steal”). There are parents and teachers who tell us how to become kind. It is different in most other types of spiritual and practical culture. So, for example, the laws of the state must be written down so that a person can know and obey them. Religious standards of behavior are written down in holy books (only in religions of the Book) (i.e. teachings about how to believe in God). But there is no single set (list) of moral standards that is mandatory for everyone. A person must himself, by studying different cultures (without this he will not become kind? Does this mean that a peasant who knew nothing about the beliefs of foreigners was not kind?), by reading books, by observing the laws of the state in which he lives, by listening to parents and teachers, learn to be kind. Exploring the world and communicating with other people, a person learns to independently choose moral standards. This doesn't mean they can be anything. A person must learn to choose only such norms, following which the lives of the people around him, and therefore his life, become better (how can this be determined if there is no common morality and culture?).
2. Many spiritual-practical types of cultures have special organizations that make sure that people follow rules and norms. For example, in the Russian state there is a police force. Many spiritual-practical types of cultures have special organizations that make sure that people follow rules and norms. For example, in the Russian state there is a police force. A policeman is a person in the service of the state who makes sure that people do not break the laws. If people violate them, life in society will become worse. By violating traffic rules, for example, crossing the street at a red light, a person creates a threat to the lives of himself and others. This cannot be done, and the law prohibits it. A policeman is a person who guards the law, and he can punish for breaking the law. There is nothing like that in morality. In the field of morality there are no “moral organizations”, just as there are no special “moral guardians”. But this does not mean that there is no one who “keeps track” of morality. All people make their contribution to the maintenance of morality and the moral education of people. Parents and relatives in the family, teachers at school, and friends take care of good, kind behavior. For adults, these are also the people with whom they work. And of course, the man himself. This means that it largely depends on each person what the moral rules and norms are by which he and the people around him live. It depends on him what morality is in the society in which he lives. If people are indifferent and pass by, not paying attention to the bad deeds of others, then there will be more bad deeds. Impunity increases evil in the world. At the same time, the main thing is not to judge the other, but to help him become better. Then there will be more good people.
Questions and tasks
What are the features of morality as a special type of spiritual and practical culture?
Why do you think moral standards are not written down anywhere?
How do you contribute to maintaining morality among your friends?
Important Concepts
Material culture is objects of human labor.
Spiritual culture - ideas, thoughts of people, values and ideals, traditions and customs, norms and rules.
Morality is a set of thoughts, values and ideals, norms and rules of human behavior from the point of view of good and evil.
Part 1 Information about the author
Ponizova Maria Vladimirovna
Place of work, position:
Municipal educational budgetary institution "Secondary school in the village of Arkadyevka"
teacher-organizer
Amur region
Resource characteristics
Education levels:
Primary general education
Class(es):
Item(s):
The target audience:
Teacher (teacher)
Resource type:
Lesson (lesson) summary
Brief description of the resource:
Purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to what ethics, secular ethics are; cultivate morality, the desire to do good deeds
Subject: ORKiSE grade 4
Lesson topic: What is secular ethics.
Lesson objectives: introduce students to what ethics, secular ethics are and what they imply; develop interest in the subject; cultivate morality, the desire to do good deeds.
Lesson objectives:
· Familiarization of students with the course, basic concepts, terminology.
· Instilling moral ideals and values in students. Formation of independent work with sources of information in preparing a creative conversation.
Equipment: computer, presentation, children's work
Lesson steps
1. Organizational moment
2. Updating of previously studied. Checking homework.
3. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson
4. Learning new material
5. Physical education game
6. Primary comprehension and consolidation of the material.
7. Homework
8. Summing up.
During the classes
1. Org moment.(Checking readiness for the lesson)
2. Updating knowledge on the topic “Russia is our Motherland.” Checking homework.
Questions for students:
What did you talk about with family and friends?
What new things have you learned?
What were they especially interested in?
Students' stories about the traditions accepted in their families, demonstration of drawings.
3. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
Today in class we will learn what the words secular ethics mean and remember the rules of behavior for a polite person.
4. Learning new material.
We live in the world, among many people, and every day we have to make decisions, take actions and actions that are important not only for us, but also for many people around us. In order not to offend others with our behavior, we must know the rules and laws that are recognized by all people.
Guys, what principles do you think a person is guided by when building his behavior in society, at the table, in public places?
How can you call all this in one word? /ethics/
So, what are we going to talk about today?
Ethics is a science that examines actions and relationships between people from the point of view of ideas about good and evil. (Children read the definition on the slide and write down the missing words in their notebooks task No. 1)
This is our idea of what is good and what is bad. It allows us to evaluate a particular life situation or action: whether they are good or bad, right or wrong.
The founder of the science of Ethics was the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. (Against the background of the slide, the teacher talks about the biography of Aristotle)
Aristotle (IV century BC) - Greek philosopher, encyclopedist. Aristotle's life story is amazing. He became the founder of many branches of knowledge: physics, biology, psychology, political science; he created his own school and was the mentor of Alexander the Great. Opponents were afraid of his speech, always deft and logical, always witty. Aristotle's scientific heritage is enormous. It forms a complete encyclopedia of scientific knowledge of its time. The most famous of his works are: “Physics”, “Poetics”, “On the Soul”, “Ethics”, “Politics”, “History of Animals”. He lived in Ancient Greece, where all sciences were called philosophy. (The definition of philosophy is given). Aristotle believed that ethics is a part of philosophy.
Working with textbook illustrations /slide/
The slide shows a fresco by Raphael. “The School of Athens”, which also has another name: “philosophical conversations”. On it the artist depicted great thinkers who lived in another time and in another country. He gave some the features of his contemporaries. For example, in the center of the fresco we see the figure of Plato, who has the features of the great artist Leonardo da Vinci. To his right stands Aristotle, holding his book of Ethics in his hand.
Completing the task (notebook task No. 2) Group the illustrations. On what grounds did you do this?
The answer is on the slide (stadium, school, theater are secular buildings; all others are church buildings), secular professions - teacher, builder, doctor. Those. secular(in sight, in the light, public, public...)? Distinguish between religious and secular ethics
Secular ethics- these are the norms of behavior accepted in civil society.
Working with the textbook p. 7 paragraph 3-4
Now listen to the proverb. Let's try to understand her wisdom together.
Sow an action and reap a habit;
Sow a habit and you will reap a virtue or a vice;
Sow virtue or vice and you will reap character;
Sow character and reap destiny.
Every person, no matter where he lives, no matter what he does, enters into a wide variety of relationships with other people. One of the regulators of these relationships, which poses the question to a person: is he acting fairly and what does he bring to people - good or evil? - is morality. Morality gives a person the opportunity to evaluate the actions of the people around him, to understand himself and to comprehend whether he is living correctly, how he should live and what to strive for. Ethics studies morality.
The word “morality” originated in Ancient Rome and means “habits”, “customs”, “rules of behavior”. Slide No.
All this can be called the word NORAV, from which the word MORALITY is derived in Russian. Therefore, the words “morality” and “morality” are synonymous.
When do you think people act morally and when do they act immorally?
5. Physical education game.
Now let's try to determine how much you know the rules of politeness. To do this, we will play the game “Polite - Impolite.” I name the situation, and you determine whether the actions in it were polite or not. (polite - hands on the desk, head tilted as a sign of agreement; impolite - hands up)
· Say hello when you meet… (politely)
· Pushing and not apologizing...(impolite)
· Help to get up, pick up a fallen thing... (politely)
· Interrupt elders...(impolite)
· Give way to an elderly person... (politely)
· Disturb your seatmate during class...(impolite)
6. Consolidation of the studied material.
Playing out situations. Work in groups.
Students are encouraged to act out skits that reflect both good manners and violations of etiquette.
Exercise 1. It's your birthday. Your guests arrived a little earlier than the scheduled time, the table has not yet been set. Your actions.
Task 2. You received two identical gifts. What's your reaction?
Task 3. You call a friend to ask him what his math assignment is. Grandma answered the phone. What will your conversation with her be like?
Task 4. A boy asks his classmate for a book that he has long dreamed of reading.
“What will you give me for this?” - he asks.
After long conversations and promises to give him a stamp, the boy receives consent. Assess the situation.
Discussion of lost situations on the following questions:
In what cases can the behavior of participants in situations be considered moral?
What behavior do you disapprove of?
7. Lesson summary. Homework.
What concept did you learn about in class? Define this concept.
How will you explain the concept of secular ethics to family members and friends?
Workbook task No. 3
8. Reflection.
Negotiate the offer:
I was in class...
I became acquainted with new terms and concepts....
I found out that …
Now I know that “secular” means...