The connections between inanimate and living nature are that air, water, heat, light, and mineral salts are the conditions necessary for the life of living organisms; changes in the actions of these factors affect the organisms in a certain way. This connection is also expressed in the adaptability of living beings to their environment. For example, it is known how vividly the ability of living organisms to live in water manifests itself. In organisms living in ground-air environment, can be traced very interesting shape connections with inanimate nature: air movement - wind serves as a means of distributing fruits and seeds of a number of plants, and these fruits and seeds themselves have clearly visible adaptive characteristics.
All living organisms inhabiting the Earth are influenced environmental factors environment.
Environmental factors are individual properties or elements of the environment that directly or indirectly affect living organisms, at least during one of the stages individual development. Environmental factors are manifold. There are several qualifications, depending on the approach. This is based on the impact on the life activity of organisms, the degree of variability over time, and the duration of action.
The classification of environmental factors is presented in Figure 1.
Fig.1 Classification of environmental factors affecting the body
Let us consider in detail the influence of abiotic environmental factors, since their influence is more significant - temperature, light and humidity.
For example, in the May beetle, the larval stage takes place in the soil. He is influenced abiotic factors environment: soil, air, indirectly humidity, chemical composition soil - not affected by light at all.
For example, bacteria can survive in the most extreme conditions- they are found in geysers, hydrogen sulfide springs, very salty water, at the depths of the World Ocean, very deep in the soil, in the ice of Antarctica, at the very high peaks(even Everest 8848 m), in the bodies of living organisms.
Temperature
Most species of plants and animals are adapted to a fairly narrow range of temperatures. Some organisms, especially in a state of rest or suspended animation, can withstand quite low temperatures. Temperature fluctuations in water are usually less than on land, so the limits of temperature tolerance of aquatic organisms are worse than those of terrestrial organisms. The intensity of metabolism depends on temperature. Basically, organisms live at temperatures from 0 to +50 0C on the surface of sand in the desert and up to - 70 0C in some areas Eastern Siberia. The average temperature range is from +50 to -50 0С in terrestrial habitats and from +2 to +27 0С in the World Ocean. For example, microorganisms can withstand cooling down to -200 0C, individual species bacteria and algae can live and reproduce in hot springs at temperatures of + 80, +88 0C.
Animal organisms are distinguished:
1. with a constant body temperature (warm-blooded);
2. with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).
Organisms with unstable body temperature (fish, amphibians, reptiles).
In nature, temperature is not constant. Organisms that live in temperate latitudes and are exposed to temperature fluctuations are less able to tolerate constant temperatures. Sharp fluctuations - heat, frost - are unfavorable for organisms.
Organisms with a constant body temperature (birds, mammals).
These organisms have undergone changes in internal structure organs, which contributed to their adaptation to constant body temperature. This, for example, is a four-chambered heart and the presence of one aortic arch, ensuring complete separation of arterial and venous blood flow, intensive metabolism due to the supply of tissues with arterial blood saturated with oxygen, feather or hairline body, conducive to heat retention, well developed nervous activity). All this allowed representatives of birds and mammals to remain active during sudden temperature changes and to master all habitats.
IN natural conditions The temperature very rarely remains at a level favorable for life. Therefore, plants and animals develop special adaptations that weaken sudden temperature fluctuations. Animals such as elephants have larger ears than their ancestor, the mammoth, which lived in cold climates. Auricle In addition to the organ of hearing, it functions as a thermostat. To protect against overheating, plants develop a waxy coating and a thick cuticle.
Light provides all life processes occurring on Earth. For organisms, the wavelength of the perceived radiation, its duration and intensity of exposure are important. For example, in plants, a decrease in day length and light intensity leads to autumn leaf fall.
In relation to light, plants are divided into:
1. light-loving - have small leaves, highly branched shoots, a lot of pigment - cereals. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics.
2. shade-loving - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata.
3. shade-tolerant - plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading
An important role in the regulation of the activity of living organisms and their development is played by the duration and intensity of exposure to light - the photoperiod. In temperate latitudes, the development cycle of animals and plants is confined to the seasons of the year, and the signal for preparation for temperature changes is the length of daylight hours, which, unlike other factors, always remains constant in certain place and in certain time. Photoperiodism is a trigger mechanism that includes physiological processes, leading to the growth and flowering of plants in the spring, fruiting in the summer, and shedding of leaves in the fall of plants. In animals, the accumulation of fat by autumn, the reproduction of animals, their migration, the migration of birds and the onset of the resting stage in insects.
In addition to seasonal changes, there are also daily changes in lighting conditions; the change of day and night determines the daily rhythm of the physiological activity of organisms. An important adaptation that ensures the survival of an individual is a kind of “ The biological clock", the ability to sense time.
Animals whose activity depends on the time of day are diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular.
Humidity
Water is necessary component cells, therefore its quantity in certain habitats is a limiting factor for plants and animals and determines the nature of the flora and fauna of a given area.
Excess moisture in the soil leads to waterlogging and the appearance of marsh vegetation. Depending on soil moisture (amount of precipitation) species composition vegetation changes. Broad-leaved forests give way to small-leaved, then forest-steppe vegetation. Next is low grass, and at 250 ml per year - desert. Precipitation may not fall evenly throughout the year, and living organisms have to endure long-term droughts. For example, plants and animals of savannas, where the intensity of vegetation cover, as well as the intensive nutrition of ungulates, depends on the rainy season.
In nature, daily fluctuations in air humidity occur, which affect the activity of organisms. There is a close relationship between humidity and temperature. Temperature has a greater effect on the body when humidity is high or low. Plants and animals have developed adaptations to different humidity levels. For example, plants have developed powerful root system, the leaf cuticle is thickened, leaf blade reduced or transformed into needles and thorns. In saxaul, photosynthesis occurs in the green part of the stem. Plant growth stops during drought. Cacti store moisture in the expanded part of the stem; needles instead of leaves reduce evaporation.
Animals have also developed adaptations that allow them to tolerate a lack of moisture. Small animals - rodents, snakes, turtles, arthropods - obtain moisture from food. The source of water can be a fat-like substance, for example in a camel. In hot weather, some animals - rodents, turtles - hibernate, which lasts for several months. By the beginning of summer, after a short flowering, ephemeral plants can shed their leaves, the above-ground parts die off, and thus experience a period of drought. At the same time, the bulbs and rhizomes are preserved until the next season.
In relation to water, plants are divided:
1. aquatic plants high humidity;
2. semi-aquatic plants, terrestrial-aquatic;
3. terrestrial plants;
4. plants of dry and very dry places, live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought;
5. succulents are succulent and accumulate water in the tissues of their bodies.
In relation to water, animals are divided:
1. moisture-loving animals;
2. intermediate group;
3. dry-loving animals.
Types of adaptations of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light:
1. warm-bloodedness - maintaining a constant body temperature by the body;
2. hibernation - prolonged sleep of animals in winter time of the year;
3. suspended animation - a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slowed down to a minimum and all visible signs of life are absent (observed in cold-blooded animals and animals in winter and during hot periods);
4. frost resistance - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures;
5. dormancy - an adaptive property of a perennial plant, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of ground shoots in herbaceous forms of plants and the fall of leaves in woody forms;
6. summer dormancy - an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts.
Between inanimate and living nature there are inverse connections, when living organisms influence their environment. inanimate environment. For example, they change the composition of the air. In the forest, thanks to the plants, there is more moisture in the soil than in the meadow; in the forest the temperature and air humidity are different.
The soil is formed by the interaction of inanimate and animate nature with living organisms. It occupies an intermediate position between inanimate and living nature, serves link between them. Many minerals that belong to inanimate nature (limestone, peat, coal and others) were formed from the remains of living organisms.
Ecological connections within living nature are also very diverse. Communication between various plants most noticeably manifested in the indirect influence of some plants on others.
For example, trees, by changing illumination, humidity, and air temperature under the forest canopy, create certain conditions that are favorable for some plants in the lower tiers and unfavorable for others. So-called weeds in a field or garden absorb a significant portion of moisture and nutrients from the soil, shading cultivated plants, affecting their growth and development, inhibiting them.
The connections between plants and animals are interesting. On the one hand, plants serve as food for animals (food connection); create their habitat (saturate the air with oxygen); give them shelter; serve as material for building dwellings (for example, a bird's nest). On the other hand, animals also influence plants. For example, their fruits and seeds are distributed, due to which some fruits have special devices (burdock seeds).
Between animals different types are especially well traced food connections. This is reflected in the concepts of “insectivores” and “carnivorous animals”. The connections between animals of the same species are interesting, for example, the distribution of nesting or hunting territory, the care of adult animals for their offspring.
There are peculiar connections between fungi, plants and animals. Mushrooms growing in the forest, with their underground part as mycelium, grow together with the roots of trees, shrubs, and some herbs. Thanks to this, mushrooms receive organic nutrients from plants. nutrients, plants from fungi - water with soluble mineral salts in it. Some animals eat mushrooms and are treated with them.
The listed types of connections between inanimate and living nature, between components of living nature, appear in a forest, meadow, or reservoir, due to which the latter become more than just a set different plants and animals, but the natural community.
Very great importance has a revelation of the connections between man and nature. Moreover, man is considered as a part of nature, he exists within nature and is inseparable from it.
The connection between man and nature is manifested, first of all, in the diverse role that nature plays in the material and spiritual life of people. At the same time, they also manifest themselves in the reverse impact of humans on nature, which in turn can be positive (nature conservation) and negative (air and water pollution, destruction of plants, animals, etc.). Human impact on nature can be direct - collecting wild plants for bouquets, exterminating animals during hunting; and indirect - violation of the habitat of living organisms, that is, a violation of the state of inanimate or living nature that is necessary for these organisms: water pollution in the river leads to the death of fish, cutting down old hollow trees leads to a decrease in the number of birds living in hollows, etc. . .
Between inanimate and animate nature there are also connections of a reverse nature, when living organisms influence the inanimate environment around them. For example, they change the composition of the air. In the forest, thanks to the plants, there is more moisture in the soil than in the meadow; in the forest the temperature and air humidity are different.
The soil is formed by the interaction of inanimate and animate nature with living organisms. It takes about
the intermediate position between inanimate and living nature serves as a connecting link between them. Many minerals that belong to inanimate nature (limestone, peat, coal and others) were formed from the remains of living organisms. Ecological connections within living nature are also very diverse. The connections between different plants are most noticeably manifested in the indirect influence of some plants on others.
For example, trees, by changing illumination, humidity, and air temperature under the forest canopy, create certain conditions that are favorable for some plants in the lower tiers and unfavorable for others. So-called weeds in a field or garden absorb a significant portion of moisture and nutrients from the soil, shading cultivated plants, affecting their growth and development, inhibiting them.
The connections between plants and animals are interesting. On the one hand, plants serve as food for animals (food connection); create their habitat (saturate the air with oxygen); give them shelter; serve as material for building dwellings (for example, a bird's nest). On the other hand, animals also influence plants. For example, their fruits and seeds spread, and therefore some fruits have special adaptations (burdock seeds).
Food connections between animals of different species are especially clearly visible. This is reflected in the concepts of “insectivores” and “carnivorous animals”. The connections between animals of the same species are interesting, for example, the distribution of nesting or hunting territory, the care of adult animals for their offspring.
There are peculiar connections between fungi, plants and animals. Mushrooms growing in the forest, with their underground part as mycelium, grow together with the roots of trees, shrubs, and some herbs. Thanks to this, mushrooms receive organic nutrients from plants, and plants from fungi receive water with mineral salts soluble in it. Some animals eat mushrooms and are treated with them.
The listed types of connections between inanimate and living nature, between components of living nature, manifest themselves in a forest, meadow, and reservoir, due to which the latter become not just a set of different plants and animals, but a natural community.
Discovering the connections between man and nature is very important. Moreover, man is considered as a part of nature, he exists within nature and is inseparable from it.
The connection between man and nature is manifested, first of all, in the diverse role that nature plays in the material and spiritual life of people. At the same time, they also manifest themselves in the reverse impact of humans on nature, which in turn can be positive (nature conservation) and negative (air and water pollution, destruction of plants, animals, etc.). Human impact on nature can be direct - collecting wild plants for bouquets, exterminating animals during hunting; and indirectly - a violation of the habitat of living organisms, that is, a violation of the state of inanimate or living nature that is necessary for these organisms: water pollution in the river leads to the death of fish, cutting down old hollow trees leads to a decrease in the number of birds living in hollows, and so on.
There are no unambiguous recipes for what environmental connections, in what lesson and how exactly to consider them. This can only be decided by a teacher working in a specific class in a specific natural environment. It is important to consider the need differentiated approach to students, selecting tasks for them varying degrees difficulties.
Material about environmental connections should be a mandatory element of the content of both a lesson in learning new material and a general lesson.
By receiving a certain system of knowledge in the lessons “Natural Science” and “Nature Studies”, students can also learn the norms and rules of environmental behavior in nature, since through environmental education A responsible attitude towards nature is fostered.
But the norms and rules of behavior will be poorly understood if the conditions of environmental education are not taken into account.
First the most important condition– environmental education of students should be carried out in a system, using local local history material, taking into account continuity, gradual complication and deepening of individual elements from 1st to 3rd grade.
The second indispensable condition is to actively involve junior schoolchildren in practical matters feasible for them to protect local natural resources. There are a lot of such things: internal and external landscaping of a school, a park, caring for flower beds, patronage of forest areas where the forest is close to the school, collecting fruits and seeds of meadow and tree-shrub plants, clearing dead wood, protecting and feeding birds, patronage of natural monuments during the study native land etc.
From all that has been said above, it follows that education based on the disclosure of specific environmental connections, will help students learn the rules and norms of behavior in nature. The latter, in turn, will not be unfounded statements, but will be conscious and meaningful beliefs of each student.
As an experiment, under our leadership, the efforts of junior schoolchildren from secondary school No. 5 in Nalchik were organized environmental cleanup to clean the area adjacent to the school from household waste.
Having learned the purpose of the cleanup, the majority of the students initially did not want to participate in it. We had to hold an explanatory conversation about the need to clean the area. The main reason why children did not want to pick up trash was not just laziness, but the desire to shift this work to other shoulders.
“We don’t have to clean, that’s the job of the janitors. They get money for it." These are some of the remarks that the biology teacher and I had to listen to.
"Fine. - I answered. “You won’t pick up trash if you’ve never littered yourself.” How many of you throw garbage only into trash cans? None of the guys answered this question. I further add that wage There are very few wipers.
We are starting to clean up the area. Schoolchildren on personal example They are convinced that the work of janitors is a difficult task. As an encouragement, I say that today we are doing a noble deed to preserve the health of the city. “Garbage is not only visually unpleasant and unsightly, but it is also environmentally unsafe. Garbage may contain salts heavy metals, people also throw away packaging of household chemicals, which are based on organic and inorganic poisons, synthetically active substances(surfactants), etc.”
After the cleanup, the children came to a new conclusion for many that “clean is not where they clean up, but where they don’t litter!”
Conclusion and conclusions
"Plant Reproduction" - More new plants can appear. The more seeds are formed, the... Stem. Wind. Plant propagation. Vegetative propagation. Lots of seeds. Plant structure. Root. Animals. Sheet. One seed. Fruit, seed. Seed dispersal. Propagation by seeds. Animals, people. Birds.
“Living and inanimate nature” - Water, Living and inanimate. Gruzd, Game: “Living and Nonliving.” Chamomile, Living. Animals. Car, Why? Mushrooms. Plants. Rock, Not nature. Sun, moon, stars. Cloud, Chosen Earth solar system, on which life exists. Human Animals Plants Mushrooms. Earth. Stone, Breathes, feeds, grows, reproduces, dies.
“Crop Growing” - Our autumn garden is beautiful. Vegetables play a huge role in human nutrition! Objectives: Find out what crop farming is. 1. A plant with leaves floating on the surface of a reservoir and yellow flowers. There are apples and pears on the branches like toys. Vegetable growing. What branch of crop production is involved in growing the crops discussed in the poem?
“Life on Earth” - Our Sun has been shining for many millions of years. Planets of the solar system. Earth. Mercury. Desert of red sand, A spiky whirlwind from afar. It is difficult for a person to even imagine what the Sun really is. Relative sizes planets. Neptune. Why. Science fiction writers have been writing for many years, frightening us with Martians. But there is no life on Neptune!
“Trees in winter” - Maple is easy to distinguish from other plants by its winged propellers. And this is what we found out... A tree with a tall orange or yellowish trunk? Maple. © MOOU sanatorium boarding school No. 6, Yaroslavl. Pine branches cover the top of the trunk with a cap. In winter, you can find fruits on linden branches. How to recognize trees in winter?
“How a plant works” - Do you know? Plant propagation. The structure of seeds. The structure of flowering plants. Little, bitter brother of Luke. Moisture, heat, and air affect not only seed germination, but also the future harvest. Under the pine tree by the path, who is standing among the grass? Flowers and fruits. Two sisters are green in the summer, by autumn one turns red, the other turns black.
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