As you know, all parts of speech are divided into independent and auxiliary. As in Russian, pronouns in English belong to an independent part of speech, which denotes an object or is a sign of it, but does not directly name persons and objects. These words do not name relationships and properties, do not give spatial or temporal characteristics.

Pronouns (Pronouns) in English replace a noun, which is why they are called “in place of a name” - He, you, it. These words can also be used instead of an adjective - Such, that, these. As in Russian, so in English, there are a lot of such lexical units, but it is necessary to know them and use them correctly. Therefore, let’s move on directly to the study.

According to their meaning, Pronouns can be classified into several groups. I suggest you familiarize yourself with this classification and the characteristics of each group:

Personal are the most important and most common pronouns. In a sentence they act as the subject. And the word "I (I)" is always written in capital letters, regardless of whether it is at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. And the pronoun you (you, you) expresses both the plural and the singular.

It should also be remembered that lexemes he (he) and she (she) used if they want to designate an animate person, and it- to designate animals, abstract concepts and inanimate objects. A "they" used both in relation to inanimate objects and animate persons.

Personal pronouns in English are declined according to cases. When they act as the subject of a sentence, they are in the nominative case, and when they act as a complement, in the objective case. To make it clearer for you, please study the table

Face	Nominative		Objective case
	Singular
1	I	I	me	me, me
2	you	You	you	you, you
3	he	He	him	him, his
	she	she	her	her, her
	it	it, he, she	it	his, her, him, her
	Plural
1	we	We	us	us, us
2	you	You	you	you, you
3	they	They	them	them, them

Possessive pronouns

English possessive pronouns (Possessive) we discussed in detail in the previous article. But let me remind you that they express belonging, have two forms - adjective and noun, and answer the question “Whose?” and do not change in numbers. There is also a special absolute form. Look at the table showing how Possessive Pronouns are inclined:

pronouns
form	personal	possessive	absolute
Unit number	I he she it	my his her its	mine is mine his hers its his/her
Plural number	we you they	our your their	ours ours yours yours theirs

Demonstrative pronouns in English

Demonstrative or demonstrative - point to a person or object. Demonstrative pronouns in English do not change by gender, but are declined by number, that is, they have singular and plural forms. Wherein " this" refers to an object that is located next to the speaker, and the word " that" indicates an object located at a considerable distance.

In addition, “that” can be translated into Russian as “this, this.” Demonstrative pronouns in English in a sentence can serve as subject, object, modifier or noun.

Reflexive pronouns in English

Reflexive or reflexive - express a reflexive meaning, show that the action is directed at the actor himself, therefore, reflexive pronouns in English in a sentence correspond in form to the subject.

Their distinguishing feature is that they end with “- self"singular or "- selves" in plural)". In Russian, this is the verbal suffix “-sya (-s)” or the pronoun “yourself (yourself, yourself, yourself)”: He cut himself - He cut himself

Singular		Plural
myself		ourselves
yourself		yourselves	yourself (yourself)
himself	yourself (himself)	themselves
herself
itself
oneself indefinite form

Indefinite pronouns in English

Indefinite is one of the largest groups of English pronouns. Nouns and adjectives can be substituted in sentences. Indefinite pronouns in English can be divided into words formed from “no” (no, not at all), “any” (any, several, a little) and “some” (several, a little).

no		any		some
nobody/nobody	nobody	anyone/anybody	somebody/anyone, whoever	someone/somebody	someone/anyone
nothing	nothing	anything	something/anything, anything	something	anything
nowhere	nowhere	anywhere	somewhere/anywhere, anywhere/somewhere	somewhere	somewhere
		anyhow	somehow/somehow, whatever	somehow	somehow/somehow
		any day/any time	whenever	some time/some day	some day

Other Indefinite Pronouns include: every, each, both, all, few, little, many, much.

Interrogative pronouns in English

Interrogatives are very similar to relatives, but perform completely different functions in a sentence where they are the subject, adjective or object: Who is there? - Who's there? Sometimes they can be a nominal part of the predicate. Interrogative pronouns in English are also called "question words":

• who? - Who?
• which? - which?
• whom? - whom? to whom?
• where? - Where?
• what? - What?
• whose? - whose?
• when? - When?
• why? - Why?

Other pronouns

We dwelled in more detail on the main and more numerous pronouns, but there are other groups of pronouns in English:

• Universal: all, both, everyone, everybody, everything, every, either, each
• Dividers: another, other
• Negative: no, nobody, nothing, no one, neither, none
• Relative: that, which, whose, who

Pronoun- a part of speech that denotes persons, objects, phenomena that have already been previously mentioned in speech or text, and replaces them. A pronoun is usually used in a sentence instead of a noun or adjective, sometimes instead of an adverb or numeral. Thus, pronouns allow you to avoid repeating the same nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech.

English pronouns differ in person, number, gender (only in the 3rd person singular) and case. A pronoun must agree with the noun it refers to. Accordingly, if a noun is singular, then the pronoun replacing it must be singular, and vice versa. If the noun is feminine, then the pronoun must be feminine, and so on.

For example:
The train was late, it had been delayed.
Train was late, He was stuck somewhere.

The trains were late, they had been delayed.
Trains were late, They were delayed somewhere.

Grammatically pronouns in English are divided into several types. They are presented in the table below. Each type of pronoun will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.

Type	Description	Examples
Personal Pronouns	They replace nouns when it is already clear from the context or situation who or what they are talking about.	I, you, he,she, it, we, you, they
Possessive Pronouns	Express belonging.	Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
Reflexive Pronouns	They show that the action returns to the one who performs the action.	Myself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourselves, yourself
Interrogative Pronouns	Used in questions.	Who, what, which, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns	They point to a specific object, place, etc.	This, that, these, those
Relative Pronouns	Used to connect main and subordinate clauses.	Who, whose, which, that, etc.
Indefinite Pronouns	Indicate unknown, uncertain objects, signs of quantity.	Some, any, something, nothing, nobody, etc.
Reciprocal Pronouns	They indicate that some action is performed jointly, or that some persons or objects are compared with each other.	Each other, one another

• Personal Pronouns in English

- these are pronouns I, we, he, she, it, we, they. The main purpose of personal pronouns is to replace nouns if it is clear from the context what or who we are talking about.

Pronouns I And we refer to the speaker, and correspond to the Russian pronouns “I” and “we”. They are first person pronouns ( I has a singular form, we– plural form).

For example:
I am free now.
Now I free

We have to go.
We must go.

Pronoun you refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, and is a second person pronoun. Please note that in modern English you always has a plural form, and, accordingly, the verb after it always follows in the plural form. In Russian, it corresponds to both the pronoun “you” when addressing a group of people, or one person (in a polite form), and the pronoun “you”, depending on the context.

For example:
You are a good worker.
You you good worker.

You have finished your assignments successfully.
You successfully completed their tasks.

Pronouns he, she, it, they, are third person pronouns. All of them have a singular form, except the pronoun they, which has a plural form. In addition, pronouns he And she are used to refer to male and female people respectively, and the pronoun it denotes all inanimate objects, events, phenomena, etc. (that is, corresponds to the neuter gender in Russian). Also it often used to refer to animals.

Pronoun they used to refer to both people and objects:

Pronoun it can also be used in relation to people when the speaker is trying to establish the identity of the interlocutor:

It used in disjunctive questions when the subject is expressed in words nothing,everything And all:

Everything is all right, isn't it?
It's okay, isn't it?

Nothing happened, did it?
Nothing happened, right?

It can be used as an introductory subject or object in such sentences where the subject or object is actually expressed by an infinitive or subordinate clause. In Russian, in such cases, the pronoun it there is no equivalent.

For example:
It is not easy to solve this math problem.
It's not that easy to solve this math problem.

It used as a formal subject that does not have its own meaning in statements about time, weather, temperature, distance, etc.:

It is raining.
It's raining.

It is six o"clock.
Six o'clock.

It is a cold day.
Cold day.

Personal pronouns in English have different forms, depending on the case. Distinguish nominative case of personal pronouns (Subject Pronoun), And subject case of personal pronouns (Object Pronouns).

Nominative	Subjective case
I	me – to me, me, by me, etc.
You	you - you, you, by you, etc.
He	him - his, him, etc.
She	her - her, her, etc.
It	it – his/her, him/her, etc. (about inanimate objects)
We	us – to us, us, by us, etc.
They	them – theirs, them, by them, etc.

• I and Me: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

• For example:
  I am a teacher (not me).
  I- teacher.

  Give that to me(but not I).
  Give it to me to me.

  Sometimes it is difficult to choose the correct pronoun and speakers make mistakes when using them. Choose between I / Me it is more difficult when these pronouns are paired with another pronoun or noun. In this case, they must be used in accordance with the rules for using the subject or object in a sentence.

  For example:

  Which is correct?

  "It was I who did the homework." or "It was me who did the homework."
  This I did my homework.

  Simplify the statement:

  "I did the homework." So"It was I who did the homework." is the correct option.

  me(but not I).
  The teacher gave homework to my friend and to me.

  If you don't understand why the above sentence is correct, just simplify it again. Break down the offer by participant.

  The teacher gave the homework to my friend.
  +
  The teacher gave the homework to me.
  =
  The teacher gave the homework to my friend and me.

  Personal pronouns in the nominative case in a sentence serve as the subject or nominal part of the predicate:

  Mike hasn't come back yet. He is still in his office.
  Mike hasn't returned yet. He's still at work. ( he replaces proper name Mike, and performs the function of the subject.)

  Personal pronouns in the subject case in a sentence serve as a direct or indirect object:

  We called her to congratulate her.
  We called her to congratulate her. ( In this sentence the pronouns her serve as a direct complement.)

  We apologized to him.
  We apologized to him. ( In this sentence the pronoun him performs the function of an indirect complement.)

• Reflexive Pronouns in English

Reflexive pronouns in English are formed from possessive pronouns with the addition of a particle –self for singular and –selves for plural.

	Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun
The only thing number	I	myself
	You	yourself
	He	himself
	She	herself
	It	itself
Plural number	We	ourselves
	You	yourselves
	They	themselves

English reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of the sentence are the same person, or, in other words, when the action is directed towards oneself.

For example:
Alice saw herself in the mirror.
Alice saw myself in the mirror.

John doesn't know what to do with himself.
John doesn't know what's wrong yourself to do.

In Russian, reflexivity can be conveyed by a verb particle –xia or -s:

We had to explain ourselves to the teacher.
We had to explain yourself in front of the teacher.

In addition, reflexive pronouns in English can be used to emphasize that an action is performed independently, without outside help.

For example:
She herself admitted her mistake.
She herself admitted her mistake.

The manager spoke to me himself.
Manager myself talked to me.

I myself cleaned the house.
I myself cleaned up the house.

Reflexive pronouns can often be used instead of personal pronouns after words as, like, but (for), And except (for):

These shoes are especially designed for fast runners like yourself(= like you).
This shoe is specially designed for such fast runners as How are you.

Everybody was happy except myself(= except me).
Everyone was happy, except me.

Some verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. As a rule, such verbs are the same in Russian and English.

For example:
Suddenly the door opened. (AND NOT Suddenly the door opened itself.)
Suddenly the door opened.

His books are selling well. (AND NOT His books are selling themselves well.)
His books are good for sale.

I tried to concentrate. (AND NOT I tried to concentrate myself.)
I have tried concentrate.

However, some such verbs in Russian and English do not coincide:

He washed and shaved in the morning.
In the morning he washed up And shaved.

She feels happy.
She feels himself happy.

• Interrogative Pronouns in English

Interrogative pronouns in English are used to ask questions. Some of them can only specify people (for example, " Who") and some on objects and people (for example, " What"). They are not divided into singular and plural, therefore they have only one form. Interrogative pronouns introduce the so-called. special questions, which cannot be answered simply “yes” or “no”.

There are the following English interrogative pronouns:

who? - Who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
what? - What? Which?
which? - Which? which?
whose? - whose?

For example:
What is her phone number?
Which does she have a phone number?

What do you want?
What you need?

As can be seen from the table, interrogative pronouns in a sentence can serve as a subject, object or possessive pronoun.

Subject	Addition	Possessive pronoun
who	whom	whose
which

Pronoun who refers to persons and is used without a subsequent noun or pronoun. When consumed who the predicate, as a rule, has a singular form.

Exceptions are those cases when the questioner knows that the answer to his question will be a plural noun.

Pronoun whom is the indirect case form of the pronoun who and is used as a question word in the complement function, especially in formal style. In colloquial speech, these functions are performed by the pronoun who.

For example:
Whom did you phone? (= Who did you phone?)
To whom did you call? ( The first option has a more formal tone.)

For whom will you vote?
Behind whom will you vote? ( Official speech.)

Pronoun what has two meanings - "what?" and which?". Meaning "what?" pronoun what is used separately, while in the meaning “which?” pronoun what is part of the interrogative group at the head of the question.

For example:
What is your name?
How Your name is?

What film are you watching?
Which are you watching the movie?

Pronoun which translated as “which?”, “which?” and offers a choice from a limited number of items, unlike the pronoun what, which rather requires characteristics, or offers a choice from an unlimited number that is not predetermined.

For example:
Which jumper do you like?
Which do you like the jumper? ( This means one of several presented.)

What jumpers do you like?
Which do you like jumpers? ( This means in general, regarding coloring, model, etc.)

• What and Which: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns - and Which, And What are used in interrogative sentences, and both are translated as " Which", "which", etc. Which can also be translated as " which", "which", etc.

What used in questions where the number of possible answers is unknown in advance. The questioner knows that there are many answers to the question asked, and wants to hear from the answer only the options that interest him.

For example:
What movie did you go to see?
Which did you go to see the movie?

Which used in questions where the number of answers is already known in advance.

For example:
Which shoes should I wear with this dress – my blue ones or my black ones?
Which Should I wear shoes with this dress - blue or black?

Often in the same situations you can use both Which, And What, depending on what the speaker means.

For example:
Which bus goes into the center?
Which does the bus go to the center?

What bus shall I take?
On Which do I need to take the bus?

Both proposals are possible. In the first sentence, the speaker probably means fewer possible buses than in the second sentence.

Note: about pronouns What And Which You can also read in the section on interrogative pronouns.

Pronoun whose- "whose?" in a sentence it functions as possessive pronouns, expressing ownership. And can be used immediately before the noun it refers to, or used independently, without a subsequent noun, similar to the absolute form of possessive pronouns.

For example:
Whose car did you drive in?
IN whose were you driving?

Whose is this book?
Whose this is a book?

• Demonstrative Pronouns in English

As the name suggests, they are used to indicate something or someone.

Demonstrative pronouns can have singular and plural forms:

This(units) and These close speaker.

That(units) and Those(plural) indicate an object or person located on distance from the speaker.

In addition to indicating distance in space, pronouns this, these, that, those, may indicate distance in time. This And these can indicate something that has already happened, or is about to happen, pronouns that And those may indicate something that just happened or happened some time ago.

For example:
Listen to this. It's going to be interesting.
Listen This. It will be interesting.

Watch this. It's worth seeing.
Look This. It's worth seeing.

Did you see that? That was wonderful!
You This did you see? This it was wonderful!

Who said that?
Who This said?

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns in English can act not only as independent words (as described above), but also as definitions of nouns. In this case they are also called demonstrative adjectives.

For example:
This book is mine.
This my book.

What is that noise?
What This for the noise?

These flowers are very beautiful.
These the flowers are very beautiful.

Those days were the best.
Those the days were the best.

This horse is faster than that horse.
This the horse is faster than that horse.

Sometimes pronouns that And those can be used to avoid repeating the same words:

The streets of Mumbai are busier than those of Paris. (= The streets of Mumbai are busier than the streets of Paris.)
The streets in Mumbai are more congested than the streets in Paris.

In the example above the pronoun those used to avoid repeating words the streets. In the singular, in such cases the pronoun is used that.

• Relative Pronouns in English

Relative pronouns in English (who, whom, that, which) are used to introduce subordinate clauses, and introduce additional information about someone or something already said.

For example:
I know the book that you are describing.
I know the book you're talking about. ( In this sentence that replaces a previously specified word book, and enters additional information.)

In a subordinate clause that introduces relative pronouns, they can serve as the subject. In this case pronouns can be used who, which, that. Who used to refer to people which– to designate objects, that can refer to both people and objects.

For example:
The boy who stole the watch was punished.
Boy, which stole a watch and was punished.

It is a book which will interest children of all ages.
This is a book, which will interest children of all ages.

The people that/who live next door keep having all-night parties.
People, which live next door and continue to have nightly parties.

These are the keys that open the front and back door.
These are the keys which open the front and back doors.

Also pronouns who, whom, which And that can perform the function of a complement in a subordinate clause. In this case the pronouns who And whom interchangeable, but whom has a somewhat formal connotation.

• Who and Whom: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronoun Who used as subject (about other uses of the pronoun Who see That, Which and Who). In simple terms, anywhere in a sentence where pronouns can be used I, she or he, you can also use Who.

In interrogative sentences Who used when talking about a person or group of people who did something, or when asking someone's name. Factual, in informal speech and writing pronouns Who used very often.

Pronoun Whom used in formal language as the object of a verb or preposition.

note

Pronoun Whom rarely used in questions.

For example:
To whom do you wish to speak? ( It sounds old-fashioned, pompous and unnatural.)
WITH by whom do you want to talk?

Attention

If you can't decide what to use, try the test" he or him" – try rewriting the sentence using pronouns he or him.

For example:
"He took out a photo of his son, whom he adores." – “He adores he.” Sounds wrong. So it will be right"He adores him."

Based on the above, it follows that they serve two purposes: they serve as the subject or object of a subordinate clause, and, at the same time, they connect the main clause with the subordinate clause.

For example:
I have found the car keys. You were looking for them.
I have found the car keys which you were looking for.
I found my car keys which you were looking for.

This is Mr. Peter. You met him last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.
This is Mister Peter whom you met last year.

Indefinite Pronouns in English

Indefinite pronouns in English indicate unknown, uncertain objects, signs, quantities. They do not point to specific objects or people, but are used to describe them in general.

For example:
None of them have come yet.
Nobody one of them hasn't arrived yet.

Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
Some great people are born, but some become great.

Nobody came to his rescue.
Nobody did not come to his rescue.

Somebody has let the cat in.
Somebody let the cat in.

Few escaped unhurt.
Few managed to get out unscathed.

Indefinite pronouns can take singular, plural, or change their number form depending on the context.

Below is a table with all the indefinite pronouns, indicating what number form they can take.

Singular		Plural	Singular or plural
anybody- anyone	anyone- somebody	several- some	all- All
anything- anything	each- every	both- both	more- more
either– any (of two)	everybody- All	others- other	some- some
everyone- All	everything- All	few- A little	most- majority
much- a lot of	nobody- nobody	many- a lot of	none- no one, nothing
neither- none (of two)	no one- nobody	any- any
nothing- nothing	one- one
other- another	somebody- anyone
someone- somebody	something something

Many indefinite pronouns in English can be used as adjectives:

One day my prince will come.
My prince will come one day.

He is man of few words.
He is a man of few words.

Some milk was split.
Some milk was spilled.

• Any and Some: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronouns Any And Some are determinants. They are used when talking about uncertain quantities, numbers, in cases where the exact quantity or number is not important. Mainly, Some used in declarative sentences, and Any- in interrogative and negative. To Russian Some And Any, as a rule, are not translated.

For example:
I asked the barman if he could get me some sparkling water I said, "Excuse me, have you got any sparkling water?" Unfortunately they didn't have any.
I asked the bartender if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, do you have sparkling water?" Unfortunately, they didn't have it.

note

Sometimes Some can be found in interrogative sentences, and Any- in affirmative sentences.

Some used in interrogative sentences if the question is an invitation, a request, or if a positive answer to the question asked is expected.

For example:
Would you mind fetching some gummy bears while you"re at the shops?
Please buy me some gummy bears while you're at the store.

Any can also be used in affirmative sentences if it comes after a word that has a negative or restrictive connotation.

For example:
"She gave me some bad advice." "Really? She rarely gives any bad advice."
She gave me bad advice. - Seriously? She rarely gives bad advice.

Note: pronouns Any And Some belong to the type of indefinite pronouns. Such pronouns are discussed in more detail in the section on indefinite pronouns.

• Much and Many: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Adverbs Much And Many used mainly in interrogative and negative sentences meaning " a lot of". There are also synonyms of these adverbs - a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, large amounts of, etc., depending on the context.

Interrogative sentences

How much (how much = how much)... + uncountable nouns

For example:
How much sugar do you take in your coffee?
How many do you put sugar in your coffee?

How much money do you want for this?
How many(money) do you want for this?

Do you have much work to do?
At your place a lot of work?

How many (how many = how many)... + countable nouns

Negative sentences

In negative construction sentences Not Much And Not Many usually translated as " few", "A little".

For example:
He doesn't earn much money ( noun money- uncountable).
He earns few (= A little) money.

Not many people have heard of her ( noun people- countable).
Few heard about her.

Barbara doesn't have many friends.
At Barbara's few (= A little) friends.

• Each and Every: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns have the same meaning – “each”. The general rule for using these pronouns is that Each used when talking about two or more objects or things, Every– when we are talking about three or more objects or things.

For example:
The orange was split into two halves; each half was given to them. (AND NOT...every half.)
The orange was divided into two parts, and every part was given to them.

Pronoun usage Each it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented separately, the use of the pronoun Every It is preferable when the described things or objects are presented as a whole.

For example:
Each boy in the class was given a present.
To every boy a gift was given in class. ( Each one separately.)

Every boy in the class went on a picnic.
Every boy (= all boys) went on a picnic in class. ( All the boys are as one.)

Every, but not Each, can be used with abstract nouns:

You have every reason to be happy. (AND NOT You have each reason to be happy.)
Do you have every reason to be content.

The same way, Every(but not Each) can be used with cardinal nouns:

Buses leave every ten minutes. (AND NOT...each ten minutes.)
Buses run every ten minutes.

• Little and Few, A Little and A Few: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

As an adverb Little, so and adverb Few means " few", "small, insufficient amount of something". The difference is that Little used with Not, A Few- With countable nouns.

For example:
They have very little money.
They have very few money.

There seems little hope.
There seems to be hope few.

Hey very much little at lunch.
He ate a lot few at lunch.

Only few people can afford to pay such prices.
Few who can afford such prices.

I know few places that I could recommend to you.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you.

note

Adverbs Little And Few have a somewhat negative connotation.

For example:
I know few places that I could recommend to you. = I would like to be able to recommend more places, but unfortunately there aren't more.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you. = I wish I could recommend more places to you, but unfortunately there are no other places.

If before adverbs Little And Few the indefinite article is used a, they acquire a positive connotation and have a meaning similar to the word some – "some", "some amount", "A little" etc.

A Few used with countable nouns.

For example:
We need to get a few things in town.
We need something pick up in the city.

We've got a few cakes left over from the party. = We've got some cakes left over from the party.
We have some left over from the evening some cakes.

A Little used with .

For example:
With a little training Mike could do very well.
A little With practice, Mike will succeed.

• Use of the pronoun all in English

The pronoun all in English can be used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. All means "all", "whole", "all", etc.

More often all used with uncountable nouns and with plural nouns (in this case there must be more than two objects being described).

For example:
All children need love.
To all children need love. ( Pronoun all children. )

I love all music.
I like all (= all, different) music. (Pronoun all used with an uncountable noun music. )

All the guests turned up.
All invited came. ( Pronoun all used with a plural noun invites. )

If all used with a plural noun, the verb usually also has a plural form. After an uncountable noun, the verb has a singular form.

For example:
All cheese contains fat.
Any (= all) cheese contains fats.

All the lights were out.
All the lights were extinguished.

Pronoun all followed by a noun is not usually used as a subject with a verb in the negative form. In this case, as a rule, the design is used not all + noun + positive verb.

For example:
Not all birds can sing. (NOT All birds cannot sing.)
Not all birds can chirp.

All or All of

Before a noun without a determiner (articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, etc.), it is used all:

All children need love.
All cheese contains fat.
All lights were out.

Before a noun with a determiner (for example: the, my, this, etc.), can be used as all, so all of:

All the lights were out. = All of the lights were out.
All the lights were extinguished.

I have invited all my friends to my birthday party. = I have invited all of my friends to my birthday party.
I invited all my friends to my birthday.

Used before a personal pronoun all of:

All of us love music (AND NOT All us love music.)
We all love music.

I have invited all of them. (AND NOT...all them.)
I invited them all.

Using all with nouns and pronouns

Pronoun all can define both nouns and pronouns, and is usually placed before the word being defined.

For example:
I have invited all (of) my friends.
I invited all my friends.

All of us love music
We all love music.

I love all of you.
I love you all.

All of us are going to the movies.
We're all going to the cinema.

All can be used after the defined pronoun if it serves as a complement:

I love you all. (= I love all of you.)
I love you all.

Give my love to them all. (= Give my love to all of them.)
Say hello to them all from me.

I have made you all something to eat. (= I have made all of you something to eat.)
I prepared food for you all.

Using all with verbs

All can be used with a verb that functions as the subject of a sentence.

If the verb consists of only one word, and is not a form be(i.e. is, am, are, was, were), all any used in negative and interrogative sentences, and may have a connotation of doubt, disbelief, or denial. To Russian pronoun any, as a rule, is not translated.

For example:
Is there any water in the bottle?
There is in the bottle water?

Have you got any friends?
Do you have Friends?

Are there any witnesses?
Eat witnesses?

Do you need any help?
Help needed?

I haven't got any money.
I have no money.

I have hardly any food in the larder.
In my pantry almost no food.

You never give me any help.
You to me never don't offer help.

Also any often used after a conjunction if:

If you need any help, let me know.
If you will need help, let me know.

Any, no, not any

Please note that the pronoun itself any has no negative meaning. It takes on a negative value only together with the partial not.

For example:
See that you don"t do any damage. (AND NOT See that you do any damage.)
Try not to cause any damage.

Instead of a combination not any you can use a pronoun no, which means the same thing, but has a more expressive connotation.

For example:
He has got no friends. Him no (no) friends. (More expressive than He hasn't got any friends. )

Any and any of

Before pronouns and nouns with a determiner (for example, the, this, my, your, etc.), the form is used any of.

For example:
Do any of these books belong to you?
belongs to you at least one of these books?

I don't think any of us want to work tomorrow.
I think, none of us doesn't want to work tomorrow.

She doesn't like any of my friends.
None of my friends she does not like.

It is important to note when a noun after any of has a plural form, the verb following the noun can also take a plural form, or it can take a singular form.

For example:
If any of your friends is interested, let us know. ( Formal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know. ( Informal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, please let us know.

Using any with singular countable nouns

Pronoun any is the equivalent of the article a/an, but in the plural. It is often used before plural and uncountable nouns.

"Which is your boy?" " The one in the blue shirt."
Which child is yours? - The one in the blue shirt.

"I"d like to buy a magazine." " This one?" "No, that one."
I want to buy a magazine. - This? - No, that one over there.

"Can you lend me a pen?" "Sorry, I haven't got" one."
Can you lend me a pen? - Sorry, I don’t have a pen.

I"ve already read this book, I"m going to get a new one.
I have already read this book and am going to buy a new one.

As can be seen from the examples above, one can be used to replace any specific noun (when it is clear what exactly is being discussed) - in this case one used with a definite article, or with a demonstrative pronoun, and to replace a common noun - in this case one used either without an article or with an indefinite article if the noun is preceded by an adjective.

To replace a plural noun, use ones.

For example:
Green apples often taste better than red ones.
Green apples often taste better than red ones.

In what cases can one/ones be omitted?

Substitute words one/ones may be omitted immediately after superlative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, some indefinite pronouns ( either, neither, another), as well as after some other qualifiers ( which, whichever, and etc.).

For example:
I think my dog ​​is the fastest (one).
I think my dog ​​is the fastest.

Either (one) will suit me.
Any will suit me.

Let us have another (one).
Let's take one more.

"Which (one) would you like?" "That looks the nicest."
Which one would you like? “That one over there is the best.”

Substitute word one not used immediately after possessive pronouns ( my, your, etc.), indefinite pronouns some, any, both, and also after numbers.

For example:
Take your coat and pass me mine. (AND NOT... my one.)
Take your coat and give me mine.

I need some matches. Have you got any? (AND NOT... any ones?)
I'd like some matches. Do you have?

"Are there any grapes?" "Yes, I bought some today." (AND NOT... some ones today.)
Are there any grapes? - Yes, I bought it today.

However, please note that one will be used in all the above cases if an adjective is used.

For example:
"Are there any mangoes?" "Yes, I bought some sweet ones today."
Do you have any mango? – Yes, I bought sweet mangoes today.

"Has the cat had her kittens?" "Yes, she had four white ones." (AND NOT... four white.)
Has your cat already given birth to kittens? – Yes, she gave birth to four white kittens.

One not used to replace uncountable and abstract nouns.

For example:
If you haven't got fresh cream I will take tinned cream. (AND NOT... tinned one.)
If you don't have fresh cream, I'll use canned cream.

The Dutch grammatical system is very similar to the English system. (AND NOT... the English one.)
The grammatical system of the Dutch language is very similar to the grammatical system of the English language.

Substitute word one and pronoun it

To replace a noun that has been very clearly marked, a pronoun is used it, not a word one.

Compare:
"Could you lend me a bicycle?" "Sorry, I haven't got one."
Can you lend me a bike? - Sorry, I don't have a bike.

"Could you lend me your bicycle?" "Sorry, I need it."
Can you lend me your bike? - Sorry, I need him.

One as an indefinite pronoun

Pronouns one or you can be used to describe people in general.

For example:
One / you should not do such an unkind thing as that.
There is no need to do such unkind deeds.

One / you should love one "s / your country.


Please note that the pronoun one has a more formal tone than you.

Pronoun one not used to describe people in general, unless the speaker himself refers to them, the pronoun you not used to describe people in general unless the speaker is one of them.

For example:
One / you must believe in something.
A person needs to believe in something.

In the sixteenth century people believed in witches. (AND NOT ... one / you believed in witches, since this pronoun does not include either the speaker or the interlocutor.)
In the sixteenth century, people believed in witches.

In American English, in sentences where it is used one, in order to indicate one, pronouns are often used he, him, his, himself. In British English, the possessive form is usually used in this case one – one's And oneself.

Compare:
One should love his country. ( AmE)
One should love one's country. ( BrE)
Everyone should love their country.

• Reciprocal Pronouns in English

English reciprocal pronouns (one another, each other- each other, one another) indicate that some action is performed jointly, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.

For example:
Peter and Mary kissed each other.
Peter and Mary kissed each other.

With the help of reciprocal pronouns, the same idea can be expressed twice as briefly and simply.

For example, a sentence

On their wedding day John gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave John a gold ring.
On their wedding day, John gave Mary a gold ring, and Mary gave John a gold ring.

using a reciprocal pronoun each other can be expressed more simply:

On their wedding day Mary and John gave each other gold rings
On their wedding day, Mary and John gave each other Golden rings.

Differences between pronouns each other And one another No. However, when talking about more than two people or things, the pronoun is often preferred one another.

For example:
The students in this classroom help one another.
Students in this class help each other.

Quickly go:

A pronoun is a part of speech that is used instead of a noun.

Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet. He was born in 1799
Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet. He was born in 1799.

Pronouns in English can be used in a sentence as a function:

Not a doctor.
He is a doctor.

The red pencil is mine.
My red pencil.

I have not seen him.
I didn't see him.

I cannot find my pencil.
I can't find my pencil.

Simple form Possessive pronouns are always required after a noun and, being its definition, exclude the use of an article before this noun:

My pencil is on the table.
My pencil is on the table.

Absolute form Possessive pronouns are used independently - nouns are never placed after them.

This pencil is mine.
This pencil is mine.

Refundable pronouns come after many verbs and correspond in Russian to the particle - "Xia" ("s"), which is attached to verbs, showing that the action passes to the actor himself:

Not defended himself.
He defended himself.

Don't cut yourself.
Don't cut yourself.

Pronouns in English: table with translation and examples

Table. Pronouns.

1. Personal (Personal Pronouns)	Nominative case (Nominative Case)	objective case (Objective Case)
	I- I you- you you he- He she- she it- he she it we- We you- You they- They	me- me, me you- you, you, you, you him- him, him her- her, her it- his, her, him, her us- us, us you- you, you them- them, them
2. Possessives (Possessive Pronouns)	I form	II form
	mу- my (I, -e, -i) your- yours (-i, -e, -i), yours (a, -e, -i) his- his her- her its- his her our- our (a, -e, -i) your- your (-a, -e, -i) their- their all these pronouns can also be translated by the word your	mine- my (I, -e, -i) yours- yours (i, -e, -i), yours (a, -e, -i) his- his hers- her its- his her ours- our (-a, -e, -i) yours- your (-a, -e, -i) theirs- their
3. Return and amplifier (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)	myself- (I) myself, myself (-a) yourself- (you, you) yourself, yourself (s) himself- (he) himself, himself herself- (she) herself, herself itself- (it) itself, itself ourselves- (we) ourselves, ourselves yourselves- (you) yourself, yourself themselves- (they) themselves, themselves
4. Mutual (Reciprocal Pronouns)	each other- each other one another- one another
5. Index fingers (Demonstrative Pronouns)	this (these) - this, this, this, (these) that (those) - that, that, that, (those) such- such the same- the same, the same
6. Interrogative (Interrogative Pronouns)	who (whom) - who will win) whose- whose what- what, what, which, who which- which, which, who, what
7. Relative and connecting (Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns)	who (whom) - who (whom), which (whom) whose- whose, whom what- what, which which- which, which, who, what that- which
8. Undefined (Indefinite Pronouns)	some- some, some, a little (approved sentence) any- some, some (in questions and negative sentences), any one- someone, some all- everything, everything, everything, everything each- every every- everyone, everyone other- other(s) another- another both- both many- many, many much- a lot of few- few, few little- few either- any (of two) no- none, none, no none- no one, nothing neither- neither one nor the other, no one, nothing
Use
1. Personal	subject I shall speak to him. - I'll talk to him. addition I shall speak to him. - I'll talk to him. part of the predicate That was he. - That was him.
2. Possessives	definition Her paper was interesting. - Her article was interesting. subject My room is large, yours is larger. - My room is big, yours is bigger. part of the predicate This paper is his. - This article is his. addition We haven’t seen your paper, we have seen only theirs. We didn't see your article, we only saw theirs.
3. Return and amplifier	addition I wash myself. - I wash my face. Not himself saw it. - He saw it himself. Didn't saw it himself. - He saw it himself.
4. Mutual	addition They greeted each other.- They greeted each other.
5. Index fingers	subject This was pleasant. - It was nice. addition He likes this. - He likes it. part of the predicate It was that. - That was (just) that. definition I know these songs. - I know these songs.
6. Interrogative	subject Who knows this story? - Who knows this story? addition What did you see there? - What did you see there? part of the predicate What has she become? - Who has she become? definition Which month is the warmest? - Which month is the warmest?
7. Relative and connecting	subject The man who is sitting there is my friend. - The man who sits there is my friend. addition I don't know whom he sent there. - I don't know who he sent there. part of the predicate The question is who will go there. - The question is who will go there. definition I don't know whose paper this is. - I don’t know whose article this is.
8. Undefined	subject One must do it. - We need to do this. addition He told us something. - He told us something. definition Any student can do it. - Any student can do this. part of the predicate It is too much for me. - This is too much for me.
Translation: pronouns

Pronouns (Pronoun)

A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces or describes other parts of speech. There are a huge number of pronouns in the English language. They can be divided into the following groups:

Now let's look at each group of pronouns:

1. Personal pronouns. This is the most common group of pronouns and appears in almost every sentence of the English language, so try to learn them so that they come to mind. Personal pronouns are divided into two cases: nominative and objective.

A pronoun in the nominative case replaces the subject in a sentence, and in the objective case it replaces the object. Let's look at the personal pronouns in the table:

them [ðem] - to them, theirs

Where is l. - face; units h. - singular; pl. h. - plural.

I must go to you.- I have to go to you.
We should sleep every night.- We must sleep every night.
Did you see them?-Have you seen them?
You were there.- You were there.
He can work with her.- He can work with her.
She is having breakfast.- She is having a breakfast.
It is the gold coin.- This is a gold coin.
They left us.- They left us.

Personal pronouns in English have a number of features:

• Personal pronoun I always begins with a capital letter, regardless of place in the sentence:
May I come in?- May I come in?


Personal pronoun you used in singular and plural. In this case, the verb to be is always used in the plural, even if you stands in the singular in a sentence:


You are beautiful.- You are beautiful.


If there are several personal pronouns in a sentence, then their order is as follows - 2 l. and 3 l. placed before 1 l., 2 l. placed before 3 l. in any cases (remember that pronouns always replace other parts of speech, so if instead of a pronoun there is a noun, then the word order is determined by the same rule):


You and your brother should do the homework.- You and your brother must do your homework.
He asked father and me.- He asked his father and me.


The objective case of personal pronouns can be in the genitive (whom?, what?), dative (to whom?, what?), instrumental (by whom?, what?) and prepositional (about whom, about what) cases, examples:


I did it for her.- I did it for her. (for whom?)
She gave me an apple.- She gave me an apple. (to whom?)
It was bought by us.- It was bought by us. (by whom?)
The bird cared about them.- The bird took care of them. (about whom?)


A peculiarity of the English language is that the division by gender in speech is expressed only with people. In other cases the personal pronoun is used It. It is placed in place of inanimate objects, animals or children. This greatly simplifies the process of learning a language, since we do not need to learn what kind of this or that noun in order to replace it with the corresponding pronoun, as we do in Russian. However, if we want to emphasize the gender of some phenomenon, animal, it is allowed to use pronouns he And she. Also pronoun It can be used as a formal subject (when there is no subject in the Russian translation - see general information about the sentence), examples:


I took a pen. It is black- I took the pen. She's black.
It is hot now.- It is hot now.

Possessive pronouns. They indicate that a noun belongs to an object or subject. Typically corresponds to the personal pronoun in a sentence. There are basic and absolute forms.

Basic form A possessive pronoun stands in a sentence together with a noun and characterizes its belonging.

Absolute form replaces a noun in a sentence, but it is implied that the noun has been previously spoken about. This allows you to get rid of unnecessary repetition of the same word in the text.

Please note that the possessive pronoun is used much more often in English than in Russian. In English, if we talk about parts of the body, items of clothing, personal belongings, then a possessive pronoun is required, although in Russian it is usually omitted:

He waves his hand.- He waves his hand.

Let's look at possessive pronouns:

mine

my you

your

yours

is yours he

his

his

his she

her

hers

her it

its

its

his her you plural h.

your

yours

your we

our

ours

our they

their [ðeə(r)]

theirs [ðeəz]

their

Basic form examples:

I gave you my pen.- I gave you my pen.
You can go with your friend.- You can go with your friend.
It was his phone.- It was his phone.
We came to her mother.- We came to her mother.
The dog gives me its paw.- The dog gives me his paw.
They can't do our work.- They can't do our job.
They left me their child.- They left me their child.

Examples of absolute form:

This is her car. Mine is broken.- This is her car. Mine is broken.
Your table is dirty. Ours is cleaner.- Your table is dirty. Our table is cleaner.
I forgot my pencil. Can you give me yours?- I forgot my pencil. Can you give me yours?

Sentences with other possessive pronouns are constructed similarly. And also, if there is an adjective before the noun, then the possessive pronoun is placed before the adjective:

I like your red coat.- I like your red coat

Possessive pronoun its often confused with the combination it "s - the short form it is (I am). Its surface was damaged.- Its surface was damaged.
It is its hair.- this is her hair.

You need to look at the place in the sentence and the words nearby.

Also, reflexive pronouns act as determiners of nouns, so the use of articles with them is not allowed.

Reflexive pronouns. They show that the subject directs the action towards itself and is translated into Russian as an addition to the ending of the verb -sya (-s) or the pronoun itself, sebe, sam... . Each reflexive pronoun has a corresponding personal pronoun. All of them are shown in the table:

You hit yourself.
- You hit yourself.
he It happened by itself.
- It happened on its own.
you (plural) They will introduce themselves tomorrow.
- They will introduce themselves tomorrow.

However, when using reflexive pronouns you need to remember a number of rules:

Instead of a personal pronoun, there can be a corresponding noun:


My dog ​​opened a door itself.- My dog ​​opened the door itself.


Reflexive pronouns are not used with verbs, which themselves imply that the action is directed towards oneself, or towards each other. These include wash, bath, feel, shave, dress, undress, change, relax, hide:


She felt bad (you can’t say felt herself).- She felt bad.
They kissed at street.- They kissed on the street.


Reflexive pronouns cannot be used with prepositions of place. Since the personal pronoun in the objective case can also be translated itself, to itself, confusion may arise. In order not to be confused about which pronoun to put (reflexive or personal pronoun in the objective case), use the rule: if in the Russian translation of a sentence you can put “sam”, then the reflexive pronoun is used, otherwise the personal pronoun in the objective case is used:


She spent all the money herself.- She spent all the money herself.
She put an ambrella in front of her.- She put the umbrella in front of her (you can’t tell in front).

Interrogative pronouns (words). Also a very common type of pronouns that is used in interrogative sentences. Let's look at the main ones:

What do you do? What are you doing? When could this happen? When could this happen? Why do we work here? Why do we work here?

how - how

How is it possible? How is this possible?

In general, English question words correspond to Russian ones, but there are a number of features:

Interrogative pronoun who acts as a subject, and is used when asking questions to people.


Who runs with him? -Who is running with him?

Although the interrogative pronoun who has an objective case whom - whom, but increasingly fulfills this role itself in a sentence:


Who (whom) did they invite to us? - Who did they invite to us?

Pronoun which used in interrogative sentences when a choice from a limited number of items is offered:


Which lock of these three do you prefer? - Which castle of these three do you prefer?


But if we were talking about an unlimited number of locks of all types, the pronoun would be used what:

What lock do you prefer? - Which castle of these three do you prefer?

Relative pronouns. These pronouns are used in complex sentences and belong to subordinate clauses. Most of them also apply to interrogative pronouns. Unlike conjunctions, they act in a subordinate clause as a member of the sentence (usually the subject). Let's look at the basic relative pronouns:

Who- who, which. Used in sentences with animate objects - people: I saw the gardener who planted this tree. - I saw the gardener who planted this tree.


Whose- which (whose)

Indicates that an item belongs to some object:

We know a man whose spoon you took.- We know the person whose spoon you took.


Which- which. Applies to inanimate objects or animals:


Parents knocked the door which was closed.- The parents knocked on the door, which was closed.


That[ðæt] - which

Replaces previous pronouns who And which, and can refer to both animate and inanimate objects:

This was the writer that can"t finish his last book.- This was a writer who could not finish his last book.
Mother bought the new knives that were very sharp.- Mom bought new knives, which were very sharp.

Demonstrative pronouns. Point to an object or person. Basic demonstrative pronouns:

those [ðəʊz] - those

Demonstrative pronouns denote remoteness not only in distance, but also in time. In a sentence they can be as the following members of the sentence:

Subject:


This is my ball.- This is my ball.
Those were their friends.- These were their friends (Although this is translated, it means that the friends are in a different place).


Noun determiner:

These cars are very beautiful.- These cars are very beautiful.
I like that place.- I like that place.


Addition:

Remember this!- Remember this!
A doctor chose these. - The doctor chose these.

Please note that if the noun is preceded by a demonstrative pronoun in the form of a determiner, then there is no need to use the article, since the pronoun itself acts as an article.

Two more pronouns can be classified as demonstrative pronouns:

such - such
the same - the same

For example:

Such a big room looks nice.- Such a big room looks good.
It happened at the same time.- It happened at the same time.

Quantitative pronouns.

The most famous of this group are two quantitative pronouns, which can come before any noun in almost any situation: some

AND any["eni]. Therefore, if it is difficult to choose a determiner for a noun, you can always use one of these pronouns. They denote the quality or quantity of an object. Moreover, the pronoun some usually used in affirmative sentences, and the pronoun any in negative or interrogative sentences:
I have some question.- I have a question (some question).
I don't have any questions.- I don't have any questions.
Do you have any questions?- Do you have any questions?
Some boy calls you.- Some guy is calling you (quality).

Often when translated into Russian they are omitted as articles:

Some stranger asked you.- The stranger asked you.

There are a number of features with these pronouns:

In questions of requests, the pronoun is used some:


Will you give us some water?-Will you give us some water?


If the pronoun some stands before the numeral, then it is translated about, approximately:


Some twenty time he went past her.- He walked past her about twenty times.


Pronouns some And any before the preposition of is translated as some, any:


Some of them can go away.- Some of them may leave.
Did you see any of us there?- Did you see any of us there?


Pronoun any translated in affirmative sentences - any:


You can arrive there by any car.- You can come there in any car.

The remaining quantitative pronouns have similar qualities, so let’s summarize them in one table:

Pronoun	Condition of use	Examples
a lot of [ə lɒt ɒv] - a lot	In affirmative sentences before countable and uncountable nouns	She has a lot of problems.- She has a lot of problems. Workers brought a lot of coal.- The workers brought a lot of coal.
many ["meni] - a lot	In interrogative and negative sentences before countable nouns	Do you have many pairs of shoes?- Do you have a lot of shoes? There weren't many trees in the park.- There weren't many trees in the park.
much - a lot	In interrogative and negative sentences before uncountable nouns	Does he have much water?- Does he have a lot of water? They don't have much time.- They don't have much time.
few - few	In sentences before countable nouns	He gives few coins.- He gives few coins.
little ["litl] - little	In sentences before uncountable nouns	A plane has little fuel.- The plane has little fuel.
a little [ə "litl] - a little	There is a little tea in the cup.- There is some tea in the mug.
a few [ə fju:] - a little	I want a few new t-shirt.- I want some new T-shirts.

Often these pronouns are classified as adverbs, since they are translated into Russian by adverbs, and one cannot say that this would be a mistake (look at the formation of degrees of comparison of adverbs).

And there is another quantitative pronoun that determines nouns: several["sevrəl] - several

: Several new students took wrong books.- Several new students took the wrong books.

Indefinite and negative pronouns. This is the largest group of pronouns in the English language.

Look at the negative pronoun first no

Which is involved in the formation of other negative pronouns. It comes before a noun and denotes the absence of something categorically (that is, this issue is not discussed further):

I saw no children.- I haven’t seen any children.
A cat has no toys.- The cat has no toys.

To form indefinite and negative pronouns, they are used some, any And no. We must remember that in English there cannot be a double negative, that is, if in Russian we can say: Nobody can help me in English this sentence will contain only one negation: Nobody can help me or Anybody can"t help me. Also derivatives formed from particles -one And -body, mean the same thing. For clarity, consider these pronouns in one table:



I cooked something for you. -
I have prepared something for you.
Did the professor ask you anything? -
Did the professor ask you anything?
Somebody will come here. -
Someone will come here.
I don't see anyone. -
I don't see anyone.
He is somewhere over there. -
He's out there somewhere.
Did we meet anywhere else? -
Have we met somewhere else?


Pronouns each- every

AND every["evri] - although each has a similar meaning, they still differ in meaning:

Pronoun each selects an object from a group (therefore only used with countable nouns):


Each forester could do it differently.- Each forester could do this differently (each of the foresters separately).

Pronoun every in general whole value (all):


Every forester likes a forest.- Every forester loves the forest (all foresters).

Derivatives from every- (every):

everything["evriθiŋ] - everything

For better remembering, let's break the pronoun into two words: every - every and thing - thing. And if you add up both parts of the Russian translation: each + thing = everything, example:

I know everything about him.- I know everything about him. Everything will start here.- It all starts here.

everybody["evribɒdi] - everything

To remember, we will resort to the same method: every - each and body - body. And if you add up both parts of the Russian translation: each + body = everything, example:

Our teacher said to do this exercise to everyone.- Our teacher told everyone to do this exercise. Everybody likes ice-cream.- Everyone loves ice cream.

everywhere["evriweə(r)] - everywhere

: There were pencils everywhere.- There were pencils everywhere. It was dangerous everywhere.- It was dangerous everywhere.

Please note that all these pronouns correspond to 3l. units h. (from the word each), so the verb after them takes the appropriate form.

Pronoun one applies:

In the form of an indefinite personal pronoun and usually not translated into Russian:


One must not smoke here.- You can't smoke here.
One never can go faster this area.- No one can go faster in this area.


As a substitute word, to avoid unnecessary repetition of a word in a sentence:


I buy new book. This is one more interesting.- I'm buying a new book. This book is more interesting.


Pronouns other["ʌðə(r)] - another, one more

, another[ə"nʌðə(r)] - different.

Other comes before a noun and indicates that the noun is definite, but not the one mentioned earlier in the sentence:


I took this glass and you take the other glass on the table.- I took this glass, and you take another glass on the table. (There were 2 glasses on the table, I took one, and you take the second glass)


That is, the pronoun other used if selected from a certain number of specific items. If the other item is unknown, then before other the indefinite article an is placed and the pronoun takes the form another:


I took this glass and you take another glass.- I took this glass, and you take another glass.


This means any other glass. But if the noun is plural, then the pronoun is always used other:


Give me other glasses.- Give me other glasses.


In the case when the pronoun stands without a noun, the noun itself is put in the plural:


These are my glasses. You can take others.- These are my glasses. You can take others.

• Pronoun both- both, both

  : I like both colors.- I like both colors.
  They are both twenty years old.- They are both 20 years old.
  

• Reciprocal pronouns. This group includes two pronouns:

  each other	each other, one to another
  one another	each other, one to another

  These pronouns mean the same thing, and in principle they can be interchangeable in a sentence:
  

  We love each other.- We love each other. Parents didn't see one another for a long time.- The parents did not see each other for a long time.