Between Russia and Sweden; signed on 10. IX by Russian commissioners J. V. Bruce and A. I. Osterman (see) and Swedish commissioners Lilienstern and Strömfeldt; completed the Northern War of 1700 21. By the time of the peace negotiations, Russia held in... ... Diplomatic Dictionary
Treaty between Russia and Sweden that ended the Northern War of 1700-21 (See Northern War of 1700-21). Signed on August 30, 1721 in Nystadt (Finland). The Russian delegation was headed by Y. V. Bruce and A. I. Osterman; Swedish Lilienstadt and... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Treaty between Russia and Sweden, ending the Northern War 1700 21. Signed on August 30. 1721 in Nyschtadt (Finland). Rus. The delegation was headed by J. V. Bruce and A. I. Osterman, the Swedish Lilienschtedt and Stremfeldt. Consisted of a preamble and 24 articles. By … Soviet historical encyclopedia
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The successes of Russian troops in Finland and on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, as well as the victory of the Russian fleet in the Baltic waters and the threat of transferring hostilities to the territory of Sweden itself forced Charles XII to enter into peace negotiations.
This was also facilitated by the negotiations conducted by Peter I and Russian diplomats who went abroad with him in 1716. In August 1717, after Peter I visited Paris, an alliance treaty was concluded in Amsterdam between Russia, France and Prussia; France promised its mediation to conclude peace between Russia and Sweden and at the same time pledged to renounce its alliance with Sweden and stop paying her cash subsidies.
The Treaty of Amsterdam weakened Sweden's position and brought France closer to Russia. This prompted the Swedes to make concessions, and negotiations began in Holland between the Russian ambassador B.I. Kurakin and the Swedish representative, Holstein minister Hertz. As a result of these negotiations, on May 10, 1718, a peace congress opened on the Åland Islands. The draft treaty prepared at this congress satisfied the territorial demands of the Russian government. Ingria, Livonia, Estland and part of Karelia were to go to Russia. Russia agreed to Sweden's return to Finland, occupied by Russian troops.
Sweden insisted on receiving an “equivalent” in the form of the return of Bremen and Verden, taken from it during the Northern War and annexed to Hanover. Russia agreed to provide the Swedes with military assistance for the war against Hanover, and therefore against England, since the Elector of Hanover, George I, was the English king. However, in November 1718, Charles XII was killed during the siege of a fortress in Norway, and opponents of peace with Russia gained the upper hand in Sweden. The Åland Congress dragged on, and then the negotiations were interrupted.
The English government achieved the conclusion of a convention between Sweden and Hanover in 1719, according to which Sweden ceded Bremen and Verdun to Hanover, and for this England entered into an alliance with Sweden against Russia. In the summer of 1719, in accordance with the treaty, an English squadron under the command of Admiral Norris entered the Baltic Sea for a surprise attack on the Russian fleet, but the British failed to take the Russians by surprise. Under pressure from England, Prussia signed a treaty with Sweden in 1720 and broke the alliance with Russia. In the same year, the English fleet entered the Baltic Sea for the second time. Nevertheless, the Russian squadron defeated the Swedes at Grengam, after which troops were landed on the Swedish coast. In 1721, the English squadron again tried to attack the Russian fleet in the Baltic Sea and was also unsuccessful. All this forced the British to recommend that the Swedish government resume peace negotiations.
The peace congress opened in Nystadt in Finland in April 1721. Here Russia achieved the acceptance of all its territorial demands put forward at the Åland Congress, and even with smaller concessions on its part.
The Treaty of Nystadt, signed on August 30, 1721, was a huge success for Russia. “Eternal, true and indestructible peace” and friendship between Russia and Sweden were established. Ingria, part of Karelia, Estland, Livonia with the sea coast from Vyborg to Riga and the islands of Ezel, Dago and Moon were transferred to Russia into “eternal possession” and “property”. Russia pledged to return Finland to the Swedes, pay 2 million efimki and refused to support the contender for the Swedish throne - the Duke of Holstein, the fiancé of Peter I's daughter Anna.
The Peace of Nystadt brought important changes to the balance of power in Europe. Sweden has lost its importance as a great power. The treaty consolidated Russia's successes achieved through victories in a long and difficult war. The most important task of Russian foreign policy, set back in the 16th-17th centuries, was solved - access to the Baltic Sea was acquired. Russia received a number of first-class ports and thus placed its trade relations with Western Europe in favorable conditions. The significance of the Nystadt Peace was very great for strengthening the country’s defense capability: the northwestern borders of Russia moved far to the west and from land became sea; A powerful Russian navy appeared in the Baltic Sea. Before the negotiations in Nystadt, Menshikov told the French representative Compradon: “We no longer want to have clashes with our neighbors, and for this we need to be separated by the sea.” Subsequently, Compradon, who became the French ambassador in St. Petersburg, noted that “the Treaty of Nystadt made him (Peter I) the ruler of the two best ports on the Baltic Sea.”
Sweden abandoned the alliance with England and concluded an alliance treaty with Russia in 1724 with the obligation of mutual assistance in case of attack by another power (with the exception of Turkey). Subsequent attempts by Sweden to return the Baltic provinces were unsuccessful.
The outward expression of the increased international importance of Russia and the establishment of absolutism was the proclamation by the Senate of Peter I as emperor in the same 1721. The Russian state began to be called the Russian Empire.
Estland and Livonia, which became part of the Russian Empire, were previously possessions of Sweden. The landowners here were German and Swedish feudal lords, and their serfs were Estonians and Latvians.
The annexation of the Baltic states to Russia put an end to the struggle of the northern powers for its possession. Economic, political and cultural ties between the Russian and Baltic lands were restored. This contributed to the further development of industry and trade in Estonia and Livonia. The local German nobility received great benefit from joining Russia, becoming the support of the Russian autocracy. It had enormous power over the dependent peasantry. The class privileges of the Baltic nobility were broader than the privileges of the Russian nobles: the Baltic nobles, according to the Treaty of Nystadt, retained class self-government and patrimonial police. In St. Petersburg, a special Justice Collegium and a Chamber Office for the Affairs of Estonia and Livonia were created.
The history of our country at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries is replete with numerous events that directly influenced the further course of development of Russia. His energetic personality and foolish activities led to the emergence of a new state, and the Peace of Nystadt was one of the main achievements of this era.
"A Century of Loss"
At the end of the 17th century, Russia was a fairly vast country, but at the same time it did not have a significant influence on pan-European affairs. This was due to both previous historical events and the inertia of the rulers. Throughout this century, our country has experienced many upheavals. The Time of Troubles, the intervention of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, the loss of western lands, popular uprisings, the apogee of which was the rebellion of Stepan Razin. As a result of all these events, Russia lost access to the sea, through which active trade took place, and found itself isolated.
In addition, an important role was played by the fact that the rulers of this period: Alexey Mikhailovich, Fyodor Alekseevich, Ivan Alekseevich - were in poor health and did not differ in state thinking. The exception to this series was Sofya Alekseevna.
The beginning of big things
For a short period she was regent for her younger brothers - Ivan, who was weak-minded, and Peter, who could not rule independently due to his youth. Under her, two actions were activated that were designed to weaken this khanate, and, if possible, to win access to the Black Sea. However, both military campaigns ended extremely unsuccessfully for Russia, which was one of the reasons for the fall of Sophia.
Peter, meanwhile, seemed to be engaged in childish activities. He organized war games, studied tactics, and several ships were built on the lake in the village of Kolomenskoye, which Peter proudly called the fleet. As he grew older, he understood more and more clearly that Russia simply needed access to warm, navigable seas. He became even more convinced of this idea by visiting Arkhangelsk, the only city at Russia’s disposal.
Intelligence and cooperation with Europe
The fight between Peter and Sophia ended with the victory of the former. Since 1689, he took full power into his own hands. The tsar had a dilemma about which sea - the Black or the Baltic - to try to gain access to. In 1695 and 1696, he decided to scout out the forces opposing our country in the south. The Azov campaigns showed that the forces available to Russia were definitely not enough to defeat the powerful Ottoman Empire and its loyal vassal, the Crimean Khanate.
Peter did not despair and turned his attention to the north, to the Baltic. Sweden dominated here, but entering into battle with one of the leading European countries of that time without allies was suicidal, so in the period 1697-1698. the tsar organized the Grand Embassy to European countries. During this time, he visited the most developed countries of the continent, inviting specialists in military, engineering and shipbuilding to Russia. Along the way, diplomats learned the balance of power in Europe. By this time, the division of the Spanish inheritance was brewing, and the great powers were of little interest to the north of Europe.
Peace of Nystadt 1721: the origins of victory
Taking advantage of this, the embassy concluded a number of agreements with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Saxony and Denmark. This alliance was called the Northern Alliance in history and had the goal of undermining Sweden's dominance in the Baltic region. The war begins in 1700.
The Swedish king acted very quickly and decisively. In the same year, Swedish troops landed near Copenhagen and with powerful attacks forced the Danish king to make peace. Charles the Twelfth chose Russia as his next victim. As a result of inept command and other circumstances, Russian troops suffered a crushing defeat near Narva. The Swedish king decided that Peter was no longer his rival, and concentrated military operations on Saxony, where he achieved victory in 1706.
Peter, however, did not become discouraged. With quick, energetic measures, he creates, in essence, a new army based on conscription, and practically renews the artillery park. At the same time, the construction of the fleet was underway. After 1706, Russia fought one-on-one with Sweden. And the king’s active actions yielded results. Gradually, the initiative and superiority passed to the side of the Russian troops, which was secured by the victory in the Battle of Poltava, which ultimately led to the conclusion of the Nystadt Peace with Sweden.
Russia becomes an empire
However, the war continued for another 12 years; Russia added naval victories to its victories on land. The Battle of Gangut in 1714 and the Battle of Grengam in 1720 cemented the dominant role of the Russian fleet on the Baltic shores. In view of Russia's clear advantage, the Swedish government requested a truce. The Peace of Nystadt was concluded a few months later, it marked the complete victory of our country.
Amazed England and France were amazed that while they were busy with Spanish affairs, such a powerful military-political force had formed in the east of the continent. But they were forced to agree with this. The terms of the Nystadt Peace implied a change in the borders between the two states. The territories of Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, as well as some regions of Karelia went to Russia for eternal possession. For these lands, Russia undertook to pay Sweden compensation in the amount of 2 million rubles and return Finland. The Senate proclaimed Peter emperor and Russia an empire. From this moment on, our state becomes one of the countries that decides the destinies of Europe and the world.
The Treaty of Nystadt was signed in 1721 between the Russians and the Swedes. On the Russian side, the representatives were Yakov Bruce and Andrei Osterman. From Sweden - Strömfeldt and Lilienstern. This treaty ended the Northern War of 1700–1721.
The situation on the eve of the signing
By the time peace negotiations began, Russia already held in its hands the territories of Ingermanland, Estonia, Livonia and Finland, conquered from the Swedes. Several times Russian troops landed on Swedish territories.
When, through the mediation of England, Russia's then allies - Poland and Denmark - concluded a peace agreement with the Swedes and stepped aside, this in no way shook the firmness and confidence of Russian diplomacy. Russia continued to steadfastly adhere to the demands put forward at the Åland Congress- agreed to return only the territory of Finland to the Swedish government, and to retain all other lands conquered by arms after the conclusion of peace.
On the eve of the Nystadt Congress, the French Ambassador to Sweden, Campredon, arrived in St. Petersburg as a mediator. All the above requirements were read to him. Another concession that Peter and his government agreed to make to make peace was the refusal to support the claims of the Duke of Holstein to the throne of the Kingdom of Sweden, as well as financial compensation for the territory of Livonia. No matter how hard Campredone tried to soften these conditions, he could not achieve anything. As a result, the French envoy was forced to return to Sweden and recommend that the king agree to the conditions put forward, because the continuation of martial law threatened to further ruin the already exhausted Sweden.
Historical tasks
The Treaty of Nystadt accomplished a number of historical tasks:
- As a result of its signing, Russia received several Baltic provinces with convenient sea harbors - this task had been facing Russia since the time of Tsar Ivan the Third and was solved in full only by Peter the Great.
- During the celebrations for the conclusion of the peace treaty, Peter was proclaimed Emperor and Father of the Fatherland.
- Russia turned into an Empire - a powerful maritime and military state. The Russian Empire became the largest empire on the world map.
- According to the peace treaty of 1721, the territories of Estonia and Latvia were received by Russia for 2 million gold thalers transferred to the Swedish government. As part of the Russian Empire, the Baltic peoples received the status of states and were able to fully develop their culture and identity.
- As a result of the signing of the peace treaty, Swedish hegemony over northern Europe was put to an end.
Signing history
The peace congress took place in the Finnish city of Nystadt and lasted from May to September 1721. Russian diplomats, led by Tsar Peter himself, acted very persistently and firmly, backing up their statements with military pressure on the enemy.
- During the congress, due to the intransigence of the Swedes, Russian troops landed on their territory, which devastated 4 large cities and many small settlements.
- In order to influence the Swedes, the Russian delegation clearly outlined the deadline for the end of the war and peace negotiations and threatened that it would promote the claims of the Duke of Holstein to receive the Swedish crown. Such demands were put forward very timely - England, then an ally of Sweden, planned to withdraw its fleet from the Baltic Sea.
- Peter 1 categorically refused to conclude a preliminary agreement. He saw in this proposal of the Swedish king a desire to delay the conclusion of a peace treaty and continue the war.
- As concessions, the Russian side agreed to resolve minor issues - the Swedes were promised to speed up the payment of monetary compensation for the territory of Livonia, which was supposed to go to the winners. In addition, Peter agreed to remove several minor forts.
- Russia agreed to involve the King of England, who was an ally of the Swedes, in signing the peace agreement.
As a result of such concessions, along with a firm policy on basic issues, a peace treaty was eventually signed.
Terms of the Treaty of Nystadt
According to the current text of the peace treaty between Sweden and Russia, “true and inviolable peace on land and water” was established..
- All hostilities on Finnish territory must cease completely within 2 weeks. In more remote territories, military operations ceased within 3 weeks from the date of ratification of the treaty.
- Sweden recognized the annexation of the Russian-conquered lands of Ingermanland, the entire territory of Livonia and Estonia, as well as parts of Karelia to Russian territories. This also included the cities of Dorpat, Narva, Revel, Riga, Vyborg, Kexholm.
- The islands of Dago, Moon, and Ezel became Russian territories.
- Russia's responsibilities included the return of Finland to the Swedes and monetary compensation for the captured Livonia.
- Since Sweden lost fertile lands during the war and was in dire need of imported grain, it was given the right to purchase grain worth 50 thousand rubles from Livonia every year.
- The Baltic nobility retained all rights to land holdings, as well as all privileges and the right to self-government in the provinces.
- In the conquered territories, the rights of the Protestant Church were recognized.
Russia's ally in the Thirty Years' War, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, received the right to buy out a formal treaty with Sweden. The only condition was that such a treaty should not contradict the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty.
England, under the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty, acted as an ally of Sweden.
It also provided for the exchange of prisoners of war and unhindered trade between merchants of Russia and Sweden. Amnesty was declared to many defectors during the war. The exception was the Ukrainian traitors led by Hetman Mazepa, who went over to the side of the Swedes.
On August 30 (September 10), 1721, a Russian-Swedish peace treaty was signed in Nystadt. On behalf of Russia it was signed by Feldzeichmeister General Yakov Bruce and Privy Councilor Heinrich (Andrei Ivanovich) Osterman; from the Swedish side - advisor Count Johan Liljenstendt and Baron Otto Strömfeldt. Many articles of the Nystadt world are of interest today, therefore, I consider it necessary to present them in full.
The military part of the agreement included:
The world is being restored. Military operations cease throughout the entire territory of the Principality of Finland within 14 days after the signing of the treaty, and in all other territories where the war was fought within 3 weeks.
A general amnesty is declared for those who, during the war and its vicissitudes, either became deserters or went into the service of the opposing powers. The amnesty does not apply only to the Ukrainian and Zaporozhye Cossacks, supporters of Mazepa, whose betrayals the tsar cannot and does not want to forgive.
The exchange of prisoners without any ransom will be carried out immediately after the ratification of the treaty. Only those who converted to Orthodoxy during the captivity will not be returned from Russia.
Russian troops clear the Swedish part of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland within 4 weeks after ratification of the treaty.
Requisitions of food, fodder and vehicles for Russian troops cease with the signing of peace, but the Swedish government undertakes to provide the Russian troops with everything they need free of charge until they leave Finland.
In terms of boundaries, the agreement provided for:
Sweden cedes to Russia forever the provinces conquered by Russian weapons: Livonia, Estland, Ingria and part of Karelia with the Vyborg province, including not only the mainland, but also the islands of the Baltic Sea, including Ezel (Saaremaa), Dago (Hiiumaa) and Moon ( Muhu), as well as all the islands of the Gulf of Finland. Part of the Kexholm district (Western Karelia) goes to Russia.
A new line of the Russian-Swedish state border was established, which began west of Vyborg and went from there in a north-eastern direction in a straight line to the old Russian-Swedish border, which existed before the Treaty of Stolbov. In Lapland, the Russian-Swedish border remained unchanged. A special commission was created to demarcate the new Russian-Swedish border.
The political part of the agreement included the following provisions:
Russia undertakes not to interfere in the internal affairs of Sweden - neither in dynastic relations, nor in the form of government.
In the lands lost by Sweden to Russia, the Russian government undertakes to preserve the evangelical faith of the population (Baltic states), all churches, the entire education system (universities, schools).
Few people know that the Treaty of Nystadt provided for the payment by Russia of a large indemnity to Sweden. Thus, Russia had to pay Sweden two million thalers (efimks) for the territories going to it.
Sweden was given the right annually “for eternity” to purchase grain worth 50 thousand rubles in Riga, Reval and Arensburg and export this grain duty-free to Sweden.
During the 21-year Great Northern War, Peter the Great managed to return to Russia the lands that belonged to its princes back in the 9th-11th centuries, and to achieve access to the sea; Peter I truly “cut a window” to Europe. A powerful Russian fleet appeared in the Baltic.
However, the Peace of Nystadt had one serious flaw - Peter, in a hurry to make peace, agreed to a border 120 versts from the new capital - St. Petersburg. Since the Swedish aristocracy did not accept defeat in the war and dreamed of revenge, such a border near Vyborg became a source of instability and constant headaches for the Russian government.
I would also like to note that Russia’s success in the war was based not only on Peter’s personal qualities, as is now often believed. Peter I waged a coalition war against Sweden in parallel with the War of the Spanish Succession. Almost all European countries took part in these two wars. Thus, if Peter had started a war with the Swedes in conditions of stable peace in Europe, then the very first successes of the Russians would have caused the intervention of large European states in the war. It is not difficult to guess that a powerful coalition of European powers would have defeated Russia, and in the best case scenario, Peter would only have managed to maintain the “status quo” in the territorial aspect.
Summing up the results of the war, I would like to once again turn to the opinion on this issue of the Swedish researcher Peter Englund: “The concluded peace put an end to the Swedish great power and at the same time heralded the birth of a new great power in Europe: Russia. This state was to grow and become more powerful, and the Swedes could only learn to live in the shadow of this state. The Swedes left the stage of world history and took their seats in the auditorium.”
Yes, indeed, as a result of the Great Northern War, Sweden forever lost hope of becoming a great power. And the reason for this, in my opinion, lies in the fact that the Swedish great power was based only on military art and a reformed army; politically, it was not independent and was heavily dependent on England, Holland and France.
At the same time, Russia's international importance has increased enormously. Favorable conditions were created for trade relations between Russia and Western Europe. An expression of its increased role in international politics was the proclamation of Peter I as emperor. The Russian Empire took a leading position in the North and East of the continent.