Examples of Latin words in Russian. Latin loanwords

Latin is the language of Ancient Rome (VI century BC – 5th century AD).

The overwhelming majority of Latin words began to penetrate into Old Russian, and then into Russian, when Latin was already a dead language. They entered through intermediary languages, first through Old Church Slavonic, then through Polish, German, French, etc.

Among the words of Latin origin there are many scientific and political terms, in general words associated with “scientific” pursuits: aboriginal, abstraction, lawyer, axiom, alibi, audience, affix, vacuum, vein, deduction, dean, dictatorship, inertia, colleague, cone, conference, meridian, perpendicular, proportion, radius, rector, review, formula, constitution, manifesto, memorandum, plenum, revolution, republic, referendum, faction, etc. Words from other thematic groups: intelligentsia, chancellery, cooperation, culture, course, laureate , literature, maximum, minimum, motor, nation, innovator, revision, center, instance, etc.

Many proper personal names come from Latin: August, Anton, Valentin, Valery, Victor, Ignatius, Innocent, Claudia, Konstantin, Maxim, Marina, Natalia, Pavel, Roman, Sergei, Felix, Julius, etc.

Signs of Latin words - final - e nt, -tor, -um, -ur (a), -yc *, -tion, etc.: document, docent, incident, monument, ferment; author, speaker, doctor, innovator, rector, equator; quorum, consultation, memorandum, opium, plenum, presidium, forum; reinforcement, dictatorship, censorship, etc.; degree, consensus, cone, corpus, sinus, status, tone; diction, intelligentsia, constitution, nation, reaction, section, faction, etc.

See also:

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abel, abil habilis fit,

suitable; suitable skillful, capable

means: having the opportunity, being able to be (the ability to carry out the action expressed by the root); Wed rus. -abelny, English, French -able/-ible, German -abel/-ibel.

In Russian language influenced by English. half-calculation began to appear in the language, for example: decomposition readable (cf. English eatable, readable).

transportable"able to be transferred"; Wed English, French transportable German transportabel

rehabilitation restoration of bodily capabilities after their loss (medical and psychological rehabilitation) or civil rights (opportunities), good name (legal rehabilitation); Wed English rehabilitation, fr. rehabilitation, German Rehabilitation

Wed. Also: English reversible, fr. reversible, German reversible (legal, technical) reversible); lat. Homo habilis (homo habilis, probable ancestor of Homo sapiens, homo sapiens).

agent

cm. Act.

agro ager, agri land, field, arable land

agronomy agriculture

agriculture ways to improve farming techniques agrarian land

aqua aqua water

aquarium water container

water area area of water surface (cf. territory)aqueduct(ancient) water supply

Wed. lat. Aquarius - Aquarius (constellation).

Act agere to set in motion, to do, to act; actio movement, activity; actor acting; activus active

Act action, deed promotion action

actor actor, role player reaction action in response to sth.

interaction interaction, transaction; Wed English, French interaction

agent something acting or someone acting

reagent substance involved in a chemical reaction

alg alga algae

It is necessary to distinguish Lat. alg(algae) from Greek. alg(pain, suffering).

algology branch of botany that studies algae

algocide algae killer; see lat cid

alps from the Alps

forms words with meaning alpine; a rather rare case when a proper name (the name of a mountain system) became a word-forming element.

Alpine alpine; Wed English alpine, fr. and German alpin

mountaineering climbing high mountains rock garden park composition imitating an alpine meadow

anima anima life, soul; animare to animate, to animate

animation animation of drawings, dolls (formerly called animation)

resuscitation“return of the soul”, return from a state of clinical death

animism belief in the animation of all objects and phenomena, a primitive form of religion

Wed. lat. animal – animate (living) creature, animal.

Audi audire hear, listen

audience meeting of listeners, as well as the room where they gather

auditor initially: an investigator, i.e., listening to answers to his questions, now: a person authorized to conduct an audit, check of financial and economic activities

audiometry hearing acuity measurement

audio equipment sound recording and reproducing devices

Wed: “Audi” (the name of passenger cars of a German company) is a translation of the former name “Horch”, which in German means “listen”.

bi bis twice

forms words with meaning double, double(consisting of two parts, having two characteristics); corresponds to Russian two-/two-, Greek di-(??-).

biceps biceps

binomial"two-named" mat. binomial

biathlon biathlon (skiing and shooting); Wed triathlon, pentathlon

bilingualism bilingualism, speaking two languages

bilateral bilateral; bilateral symmetry - two-sided, like most animals

bin bini two, pair;

binarius binary

binoculars“two-eyed” optical device (cf. Russian eye)

binary double, consisting of two components

shaft valere to be healthy, strong, strong; have influence, meaning, value; valens, validus healthy, strong, strong

validity"strength", adequacy (e.g., statement, scientific method)

currency monetary unit, banknotes (Italian valuta - letters price)

devaluation depreciation, reduction in the value of a currency

disabled person powerless, incapable; Wed English invalid, fr. invalide

valence the "strength" of a chemical element (measured by the number of atoms with which it can form chemical bonds)

ambivalent"two-strength", dual

equivalent equivalent

valence

cm. shaft.

walid

cm. shaft.

vent venire to come; ventio parish

convention elected body (lat. conventus – letters gathering, meeting); Wed congress, concession, synod

Adventchurch the “arrival” of Christmas, the time preceding Christmas, the Nativity fast (lat. adventus - letters coming); Wed English, German Advent

convention“convergence” of opinions, agreement, agreement

willow verbum word

verbal verbal

verbalization translation into words

Wed: English verb, fr. verbe, German Verb (verb); once Russian word verb meant “word, speech.”

vers versare to turn, turn; (change

reversible reversible, rotatable

version one of several interpretations (twists) of something.

conversion transformation, transformation

sabotage deviation; destruction (originally: a maneuver to distract the enemy)

contrarian controversial, controversial; Wed English controversial

visas video I look, I look, I see; viso I look, I look, I look

visual visual; Wed English visual, fr. visual, German

visuell audit revision

provisions“provision”, food prudently stored

improvisation actions without “forethought”, without preparation

visor viewfinder, sight

visit phenomenon "firsthand"

TV far-sighting device

vice vice, vicem instead, like, like, like (who)

forms words with meanings: assistant, deputy, second person (by position, rank).

vice president first deputy president vice mayor deputy mayor lieutenant governor deputy governor

provocation“causing” the action desired by the provocateur, influencing someone. in order to encourage a certain action(s)

advocate lawyer providing legal assistance (who is called upon, invited to provide assistance, protect)

vocable word

ox 1 voluntas will, desire

voluntarism strategy of action that ignores objective circumstances

volunteer volunteer

Wed. lat. volens nolens - willy-nilly.

ox 2 Volvo I roll, I spin, I spin

evolution development (this is a Russian word - tracing paper) involution“revolution”, simplification (opposite. evolution)revolver"twist", something that can rotate in both directions (for example, the drum in one of the types of handguns, which is why the weapon itself was called a revolver)

revolution coup

hail gradus step, degree, step

degree unit of measurement of arcs and angles, temperature, strength of drinks

degradation decline, movement down the rungs of the ladder (social, professional)

gradient measure of increase or decrease of something. physical quantity when moving by unit (step) distance

gradation gradual transition from one to another, as well as the stages of this transition

gress gressus move, movement

progress forward movement, forward movement (opposite) regression); Wed Slovenian napredek, Czech. vzestup, Polish postep

regression backward movement, decline (opposite) progress)

aggression attack, attack

progression series of numbers (going to infinity)

congress congress, meeting (lat. congressus - letters convergence, convergence); Wed synod

demi

cm. seven.

deci decem ten

decimation disciplinary punishment in the ancient Roman army: execution of every tenth in the offending unit

In the names of units of measurement, it denotes the coefficient “one tenth”, for example: decibel, decimeter.

dict dicere to speak; dictare to dictate, prescribe

diction"speaking", quality of pronunciation

speaker speaker, radio or television worker

dictator telling people what to do and how to do it

predicatelog., lingu. predicate

Wed: English prediction, fr. prediction (prediction); English, French abdication (renunciation).

dom dominari to dominate, to dominate; dominus lord, master

dominance domination, predominance

dominant the main component of smth.

duct ducere lead, lead, conduct, produce

product something produced

products production products

aqueduct(ancient) water supply

induction induction: in logic - particular statements to a general conclusion (cf. deduction), in physics – electric current by magnetic field

introduction introduction

deduction logical conclusion from a general statement

to the particular (opposite) induction)

conductor conductor

Wed: it. duce (Duce - Mussolini's title), rum. conducator (conductor - Ceausescu's title); English duke, fr. duc Spanish duque (duke).

ect jactare to throw, toss, throw down, overthrow

an object object (this is a Russian word - tracing paper)

objective"objective", unbiased

subjectlog., lingu. subject of judgment, subject;

Wed English subject, fr. sujet, German Subject

projection forward ejection (for example, of light - and thereby the image - from the projector onto the screen); Wed English, French projection

project proposal, plan for creating (including writing) something.

ejaculation release (of semen during sexual intercourse)

injection throwing in, injection

injector, injector injector (this could also be the name of a medical instrument for injection, but the word was borrowed from the German language syringe– Spritze)

trajectory the line that describes the center of gravity of a moving body (tra– from trance-)

Wed. English jet – jet, reactive (i.e. throwing out a jet); as sum/. – jet (of something), jet engine, decomposition reactive plane; in the meaning of “jet plane” the word was borrowed by many European languages (for example, French jet, German Jet).

kapit, kaput caput head (body part), head (chief); capitulum head, chapter (section); capitalis chief (head)

capital top part (head) of the column

captain commander, head of a ship or military unit

cabbage garden plant (still the same “head”, head of cabbage)

capitulate agree on points (chapters) of the terms of surrender and cessation of armed resistance

biceps biceps muscle (lat. biceps – from bis + caput)

Wed: English, Spanish capital, it, fr. capitale (capital, main city); it. capitolo, Spanish capitulo, English dapter, fr. chapitre (chapter – in the book).

karn caro, carnis meat, flesh, body

incarnation embodiment

reincarnation reincarnation, transfer of soul

from one host body to another carnosaurus carnivorous dinosaur carnival festival (it. carnevale – “farewell to meat”; At first, carnivals were held before Lent (meat fasting), i.e. it was an analogue of our Maslenitsa)

Wed: English carnal - carnal, сarnation - clove (the flower of this plant looks like a piece of raw meat); lat. Carnivora zool. carnivores (an order of mammals with the families felines, mustelids, canids, etc.).

quadr, quadri

quattuor four; quadri – four-

square quadrilateral with equal parallel sides

quadrifonic acoustic system of four sound sources, creating the effect of “three-dimensionality” quadriga chariot drawn by four horses

quasi quasi as if, as if, like

forms words with meaning imaginary, false, unreal, For example: quasi-diamond, quasi-scientific, quasi-scientific.

quasiparticles physical quanta of elementary excitations of the system

quasi-stationary: quasi-stationary current - a relatively slowly changing electric current

see also oid.

cm. eco.

eco????? house, dwelling

In some words it is also used oik, eik.

economy laws of reasonable farming or farming itself

ecumene habitable part of the Earth

ecumenism movement for the unification of churches throughout the inhabited world

ecology the science of the “economy” of the biosphere, our common home

encephalus

cm. mullet.

erg, ergo

cm. erg.

est, esthesis??????? feeling, feeling

anesthesia lack of sensation, pain relief; Wed German Anasthesie, fr. anesthesie, English anesthsia

aesthetics part of philosophy dealing with the category of beauty, that is, with that which evokes (high) feelings; Wed German Asthetik, fr. esthetique English aesthetics

kinesthesia motor sense, a person’s perception of his own movements

synesthesiapsychol. co-sensation, double sensation, the ability for mixed perception of sensations (for example, to feel the “color” of a sound, the “taste” of a touch, etc.); Wed fr. synesthesia, English synaesthesia

this, this???? custom, character

ethics the doctrine of morality, as well as a system of norms of behavior, morality of some kind. public group (for example, medical ethics); Wed German Ethik, fr. ethics, English ethics

unethical does not comply with the rules of ethics, violates these rules

ethology the science of behavior, "mores" of animals

ethn, ethno????? tribe, people

ethnography“description of people”; Wed English ethnography, fr. ethnography

ethnobotany studying folk knowledge about plants (Greek ?????? – grass, plant)

ethnic related to smb. to the people

cm. eve/hey.

yatro

medical term borrowed from Latin

In Russia, Latin became widespread with the reforms of Peter I. At first, it was used exclusively by scientists, diplomats and lawyers, but gradually Latin was Russified and became understandable to wider layers of society, and many Latin words firmly entered the Russian language and took root: literature, architecture, fashion, notary, lawyer and many other words are no longer perceived as foreign.

In modern society, Latin is extremely necessary not only for doctors, but also for entrepreneurs, lawyers, barristers and representatives of other professions. Persona non grata, status quo, terra incognita - this is just a tiny part of those Latin expressions and catchphrases that we come across almost every day. Moreover, without minimal knowledge of the Latin language, without understanding well-known Latin expressions, proverbs and catchphrases, it is no longer possible to imagine a modern intelligent person.

The original Russian medical vocabulary is rooted in the common Indo-European base language and the common Slavic base language, on the basis of which in the 7th - 8th centuries. the Old Russian language arose. Writing appeared in Rus' in the middle of the 10th century. in the form of Old Church Slavonic (Church Slavonic) language.

It is possible that the original custodians of medical knowledge among the ancient Slavic tribes, like many other peoples, were the magician priests. The common Slavic word Doctor, which has a common root with the words “grumble”, “speak”, originally meant a sorcerer, sorcerer, fortune-teller, soothsayer, who heals with charms, incantations and incantations. From the depths of centuries, words have come down to us, attested in ancient Russian handwritten monuments, belonging to the common Slavic layer: thigh (diminutive “thigh, tibia”; hence “tibia”), thorn, side, eyebrow, hair, vospa (smallpox), head, throat , breast, hernia, lip, tooth, face, forehead, urine, nose, nail, fetus, kidney, cancer, hand, spleen, heart, crown, ear, etc.

We can consider Old Russian words that are common to the Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages, as well as words that belonged to one of them, but were firmly included in the Russian literary language, for example: pregnant, infertility, twins, illness, pain, sick, pus, shin, larynx, thirst, stomach, bile, conception, health, vision, intestines, skin, bone, medicine, medicinal, treatment, treat, brain, callus, muscle, nostril, smell, touch, swelling, poisoning, groin, liver, hymen, shoulder, sole, lower back, navel, erysipelas, mouth, cramp, body, jaw, skull, neck, ulcer, etc. Modern terminology includes such ancient names as nuchal ligament1, duodenum, epigastrium (the Church Slavonic and Old Russian word “neck” referred to neck, and the Church Slavonic words “finger” and “belly” meant “finger” and “stomach” respectively).

Many ancient Russian names of diseases and their symptoms have long gone out of use, and identifying them with modern terms is difficult. Such names include, for example, asthma (asthma), goldenrod (jaundice), kamchyug (arthritis), bloody womb (dysentery), epileptic illness (epilepsy), burning stomach (anthrax), leprosy (leprosy, lupus and some other lesions). skin), itching (scabies), shaking (malaria).

Some of the ancient Russian words used in the modern medical dictionary have changed their meaning. So, for example, the word “callus” in ancient times meant enlarged lymph nodes or an ulcer, the word “joint” meant a part of the body or an organ, as well as a joint in the modern sense, the word “gland” could mean a tumor (“gland merli People"). The Old Russian word “belly” had several meanings: life, property, animal. The word “eye”, which originally meant “ball (shiny)”, was used only in the 16th-17th centuries. acquired modern meaning along with its synonym - the common Slavic word “eye” and finally supplanted the latter only in the 18th century. In the literary monuments of the 16th century. The word “back” first appears as a synonym for the ancient word “ridge” in the monuments of the 17th century. - the word “lungs” instead of the ancient name “ivies”, the word “cough” appears for the first time.

Many original Russian names that existed in the language of Old Russian empirical medicine and were recorded in all kinds of “Healing books”, “Herbal books” and “Vertograds”, did not survive in the language of scientific medicine and gave way to other names, most often of Greek-Latin origin.

Greekisms of anatomical and physiological content are found sporadically already in the early monuments of ancient Russian writing. The penetration of Greekisms after the adoption of Christianity by Russia (10th century) was facilitated both by direct contacts with Byzantium and its culture, and by the growth in the number of translated Church Slavonic works. The latter were often compilations of passages from the works of Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen and Byzantine doctors.

Latin vocabulary was also initially borrowed through the Greek-Byzantine medium, although to an extremely insignificant extent. It began to actively penetrate into the XV-XVI centuries. thanks to the Polish language. In the 17th century In connection with the progress of enlightenment in Ukraine, Latinisms began to be borrowed directly from works in Latin. Perhaps the very first of these works, Vesalius’s “Epitome,” which is the author’s brief extract from the work “On the Structure of the Human Body,” was translated in 1657-1658. prominent Russian enlightener Epiphanius Slavinetsky. It is assumed that the translation was supposed to serve as a textbook on anatomy for students of the school of Russian doctors, allegedly opened in 1654-1655. under the Pharmacy Order. Although the translation of E. Slavinetsky is lost, it can be assumed on the basis of his other work, “The Complete Greek-Slavic-Latin Lexicon,” that he created certain prerequisites for mastering the terminology of Western European medicine of that era. E. Slavinetsky used only two methods of translating terms - the use of original Russian equivalents and tracing [for example, he translated the term polyphagia (from the Greek poly- many and phagein) with the word “multiple eating”] and almost did not use borrowings.

A significant step in the comprehension and mastery of Greek-Latin vocabulary by Russians, including medical content, was made by a remarkable lexicographer of the early 18th century. F.P. Polikarpov. His “Trilingual Lexicon, that is, Slavic, Hellenic-Greek and Latin treasures” (1704), consisting of 19,712 articles, contains a significant number of names of diseases and medicinal herbs in Greek, Latin and Russian. The large number of synonyms he cites indicates a wide range of literary medical sources used. Each article begins with a Russian name, which most often represents either a Russian equivalent (stone disease, smallpox, erysipelas, okovrach or ochnik, etc.), or a descriptive designation; Borrowings and Latinisms (apoplexy, dysentery, doctor, etc.) are used less frequently.

After the first graduations of the Greco-Latin Academy, in 1658 in Moscow, classicism began to be borrowed directly from the works of ancient authors and on a much wider scale than before. Particular attention was paid to teaching scientific anatomical and surgical terminology in Latin at the First Hospital School, established in 1707 on the orders of Peter I and led by N. Bidloo.

During the Peter the Great era and after it, throughout the entire 18th century, hundreds of scientific Latinisms were poured into the actively developing Russian literary language, both directly from Latin works and through Western European languages. At the beginning of the 18th century. The following words are widely used: medic, medicine, medicine, medicine, pill, pharmacist, recipe, sangva (Latin sanguis blood), urine (Latin urina urine), febra (Latin febris fever). In the middle of the 18th century. the words abscess, ampulla, amputation, tonsillitis, vein, consultation, constitution, contusion, muscle, nerve, ophthalmologist, patient, dissector, pulse, respiration (breathing), retina, relapse, section, scalpel, scurvy appear in the literature, temperament, fiber (vein), fistula, etc.

M.V. made a huge contribution to the substantiation of principles and the development of Russian scientific terminology. Lomonosov (1711--1765). A brilliant expert on classical languages, he repeatedly emphasized their importance for the needs of education and for the progress of terminology in Russia. M.V. Lomonosov took part in the review of the first anatomical atlas, translated from German by A.P. Protasov (1724-1796), who laid the foundations of scientific anatomical terminology in Russian.

Russian doctors-translators of the 18th century. belongs to the creation of Russian scientific medical terminology. It was truly a feat of scholarship and patriotism. Russian translators had to overcome significant difficulties in conveying by means of their native language the names of abstract concepts developed by Western European languages, including the classicisms and neoclassicisms mastered by the latter.

The shortcomings of terminology were especially acutely felt by Russian medical teachers. Teaching medical disciplines in Russian was possible only if domestic terminology was developed. Therefore, many outstanding Russian doctors became both translators and philologists. Among them, first of all, we should mention the chief physician of the St. Petersburg Admiralty Hospital M.I. Shein (1712-1762), who created the earliest summary of Russian anatomical terms in Russian literature.

Translators were able to cope more easily with the names of diseases and symptoms, because for them there were often equivalent designations that existed in the language of traditional medicine. The situation with scientific anatomy was more difficult, since many anatomical formations, for example, pleura, pancreas, trochanter, did not have Russian names at all. In such cases, descriptive compound terms were often created instead of a single Latin (or Latinized Greek) word. So, M.I. Shein created the Russian equivalent for the word diaphragma, “abdominal obstruction.” Along with this, translators resorted to tracing. A.P. Protasov introduced the name Clavicle, which is a tracing paper from the Latin word clavicula (from clavis key).

In the process of formation of domestic terminology, there was almost not a single foreign language term for which several equivalents in Russian were not proposed by different authors. Not all of them have stood the test of time and have been replaced by terms of Greco-Latin origin, including neologisms.

The first dictionaries of medical terms in Latin, Russian and French were compiled by the first Russian professor of “midwifery art” N.M. Ambodik-Maksimovich (1744-1812). In 1783, his “Anatomical and Physiological Dictionary” was published, containing about 4000 titles, and Russian ones were extracted, according to the author, “from various printed, church and civil, also new, old and handwritten books”, and also represented “his own handmade” work. The next issue - "Medical-Pathological-Surgical Dictionary" (1785) - collected "the names of diseases and their symptoms in the human body, as well as devices, operations, dressings used in surgery to perform certain manipulations."

Russian medical vocabulary was presented in the first academic dictionary of the Russian language - “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” (1789-1794) - with more than 600 words. Folk common Russian names were included, as well as borrowed scientific terms of Greek-Latin origin. The words were accompanied by very complete, carefully worded definitions. The medical part of the dictionary was compiled by leading Russian scientific doctors A.P. Protasov and N.Ya. Ozertskovsky (1750--1827). In this dictionary, in particular, the term Inflammation was first recorded, created by Shein in 1761 as a tracing paper from the Latin word inflammatio (from inflammo to set fire, set on fire, ignite).

A major contribution to the creation of Russian anatomical terminology was made by the founder of the Russian anatomical school P.A. Zagorsky (1764-1846), who wrote the first Russian anatomy textbook (1802), where he introduced Russian equivalents of a number of Latin terms. E.O. was heavily involved in the development of domestic anatomical terminology. Mukhin (1766-1850), who also created an anatomy course in Russian.

The “Medical Dictionary” compiled in 1835 by A.N. can be considered a qualitatively new stage in lexicographic processing, clarification and systematization of the rapidly growing Russian medical terminology. Nikitin - founder and first secretary of the Society of Russian Doctors of St. Petersburg. This was the first medical dictionary in Russia in which terms were interpreted. Medical community of the first half of the 19th century. highly appreciated Nikitin’s work “for his deep knowledge of the Russian language and extensive acquaintance with Russian medical literature,” which made it possible “to present the nomenclature fully assembled without innovations and in such a form that henceforth it could serve as a model of Russian medical terminology.”

Throughout the 19th century. Russian medical vocabulary continued to be actively replenished with terms that had an international distribution, the predominant mass of which were classicisms and neoclassicisms, for example Abortion, alveolus (Alveolus of the lung), Ambulatory, Bacillus, Vaccine, hallucination (Hallucinations), Dentin, Immunization, Immunity, Heart attack, Infection, Cavern, Carbuncle, Lymph, Percussion, Pulp, Reflex, Exudate, etc., preserved to this day.

At the same time, among Russian doctors there were also extreme purists who objected to borrowings and neologisms, defending the original Russian common vocabulary, which they endowed with a special medical meaning. This point of view was held, in particular, by V.I. Dal (1801-1872) - doctor by profession, creator of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”. However, none of the replacements he proposed remained in the language of Russian medicine.

Most Russian doctors defended terms that were well established in professional usage, regardless of whether they were internationalisms of Greco-Latin origin or their Russian equivalents. They also realized the importance of preserving the Latin termini technici, i.e. standard, international not only in meaning, but also in form, according to the Latin transcription of names. In 1892--1893 The Encyclopedic Medical Dictionary by A. Vilare was published in translation from German. The preface to the Russian edition of the dictionary stated that “over the past decades, Russian medical terminology has developed significantly and strengthened among practical doctors, however, it is not yet at such a height that it excludes the use of Latin names.” It defended the advantage of the Latin terms generally accepted at that time such as auto?digestio, abrachia, acromegalia, epilepsia, and expressed an objection to the corresponding Russian names “self-digestion”, “armless”, “giant growth”, “eppileptic”, etc. It is interesting that the further fate of these terms turned out to be different: Self-digestion, and not autodigestio, was fixed in the language, and the remaining terms were preserved in the form of borrowing, without being accompanied by Russian equivalents (Abrachia, Acromegaly, Epilepsy).

Modern Russian medical terminology, based on linguistic origin, forms of writing, functions performed at the national or international levels, can be divided into the following main groups:

1) original Russian names;
2) borrowed classicisms, assimilated to varying degrees, adapted to the sound and morphological system of the Russian literary language; the overwhelming majority of them actually perform the function of internationalisms, i.e. terms that have received cross-linguistic distribution in at least three languages from different language groups (for example, in Latin, French, English, German, Russian, etc.);
3) original Western Europeanisms, which actually perform the function of internationalisms;
4) Latin termini technici.

In the second half of the 20th century. medical vocabulary continues to be enriched with internationalisms. In modern Russian medical terminology, internationalisms and their Russian equivalents (including tracings of a foreign language term) act as synonyms. In some cases, the Russian equivalent is preferably used, for example, Lice instead of pediculosis (Pediculosis), Prurigo instead of Prurigo, Ossification instead of Ossification, Diarrhea instead of Diarrhea, Dwarfism instead of Dwarfism, Incarceration instead of Incarceration, Eversion of the eyelid instead of Ectropion. In other cases, internationalisms are preferred, such as Puncture rather than Puncture, Malignancy rather than Malignancy, Favus rather than Scab, Palpation rather than Palpation, Enucleation rather than Enucleation, Gynecophobia rather than Misogyny. In many of the above cases, the preferred use of a borrowed word is explained by the fact that its Russian equivalent is also used in the general literary language in a broader or different meaning. Sometimes the Russian equivalent gives way to internationalism, since it is easier to form derivative words from the latter, for example Placenta (placental) - Children's place. Often such synonyms are practically equal, for example: Bleeding, Hemorrhage and Hemorrhage (hemorrhagic), Myopia and Myopia (myopic), pancreas and pancreas (pancreatic), Blood transfusion and Hemotransfusion (hemotransfusion).

Many terms of Greco-Latin origin, including neoclassicisms, penetrate into Russian terminology through Western European languages. Often they were able to gain the actual status of internationalisms, appearing almost simultaneously in two or more languages, and it is often difficult or impossible to find out in which Western European language a particular term, marked with the stamp of classical or neoclassical origin, first appeared. Many terms, having originally appeared in English, French or German linguistic form, undergo simultaneous or subsequent formal romanization; however, this process can also develop in the opposite direction: from a term Latinized in form to its nationally adapted analogue.

Sometimes a clear indication that classicism or neoclassicism was borrowed through Western European languages is provided by phonetic features that are not characteristic of classical languages. Thus, the presence in some words of the sound [w], which was absent in classical languages, indicates that the word was borrowed from German (Sciatica, neoclassicisms Schizophrenia, schizothymia, etc.). Under the influence of the phonetic system of the French language, the term Senestopathie (French cеnestopathie) arose, derived from the Greek words koinos (general), aisthзsis (sensation, feeling) and pathos (suffering, disease).

Under the influence of Western European languages, in some Latinized words of Greek origin the sound [c] that was absent in the Greek language appeared, for example: Cyst (Latin cysta, from Greek kystis), Cyanosis (Latin cyanosis, from Greek kyanфsis).

The artificial (neoclassical) nature of a number of terms is indicated by the components of different languages, mainly Greek and Latin; for example: Vagotomy (Latin anat. nervus vagus vagus nerve + Greek tomz incision), Coronary sclerosis (Lat. anat. arteria coronaria coronary artery + Greek sklзrфsis hardening, sclerosis), Rectoscopy (Latin rectum rectum + Greek skopef to consider , research). “Hybrids” are formed similarly: Appendicitis, Gingivitis, Duodenitis, Conjunctivitis, Retinitis, Tonsillitis, etc. (to the Latin anatomical terms appendix - appendage, gingiva - gum, duodenum - duodenum, conjunctiva - connective membrane of the eye, retina - retina, tonsilla - tonsil, added the Greek suffix -itis, used to denote inflammation). The Greek prefixes Hyper-, Hypo-, Peri- and others are often combined with the Latin base: hyperfunction, hypotension, perivisceral, perivascular. There are also Greek-Russian “hybrids”: Allochondrium, leukovsus, Rechegramma, etc.

Such “hybridization” is quite natural within the framework of medical and biological terminology, where Greek and Latin roots and word-forming elements have grown into the fabric of national languages over many centuries and formed an international foundation in them. Therefore, the “hybrid” word “acidophilic” (Latin acidus sour + Greek philos loving, inclined) is just as legitimate as the monolingual word “thermophilic” (Greek thermos heat, warmth + Greek philos).

Original Western Europeanisms, i.e. There are relatively few words that arose from the lexical and word-formation material of Western European languages in Russian medical vocabulary. Their active implementation has been noted only since the end of the 19th century. and especially in the 20th century. They are presented mainly in terminology related to medical technology, surgical techniques, genetics, physiology, hygiene, and are much less common in the nomenclature of diseases. Thus, Anglicisms include, for example, Attachment, Blockade, Doping, Inbreeding, Clearance, Crossingover, Pacemaker, Site, shunt (arteriovenous shunt) and “hybrid” terms Aerotank, dumping syndrome, rant disease (Runt disease), Westing- syndrome. Borrowings from the French language include, for example, Absence, Midwife, Bandage, Bougie, Influenza, Drainage, Probe, Cannula, Whooping Cough, Cretinism, Curette, Patronage, Pipette, Raspator, Tampon, Teak, Yaws, Chancre, the “hybrid” term Culdoscopy . Examples of borrowings from the German language include boron (dental boron), Bugel, Klammer, Kornzang, Resort, Reiters, Spatel, Shub, “hybrid” words Abortzang, Rausch-narcosis, etc.

Some nosological terms of Italian origin have become internationalisms: Influenza, Malaria, Pellagra, Scarlet fever. The term Sigwaterra comes from the Spanish language, and Croup from the Scottish language.

There are individual words borrowed from Eastern and African languages: the Japanese word Tsutsugamushi, the African tribal word - Kwashiorkor, the Sinhala word - Beriberi. Sex therapists use some words of ancient Indian origin, for example, Vikharita, Virghata, Kumbitmaka, Narvasadata. The names of some medicinal substances were borrowed from the tribal languages of the American Indians: ipecac, curare, quinine.

A traditional feature of medical and biological terminology continues to be the use of termini technici - terms graphically and grammatically designed in Latin. The identity of their understanding by different specialists in all countries makes termini technici an indispensable means of internationalizing terminology.

Large groups of termini technici are united in modern international nomenclatures and have an officially approved international status. These include nomenclatures of morphological and biological disciplines: anatomical, histological and embryological nomenclatures, codes of botanical and zoological nomenclature and a code of bacterial nomenclature. In the International Pharmacopoeia, the Latin name of the drug is indicated as the main, reference name.

Termini technici have a different status, relating to the dictionary of clinical medicine, denoting diseases, pathological conditions, symptoms, syndromes, etc. In most cases, they actually perform the function of international designations, but their use is optional. The “International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death” does not contain international Latin names as mandatory. In the USSR, most of these termini technici are used only in conjunction with their Russian equivalents, for example Hernia, Urticaria, Herpes Zoster, Cholecystitis. At the same time, some termini technici of this type are used in domestic medical terminology as preferred terms. These include, for example, Caries sicca, Carcinoma in situ, Partus conduplicato corpore, Situs viscerum inversus, Spina bifida, Status typhosus, Tabes dorsalis, plow vara (Coxa vara).

The Latin language played a significant role in the enrichment of Russian vocabulary (including terminology), associated primarily with the sphere of scientific, technical and socio-political life. The words go back to the Latin source: author, administrator, audience, student, exam, external student, minister, justice, operation, censorship, dictatorship, republic, deputy, delegate, rector, excursion, expedition, revolution, constitution, etc. These Latinisms came to our language, as well as to other European languages, not only through direct contact of the Latin language with some other language (which, of course, was not excluded, especially through various educational institutions), but also through other languages. The Latin language in many European countries was the language of literature, science, official papers and religion (Catholicism). Scientific works up to the 18th century. often written in Latin; Medicine still uses Latin. All this contributed to the creation of an international fund of scientific terminology, which was mastered by many European languages, including Russian.

The compilers of the anthology of medieval Latin literature write: “The Latin language was not a dead language, and Latin literature was not dead literature. They not only wrote in Latin, but also spoke it: it was a spoken language that united the few educated people of that time: when a Swabian boy and a Saxon boy met in a monastery school, and a Spanish youth and a Pole youth met at the University of Paris, then, to understand each other they had to speak Latin. And not only treatises and lives were written in Latin, but also accusatory sermons, meaningful historical works, and inspired poems.”

Most Latin words came into the Russian language in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, especially through the Polish and Ukrainian languages, for example: school, auditorium, dean, office, vacation, director, dictation, exam, etc. (The role of special educational institutions.) All current names of months from the Latin language are borrowed through Greek.

In addition to borrowing foreign language vocabulary, the Russian language actively borrowed some foreign language word-forming elements to create Russian words themselves. Among such borrowings, special mention is made of a group of international terms, for example: dictatorship, constitution, corporation, laboratory, meridian, maximum, minimum, proletariat, process, public, revolution, republic, erudition, etc.

Let us give examples of the use of Latin as a unified language of science, which allows us to avoid confusion and achieve understanding by people of different nationalities.

· In astronomy, the most famous constellation of the northern hemisphere is the Big Dipper (lat. Ursa Major) - this asterism has been known since ancient times among many peoples under different names: Plow, Elk, Cart, Seven Sages Hearse and Mourners.

· In the system of chemical elements, a uniform naming of all elements is applicable. For example, gold has the symbol Au and the scientific name (Latin) Aurum. Proto-Slavic *zolto (Russian gold, Ukrainian gold, Old Slavic gold, Polish złoto), Lithuanian geltonas “yellow”, Latvian zelts “gold, golden”; Gothic gulþ, German Gold, English Gold.

· “Golden grass is the head of all herbs” - this is a popular saying about one of the most poisonous medicinal plants in Russia. Common names: chistoplot, chistets, podtynnik, warthog, prozornik, gladishnik, glechkopar, yellow milkweed, yellow spurge, nutcracker, zhovtilo, dog soap, swallow grass. It is unlikely that we recognized the well-known celandine. To understand which plant we are talking about, scientists use the Latin names (Chelidónium május).

If the Greeks took upon themselves the “responsibility” of giving names to poetic and theatrical terms, then the Romans took prose seriously. Latin experts will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian by the phrase “purposeful speech.” The Romans generally loved precise and short definitions. It is not for nothing that the word lapidary came to us from the Latin language, i.e. “carved in stone” (short, compressed). The word text means “connection”, “connection”, and illustration means “explanation” (to the text). A legend is “something that should be read,” a memorandum is “something that should be remembered,” and an opus is “work,” “work.” The word fabula translated from Latin means “story”, “legend”, but it came to the Russian language from German with the meaning “plot”. A manuscript is a document “written by hand,” but an editor is a person who must “put everything in order.” Madrigal is also a Latin word, it comes from the root “mother” and means a song in the native, “mother” language.

The Romans developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice (“justice”, “legality”), alibi (“elsewhere”), verdict (“the truth has been spoken”), lawyer (from the Latin “I urge”), notary (“scribe”), protocol (“ first sheet"), visa ("looked through"), etc. The words version ("turn") and intrigue ("confuse") are also of Latin origin. The Romans came up with the word lapse - “fall”, “mistake”, “wrong step”.

The following medical terms are of Latin origin: hospital (“hospitable”), immunity (“liberation from something”), disabled (“powerless”, “weak”), invasion (“attack”), muscle (“little mouse”) , obstruction (“blockage”), obliteration (“destruction”), pulse (“push”).

Currently, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new, never existing words and terms. For example, allergy is “another action” (the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke).

Nowadays, scientific terms are often created from Greek and Latin roots, denoting concepts unknown in antiquity: astronaut [gr. kosmos - Universe + gr. nautes - (sea) - swimmer]; futurology (lat. futurum - future + gr. logos - word, teaching); scuba (Latin aqua - water + English lung - lung). This is explained by the exceptional productivity of Latin and Greek roots included in various scientific terms, as well as their international character, which facilitates the understanding of such roots in different languages.

Vorobyova Maria

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Latin and Greek borrowings in Russian

Vorobyova Maria

MOBU "Lyceum No. 3", 6 "B" class

School teacher

Babaskina Irina Evgenevna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

Orenburg 2012

1. Introduction 3

Purpose and objectives of the study.

2. Literature review on issues raised in educational and research work 4

3. Classification and methods of penetration of Latinisms and Greekisms into the Russian language. 7

4. Objects and methods of research 9

5. Research results 9

6. Conclusion 15

7. Practical significance of the study. 16

8. References 17

Purpose of the study:

I. At the lexical level, consider the functioning of Latin and Greek borrowings in the modern Russian language.

II. Raise your cultural level, expand your horizons of knowledge.

Tasks:

1. Acquaintance with the literature on the problems raised in educational and research work.

2. Identify ways of penetration of Latinisms and Greekisms into the Russian language.

3. Collection of lexical material and compilation of a working card index.

1. Introduction

For almost 20 centuries, the Latin language served the peoples of Europe as a means of communication; with its help, they became acquainted with and perceived Roman and Greek culture. He had a huge influence on the languages of European peoples, both in the field of grammar and especially in the field of vocabulary. Russia became familiar with the heritage of Roman civilization through books; as early as the 15th century, translations of Latin works became widespread in Rus'.

The Greek language played a huge role in the development of Slavic writing and the Old Church Slavonic language. In addition, the cultural achievements of Greek civilization not only had a significant impact on Russian culture, but also almost completely laid the foundations of the Western European civilizational type. Language serves as a means of accumulating and storing culturally significant information.

We believe that this topic is relevant. In this work, we analyzed only a small part of the vocabulary of Latin and Greek origin. This was painstaking but interesting work, because behind every word there is a whole story.

2. Literature review on issues raised in educational and research work.

In the process of their historical development, human languages have constantly entered into and continue to enter into certain contacts with each other. Language contact is the interaction of two or more languages that has some influence on the structure and vocabulary of one or more of them. The simplest case of language contact is the borrowing of a word from one language to another. As a rule, borrowing a word is associated with borrowing an object or concept denoted by this word.

Behind every word in any language there is a whole story. Language, as the most important means of our cultural and national identity, can tell us a lot of interesting things. It influences the consciousness of the people who speak it no less than the people influence it.

Language, like people, can be flexible or conservative, or even “dead” like ancient Greek and Latin. “A language has its ancestor, who gave it life; under favorable conditions, it can end up far from its progenitor, giving birth, like the Latin language brought by the Romans, to a whole family of noble offspring” (W. Stevenson).

Since ancient times, the Russian people have entered into cultural, trade, military, and political ties with other states, which could not but lead to linguistic borrowings. In the process of use, most of them were influenced by the borrowing language. Gradually, borrowed words, assimilated (from Latin assimilare - to assimilate, liken) by the borrowing language, became among the words in common use and were no longer perceived as foreign. In different eras, words from other languages penetrated into the original language (Common Slavic, East Slavic, Russian proper).

Borrowing - the process as a result of which a word appears and becomes fixed in a language. Borrowing expands the vocabulary of a language. Borrowed words reflect the completeness of contacts between peoples. Thus, in the Germanic languages there is a vast layer of ancient Latin borrowings, in the Slavic languages the most ancient borrowings are from Germanic and Iranian languages. For example, the German word Arzt "doctor" comes from the Latin arhiator (Chief physician), etc.

When borrowing, the meaning of a word often changes. Thus, the French word chance means “ luck " or "you're lucky", while the Russian word " chance " means only "opportunity of luck." Sometimes the meaning changes beyond recognition. For example, the Russian word " idiot" comes from the Greek " private person", the word "barn" goes back to the Persian word meaning " castle" (it entered the Russian language through the Turkic languages). It also happens that a borrowed word returns in its new meaning back to the language from which it came. This is the history of the word " bistro" , which came to the Russian language from French, where it arose after the War of 1812, when parts of Russian troops found themselves on French territory - probably as a transmission of the replica “Quickly!”

The main flow of borrowing foreign words comes through the colloquial speech of professionals.

Among the borrowings, a group of so-called internationalisms stands out, i.e. words of Greek-Latin origin, widespread in many languages of the world. These include, for example, the Greek words:philosophy, democracy, problem, revolution, principle, progress, analysis.In addition to ready-made Latin and Greek words, individual Greco-Latin morphemes are widely used in international scientific terminology: roots, prefixes, suffixes (many Greek morphemes were borrowed by the Latin language back in ancient times). Building elements of Greek origin include, for example:bio-, geo-, hydro-, anthropo-, pyro-, chrono-, psycho-, micro-, demo-, theo-, paleo-, neo-, macro-, poly, mono-, para-, allo-, -logy, -graphy-, super-, inter- , extra-, re-, or-, -izationetc. When constructing terms, international Greek and Latin elements can be combined with each other (for example: television, sociology), as well as with morphemes borrowed from new European languages, for example, speedometer (from the English Speed “Speed”).

Words of Greek origin in the Russian language are of two types - in accordance with the era and the method of their borrowing. The largest group consists of those Greek words that came into the Russian language through Latin and new European languages - this includes all international scientific terminology, as well as many generally significant words, such astheme, scene, alphabet, barbarian, department, Athens, date.Finally, in the Russian language there are single words borrowed from ancient Greek in its classical version, for example, the philosophical term oikoumene (lit."population "), going back to the same word " house", which is included in the words economy or ecology.

A particularly important role in the Russian language is played by borrowings from Church Slavonic, a closely related language in which worship was conducted in Rus' and which until the mid-17th century. simultaneously performed the function of the Russian literary language. These include: anathema, angel, archbishop, demon, icon, monk,monastery, lamp, sexton and others.

In order to become a borrowing, a word that came from a foreign language must take hold in a new language, firmly enter its vocabulary - just as many foreign words entered the Russian language, such asbread, mug, umbrella, sail, market, bazaar, station, tomato, cutlet, car, cucumber, church, tea, sugar andothers, many of whom turned out to be so mastered by the Russian language that only linguists know about their foreign language origin.

3. Classification and methods of penetration of Latinisms and Greekisms into the Russian language.

Latinisms and Greekisms first began to penetrate the Russian language several centuries ago. The largest number of them came into our language in the 18th and 19th centuries. This is due to the general cultural influence on Russia of Western European countries and, above all, France, whose language is the closest descendant of Latin. Latinisms came to us directly from the Latin language, but could be borrowed indirectly - through other languages. Therefore, Latinisms and Greekisms are divided intodirect and indirect. The intermediary languages most often were French, English, German, Italian and Polish. So many European words were borrowed by the Russian language through Polish, for example, music (a word of Greek origin that came to the Russian language through Europe and Poland), the word market (Polish ryneh with the same meaning, which arose, in turn, from the German Ring- ring, circle ) etc. There are borrowings with a very long and complex history, for example, the word"varnish" : it came into the Russian language from German or Dutch, into these languages from Italian, but the Italians most likely borrowed it from the Arabs, to whom it came through Iran from India.

Latinisms and Greekisms are classified into artificial and natural. Artificial Latinisms are words that arose as terms for technical devices, art history or socio-political terminology. These words were created by individuals, mostly in modern times, and did not exist in living Latin.

Tracing paper. In some cases, one Latin and also Greek word served as a source for two borrowings in the Russian language. They arise by literal translation into Russian of individual meaningful parts of a word (prefixes, roots). A calque is, for example, the word“spelling” (gr. Orthos et grapho), adverb (lat ad t verbum). Derivational tracings are known from Greek, Latin, German, and French words.

Neologisms. Among the neologisms of recent years, we observe vocabulary of Latin origin, which came into the Russian language through the English language. These are Latinisms in anglicized form. Word office (English Office, Latin Officum - service, duty), sponsor (English Sponsor, Latin Spondare - to solemnly promise, philanthropist, private person or any organization that finances something, someone).

4. Objects and methods of research.

The material for educational and research work is the etymological dictionary of the Russian language by the authors Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V., Shanskaya T.V. This dictionary includes over 3000 words. In difficult cases, we used the Newest Dictionary of Foreign Words. By sampling from this dictionary, the author’s working card index was created, which contains 100 cards. Each card indicates the source (this dictionary), the title word (vocabula), the Latin and Greek word, origin, and translation into Russian. Latinisms and Greekisms are represented by words that actually function in the Russian language, as well as the latest borrowings (computer, counterfeiting, etc.)

Consideration of borrowed words can be done in different ways. We will look at the languages from which these borrowings entered the Russian language at different periods of development and record them on cards. Borrowings occur at all language levels, but in our work it is most convenient to work with borrowed vocabulary, because at the same time, it was possible to obtain a fairly complete picture of interlingual interaction, based on dictionary data.

Our card index contains vocabulary: socio-political, economic, legal, religious, medical, education and education vocabulary, philological, commonly used words and terms that are included in the active vocabulary of the Russian language.

5. Results of our own research

Any research involves, first of all, the classification of the objects being studied. Having studied the theory of classification and methods of penetration of borrowings into the Russian language, we set ourselves the task of identifying the basis for the classification of our material.

Working with the card index, we were able to establish that various bases are possible for the classification of lexical Latinisms and Greekisms. We have chosen the following:

1) Direct borrowings

Direct ones are those that came into the Russian language directly from the source language (Latin).

In our card index of 100 words there are 40 direct borrowings.

Symposium, scholarship, incentive, university, board, presidium, session, nonsense, tomato, passport, decoration, carnival, physician, audience, maximum, index, stroke, president, pluralism, lecture, abstract, seminar, rector, professor, alibi, symbol, etc.

Stipendium lat. 1) soldier's salary. 2) cash scholarship

Stroke (insulto< лат) 1) скачу, впрыгиваю. 2) острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения.

October -October, octo - eight in Ancient Rome, the 8th month of the year after the reform of the calendar by Julius Caesar, the 10th month.

Session - session< лат происхождение от глагола “sedere” (сидеть), буквально - сидение.

Stimulus - stimulus< лат 1) остроконечная палка, которой погоняли скот. 2)в русском языке - поощрение, стимул.

Symposium - symposium< лат. 1) пир, пирушка. 2) совещание

Style - stulus< лат. палочка для письма у древних греков.

Lecture - lectio< лат. вид учебного занятия.

2) Indirect borrowing

Of the 100 words in our card index, 60 lexemes are indirect or indirect borrowings. We have established that the intermediary languages through which Latin words came into the Russian language are French, German, Polish, English, Italian. They went through a difficult path, moving from language to language, and got into the Russian language through not one language, but two or three.

For example, a lawyer (Latin advocatus, German -Advokat)

Introvert (Latin - intro inside + vertere - English introvert - turn)

Classification (Latin - classis, German - Klassifikation)

Grosh (Latin - grossus, Polish - gross)

Bottle (Latin - buticula, Polish - butelka)

Bath (Latin - wannus, German - Wanne)

Public (Latin - publicum, Polish - publica)

Lady (Latin - domina, Polish - dama)

Board (Greek - discos, Lat. - discus, German - tisch)

Coin (Latin - moneta, through the Polish language from the Latin language)

Patch( emplastrum.borrowed from it. language, in which pflaster goes back to Lat. emplastrum, adopted in turn from the Greek language)

Tomato (via French from Latin), in which pomidoro means "golden apples"

Russian word "Crystal" "(the obsolete form "crystal" was borrowed directly from Greek, and through the Latin language - crystallus, then through German Kristall it entered the Russian word in the form "crystal").

Student - borrowed at the beginning of the 18th century from it. language in which Studens is a student (from studio - studying, studying)

Exam - lat. origin, where amen - truth, ex - coming out - truth coming out, i.e. examination. In church services, the Orthodox often use the word “amen” - this means “in truth.”

Session - lat. The origin of “sessio” is from the verb sedere - to sit, literally - sitting.

Crib - formed using the suffix -ka, from shpargal - paper, borrowed from the Polish language. The Polish word “szargal” - old paper with writing on it - goes back to the Latin sparganum - diaper, which in turn was learned from the Greek language.

Stimulus - lat (a pointed stick used to drive cattle, and in Russian - encouragement, incentive - the internal form of the word was lost).

3) Artificial borrowing.

Artificial borrowings, as a rule, consist of 2 multilingual elements.

Biathlon (Latin Bi+ Greek athlon - competition) - cross-country skiing with rifle shooting (standing and prone) on several stages.

Sociology (Latin soci - society + Greek logos - concept, teaching) - the science of society.

Fluorography (Latin flour - flow + Greek grapho - write) - a method of x-ray examination of the organs of the human body by transferring an image from a translucent screen to photographic film.

Futurology (Latin futurum - future + Greek Logos) - science, a field of scientific knowledge aimed at foreseeing the future.

Scuba (Latin Aquva - water, English lung - lung) - a device for scuba diving at great depths.

Supermarket (Latin super - over, English - market - market) - large (usually a grocery store)

Deodorant (French des + Lat odor - smell) - a means to remove unpleasant odors.

4) Traces and semi-traces

Humanity (Latin Humanus + Russian suf. ost)

Tolerance (Latin tolerantio - patience)

Creativity (Latin creo - I create, I create)

Erudition(eruditus - learning)

There are only 4 words in our card index, which are composed using the Russian suffix ost and the Latin root.

5) Neologisms

In the Russian language of modern times, Latinisms appear in an anglicized form. This vocabulary is associated with the latest achievements of science and technology.

There are 6 neologisms in our card index.

Computer English computer< лат.compulor - счетчик

Cursor English cursor< указатель <лат cursorius - быстро бегающий или cursor - бегун - вспомогательный, подвижный знак, отмечающий рабочую точку экрана компьютера.

Scuba - (at aqua-water + English lung - lung) - apparatus for scuba diving

Internet (inter-lat and eng -net) - world wide web.

Office (English officium - service, duty) - office

Sponsor (English sponsor and Latin spondare - philanthropist) - an individual or organization, a company that finances someone.

Our catalog contains Greekisms.

1) Direct borrowings

Direct borrowings from the Greek language. These are words related to various spheres of human activity, commonly used words, church vocabulary.

For example:

Bed - borrowing from Greek. Celebrated since the 17th century by the Greek Krabbation.

Alphabet - Alphaboetos is a compound word in Greek, made up of the names of the first 2 letters alpha and beta (“alphabet”).

2) Indirect borrowings

A large number of Greek words came to us through the French and German languages. This can be explained by the fact that Russian culture is historically connected with the culture of France and Germany. Many French Greekisms (plastic, cream, scandal) appeared in the era of enlightenment, when Russian art and the direction of scientific thought were formed under the influence of French philosophy. So, in our card index of indirect Greek borrowings there are 10.

Borrowings from the Greek language came to Europe, Russia, and Ukraine, usually through the Latin language, in a Latinized form. Carcinogen (Latin cancer - cancer, Greek genesis - origin)

Mausoleum (Latin - mausoleum + gr. - mausoleon) - the tomb of the Carian king Mausoleum.

Symposium (lat. - symposium, gr. - symposion) - feast

6. Conclusion

For us, the Latin language is, first of all, the language of science, culture, religion, and medicine. As a result of the study of lexical Latinisms and Greekisms, the following conclusions were made:

1. Many words are terms of various fields of science, therefore among them the vocabulary of medicine, legal, vocabulary of enlightenment and education, commonly used, stands out. All Latinisms and Greekisms function in modern Russian.

2. Classifying lexical Latinisms and Greekisms according to the method of borrowing, we determined that most of the studied words are indirect borrowings (60%). The intermediary languages are: in 20% of cases - French, equally in 15% - German and Polish, in 10% - English. A separate group consisted of 13% of Greek words borrowed into the Russian language through Latin. Direct borrowings from the Latin language accounted for 40% of the studied lexical units.

3. The bulk of Latinisms and Greekisms were borrowed from French and German; this can be explained by the fact that Russian culture is connected with the culture of France and Germany.

4. As a result of borrowings, the Russian language is replenished with international terms. International words are words that are found in many languages (artery, aorta, democracy, problem, revolution, principle, progress, analysis).

5. The national identity of the Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign words into it, since borrowing is a completely natural way of enriching any language. The Russian language has retained its complete originality and has only been enriched by borrowed Latinisms and Greekisms.

Latin is “dead,” but its “death” was beautiful - it died for a thousand years and nourished most European languages, becoming the basis for some and giving hundreds and thousands of words to other languages, including Russian. This can be easily verified by reading the following text, in which words of Latin and Greek origin are highlighted in italics:

"The school principal hands over class certificates maturity of applicants, which then hand over exams in institutes. Rector of the university, deans of history, economics, legal and philological faculties read to undergraduate and graduate students lecture courses in classrooms and carry out special seminars.

7. Practical significance.

The practical significance of our research lies in the possibility of using the obtained material for extracurricular activities (competitions, olympiads and weeks in English and Russian, publishing wall newspapers, booklets, leaflets, memos) in order to improve the cultural level of schoolchildren. Teachers can also use the results of the study

Bibliography

1 Barlas L.G. Russian language. Introduction to the science of language. Lexicology. Etymology. Phraseology. Lexicography: Textbook, ed. G.G. Infantova. - M.: Flinta: Science, 2003

2 Large dictionary of foreign words. - M.: UNVERS, 2003

3 Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1990
4. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 72,500 words and 7,500 phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. Russian Language Institute; Russian Cultural Foundation; - M.: AZ, 1993
5. Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V., Shanskaya T.V. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Manual for teachers. - M.: “Enlightenment”, 1975

6. Ya.M. Borovsky, A.B. Boldarev. Latin language. 1961.

7. G.P.Savin. Basics of the Latin language and medical terminology. Moscow 2006.

8. D.E. Rosenthal. Handbook of the Russian language. year 2000.