The historical poem “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” is dedicated to the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The cruel times of the oprichnina are known to us from history. The real hero of the work is not the tsar, but the young merchant Kalashnikov. Arbitrariness and lawlessness were the calling card of the guardsmen. The common people were afraid of them. Noble people avoided communicating with them. Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov very accurately described the atmosphere of the reign of Ivan the Terrible:
The red sun does not shine in the sky,
The blue clouds do not admire him:
Then he sits at a meal wearing a golden crown,
The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich is sitting.
The Tsar notices that his faithful servant Kiribeevich is sitting gloomier than a cloud, not eating or drinking. The king became angry:
... hit with a stick,
And half a quarter of the oak floor
He struck with an iron tip.
The Tsar learned that the faithful guardsman was in love with the beautiful Alena Dmitrievna. But Kiribeevich did not say that she was the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich advised:
Here, take the ring, you are my yacht
Yes, take a pearl necklace...
...And the precious gifts went
You to your Alena Dmitrievna:
If you fall in love, celebrate your wedding,
If you don't fall in love, don't get angry.
If Kiribeevich had not been a servant of the tsar, would he have dared to insult a married woman, and not a serf, but a merchant family! Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov sees in the act of the guardsman a direct connection with the royal patronage of “his army.” If it weren’t for such guardianship, Kiribeevich would have restrained himself. However, not only this, but also the youth and recklessness of the guardsman force him to directly declare his love. He is in love, young, so he thinks little about the consequences of his action. Oprichnik Kiribeevich disgraced Alena Dmitrievna in front of her neighbors. He hugged her, kissed her, and tore off the Bukhara veil given by her husband.
And he began to kiss and caress me
And, kissing, he kept saying:
“Answer me what you want,
My dear, precious."
Alena Dmitrievna complains to her husband, asking him, her only defender, for help:
Don't let me, your faithful wife,
Evil blasphemers are desecrated!
The merchant Kalashnikov decided to punish the guardsman in a fist fight on the Moscow River in the presence of the Tsar. The merchant called on his brothers to defend the honor of the family in the event of their death. The next day the barkers shouted:
Oh, where are you, good fellows?..
Whoever beats whom, the king will reward him,
And whoever is beaten, God will forgive him.
Kalashnikov contrasts his position in life, his origin, his independent occupation with the robbery, baseness and debauchery of the guardsmen. He is ready to “stand for the truth to the last.” The merchant is honest, brave and noble. He went to a fist fight not to show off, but to defend the honor of his wife and the dignity of his family, for which he paid with his own head. The crowd spread out in both directions, and the merchant Kalashnikov came out ready to fight for life and death. Kiribeevich turned pale when he heard his opponent’s name. Before the battle, Stepan Paramonovich bows to the tsar, churches, “the Russian people,” expressing respect not so much for the authorities as for God and people.
The brave merchant took revenge for his insulted honor and killed his offender in a fair fist fight on the Moscow River. The merchant Kalashnikov did not even reveal to the Tsar himself, Ivan the Terrible, the true reason for his action. By order of the tsar, he went to the chopping block for deliberately killing a “faithful servant.”
And Stepan Kalashnikov was executed
A cruel, shameful death;
And the little head is mediocre
Rolled on the chopping block covered in blood...
Ivan Vasilyevich “restored justice” after the death of Kiribeevich and executed Kalashnikov. He was executed and buried not according to Christian rites, but as a robber - between three roads. But, despite the shameful execution and burial in an “unmarked grave,” Kalashnikov left behind a good memory:
An old man will pass by and cross himself,
If a girl passes by, she will become sad,
And the guslar players will pass by and sing a song.
“The Song about the Daring Merchant Kalashnikov” was written by Lermontov in the style of a song-narration of guslar singers who sing the glory of the executed Kalashnikov and condemn the tsar’s decision, which was at odds with the opinion of the people.
Many poets and writers turned to the historical past of their people in search of heroic characters, in an effort to tell about the tragic destinies of people. “The song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov,” written by M. Yu. Lermontov, takes us back to the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The desire to show exactly the spirit of that time, the characters and attitudes of the people who lived then, is reflected even in the title of the work. In the first place there is Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich - the Terrible, as the people called him. Lermontov called his poem “Song...” because “it is written in the spirit of folk song poetry. Thanks to this, the author’s attitude towards the characters and events occurring in the poem is mixed with popular assessment. The red sun does not shine in the sky, They do not admire it blue clouds: Then sitting at a meal in a golden crown, sits the formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich. Indeed, the Tsar is formidable. People do not dare to complain and murmur about the arbitrariness and lawlessness of the Tsar's guardsmen, although they inflicted many troubles and insults on the common people. He suffered because of the young guardsman Kiribeevich and the main character of the poem - the daring merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov. The merchant is brave and honest. He is proud that: ... I was born from an honest father, And I lived according to the law of the Lord. Kalashnikov's wife - Alena Dmitrevna - involuntarily became the cause of a great troubles. In the image of Alena Dmitrevna, the poet embodied the ideal of a Russian woman: she is a good mother and a faithful, loving wife. She walks smoothly, like a swan; She looks sweetly, like a darling; When she says a word, a nightingale sings... The Tsar’s guardsman, Kiribeevich, fell in love with Alena Dmitrevna. He could not cope with the strength of his feelings, he turned out to be weak and dishonest. He met someone else's wife in the evening, confessed his love to her, and detained her by force. Kiribeevich offered wealth and fame to Alena Dmitrevna for his love, kissed her in front of neighbors and strangers. He said about himself: I am not some kind of thief, a forest murderer, I am a servant of the king... but in fact I wanted to steal not only someone else’s wife, but also someone else’s love, someone else’s happiness. However, Alena Dmitrevna did not succumb to vile persuasion, broke free, ran home to ask for protection from her beloved husband and faithful defender. She is not afraid of “fierce death”, she is not afraid of “human rumor” - she is afraid that her husband will not understand her and will accuse her of sin. The merchant Kalashnikov was indignant at the treachery of the guardsman. He boldly stands up to defend the honor of his wife and his family. The evil guardsman Tsar Kiribeevich disgraced our honest family; And such an insult cannot be endured by the soul, Yes, the brave heart cannot bear it,” he explains to his brothers. He decides to engage in a fist fight with the offender in order to “fight to the death,” and asks his brothers to continue the fight if he himself dies. The merchant was proud. His self-esteem did not allow him to ask the tsar for help to punish the vile guardsman. The merchant did not share his grief with anyone except his brothers. The next day, Kalashnikov went out to fight against Kiribeevich. Many people had to watch their fight, including the king. Hearing the name of his opponent and realizing that he had entered “a terrible battle, the last battle,” Kiribeevich “turned pale in his face, like autumn snow.” His soul is restless, his conscience is unclean. Kiribeevich was frightened: His lively eyes became clouded, Frost ran between his strong shoulders, The word froze on his open lips... The daring merchant Kalashnikov enters into battle not only for his honor. Behind his mighty shoulders are the entire people, offended by the arbitrariness of the royal servants. That is why the merchant won the terrible fight, avenging the shame and insult. However, the troubles did not end there - the tsar got angry, ordered the AWOL merchant to be brought in, and asked menacingly: “willingly or unwillingly” did Kalashnikov kill the tsar’s servant? The merchant behaves courageously and with dignity in front of the king and his servants. He understands that even after learning the truth, Ivan the Terrible will not forgive him for the death of Kiribeevich. However, the merchant is also not going to deceive the king: I killed him of my own free will, But for what, about what - I won’t tell you, I’ll only tell God alone. Kalashnikov asks the tsar only that he not “forsake with his mercy” the merchant’s wife, children and brothers. Ivan the Terrible appreciated the merchant’s courage and honesty and, sending him to his death, promised him to fulfill his request. However, by executing Stepan Kalashnikov, the tsar is taking revenge on him in this way for his speech against violence and tyranny. And they executed Stepan Kalashnikov with a cruel, shameful death. The people appreciated the merchant’s act as a feat; they will not forget that a man was buried in an “unmarked grave” who was not afraid to speak up for the truth. Therefore: ...good people pass by: An old man will pass by and cross himself, A young man will pass by and will become dignified, A maiden will pass by and will become sad, And guslar players will pass by and sing a song.M. Yu. Lermontov “Song about the merchant Kalashnikov.” A very brief summary of Kalashnikov - merchant Keribeevich - oprichnik Alena Dmitrevna - Kalashnikov’s wife and the reason for the quarrel between them. “The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” by M.Yu. Lermontov tells how the Tsar’s oprichnik Kiribeevich tried to take his wife away from the merchant Kalashnikov. A duel took place at the royal court, in which Kalashnikov killed Kiribeevich. The king ordered the execution of the merchant, because he killed the best royal fighter, but at the same time the king provided his wife and brothers with a comfortable life. Oprichnik Karibeevich violated God's law - “thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife”; he did not act in a Christian manner, for which he paid. And Kalashnikov was not afraid of the oprichnik and the wrath of the tsar, but boldly defended the honor of his family. “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” by M. Yu. Lermontov. Summary The song is sung on behalf of the guslars and begins with the beginning. 1 “At the meal, sitting in a golden crown, sits the formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...” Only one of the guardsmen at the feast does not have fun and does not drink - Kiribeevich. The Tsar asks Kiribeevich why he is sad. Kiribeevich replies that the reason for this is Alena Dmitrievna (“When I see her, I’m not myself: my strong hands give up, my lively eyes darken”). The Tsar gives Kiribeevich a ring, advises him to find a matchmaker and send matchmakers to Alena Dmitrievna. Kiribeevich replies that “….the beauty was remarried in the Church of God, remarried to a young merchant according to our Christian law.” 2 Kalashnikov is sitting in his shop, selling goods. Evening, Kalashnikov asks the old worker Eremeevna: “Where did Alena Dmitrievna go, hiding at such a late hour?” Ereme-evna replies that Alena Dmitrievna went to church, but has not returned yet. Soon Alena Dmitrievna arrives - pale, clothes torn. To her husband’s question, Alena Dmitrievna replies that Kiribeevich caught up with her on the way, promising her wealth, just “love me, hug me at least once goodbye.” “And he caressed me, he kissed me; on my cheeks they still burn, his damned kisses spread like living flames!..” Kalashnikov calls his two younger brothers, tells them about what happened, reminds them that tomorrow there will be a fist fight on the Moscow River under the Tsar. “And then I will go out to the guardsman, I will fight to the death to the last strength. And if he beats me, come out...” 3 Fist fight on the Moscow River. Kiribeevich challenges those who want to fight. Everyone is afraid. Kalashnikov comes out and tells Kiribeevich who he is and that he will fight to the end. Kiribeevich hits Kalashnikov in the chest, where the cross “with holy relics from Kyiv” is. Kalashnikov hits Kiribeevich in the temple, he falls dead. The Tsar gets angry and asks: “Did you, willingly or unwillingly, kill Movo’s faithful servant to death?..” Kalashnikov: “I killed him freely, but for what, I won’t tell you, I’ll only tell God alone.” The Tsar likes that Kalashnikov “kept the answer according to his conscience,” he promises that “I will reward your young wife and orphans from my treasury,” and the brothers will trade “freely,” “duty-free.” Kalashnikov says goodbye to his family and is executed.
Analysis of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov."
1) The history of the creation of the poem. In 1835 M.Yu. Lermontov graduated from the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers and was sent as a cornet to the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, stationed near St. Petersburg in Tsarskoe Selo. During this period, the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov." It was then that the poet’s views on the historical fate of Russia were formed. M.Yu. Lermontov is interested in the past of Russia as a stage in the development of the country's life.
Lermontov's first published poem was “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” (1837, published in 1838). According to Belinsky’s apt remark, Lermontov preferred the past to the present and poeticized it. From the crude reality of the past, according to Belinsky, Lermontov brought out “a fictional reality, which is more reliable than any reality, more undoubted than any history.” “The song...” was written during Lermontov’s stay in the Caucasus - “out of boredom, to have fun during an illness that did not allow him to leave the room” (testimony of A.A. Kraevsky). Thus, without leaving the room, Lermontov is transported in time, becomes a witness to long-past events, learns the style of ancient speech, and listens to the pulse of a different era. “Song...” reflected Lermontov’s thoughts about the moral and political problems of his era, about the fate and rights of the human person, in particular about the fate and tragic duel of Pushkin. Contemporaries highly appreciated the poem.
2) Features of the genre of the work. The poem is a large form of lyric poetry; a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, based on a combination of narrative characteristics of characters, events and their disclosure through the perception and assessment of the lyrical hero, the narrator. The poet calls his poem a song, since he glorifies the people of the times of Ivan the Terrible, on the one hand, and shows the connection of his work with folklore, on the other. Already in the introduction, the connection between the “Song...” and folklore is evident; there are characteristic expressions for the song - “Oh you goy ...”
3) The historical basis of the poem. Poem “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” by M.Yu. Lermontov has a historical basis. Lermontov begins with a description of a feast in the palace of Ivan the Terrible. The king sits at the table in a golden crown, in heavy, stiff brocade clothes embroidered with precious stones, majestic and terrible. A man of exceptional education for his time, Ivan IV dreamed of the power of Russia. Like Peter I later, he wanted to “open a window” to Europe. Historical conditions did not give him the opportunity to accomplish this. Ivan the Terrible is a historical figure.
From the petty, insignificant life of his contemporary society, Lermontov takes readers to the heroic era of history - the time when a powerful Russian state was created and the strong-willed characters of people were forged. Three different, but strong and original people collide with each other. This collision determines the action of the poem. Oprichnik Kiribeevich, under the influence of the passion that gripped him, insults the dignity of ordinary people. Kalashnikov fights for justice and kills Kiribeevich, and Tsar Ivan the Terrible executes Kalashnikov for arbitrarily killing his favorite. The action takes place in the ancient Russian capital - Moscow.
The realistic historicism of “The Song...” lies in the fact that Lermontov, having recreated the historical flavor of the era, showed the social contradiction of that time and gave the characters in their social conditioning. “Song...” describes the terrible time for Rus' of the oprichnina, the bloody reign of Ivan the Terrible, “the abyss of horrors of tyranny” (N.M. Karamzin). The 16th century is one of the brightest and most tragic periods in the history of Russia. During the reign of Ivan IV, the country changed: its territory increased almost one and a half times, Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia were conquered, Rus' strengthened its political influence in the world. But the price that the people had to pay for these transformations was great. Ivan the Terrible drowned Novgorod in blood, hundreds of people were executed or forcibly tonsured into monks, the tyrant’s wrath fell on entire families. The reign of Ivan the Terrible was gloomy, and his life was gloomy: Ivan IV drowned in debauchery, constantly changed wives, killed his eldest son in a fit of rage, and constantly suspected treason. Lermontov's poem does not reflect these facts, as well as information about the abductions of beautiful wives of noble people, which Ivan the Terrible encouraged. Historical Grozny confiscated the property of those executed and did not care about the well-being of their families, as happens in “Song...”.
The 16th century, as depicted by Lermontov, is a high heroic past: there is not a single clearly defined negative character in the poem, the horrors of the oprichnina remain “behind the scenes.” At the same time, Kiribeevich’s permissiveness, the horror that gripped Alena Dmitrievna at his words about coming from a “glorious family from Malyutinaya,” and the tsar’s violation of his oath to pardon the winner are reliable.
How does Tsar Ivan the Terrible feast? (“for the glory of God, for your pleasure and joy”)
How are the guests located at the royal table? (Then at the meal he sits in a golden crown, / The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich sits. / Behind him stand the steward, / Opposite him are all the boyars and princes, / On his sides are all the guardsmen...) Which indicates that such an arrangement of the guests is behind Is the king's table a long-established order?
4) The main conflict of the poem. Conflict - a clash of interests of characters, a struggle of ideas, motives; the basis for plot development in a work of art; contradiction as a principle of interaction between the images of a literary (epic or dramatic) work. The conflict determines the ideological orientation and compositionally organizes the work of art at all levels, giving each image its qualitative certainty in contrast to other images. In the poem, the conflict between the daring, noble, independent Kalashnikov and the kromeshnik, the “crafty slave” of Tsar Kiribeevich, is certainly read in the context of “fierce times.”
5) Characteristics of the heroes of the poem.
Image of Ivan the Terrible. The generalized image of Ivan IV was created by Lermontov in the spirit of folk tradition - historical songs about Ivan the Terrible - and partly “History of the Russian State” by N.M. Karamzin. In the poem, the personality of Ivan the Terrible is depicted ambiguously: his greatness and suspicion, royal tyranny, cruelty and generosity are shown. This is a man of strong passions.
Image of Kiribeevich. Kiribeevich is a guardsman who puts his own desires and interests above moral standards, honor and dignity.
How does Kiribeevich behave at the feast of Ivan the Terrible? Why? (Kiribeevich does not have fun with everyone, because “there was a strong thought in his chest.”)
What help does Ivan the Terrible offer to Kiribeevich? (Ivan the Terrible wants to personally marry the girl Kiribeevich loves.)
What is Kiribeevich keeping silent about at the Tsar’s table? What moral law is he breaking? (Kiribeevich keeps silent to the Tsar that Alena Dmitrievna is married.)
How does Kiribeevich behave in a fist fight? How does this behavior characterize the guardsman? (Kiribeevich goes out to a fist fight for fun, to amuse the Tsar, he is overly self-confident in his abilities.)
The image of the merchant Kalashnikov. The heroic principle in the poem is associated with the image of the “brave merchant” Kalashnikov. In this image, Lermontov managed to create a character similar in its qualities to the hero of the Russian epic. Consciousness of personal and social dignity, thirst for justice, courage, dedication, honesty, directness, lack of servility in relation to the Tsar - these are the main features of Kalashnikov as a true national hero. Kalashnikov is contrasted with Kiribeevich, whose actions are guided by selfish feelings, as a man acting in the name of duty and honor. Therefore, in the duel scene, not yet having entered into battle with Kiribeevich, he wins a moral victory over his opponent: Kalashnikov’s accusatory words made the “daring” Kiribeevich turn pale and silent (“The word froze on his open lips”). The picture of the “nameless grave” that concludes the “Song...”, evoking a sympathetic response from the masses, inspiring the guslars to sing, gave the feat of Kalashnikov, who died “for the holy mother truth,” national significance. The bearer of honor in “Song...” is the Moscow merchant Kalashnikov, a man of an independent, free class. Kalashnikov's life and moral principles are expressed in his speech before the battle. Unafraid of Kiribeevich’s threats, he answers with dignity:
And my name is Stepan Kalashnikov,
And I was born from an honest father,
And I lived according to the law of the Lord:
I did not disgrace someone else's wife,
I did not rob in the dark night,
Didn't hide from the heavenly light.
Kalashnikov contrasts his position in life, his origin, his independent occupation with robbery, the baseness and debauchery of the guardsmen. He is ready to “stand for the truth to the last day.” Before the battle, Stepan Paramonovich bows to the tsar, churches, and “the Russian people,” thereby expressing respect not so much for the authorities as for God and people. Going out to the duel, Kalashnikov fulfills his wife’s request for intercession: “Don’t let me, your faithful wife, be desecrated by evil blasphemers!” Stepan Paramonovich acts here as a defender of the family, in the event of his death, he orders his brothers to stand up for his good name. This is not just revenge, punishment for the “Busurman son”, this is not the fear of “evil scoundrels”: Kalashnikov is endowed with a high moral consciousness and self-esteem. In an era of dishonor and terror, Kalashnikov defended his honorable name and the integrity of his family. For this he was executed and buried not according to Christian rites, but as a robber - between three roads. But, despite the shameful execution and burial in an “unmarked grave,” Kalashnikov left behind a good memory:
An old man will pass by and cross himself,
If a girl passes by, she will become sad/
And the guslar players will pass by and sing a song.
The royal court diverged from the people's court. Kalashnikov, executed by the Tsar and “slandered by rumor,” becomes a folk hero.
Give a description of the merchant Kalashnikov. What is he like? (Merchant Kalashnikov is at work all day, house-building rules reign in his family: his wife is waiting for her husband from work, the children are under her supervision. Kalashnikov is a believer who lives according to generally accepted laws.)
Why, not finding his young wife at home, did the merchant “become troubled by strong thoughts”? (The wife, not coming home on time, violated the established order once and for all.)
How did Kapashnikov react to what happened to his wife? How does this characterize him? (Kalashnikov is outraged by Kiribeevich’s act and stands up for the honor of his wife and the whole family, since family is very important for the merchant.)
Where does the “daring merchant” look for help and support in difficult times? How does this fact characterize him? (The merchant Kalashnikov seeks help from his family and turns to his brothers.)
How does Kalashnikov behave during a fist fight? How does this behavior characterize the hero? (Kalashnikov goes into a fist fight to defend the honor of his family; he bows first to the Tsar, then to the “holy churches,” “and then to the entire Russian people.”)
6) Artistic features of the poem. Lermontov’s poem is still a unique stylization of folklore in a large epic form; the verse “Songs...” is close to folk poetry, it uses epithets, beginnings, “interceptions,” and repetitions characteristic of folklore. It was a heroic, guslar, drinking song, which coexisted in Lermontov’s work with angelic “quiet songs”, youthful “romances” and stylizations (“The Bell Moans”, “I Don’t Know if I Was Deceived”, “Bright Ghost of Days Past”). . The famous critic of the early 19th century V.G. Belinsky wrote that here “the poet from the present world of Russian life, which did not satisfy him, was transported into its historical past, overheard the beat of his pulse, penetrated into the innermost and deepest recesses of his spirit, became close and merged with him with his whole being, was fanned by his sounds, internalized the style of his ancient speech, the simple-minded severity of his morals, the heroic strength and wide range of his feelings ... "
Artistic means of creating characters in “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov.”
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov is a bright and original poet who created a gallery of unforgettable characters: brave and impetuous, proud and unyielding, after reading about whom you remember them for a long time. Such heroes are the characters in M. Yu. Lermontov’s work “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov”: the strong and indomitable Kiribeevich, the proud and courageous merchant Kalashnikov, the faithful and loving Alena Dmitrievna.
One of the most important characteristics of the heroes of “The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” is their belonging to a certain community, which the characters themselves feel as the main component of their personality. And Alena Dmitrievna, and Stepan Paramonovich, and his younger brothers accept Kiribeevich’s insult primarily as an insult to their family, the pure name of the Kalashnikovs. The strength of the merchant Stepan Paramonovich is not in wealth, but in his firm belief that he is not alone. He is from the Kalashnikov family, and his brothers are ready to defend this name, sacrificing their lives.
Each person must be responsible not only to himself, but also to his ancestors and descendants for every step he takes. This consciousness fills a person with strength, power and fearlessness. Oprichnik Kiribeevich also feels that he belongs to a certain clan. But this is not a family, although he belongs to a famous family:
And you are from the Skuratov family
And his family was raised by Malyutina...
The name of Malyuta Skuratov terrified the entire people. Kiribeevich is a tsar’s guardsman, a close associate of the sovereign, one of the soldiers of his personal army. The oprichnina enjoyed impunity with the blessing of Ivan the Terrible. This was the strength of Kiribeevich. He felt behind his back the support of the entire oprichnina and the tsar himself.
The clash between Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov goes beyond a personal matter. Preparing to take revenge on the offender, Stepan Paramonovich enters into open battle with the sovereign, as he fights against his will, against the permissiveness he granted to his squad. Merchant Kalashnikov is fighting fairly for his good name. He cannot take revenge on the offender except in open battle, in personal combat. This is the success of his moral victory. He will not allow himself to fight against unrighteousness, deceit and dishonor with these same means. He will not desecrate Kalashnikov's name with secret revenge.
The king lives by his own laws: I want execution, I want sweetheart. Having promised righteous judgment for the battle before all the people, he breaks this oath without a shadow of hesitation:
Whoever beats whom, the king will reward him,
And whoever is beaten, God will forgive him...
The Tsar and the oprichnina live by their own laws, and the Kalashnikovs live by the general laws, the moral laws of the people, according to which honor is always more valuable than life. The outcome of the battle was decided by Kalashnikov’s moral superiority:
And hearing that, Kiribeevich
His face turned pale like autumn snow:
His fearful eyes became clouded,
Frost ran between the strong shoulders,
The word froze on open lips.
The main moral law of the Russian people has always been the holy conviction: “God is not in power, but in truth.” Lermontov is endlessly attracted to the moral beauty of the heroes. He admires Alena Dmitrievna, for whom the shame of her name is worse than a personal insult, the judgment of her beloved husband is above all:
My lord, my red sun,
Either kill me or listen to me!
Your speeches are like a sharp knife;
They are heartbreaking.
I'm not afraid of fierce death,
I'm not afraid of people's rumors,
And I'm afraid of your disfavor...
Don't let me, your faithful wife,
Evil blasphemers are reproached...
You are our elder brother, our second father;
Do it yourself, as you know, as you know,
And we won’t give you away, dear one.
These are the true Russian characters. Faces are not visible only in the crowd, but the people begin with the individuality of each person, with a sense of personal responsibility before his conscience, and before his family, and before people.
In “Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” I am attracted not only by the characters truthfully recreated by the author, but also by the entire structure of the work: language, rhythm, special sound.
Essay “Images of Ivan the Terrible, oprichnik Kiribeevich, merchant Kalashnikov.”
The image of Kalashnikov is painted in broad, epic colors. This is a complete personality. It personifies the best sides of the people's character. Kalashnikov does not succumb to personal temptation even in the face of death. Probably, Grozny, a cruel tsar, but just in his own way, would have forgiven Kalashnikov if he had learned about the real reasons for his revenge, but Kalashnikov does not want to humiliate himself with explanations; he is proud of the feeling of his involvement in the people’s truth, which is higher than the tsar’s court:
The plot of the poem is based on the duel between the merchant Kalashnikov and the royal guardsman Kiribeevich. Kiribeevich is a close associate of the Tsar, and in this sense, his willful act towards Alena Dmitrievna and his clash with Kalashnikov acquire a social connotation. But the victory of the popular principle over the official class was impossible either during the years of the Nicholas reaction, or even more so in the era of Ivan the Terrible. The poem ends with the death of Kalashnikov, who, on the orders of the Tsar, is executed for killing a guardsman in a fist fight. This reveals the historical prospects of the people's environment and its potential.
She rolled onto the chopping block covered in blood.
In terms of physical characteristics, Stepan Paramonovich could hardly surpass Kiribeevich, a professional warrior, a regular participant in fist lists. But Kalashnikov still wins. Kiribeevich could not resist the duel: the truth was not on his side. Even before the battle, having heard Kalashnikov’s threat, he turns pale and loses his temper. Having received a blow, the guardsman falls like “a pine tree in a damp forest...”. In contrast to Kiribeevich, Kalashnikov enters battle with the knowledge that he is right. He defends not only his honor, but also the inviolability of moral principles that are sanctified by the people. Therefore, he wins, wins with the power of his spirit.
To wander around the world alone (...)
Don't joke, don't make people laugh
- he says to his opponent and kills him, not fearing the royal wrath.
Order me to be executed - and to be carried to the scaffold
And the little head is mediocre
I will tell you, Orthodox Tsar:
I killed him freely
“Talentless” means not only unhappy, but also simple-minded, who did not want to deviate from her truth, to accept the norms of selfish morality, which began to assert itself as the despotic principle and class advantages strengthened in the state. On what basis is it possible to form truly human personality traits? In folklore, Lermontov answered with his poem. This was tantamount to a discovery, but Lermontov was tinged with a bitter feeling. Hence the poet’s dissatisfaction with the present, turning to the past, and through it to the future. Only in the future is the full realization of healthy folk principles possible.
Here Lermontov’s true historicism was revealed, showing that in an antagonistic society, the preservation of honor and dignity, in the popular understanding, comes into sharp conflict with existing social conditions:
As soon as I see her, I’m not myself;
I will only tell God alone.
Indeed, not only the folk song, but also the historical flavor of the poem itself leaves a vivid impression. The images of Ivan the Terrible, the guardsman Kiribeevich, and the merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov appear before us as if alive. Ivan IV is drawn in accordance with popular ideas - a powerful and formidable king. He does not like to be opposed to his will, and puts the merchant Kalashnikov to death because he, having killed the guardsman Kiribeevich in a fist fight, refuses to explain the reason for his action.
I have now come to you, son of a Basurman,
And Stepan Kalashnikov was executed
Switching the social conflict into the mainstream of moral considerations allowed Lermontov to more deeply reveal the contradictions between the official government sphere and the people. Lermontov reveals this pattern through bright, remarkable characters, resorting in some cases to a romantic tone. Kiribeevich is not just an “evil offender”, but a person of great strength of feelings. Passion for Alena Dmitrievna, the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov, consumed him entirely:
I'm bored, sad, Orthodox Tsar,
A cruel, shameful death;
Strong hands give up,
Kiribeevich does not want to take into account either Alena Dmitrievna’s wishes or the norms of generally accepted morality. He disgraces Alena Dmitrievna with daring kisses, believing THAT, as the Tsar’s favorite, everything is allowed to him. However, the right of class power, not supported by the right of morality, turns out to be untenable. In an open and fair battle, Kiribeevich, having lost his composure, dies. Kalashnikov is drawn differently. Honor and truth, the moral laws of the people are above all for him; this, as Belinsky noted, “is one of those iron natures that will not tolerate insults and will fight back.” For the honor of his wife, for the purity of folk customs, Kalashnikov goes into mortal combat.
And for what about what - I won’t tell you,
The lively eyes are darkened;
I blame my little head
I went out for a terrible battle, for the last battle!”
"Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich..." Lermontov. Experience epic storytelling. Composition
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was very demanding about his work. He rejected many of his works, which were later recognized by his descendants as genius. The first poem that Lermontov decided to publish was “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov.” The poem is a stylization of Russian folklore in a large epic form. In terms of genre and artistic originality, it turned out to be one of a kind and was not continued either in the work of its author or other poets. “Song...” had no similarities with Lermontov’s previous works. True, in the poem “Boyar Orsha” the author touches on a family theme, but the peculiarity of “Song...” is that this theme is presented here completely differently, although we are also talking about the dishonor of the family.
The theme of dishonor was very characteristic of Lermontov’s work of this period, but it must be said that he distinguished between insult and dishonor. The offended nobleman received satisfaction from the duel, regardless of its outcome; it was a duel of equals. “Dishonor as a solution to the situation included murder, suicide or madness, that is, in any case, dishonor is irreversible, and the dishonored cannot continue to remain in a society of honor.” This is what Lermontov himself wrote.
In the poem “The Death of a Poet,” it is no coincidence that Lermontov actively emphasizes the thirst for revenge of the “slave of honor.” Researcher of the poet B.M. Eikhenbaum suggested that “Song…” may have been written during an imaginary illness that forced the poet to sit at home after the death of A. S. Pushkin. In this case, those who believe that the impetus for the creation of the poem could have been precisely the death of Pushkin, who defended his honor and the honor of his family, are right.
He disgraced me, he disgraced me
Me, honest, immaculate...
Alena Dmitrievna tells her husband about Kiribeevich. Although she begins her story by falling at the feet of her husband, Stepan Paramonovich, she does not ask for a petition, because she has nothing to blame, but for intercession.
Don't give me your faithful wife
Evil blasphemers are desecrated!
Thus, taking revenge on the oprichnik Kiribeevich, the merchant Kalashnikov first of all fulfills Alena Dmitrievna’s request and acts as a defender of the family and clan. Alena Dmitrievna, turning to her husband, remembers her relatives, dead and living, proving that she has no one else to ask for help, like her own family. Here Lermontov accurately reflects the medieval consciousness of Russian people, although a similar situation did not lose relevance in his time. After all, Pushkin also defended the honor of his family, and not just his personal one.
Another genre feature of the poem is the author’s intention to reduce the romantic aura of the images of the main characters. Lermontov gives them realistic features; the Christian ideals of the Russian people are directly reflected in the psychology of the main characters of the poem. Thus, the “crafty servant” Kiribeevich deceived the tsar by not telling him that “the beauty was remarried in the church of God according to our Christian law.” By doing this, he violates an immutable law, maddened by love. First, the guardsman asks the tsar to let him go “... to the Volga steppes to lay down his wild little head there,” but he unwittingly becomes a victim of his own deception. The Tsar grants him jewelry, with the help of which Kiribeevich tries to seduce Alena Dmitrievna. Ivan the Terrible himself pushes his favorite to commit a dishonorable act.
I'll dress you up like a queen,
Everyone will envy you
Just don't let me die a sinful death,
Love me, hug me
At least one time goodbye.
This is how Kiribeevich begs his love. His claims are not limitless - he, like Mtsyri, is ready to be content with a few moments of happiness. The guardsman is still a Christian, he is afraid to die a sinful death, that is, to commit suicide. But at the same time, he is a typical Lermontov hero, because he acts, regardless of the fact that everything is happening in front of the “evil neighbors”.
And he caressed me, kissed me,
My cheeks are still burning
They spread like living flames
His cursed kisses -
Alena Dmitrievna says with disgust. The willful hero suffers retribution, carried out not only by Kalashnikov and the “power of providence,” but by the power of conscience of Kiribeevich himself. He cannot help but accept a mortal fight. But at the same time, he reveals himself to be a real “son of Basurman”. When he hit merchant Kalashnikov, he bent the cross with holy relics from Kyiv hanging on Stepan Paramonovich’s chest. The blow was so strong that Kalashnikov mustered all his strength to survive.
At the same time, he does not behave like a romantic hero, he does not fight with fate or resist it, but simply defends the honor of the family. His cause is just, however, from the point of view of the existing law, he is committing lynching and is ready to accept execution for this. Stepan Paramonovich accepts the fate of a criminal, which could never happen in a romantic poem, where the hero would prefer death to such a fate and become a martyr, about whom songs will later be written.
The genre uniqueness of the poem also lies in the fact that in addition to the realistic conflicts “Kiribeevich - the Kalashnikov family”, “Kalashnikov - Ivan the Terrible”, there is also a romantic conflict in the poem. This is a conflict between a worthy person and the crowd, which in this case took the form of historical social psychology. Stepan Paramonovich cannot tell the Tsar that he killed “reluctantly,” not only because of his honesty and directness. The fact that he killed “freely” should be known to everyone. This is what will wash away the stain of shame from the family. Kalashnikov's moral independence, the fact that he is a person and not a “crafty slave,” is the reason for his tragic death in the poem. Personal dignity in him is inextricably linked with national moral principles. Therefore, despite the “shameful execution” and the fact that he was not buried according to Christian rites (not in a cemetery), the merchant left a good memory of himself among the people. Passing by his unmarked grave,
... old man - crosses himself
The good fellow will pass - he will become poised,
If a girl passes by, she will become sad,
And the guslar players will pass by and sing a song.
The poem ends with a major, truly song chord.
Thus, the idea of the poem, unlike the classical canons, is not limited to the opposition of “heroless” modernity and the heroic past, the century of extraordinary people. In the poem, not all the characters deserve sympathy and approval. Thus, the merchant Kalashnikov, faithful to the people's moral principles, turns out to be morally superior to the tsar himself. Lermontovsky the Terrible, not at all out of ignorance, pushes Kiribeevich to violence and executes Kalashnikov. His character is marked by monstrous cynicism. His response to the dignified words of Stepan Paramonovich “I killed him with my free will, But for what, about what - I won’t tell you. I’ll only tell God alone...” the king begins with a dark joke: “It’s good for you, baby, that you answered in good conscience,” and lists all future benefits to his relatives, leaving the death sentence for last, and as if he had let slip, he calls Kalashnikov’s children orphans.
Your young wife and your orphans
I will give it from my treasury.
Promising the merchant a solemn execution, the king actually arranges a “mockery of the condemned.” He utters openly mocking words
I order the ax to be sharpened and sharpened,
I'll order the executioner to dress up,
I'll order you to ring the big bell,
So that all the people of Moscow know,
That you too are not abandoned by my mercy.
"Song..." clearly highlights the process of Lermontov's artistic evolution. From the lyrical intensity of the style, centered around the author's "I", from direct and open lyrical formulas, from the genre of confession, the author moves on to the creation of psychological images and plots. The main character seems to have a presentiment of tragic events when nothing foreshadows trouble yet. So on that same ill-fated day, a young merchant sits at the counter, laying out goods.
With gentle speech he lures guests,
Gold and silver are counted.
Yes, it was a bad day for him:
Rich people walk past the bar,
No one looks into his shop.
In the poem, between hot events, an amazing image of Ancient Rus' and its capital Moscow appears:
Above the great, golden-domed Moscow,
The gray clouds are dispersing,
The scarlet dawn rises,
She scattered her golden curls,
Washed with crumbly snow,
Like a beauty looking in the mirror,
He looks into the clear sky and smiles.
The wealth of historical details and signs of the times distinguishes Lermontov's poem. This is not only a description of clothing, utensils, weapons, but also the behavior of the main characters, say, before a battle. Individual characteristics are added to the general, historically determined features. So, Kiribeevich, going out to fight, “... silently bows to the king at the waist,” then he “walks around in the open air, laughing at the bad fighters.” Kalashnikov, going out against the guardsman, “Bowed first to the terrible Tsar. After the white Kremlin and the holy churches, And then to the entire Russian people.”
In the poem we encounter such artistic techniques as the use of traditional epithets (“sweet wine, overseas”, “falcon eyes”), comparisons, syntactic repetitions, parallelisms, inversions, direct negation (“The blue clouds do not admire him: He sits at the meal in The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich sits on a golden crown." All these techniques masterfully reproduce the Russian folk poetic style. In the spirit of Russian literature, even the syntactic construction with the extra conjunction “and”:
There's going to be a fist fight tomorrow
On the Moscow River under the Tsar himself.
And then I will go out to the guardsman.
The stylized "song" of the poem, the emotional intensity of its content, and the dynamics of the plot hide some historical errors and certain semantic inconsistencies. So, for example, Kiribeevich describes to the Tsar the beauty of Alena Dmitrievna and praises her “brown, golden braids,” which he could not see, since married women hid their hair under a scarf.
Another feature of “Song...” attracts attention - its polyphony. The song is sung by several guslar players, but in one place the voice of the only author breaks through, who says about Alena Dmitrievna: “Everything trembled, my dear...”
It seems to me that the relative incongruity should include the triple repetition of the cry before the battle: “They cursed the loud cry three times - Not a single fighter was touched.” This does not mean that Stepan Paramonovich slept through, like Onegin before the duel. Delaying the action in the poem increases the tension of the atmosphere; moreover, the folklore principle of trinity is observed. This principle is also visible in the composition of the work: “Song...” has three chapters, three choruses.
The finale of the "Song..." is, according to tradition, "glory" to the boyar, the noblewoman and the entire Christian people.
“The song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” is a unique work by Lermontov and all Russian literature. It is rightfully considered a masterpiece of Russian national classics.
Folklore motifs in “Song about the merchant Kalashnikov” by M. Yu. Lermontov.
“Song about the merchant Kalashnikov” is a work filled with folklore motifs and elements. This work is a stylization of a folk heroic song glorifying the exploits of a folk hero, a hero. Such a hero in “Song” is the merchant Kalashnikov.
The genre of the work itself, indicated in the title, is taken from folklore.
The composition “Songs” imitates the folk one, which was performed by singers to the accompaniment of instruments, usually the gusli. Lermontov’s “Song” has a “folk” beginning and ending, and also before each narrative part there is a kind of “insert”:
Hey guys, sing - just build the harps!
Hey guys, drink up - understand the matter!
Amuse the good boyar
And his white-faced noblewoman!
Descriptions of the characters are given in folklore style. Parallelism is widely used when the appearance of the hero, the significance of his figure, as well as his internal state are compared with the states of nature. So, for example, Ivan the Terrible is described by the following lines:
The red sun does not shine in the sky,
The blue clouds do not admire him:
Then he sits at a meal wearing a golden crown,
The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich is sitting.
The scene of the battle between Kalashnikov and Kiribeevich is preceded by a rather large description of the dawn over Moscow. It is given in contrast to the event described and ends with the question: “Why did you, scarlet dawn, wake up? What kind of joy did you play out on?
The description of the heroes is based on constant epithets in the tradition of folk works: “red sun”, “daring fighter”, “wild fellow”, “dark eyes”, “broad chest”, “black eyebrows”. Traditional comparisons are also used here: “She walks smoothly, like a swan.”
In general, the entire work is filled with constant epithets: “sweet wine”, “strong thought”, “blue-winged dove”, “hot heart”, “dark thought”, “damp earth”, “red girls”.
Stylized to resemble a folk song and the language of the work. It is just as melodious, it has a lot of inversions, inversions and exclamations. The work uses dialectal and colloquial words or their forms: blasphemer, orphan, elder brother, dispersal, rose and others.
Three-fold repetition is widely used in the “Song”. For example, before a fight, Kalashnikov bows three times, showing respect and asking for blessings and support.
In folk traditions, an interpretation of the main characters of the “Song” is given. Kalashnikov is a national hero, defender of people's morality, honor and justice. He defends not only his good name, but also the honor of the entire Orthodox people. Therefore, his name will remain for centuries, despite the disfavor of the authorities.
The main villain, Kiribeevich, is shown one-sidedly. He is negative in everything. This is the embodiment of a different, aggressive faith, disrespect, everything evil and dark. As a result, in the best traditions of folklore, he is defeated at the end of the “Song”.
Ivan the Terrible is a controversial figure. This is also a folklore tradition. It would seem that he is on the side of the dark forces, but promises to support the Kalashnikov family after his death. He is able to appreciate the strength and nobility of Kalashnikov’s character.
Poem by M.Yu. Lermontov talks about the historical past of Rus' in the 16th century, the reign of Ivan the Terrible. In form it resembles an epic or ballad, a song performed by guslars. Proximity to folklore not only gives authenticity to the pictures and characters depicted in the poem, but also allows the author to show the people's ideal, express the people's understanding of truth, honor, heroism, and justice.
The role of landscape in “Song about the merchant Kalashnikov” by M. Yu. Lermontov.
Poem by M.Yu. Lermontov talks about the historical past of Rus' in the 16th century, the reign of Ivan the Terrible. In form it resembles an epic or ballad, a song performed by guslars.
Landscape plays a large role in “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov.”
The first part of the poem begins with a landscape:
The red sun does not shine in the sky,
The blue clouds do not admire him:
Then he sits at a meal wearing a golden crown,
The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich is sitting.
The word “not” is the key to the entire poem, an alarming sign that everything will not end well, a premonition of trouble.
Behind the Kremlin a foggy dawn is burning;
Clouds are flying into the sky -
The blizzard drives them singing;
Landscape sketches emphasize the mood and state of mind of the characters in the poem:
And then he was troubled by a strong thought
Young merchant Kalashnikov;
And he stood at the window, looking out onto the street -
And the night is dark outside;
White snow is falling, spreading,
Covers the human trace;
both place and time of the tragic events:
Above the great, golden-domed Moscow,
Above the Kremlin white stone wall
Because of the distant forests, because of the blue mountains,
Playfully on the plank roofs,
The gray clouds are accelerating,
The scarlet dawn is rising.
And the sad landscape at the end of the poem:
And a mound of damp earth was poured here,
And they put a maple cross here,
And the wild winds roar and roar
Over his unmarked grave,
seems to connect the entire composition of the work together, showing that the premonition of trouble in the first lines did not deceive us:
The red sun does not shine in the sky,
The blue clouds don’t admire him...
The landscape not only gives authenticity to the pictures and characters depicted in the poem, but also allows the author to more clearly express the people's understanding of truth, honor, heroism and justice.
The main characters of M.Yu. Lermontov’s poem “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” are the merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov and the royal guardsman Kiribeevich. The action of the poem takes place during the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. During the feast, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich drew attention to one of his guardsmen named Kiribeevich, who was thoughtful and sad. When the king asked what was the reason for his sadness, Kiribeevich replied that he was fascinated by the beauty Alena Dmitrevna, but she did not pay any attention to him. Kiribeevich asked the tsar to let him go to the Volga steppes, so that there, in battle, he could lay down his violent head.
The king laughed at these words. He gave Kiribeevich his ring and a beautiful necklace, after which he ordered him to go and woo Alena Dmitrevna. At the same time, the king said that if the guardsman liked the beauty, let them celebrate the wedding. Well, if you don’t like it, then don’t be angry.
The Tsar did not know that Kiribeevich deceived him and did not tell him that Alena Dmitrevna was already married to the merchant Kalashnikov. That day, Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, as usual, was trading in his shop. Trade was going poorly, no one came into the shop. After Vespers, Kalashnikov closed the shop and went home.
At home, he was surprised to find that the table was not set for dinner, his wife Alena Dmitrevna was not meeting him and the children were nowhere to be seen. The old worker told the owner that Alena Dmitrevna went to church for vespers, but still had not returned, although the priest and priest had long since gone to their house. And the children still don’t sleep and cry without their mother.
Time passed, and the merchant heard the doors opening. His wife, Alena Dmitrevna, entered the house. Her clothes were torn, there was no scarf on her head, and her hair was loose. Kalashnikov angrily began to ask his wife where she had been all this time?
Alena Dmitrevna fell at her husband’s feet and said that when she was returning home after Vespers, the Tsar’s guardsman Kiribeevich caught up with her. He grabbed her hands, began to kiss her in public and persuaded her to love him. Having told this, Alena Dmitrevna asked her husband to stand up for her honor.
Merchant Kalashnikov called his two younger brothers and told them about what had happened. He added that he was going to fight Kiribeevich in a fair fist fight. Stepan Paramonovich asked the brothers to fight Kiribeevich if they were defeated.
The next day, a fist fight took place on the ice of the Moscow River, which was attended by Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich. Kiribeevich entered the circle and began to challenge his opponent. When the merchant Kalashnikov came out to him, Kiribeevich began to ask what the name of his enemy was, and what kind of tribe he was.
To this, Stepan Paramonovich introduced himself and said that he was an honest man and had never dishonored other people’s wives. The merchant also added that he would fight to the death. Then Karibeyevich realized that this was Alena Dmitrevna’s husband.
The fight began, and the first blow to the merchant’s chest was struck by Kiribeevich. But the merchant managed to withstand this blow. In response, he hit the guardsman in the left temple, and this blow turned out to be fatal.
The king, having learned about the death of his guardsman, became angry and ordered the merchant to be brought to him. He asked Kalashnikov whether he killed Kiribeevich intentionally or accidentally. The merchant honestly answered that he did it intentionally, but refused to give a reason. Kalashnikov was ready to suffer a well-deserved punishment and only asked the Tsar to take care of his family and two younger brothers. The Tsar promised not to leave them at his mercy, but ordered the execution of the merchant Kalashnikov for intentional murder.
Stepan Paramonovich was buried behind the Moscow River, at the intersection of three roads. A maple cross was placed on his grave. And although his grave was unmarked, people passing by for a long time remembered who was buried in it and why he died.
This is the summary of the poem.
The main idea of Lermontov’s poem “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” is that the most precious thing a person has is his honor. The merchant Kalashnikov knew this truth well, and he without hesitation went to defend his honor and the honor of his wife, knowing full well that he would suffer severe punishment from the tsar.
The poem teaches us to value and protect honor and dignity, both our own and those dear to our hearts.
In the poem, I liked the main character, the merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, who was not afraid to die to protect the honor and dignity of his family.
What proverbs fit the poem “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov”?
Dishonor is worse than death.
For conscience and for honor - even to cut off your head.
. Public lesson.
Literature.
Subject. The concept of a heroic personality in “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov.”
Goals.
1. Familiarize students with the history of the creation of “Song...”.
3. reveal the content of the conflict between the heroes of “Song...”.
5.Improve skills in analyzing literary text.
During the classes.
1. Organizational moment.
2. The teacher's word.
showed a special interest in national history, looking for in it the heroic spirit and bright personalities that were so lacking among his contemporaries. The poet’s young entourage did not strive for anything; among them there were few worthy people, heroes, so the poet looked for them in Russian history. The theme of history was reflected, in particular, in the poem “Borodino” and in the “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov.”
“The song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” was written during Lermontov’s stay in the Caucasus - “out of boredom, to have fun during an illness that did not allow him to leave the room” (testimony). So, without leaving the room , Lermontov is transported in time, becomes a witness to long-past events, and learns the style of ancient speech. The poem is close to folk poetry; it uses epithets, beginnings, and repetitions characteristic of folklore.
“The Song...” describes the terrible time for Rus' of the oprichnina, the bloody reign of Ivan the Terrible, “the abyss of horrors and tyranny”()
3. Brief historical information about the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
4. Text analysis.
1 block of questions
What historical details did the author use to convey the era of Ivan the Terrible?
What significance did the oprichnina have for the way of Russian life?
2 block of questions
How does the merchant Kalashnikov appear before us?
By what signs can one say that the merchant foresaw trouble?
“It’s not a good day,” “the dawn is foggy,” “clouds are rolling into the sky,” “a snowstorm,” that is, natural phenomena suggest to both the hero and the reader that there will be alarming events ahead.
What made Kalashnikov “confused with deep thoughts” when he returned home?
The order in the house has been disrupted because there is no wife yet.
What does Kalashnikov suspect his wife of? Why does he greet her so strictly?
He talks sternly to his wife. But let's remember the laws of that time: a wife must unquestioningly obey her husband. Proof of this is the book “Domostroy.” Listen to “The Instruction of a Husband to His Wife”: “It is proper for husbands to teach their wives with love and reasonable punishment; the wives of their husbands ask about all decency: how to save the soul, please God and the husband, and build their house well and in good faith.” Submit to everything and whatever your husband punishes, accept with love and listen to with fear, and do according to his punishment. And if the wife disobeys her husband, he can beat her with a whip.” Previously, marriage took place in the church; it was believed that husband and wife should be faithful to each other until the grave. It is no coincidence that Kalashnikov speaks so sternly to Alena Dmitrievna.
Not for that in front of holy icons
You and I, my wife, got engaged,
They exchanged gold rings.
How does Alena Dmitrievna explain her long absence? How does she react to her husband's accusations?
There was happiness in the Kalashnikov family until the guardsman Kiribeevich destroyed it by insulting Alena Dmitrievna.
It is no coincidence that she turns to her husband with a request to protect her.
Who else should I rely on besides you?
Who will I ask for help?
In this world I am an orphan.
Her husband is “a red sun” for her; she fears his disfavor more than “fierce death.”
Why does the merchant Kalashnikov decide to fight the Tsar's oprichnik? Who is he looking for help from?
Going out to the duel, Kalashnikov fulfills his wife’s request for intercession: “Don’t let me, your faithful wife, be desecrated by evil blasphemers!” Stepan Paramonovich acts here as a defender of the family, in the event of his death, he orders his brothers to stand up for his good name. This is not just revenge, punishment for the “Busurman son”, this is not the fear of “evil blasphemers”: Kalashnikov is endowed with a high moral consciousness and self-esteem. But he could, having heard about Skuratov’s “glorious family”, realizing that Kiribeevich was an oprichnik, had behaved differently. Many wives dishonored by the guardsmen returned home - and the family came to terms with the fact of their dishonor.
3 block of questions
Why didn’t Kiribeevich tell the whole truth to the king?
Kiribeevich is a faithful guardsman, a “crafty slave.” Kiribeevich's slavery lies in his unconditional submission to the royal law, over which he recognizes neither conscience nor honor. He is not ashamed to reveal his “strong thoughts” at a buffoon feast, to bare his soul before the crowd. When going out to battle, he bows only to the king - without remembering either God or the people. For him, a fight is fun to please the king: “I’ll only amuse our king, father.” But this does not stop Kiribeevich from dissembling in front of the king: at the feast, he hides from John that Alena Dmitrievna is married and enlists his support.
How does Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov show their love for Alena Dmitrievna?
A distinctive feature of Kiribeevich’s nature is the desire to show off, “to show off in an outfit,” “to show off one’s daring.” Kiribeevich’s slavish nature and servility give rise to a desire to rule in him, to not be denied anything. He chooses Alena Dmitrievna not only for her beauty: he is hurt by her independence, indifference to him, the “tsar’s guardsman”:
They stand at the gates at the planks
The girls and young women are red,
And they admire, looking, whispering,
Only one does not look, does not admire,
It is closed with a striped veil.
Seducing Alena Dmitrievna, Kiribeevich seduces her with an enviable position and wealth: “Everyone will envy you...” Kiribeevich’s words before the fight sound like a daring challenge to the tsar’s favorite, confident of his victory.
As befits a guardsman, Kiribeevich is deprived of an honorable name - he is a “busurman son”, without a clan, without a tribe, it is no coincidence that Lermontov calls Kalashnikov by his first name and patronymic, and Kiribeevich - only Kiribeevich.
At the same time, Kiribeevich is an extraordinary, bright personality in his own way. You can’t call him a faceless hanger-on; he, like Kalashnikov, has a daring element.
“Song…” is Lermontov’s answer to bloodless, insignificant modernity. Belinsky rightly noted: “The poet was transported from the present world of unsatisfactory Russian life into the historical past.” But even in Lermontov’s contemporary reality, there were those who stood in a “greedy crowd” at the throne, and there were also “slaves of honor.” In a worthy great era, as in the “iron” nineteenth century, as in our time, the conflict of honor and dishonor, an independent proud personality and “evil slavery” does not lose its acuteness.
What does Stepan Kalashnikov stand for in the battle with Kiribeevich?
4 block of questions
How does each of the heroes die and what memory does he leave behind?
Why did the king order the execution of the winner in a fair fist fight?
What are your impressions of Ivan the Terrible?
5.Reflection. Work in groups.
1 group. Analyze the scene when the heroes bow before battle. To whom and what does each of them bow? Why?
The bearer of honor in “Song...” is the Moscow merchant Kalashnikov, a man of an independent, free class. Kalashnikov's life and moral principles are expressed in his speech before the battle. Unafraid of Kiribeevich’s threats, he answers with dignity:
And my name is Stepan Kalashnikov,
And I was born from an honest father,
And I lived according to the law of the Lord:
I did not disgrace someone else's wife,
I did not rob in the dark night,
Didn't hide from the heavenly light.
Kalashnikov contrasts his position in life, his origin, his independent occupation with robbery, the baseness and debauchery of the guardsmen. He is ready to “stand for the truth to the lastth" Before the battle, Stepan Paramonovich bows to the Tsar, the churches, and the “Russian people,” thereby expressing respect not so much for the authorities as for God and people
2nd group. Why didn’t Kalashnikov reveal the whole truth to the Tsar?
Kalashnikov did not reveal the real reasons for the fight, telling the tsar that he killed Kiribeevich “of his own free will,” that is, without any particular reason, he preferred the scaffold to making his family trouble public. In this act there is an unconditional right to maintain sovereignty and secrecy in the face of power. Kiribeevich did not hesitate at the feast, on the orders of Ivan the Terrible, to expose himself to everyone in his personal, intimate experience - love for Alena Dmitrievna, but the free merchant does not recognize interference in his inner, secret life.
3 group. Who is holding court over Kalashnikov? Why was the formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich introduced into this scene? Is his trial fair?
In an era of dishonor and terror, Kalashnikov defended his honorable name and the integrity of his family. For this he was executed and buried not according to Christian rites, but as a robber - between three roads. But, despite the shameful execution and burial in an “unmarked grave,” Kalashnikov left behind a good memory:
An old man will pass by and cross himself,
If a girl passes by, she will become sad.
And the guslar players will pass by and sing a song.
The royal court diverged from the people's court. Kalashnikov, executed by the Tsar and “slandered by rumor,” becomes a folk hero
6. Lesson summary
7 Homework
Russian code of honor