On the preservation of native languages. Both the state and the citizen are responsible for preserving the native language, - Safaraliev

• MODERN LANGUAGE SITUATION
• LANGUAGE NORMS
• CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE

The article touches upon the problem of the need to preserve the national Russian language as the most important object of cultural heritage.

• Historical stages of development of the English language from the point of view of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors

Preserving its own cultural heritage is one of the most important tasks of any state if it is interested in its further development. Moving forward is impossible without relying on the material and spiritual basis left by previous generations. In those historical periods when society is at the next key stage of development, when serious stakes are at stake, turning to the experience of ancestors helps to find optimal vectors for the future path.

For our country, with its vast territories inhabited by dozens of nationalities and nationalities belonging to different religious denominations, with different cultural traditions and enormous differences in the economy, the most important object of cultural and historical heritage is the Russian language, uniting dissimilar regions into a single state. According to the doctor of historical sciences, academician, Chairman of the Board of the Writers' Union of Russia, deputy head of the World Russian People's Council Valery Ganichev, “... the Russian language was in the full sense a bridge language, a sacred holding principle, a language of gathering and mutual cultural enrichment.”

Throughout its history, the Russian language has repeatedly gone through difficult periods, when it seemed to many that the last times of its existence were coming. This is the era of Peter the Great with its flow of borrowings from European languages, and the first third of the twentieth century, and, of course, our difficult time. And if the legacy of Peter’s reforms and revolutionary changes was eventually overcome, then the current language situation causes great concern among both linguists and many members of the public, who are clearly aware of the damage that a low level of proficiency in the native language has caused and can still cause to the life of society.

Undoubtedly, the modern linguistic situation has several serious differences from the period of almost a hundred years ago and, even more so, from the situation at the beginning of the 18th century. Firstly, never before in the history of mankind has the daily life and consciousness of people been influenced by the media and electronic means of communication, which, unfortunately, for the most part have ceased to be a source of normative Russian speech.

Accordingly, grammatical, lexical, and spelling errors broadcast on air imperceptibly erode the very understanding of the need for correct word usage. Secondly, the number of hours allocated in secondary school curricula for the study of the Russian language and literature has sharply decreased (in grades 10-11, according to the standard for studying the most complex works of Russian literature - “Fathers and Sons”, “War and Peace”, “Crime” and punishment”, “Quiet Don”, “The Master and Margarita”, etc. are allocated 3 hours a week). Also, schoolchildren and students (and this is supported by new education standards) are experiencing a gradual reorientation in the perception of information from reading to viewing (presentations, illustrations, videos). All this ultimately leads to the fact that young people do not absorb the wonderful examples of Russian speech, do not plunge into the element of the “great and powerful, truthful and free” Russian language, and do not even imagine the tremendous opportunities that one of the most developed, complex and beautiful languages ​​on the planet to express your thoughts and feelings.

As a result, in modern Russia not only is the level of proficiency in the national language declining, which is indirectly confirmed by the lowering of the threshold for the Unified State Exam in Russian language and literature, but the “connection of times” is also threatening to be broken. The possibility of this gap was emphasized by Patriarch Kirill at the founding meeting of the Society of Russian Literature: “A schoolchild who does not know his language and does not become familiar with the national culture and, first of all, with literature, is cut off from his roots. It is more difficult for him to realize and, even more so, to feel involvement along that same historical vertical with his people, with the great events of the past, to share moral, spiritual and cultural ideals with national heroes and outstanding personalities.” In confirmation of the words of the rector of the Russian Orthodox Church, it can be said that many young people, reading the poems of Pushkin, Lermontov, Tyutchev, Fet, claim that they were not interested in these works, because it is not clear what they are talking about, the words used by the classics of Russian literature are not clear . Modern schoolchildren and students need a translation “from Russian into Russian”, and most often they simply do not bother reading - much less analyzing - works of the first half of the 19th century, the language of which, flexible and full-blooded, is very different from the simplified colloquial version they are used to.

As you know, a loud call to “throw Pushkin off the steamship of modernity” - a harbinger of revolutionary changes - rang out in Russian history on December 18, 1912 in the Futurist manifesto: “The past is cramped. The Academy and Pushkin are more incomprehensible than hieroglyphs. Abandon Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, etc. and so on. from the Steamboat of Modernity". And this is not surprising: Pushkin is the brightest symbol of Russian national culture, the creator of the Russian literary language. Denial of his spiritual authority, oblivion of his crystal clear language provided unlimited opportunities for manipulation with the meanings and concepts contained in words, which naturally led to a distortion of the picture of the world and manipulation of public consciousness.

The danger hidden in the seemingly harmless search for new forms in art was quickly realized. In 1915, I. Bunin wrote a short poem “The Word,” which is often quoted today: “And we have no other property!/ Know how to preserve/ Even to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering,/ Our immortal gift is speech,” in which the national language is understood as the only property of the people and the country.

A similar idea was expressed by V.V. Rozanov in the article “A.S. Pushkin”, published in “New Time” in 1899: “Russia received a concentration outside of classes, positions, outside the crude material facts of its history; there is a place where it is all gathered, where it all listens, this is a Russian word.”

Thus, for our country one of the most important assets of national culture is the Russian national language. Preserving its purity and richness is one of the main responsibilities of both the state and every native speaker. And if such a duty does not seem necessary for an individual, then the state must be fully aware of the dangers that may arise in the life of society with the gradual degradation of the language. The introduction of a number of mandatory requirements for public figures and media representatives (for example, a state exam on knowledge of Russian language standards when applying for a job or taking up a position), as well as an increase in the number of hours of the school curriculum allocated to Russian and literature courses, in our opinion, will allow stop the negative changes that currently threaten the Russian national language.

Bibliography

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Language is a means of expressing thoughts. Language depends on the thinking of the individual and society. It is impossible to artificially change a language. It is necessary to educate society - the language will consistently reflect all changes. If society recovers mentally, the language will be cleared of foreign impurities.

Language is not only a method of communication, it is also one of the signs of the life of the people who use it; This is a book that reflects the entire history of the development of the people, their entire historical path, from ancient times to the present day. Every word traces the historical past that constantly accompanies people; traces the present, and, perhaps, the future of all those who, with their mother’s milk, absorbed Russian words, filled with the love of people close and dear to their hearts.

Ways to solve the problem

• 1. Improve the quality of studying the Russian language and literature in secondary schools.
• 2. Monitor the quality of literary works produced by book publishing houses.
• 3. Revive good philological education (training qualified teaching staff). We need teachers - creators who are in love with their work and who would instill in their students sensitivity and strictness to the word. A highly educated person in Russia has always been considered a well-read person who has good oral and written communication skills and speaks 2-3 languages.
• 4. Promote the culture of speech through the media, and the media themselves should become examples of the Russian literary language. On television, radio, on stage, in the theater, competent, emotional speech should be heard.
• 5. Public people: journalists, politicians, representatives of the highest echelons of power, show business - must master the norms of Russian literary speech.
• 6. Raise the public and young people to fight against the contamination of the Russian language (hold conferences, forums, actions, round tables...).
• 7. And most importantly: everyone together and each individual must want to speak their native language correctly, accessible, and expressively. Competent speech should become the norm.

The need to preserve the language in a state of communicative suitability has a two-way focus. On the one hand, it is a source of resistance to any change in language, on the other hand, in some cases it causes a desire to compensate for lost linguistic means. Compensation for lost funds can be seen as a special type of historical change.

In the specialized linguistic literature one often encounters the definition of language as a historically changing phenomenon. Some linguists even consider it methodologically unacceptable to study a language in a purely synchronic manner, arguing that language is always in a state of continuous change, and the results of this change cannot be discounted.

In fact, language not only changes historically. He simultaneously resists any change and strives to maintain the current state. This trend does not represent anything strange or unusual. It is generated by the very function of communication. A speaker of a particular language is interested in being understood by those around him. Any sudden and rapid change in language carries with it the danger of turning it into an insufficiently convenient and suitable means of communication and, conversely, the desire to preserve the system of familiar and communicatively developed linguistic means of communication protects the language from this danger.

Therefore, in every language there is a tendency to maintain the existing state until some force overcomes this natural resistance. Every word and every form offers resistance. In different languages ​​you can find many different “inconveniences”, and yet they are not eliminated.

In the process of historical change in a language, individual elements of the language system that characterized its previous state may be lost. Some elements, after loss, are not renewed again or are resumed after quite significant periods of time have elapsed. So, for example, the old word forms of Slavic dualism were reinterpreted in the Russian language as forms of gender. p.un. numbers (step, brother) in attributive combinations.

The forms of the dual number that disappeared in many Ural languages ​​in the verb conjugation system were not restored again. The grammatical category of gender, lost in some Indo-European languages, is not being restored. In the Finno-Ugric languages, there is a reduction of a large number of multiple-action suffixes, typical of the Uralic language. There are no cases of recovery of these losses.

These facts obviously indicate that the lost linguistic elements are not sufficiently communicatively necessary. At the same time, the loss of linguistic elements of another type is always associated with the emergence of new linguistic means that compensate for them.

From the history of various languages, there are cases when forms of local cases that expressed various local relations were lost. In their place, either postpositional or prepositional constructions or new inflectional cases appear. For example, in the Mari language, the ablative in -i, which once existed in it, has disappeared. The meaning of moving away from an object began to be expressed by a construction with the postposition gqi, for example, ola gqi 'from the city'.

A similar phenomenon took place in the Latin language, in which the ancient ablative also disappeared, and its functions were taken over by prepositional constructions with the preposition de, for example, Old Lat. populōd `from the people`, in a later period - de populō. In the ancient Turkic languages, there was a special case of instructions, which had the meaning of the instrumental and joint cases. After his disappearance, these meanings began to be conveyed by special constructions.

In the modern Greek language, the dative case, which differs in the ancient Greek language, disappeared. The functions of the disappeared dative case began to be expressed by a prepositional construction with the preposition s (from the ancient eis), cf. Old Greek tsch ўnfrіpJ `to man`, N.-Greek. stХn ¤nfrwpo.

The Turkic languages ​​once had a special instrumental case in -up. After his loss, the relationships he expressed began to be expressed in analytical prepositional constructions. The loss of the ancient genitive case in many Indo-European languages ​​caused the emergence of new linguistic means to replace it.

Compensation indicates that the lost elements were communicatively necessary.

Serebrennikov B.A. General linguistics - M., 1970.

1

The relevance of the work is due to the current language situation, when the threat of extinction of the languages ​​of small peoples, including the Karachay-Balkar language, is becoming a reality. The purpose of the study is to analyze the linguistic situation that has formed in the regions of residence of speakers of the Karachay-Balkarian language - in the Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkarian republics. To solve existing problems in language construction, it is necessary to set new tasks that meet new conditions and meet the requirements of the time. The article proposes a set of specific measures aimed at preserving, reviving and developing the national Karachay-Balkar literary language, the functions of which are currently mainly limited to its use as a spoken language serving the economic and everyday sphere.

Karachay-Balkar language language situation

preservation of national languages

language development

formation of national identity

spheres of language functioning

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2. Valeev, F.T. Language problems of West Siberian Tatars // Language situation in the Russian Federation. – M., 1996. – P. 72-82.

3. Zainullin, M.V. Zainullina, L.M. Ethnocultural identity in the era of globalization // Materials of the VI international scientific conference “Language, culture, society”. – M., September 22-25, 2011

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8. Chaikovskaya E.N. Formation of national-ethnic identity as a condition for preserving the language and culture of indigenous peoples of Siberia in the conditions of a multicultural region (Part 1) // Vestnik TSPU. – Vol. No. 4 (157). – 2015. – P. 98-100.

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In the era of growing globalization and related processes, the preservation of the unique cultures and languages ​​of small peoples is one of the pressing problems of our time.

Somehow, it is very easy and simple nowadays to write about the disappearance of languages, about their absorption by world languages, explaining this process by the formation of a “single world civilization - a global society.” But with the disappearance of a language, the people also disappear - after all, one of the fundamental definitions of a nation is a common language. It is language that distinguishes us from each other, as the main feature of any ethnic group; it is language that plays the leading role in the self-preservation of the people.

Language is the philosophy of the world, it is a synthetic representation of this world. Each language is a system of knowledge about the world, a vision of this world, and an understanding of it, imprinted in its linguistic structure, in its rules. ...Language is the world itself. Therefore, the death of each language is not the death of the dictionary and grammar. This is the death of an entire world, unique, original, immensely deep and immensely important for understanding both man himself and the universe around him. We can say that language is the DNA of the culture created by its carriers. On the basis of language, as on the basis of DNA genes, it is possible to recreate the culture of a people as a whole, it was said at the International Conference.

The problem of preserving and developing languages ​​of national minorities has regularly become relevant since the beginning of the last century. Certain tasks are set, ideas are proclaimed, commissions and committees are created. However, time passes, and once again calls are heard for the preservation and development of languages ​​of small peoples. The last time the issue was most acute was in the 90s, during the period of the “parade of sovereignties” and the associated surge of national self-awareness. Very soon the passions of the rally were drowned out by economic and social problems, and the problems of national languages ​​again, once again, did not even fade into the background - they were forgotten.

The current language situation at this time cannot be assessed as anything other than catastrophic, and in our opinion, to a greater extent this situation directly depends on the bilingualism established in our country, which already in the 30s of the 20th century supplanted the idea of ​​​​the development of national languages.

Observations of the speech of students and schoolchildren allow us to conclude: to a greater extent, the above characteristics are inherent in the speech of children and youth - those who were initially entrusted with continuity in the preservation and development of the language. The exception is for people from rural areas, i.e. from places with an ethnically homogeneous population. As for urban children, we can say with regret: expressing their emotions and conclusions in their native language, they make do with a minimum number of everyday words.

Of course, if you consider that A.S. Pushkin was worried about the mixing of French with Nizhny Novgorod, and the “great” and “mighty” continues to flourish and develop, then we can reassure ourselves that our language will function for some time.

However, it will only exist when there is a need for it, when it is in demand. At the same time, the Karachay-Balkar language, like the languages ​​of most indigenous peoples of the North Caucasus, is not in demand. It is no coincidence that the media from time to time publish letters from indignant parents opposing the compulsory study of native languages ​​at school. They motivate their protest by the fact that in later life no one needs their native language: it will not help you get into a good institute or get a job, and it is better to give the hours allotted for studying native languages ​​and literature to Russian language or mathematics lessons. To some extent, these parents can be understood: they are afraid that their children will not be successful, successful, or have a career, because, having received a diploma in native languages ​​and literatures, you can only get a job in a school, and what is the prestige of a school teacher? - everyone knows.

In our multinational state, the most important principle is declared - the free and equal use of native languages ​​by all citizens, the manifestation of great care for the active functioning of national languages ​​in various spheres of state, social and cultural life; encouraging the study of the language of the people after which the administrative unit is named by citizens of other nationalities living on its territory. However, in our republic the language situation is extremely far from the declared provisions: representatives of some nations admit that their fellow tribesmen speak much better in Russian than in their native language. The degree of proficiency in the native language of the autochthonous population of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, primarily children and youth, comes down to communication at the everyday level, when words from both Russian and native languages ​​are used interspersed, without taking into account linguistic and speech norms. With such communication, the Russian language also suffers, since speakers often do not sufficiently speak the Russian language, “demonstrating a semi-culture of elementary everyday mastery...”.

The integration processes currently taking place give rise to the danger of semi-lingualism and semi-culture, which is tantamount to lack of culture. Bilingualism can cause a feeling of uncertainty about nationality and lead to people becoming ashamed of their nationality; At the same time, denying or embellishing negative trends only worsens the prognosis for the linguistic development of society. “Complete bilingualism either erases the most important and striking personality traits or doubles them. The latter happens so far only with intellectual, highly educated people,” note researchers of bilingualism problems.

Measures aimed at reviving and strengthening the national languages ​​of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, in particular the Karachay-Balkar language, are being taken and financed not by government agencies, but by the efforts of enthusiasts and public organizations who are not indifferent to the problems of their native language. Their activities are bearing fruit (for example, the Elbrusoid Foundation for the Development of Karachay-Balkarian Youth, which publishes a magazine for young people in their native language, translates animated films into the Karachay-Balkarian language, and sponsors various events aimed at developing a sense of national and linguistic identity etc.).

However, the situation that has developed in the sphere of the Karachay-Balkar language at the present stage is such that, despite the fact that the language is studied at school and university, it remains a subject of teaching, the same as singing, “Technology”, “Life Safety”, etc. The language is not in demand in official, business, scientific, legal and other areas. Thus, the prospect of language extinction is becoming increasingly real. Today, the functions of the Karachay-Balkar language are mainly limited to its use as a spoken language serving the economic and everyday sphere.

In such conditions, the revival of the Karachay-Balkar language through a set of specific measures acquires urgent significance.

However, to solve existing problems in language construction, it is necessary to set new tasks that meet new conditions and meet the requirements of the time.

In our opinion, several options for action are possible that can, to some extent, if not revive the native language, then stop the process of its dying.

Firstly, and this does not contradict the State program for the preservation and development of national languages ​​and the formation of national identity, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the areas of functioning of both Russian and native languages. Now in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, giving national languages ​​the status of state languages ​​is a nominal fact. In fact, the scope of use of native languages ​​is limited to the school and the national branch of the university. Native languages ​​are not in demand. It has been repeatedly proposed, following the example of neighboring republics, to introduce courses in native languages ​​(in any form, in particular in the form of workshops) at all faculties of the university. This would also, to some extent, contribute to increasing the prestige of native languages.

Introduce teaching children in primary grades in their native language - this option is probably acceptable not only for rural schools, but also for urban ones, because the bulk of students are children of the autochthonous population;

For children who do not speak their native language, publish an already prepared primer on the Karachay-Balkar language for city schools;

For the Russian-speaking part of Karachay-Balkarian youth who want to learn their native language, prepare adapted audio and video versions of courses for accelerated learning of foreign languages ​​(such as “ESHKO”, etc.);

On a district scale, to the extent possible, create a media network, in particular, television broadcasting in national languages;

Expand the broadcasting hours in national languages ​​on republican television and put them at a time more convenient for television viewers;

Organize and financially support the publication of national books and magazines for children; also to supply schools and national university departments with textbooks and educational literature;

Duplicate the names of geographical objects in places of compact residence of Karachays and Balkars in their native language, having previously brought them into compliance with the spelling and orthoepic norms of the modern Karachay-Balkar literary language;

The ongoing research work in the field of Karachay-Balkar linguistics in no way affects the actually functioning living language - they are divorced from each other. It is necessary to overcome this gap, to combine research work with modern linguistic life.

In this regard, in our opinion, an extremely important and necessary step is the development of scientific terminology in the native language. If Karachay and Balkar scientists managed to jointly resolve this problem, to come to a consensus on at least the area of ​​linguistic terminology, undoubtedly, this would help to some extent reduce the gap between the regional components of the modern Karachay-Balkarian language, because the discrepancy in the use of terms contributes to the distance them from each other. Translating a literary text from Russian into your native language is a real task, quite feasible, but translating a scientific article is almost impossible due to the lack of terms or inconsistency in the designations of concepts.

Currently, certain measures are being taken aimed at unifying the graphics and principles of spelling of the Karachay-Balkar language. In our opinion, they are doomed in advance.

One can give many examples of how dialects and closely related languages ​​coexist for tens and hundreds of years, but the expected assimilation does not occur. According to some scientists, the reason for this is the difference in national identity, lack of common territory and a number of other factors.

Probably, it is still worth coming to terms with the fact that the state and functional status of the two components of the single Karachay-Balkar literary language represent two completely independent forms of the language, and attempts to force uniformity of graphics and spelling, to impose language uncharacteristic for speakers of a particular dialect phenomena, without a doubt, will be rejected by the bulk of the population.

Vocabulary is the most susceptible area of ​​language to transformation. However, it is also impossible to force changes in this area. As recently as ten years ago, some writers, poets, teachers and others advocated the expulsion of international words and borrowings from the Russian language from the vocabulary of the Karachay-Balkar language, proposing to replace these lexical units with archaic Arabisms and Farsisms that were in circulation at the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the twentieth centuries. These words (such as synyf, shiir, shekirt, etc.) were actively tried to be included in the main dictionary of the Karachay-Balkar language: they could be seen on the pages of newspapers, read in poems and stories, heard from the lips of school teachers and even university employees. However, for the majority of native speakers, the artificially introduced words seemed pretentious, incomprehensible, and they did not take root in the language.

If the desire to make changes in the field of vocabulary is associated with such difficulties, then the force of rejection and rejection of changes in the field of phonetics - the most conservative level of the language - will be an order of magnitude higher.

As statistics confirm, the number of people who speak their native language and teach children in their family their native language is becoming smaller from year to year. In such a situation, the persistent desire of some people with all their might to achieve a seemingly necessary goal - the unification of the alphabet, now, in this difficult time even for languages ​​with millions of speakers, for our language (and such experiments - for the languages ​​of all small peoples) can become a disastrous step.

A lot of problems have accumulated. This is the insufficient development of spelling and spelling standards, and the lack of teaching aids. The language of the only subscription newspaper and rather rare television programs in the native language can only cause sadness and bewilderment. However, it is also obvious that the current situation cannot be corrected by calls for preserving the purity of the language and saturating schools and universities with eternally missing textbooks and manuals. A thorough theoretical development of all problems is required in order to really change the existing situation before it becomes irreversible and our languages ​​become endangered.

Bibliographic link

Khapaeva S.M. PROBLEMS OF PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE KARACHAY-BALKAR LANGUAGE UNDER GLOBALIZATION // International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. – 2016. – No. 1-3. – P. 442-445;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=8532 (access date: 02/28/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"