The pronoun is an independent part of speech. Its peculiarity is that it indicates an object, property, quantity, but does not name them. The word “pronoun” itself speaks of the substitutive function of this part of speech. The term is a calque from the Latin pronomen, and it is from the Greek antonymia, which literally translates “instead of a name.”
Pronouns are some of the most common words. They occupy third place in terms of frequency of use. Nouns come first, verbs come second. However, out of the 30 most frequent words, as many as 12 are pronouns. 5 of them are personal, the rest are distributed among different categories. Third person pronouns occupy an important niche in the Russian language. There are 3 of them among the most frequent words - he, she, they.
Pronoun grades
At school, the topic of pronouns begins to be studied in the 4th grade.
There are such groups of pronouns as personal, possessive, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.
Personal pronouns denote a person or thing: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
Possessives indicate belonging to someone and answer the question: “Whose?” It's mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs and faceless - mine.
Returnable ( yourself, yourself) - to turn towards oneself.
Interrogative ( who, what, when etc.) are used in interrogative sentences.
Relative (the same who what etc., but in subordinate clauses) play the role of allied words.
Uncertain (to something, somebody, some etc.) are used when we do not know the quantity, object or attribute.
Negative ( nobody, nobody, nowhere etc.) indicate the absence of all of the above.
Demonstratives direct our attention to specific objects and signs, and attributives ( myself, all, other etc.) - help to clarify them.
Face category
The category of person shows the relation of the action to the speaker. It is possessed by verbs and some pronouns. As you know, there are 3 persons. The first person indicates the speaker(s) or affiliation with the speaker(s): me, we, my, our. Second person - on the interlocutor(s) or belonging to the interlocutor(s): you, you, your, your. Third - indicates the object, phenomenon or person being discussed or belonging to this person(s). What pronouns refer to the 3rd person? He, she, it, they, his, her, theirs.
Personal and possessive pronouns have a category of person. Personal pronouns can be associated with nouns. They perfectly replace them in sentences and have the same categories: gender, number and case. They indicate an object, phenomenon or person and play the role of the subject in a sentence. And possessives are similar to adjectives. They also have gender, number and case, but agree with nouns and indicate the attribute of an object - its belonging.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns play a huge role in language. Every child’s self-awareness begins with the word “I.” As soon as the baby begins to talk about himself in the first person, and not in the third, calling himself by name, a new period of development begins. This usually occurs at three years of age.
Without the words “you” and “you” it would be much more difficult for us to address our interlocutor. And third person pronouns - he, she, it, they- shorten speech and help avoid unnecessary repetitions and unnecessary searches for synonyms.
The first person pronouns are I and we. Second - you and you. The third ones are the most numerous due to the presence of the genus category. There are as many as 3 third person singular pronouns - he, she, it. And only one in the plural - They. Just like adjectives, it is genderless and universal for all genders, so there is only one.
How are personal pronouns of the third person declined by case?
You can notice an interesting pattern. In indirect cases, third person pronouns have adjective endings -his(cf.: blue). However, the pronoun she genitive and accusative form her is an exception. Adjectives in these cases will have endings - to her (blue) And - yuyu(blue).
Declension of pronouns without prepositions
Nominative (who, what?) - He, she, it, they.
Genitive (who? what?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Dative (to whom? what?) - him, her, him, them.
Accusative (who? What?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Creative (by whom? With what?) - to them, to her, to them, by them.
Prepositional (about whom? About what?) - about him, about her, about him, about them.
Why was there no excuse in the latter case? As you know from the school course, the prepositional case is so called precisely because it is impossible to use nouns and pronouns without prepositions.
Prepositions
Let's look at how third person pronouns are inflected with prepositions.
In the nominative case, prepositions are not used.
Prepositions of the genitive case include: Without, at, with, from, to, from, about, near, beside, for ( him, her, them)
In this case, the pronoun answers a larger range of questions. To questions of the genitive case " whom?», « what?" prepositions are added: "B without whom? - without him. Of what? - out of him" In all oblique cases, a question with a spatial meaning appears: “Where? Where? From where?”
Prepositions of the dative case - to and on ( him, her, him) Questions "Where? Where?" - To her!
Prepositions of the accusative case - on, for, under, in, in, through, about ( him, her, them) Questions also "Where? Where?"
Prepositions of the instrumental case - above, for, under, before, with, with, between ( him, her, them)
Prepositions of the prepositional case - in, about, about, on, at ( him, her, them). They answer the question "About whom? About what? Where?"
Mysterious letter n
You can notice that when using all these prepositions, n- is added at the beginning of the pronouns: with him, by her, for him, between them. The exception is derivative prepositions: thanks to, according to, in spite of, towards. For example, towards him.
Where did the mysterious letter n come from? Several centuries ago, the prepositions in, to and with had a different form - вън, кън, сн. They consisted of 3 sounds. The letter Ъ - er sounded like a muffled vowel. It turns out that pronouns with prepositions were written like this: in him, in her. Prepositions became simpler over time, but the consonant n took root in the language and began to be perceived as part of the pronouns themselves. Therefore, the use of this letter has spread to other prepositions to which it did not initially apply.
A little more history
You can notice another strange feature. The nominative case form of the pronouns does not seem to correspond in any way to the indirect ones. This is no coincidence. Indeed, once upon a time there were such demonstrative pronouns in the language: for the masculine gender - and, for the feminine - i, for the neuter - e. It was their forms that were the usual “his, him, her”... But these short pronouns were easily confused with the conjunction and, as well as the pronoun I.
There were other demonstrative pronouns: the familiar ones he, she, it. However, they were inclined differently:
Nominative - He.
Genitive - thereof.
Dative - onomu.
Creative - him.
Prepositional - about it.
The third person plural pronoun also existed - these or they.
Due to convenience, the nominative case of the first pronouns (i, i, e) was replaced by the nominative case of the second. But indirect forms remain. Indirect cases from the pronoun “he” have also not disappeared. They were used in the language and some of them are still alive. They are archaic or ironic in nature: in time, in the absence of it.
Third person possessive pronouns
First person possessive pronouns are my, our. Second - yours, yours. Third - his her And their. Why is there one less of them? Where did the neuter pronoun go? The fact is that it coincides with the masculine pronoun - his.
But third-person possessive pronouns are not inflected by case. All of them correspond to the genitive or accusative case forms of personal pronouns: his, her, his, theirs. They do not change in sentences ( her hat - her hat) in contrast to the same first and second person pronouns: ( my hat - my hat, your hat - your hat).
Errors when using personal pronouns
One of the possible mistakes is omitting the letter -n after prepositions. “Trees grew near him,” “he came to visit her”- sounds illiterate.
Using pronouns as placeholders can create ambiguities. Therefore, you cannot use a pronoun if there is no word to replace in the previous sentence. This situation is especially insidious if the sentence contains another word of the same number or gender. This can even create a comic effect.
Lensky went to the duel in trousers. They separated and a shot rang out.
Here, although one of the participants in the duel is named, the word is present in the plural. Therefore, “they” turns out to be related to the word “knickers”. Here's how to be careful with third-person pronouns! Examples reach the point of absurdity:
Gerasim was very devoted to the lady and drowned her himself.
The situation is similar, only the pronoun “her” and a noun similar in form ended up in the same sentence. The word “dog” or the name “Mumu” got lost somewhere in the previous sentences, and “lady” found itself dangerously close to the pronoun.
If a sentence contains several nouns of the same gender or number, then it is also incorrect to use replacement pronouns in the next sentence or the second part of a complex sentence.
A parcel arrived in the mail from the USA. Soon she closed for lunch break(Mail or parcel?)
In colloquial speech, pronouns are used much more often and it is acceptable to use them even in the absence of substitute words. The fact is that in life the situation itself often suggests what is being said, and facial expressions and intonation can help the speaker. But in written speech or oral presentation, such mistakes must be avoided.
Errors when using possessive pronouns
Since third-person possessive pronouns coincide with the genitive and accusative case forms of personal pronouns, it is erroneous to form them on the model of other possessive pronouns and add the suffix -н and the ending -й/й, which are characteristic of adjectives. Everyone knows that the non-existent word “their” in a person’s speech does not characterize his culture and literacy from the best side. A talented writer can also capitalize on mistakes in speech. To reproduce the vernacular writing style of a peasant boy, A.P. Chekhov, among other words, also uses an erroneous form of the pronoun: “... And she took a herring and started poking me in the mug with her muzzle" But still, writers are masters of words because they are well aware of the norms of the language and precisely because of this they can play with deviations from these norms.
conclusions
Thus, third-person pronouns are, although short, very important words and in speech it is almost impossible to do without them. Therefore, it is important to know well the rules of their declension and use and to use these words correctly.
Pronoun- a part of speech devoid of its own lexical meaning and used instead of one or another name noun or adjective, without naming the object (phenomenon, etc.) or its characteristics, but only pointing to them or their relationship to other objects (phenomena, etc.).
There are also classes of lexemes that have the properties of pronouns and are formed from pronouns - first of all, these are pronominal adverbs, and some scientists also distinguish pronominal verbs - but they are usually not combined with “nominal” pronouns.
In Russian, pronouns are divided into personal, returnable, possessive, interrogative, relative, index fingers, definitive, negative And uncertain.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns indicate the person being spoken about. 1st and 2nd person pronouns designate participants in speech ( I, You, We, You). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( He, she, it, They).
They change according to persons, numbers and (in the third person singular) gender, and also decline according to cases.
Reflexive pronoun
Transfers the meaning of the direction of action to the subject of action ( I see myself in the mirror).
Declined by cases:
- myself ( rd., ext. cases), self ( dt., pr.), by myself, by myself ( TV).
There is no nominative case form. It does not change according to persons, numbers and genders.
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns indicate that a particular object (subject, property, etc.) belongs to a particular person.
They change according to persons, numbers and genders, and are also declined according to cases, consistent with the noun being defined. 3rd person pronouns ( his, her, theirs) do not bow.
Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as related groups) relative, negative And uncertain pronouns) includes the most heterogeneous words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change in numbers and gender, as well as to decline in cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words that they replace:
Relative pronouns
Same as interrogative questions. Used for joining subordinate clause to the main thing. At the same time, they become allied words and perform the role of a union, while being a member of the sentence. For example: Ask what his grade is. Scheme: SPP (Complex Sentence); [=],(which -) (the word “which” will be underlined with a wavy line, since it will be a definition)
Demonstrative pronouns
Determinative pronouns
Negative pronouns
Comment. In negative pronouns neither is always unstressed, and Not is under stress.
Indefinite pronouns
- someone
- something
- some
- some
- interrogative pronouns with prefix some or suffixes -That, -or, someday: someone, somewhere, someone, something...
Comment. Indefinite pronouns contain an accent particle Not.
Classes of pronouns in Russian
1. pronouns associated with nouns(generalized-objective): I, we, you, you, he (she, it), they, one, who, what, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others; In academic grammar, some pronouns are sometimes separated into a special part of speech - pronominal noun, which includes pronouns of different classes indicated above on the basis of syntactic and morphological characteristics common to the noun (for example: all personal, reflexive, part of interrogatives - who what, negative - nobody, nothing, vaguely personal - someone, something and etc.)
2. pronouns associated with adjectives(generally qualitative): mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, most, every, each and others;
3. pronouns corresponding to numerals(generalized-quantitative): as much as.
4. pronouns correlating with adverbs: Shots came from the right: there the battle broke out.
Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:
Personal: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.
Returnable: myself.
Possessives: mine, ours, yours, yours, yours.
Interrogative-relative: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.
Index fingers: this, that, such, such, so much.
Definitive: himself, most, all (all, everything, everything), everyone, each, any, other.
Negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one, no one, nothing.
Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, any, something and etc.
1. Personal pronouns- pronouns indicating persons who participate in speech: these are noun pronouns. The constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is person (I, we - first person; you, you - 2nd person; he (she, it, they) - 3rd person). A constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person is number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural). All personal pronouns change by case, while not only the ending changes, but also the whole word (I - me, you - you, he - his); The 3rd person pronoun changes according to number and gender (singular) - he, she, it, they.
2. Reflexive pronoun- a pronoun that denotes that an action performed by someone is directed at the actor himself. This is a noun pronoun. The reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number or nominative case form; the reflexive pronoun changes according to cases (self, itself, by itself).
3. Possessive pronouns- indicate the attribute of an object by its affiliation: these are adjective pronouns.
Possessive pronouns change according to number, gender (singular), case (my, my, my, mine, mine, etc.). When indicating belonging to a third party, the frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, theirs.
4. Interrogative pronouns- used in interrogative sentences. Who? What? - pronouns-nouns. They have no gender, person, or number; change according to cases (who, whom, what, what, etc.). Which? whose? which? - pronouns-adjectives, change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (which, which, which, which, which, etc.). How many? - numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (how many, how many, how many, etc.). Where? When? Where? where? For what? and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.
5. Relative pronounscoincide with interrogatives - who, what, which, whose, which, where, when, how many, where, where, why and others, but are used not as question words, but as allied words in subordinate clauses (I know how much effort he put into completing this task; I know who is to blame for our failure; I know where the money is hidden. ). The morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns.
6. Demonstrative pronouns- these are means of indicating certain objects, signs, quantity (with distinguishing one from the other). That, this, this, such are pronouns-adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such, etc.). So much is a numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (so many, so many, so many, etc.). There, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.
7. Determinative pronouns- serve as a means of clarifying the subject or feature in question. Himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any - pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (every, every, every, every, everyone, etc.). Everywhere, everywhere, always - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.
8.Negative pronouns- indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantity. Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, nor-: who → no one, how much → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are derived.
9. Indefinite pronouns- indicate vague, unknown objects, signs, quantity. Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, some- and postfixes -that, -either, -someone: who → someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone; how much → several, how much, how much; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are derived.
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MEANING AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF PRONOUNS
Pronoun – a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. An icy stream snaked along the ravine, behindhim lay the village of Dubrovitsy. The battle stopped after an hour.He sometimes it still flared up here and there, then completely died down. Same pronoun He in different sentences he points to an object, but does not name it. The lexical meaning of this pronoun is determined by the context. In the first sentence He- This Creek, in the second – the battle.
Some kind of a man, sitting on the ground two steps away from him, fired into the sky from a revolver. Pronoun some kind indicates a sign, but does not directly correlate with a specific word. It can be replaced with any adjective ( stranger, unknown, stranger, strange, young, old and so on.).
Suddenly they jumped out of the forestsome man and began to frantically wave his arms. Pronoun some indicates the number of items, but does not name a specific number. It can be replaced by any numeral ( five, eight, ten, thirty, nine, eleven etc.).
Pronouns indicating objects ( I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they, yourself, who, what, someone, something, anyone, anything, anyone, anything, someone, something, someone, something, no one, nothing, no one, nothing), have some characteristics of nouns. Pronouns someone, anyone, anyone, someone, somebody, he indicate masculine nouns, she- female, it, that, something, anything, anything, something, something, nothing– neuter. Pronouns I, you indicate masculine or feminine persons ( I did, I did, you decided, you decided).
Pronouns me, you, you, we, who indicate animate objects, and What- to inanimate ones.
Some of these pronouns have singular and plural forms: he, it, she, they.
All these pronouns change by case. Their case forms retain traces of changes in pronouns in ancient times, for example: you - about you; you - about you; she is about her etc. That is why almost every pronoun changes in its own way.
Pronouns that indicate a characteristic ( my, yours, ours, yours, yours, that, this, such, such, such, every, every, any, all, whole, different, other, himself, most, which, which, whose, which, some, some, any, someone's, anyone's, anyone's, some, some, some, no, none, nobody's), have grammatical features of adjectives. They change by case, number and gender, and agree with nouns: any book, any subject, any work, any news, about any work etc. Unlike adjectives, they do not have a short form.
There are very few pronouns indicating quantity: how much, as much, several, somewhat, not at all. They change only by case.
The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, pronouns are used as subjects, modifiers, objects, and, less often, adverbials: If you knew... if you understood what a great thing we are doing! Something close to envy touched the mother’s heart. Someone’s strong hand squeezed the mother’s fingers, someone’s voice spoke excitedly: “Your son will be an example of courage for all of us.” She was searched several times, but always the day after the sheets appeared at the factory. you, we, something are the subjects (who? you, we, something); pronouns ( For) us, her,(after) that - additions ( example for whom? – for us, searched whom? – her, appeared after what? – After that); pronouns what (business), someone’s (hand), someone’s (voice), your (son), all (us), another (day) – agreed upon definitions, they all answer the question which?; pronoun repeatedly) - circumstance.
The pronoun can be used as a predicate, but much less often: Now he's mine! I am like that myself - and I don’t boast about it beyond that. I know who you were. In these sentences the pronouns mine is the one who - predicates, they answer the questions what? who is he?
CLASSES OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING
According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:
- - personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
- - returnable: myself
- - interrogative:
- - relative: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many
- - undefined: ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how much, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, any, how much, how much
- - negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, ne whom, ne what
- - possessive: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs
- - index: that, this, such, such, so much
- - definitive: all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, other
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns I And You indicate the participants in the speech. All I have to do is touch on mathematics,I I’ll forget everything in the world again.You Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? The author talks about himself ( I... I’ll forget, as soon as you touch me) or addresses the interlocutor ( Do you remember?..).
Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being spoken about, has been said before or will be spoken about. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text: The doctor was young and so tiny that she seemed like just a girl. Serpilin and Sintsov standing next to him, and everyone who was around, looked ather with surprise and tenderness or simple sentences into complex ones: Serpilin, leaning on a stick, hobbled to the stands,They were already almost full. Pronoun (on) her correlates with a noun doctor in the previous independent sentence. Pronoun They - with a noun stands in the first part of a complex sentence.
Pronouns we you do not mean “many I”, “many you”. They point to the speaker or his interlocutor along with other persons.
Pronoun You may refer to one person. Iyou I loved. Love, perhaps, has not completely died out in my soul. The predicate verb and the short form of adjectives and participles are used in the plural: You they wrote to me, don’t deny it; Darling, meYou didn't like;You , maybe we should bless fate for the fact that I don’t want to take off the mask; For thatYou already punished by me.
If the predicate is expressed by a full form adjective, then it is used in the singular: “ You he’s a literate person,” Serpilin finally said, breaking the painful silence for Sintsov. "Indeed,You I’m hungry!” - Yolkin caught himself.
Pronouns You And You can denote not a specific person, but any person:
Have you seenYou how a saffron milk cap walks under a pine roof in morocco boots...?;
Are there many sunrises?You met in the forest? No more than two or three, when, disturbing the dew on the blades of grass, he wandered aimlessly until dawn.
When personal pronouns are declined in indirect cases, completely new words sometimes appear ( I - me, you - you, she - her, they - theirs), sometimes there is an alternation of sounds at the root ( me - me, you - you etc.), but all these are forms of one word.
Declension of personal pronouns
| Cases |
Personal pronouns |
|||||||
| AND. | I | You | He | it | she | We | You | They |
| R. | me | you | his | his | her | us | you | their |
| D. | to me | you | to him | to him | to her | us | to you | them |
| IN. | me | you | his | his | her | us | you | their |
| T. | me | you | them | them | by her | us | you | them |
| P. | (about me | (about you | (about him | (about him | (about her | (about Us | (about you | (about them |
1. Prepositions before, with, to, about (both) etc., standing before the forms of indirect cases of the pronoun I, used with O:in front me,with me,co to me,necessary me,about to me.
2. 3rd person pronouns he, she, it, they after prepositions have at the beginning n: at him, near her, near them, to him, behind her, near him, on her, between them, in front of her, under him, in him, from him and etc.
3. N It is not used after the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs: faster than her, further than them, closer to him, more trusting than her, higher than them.
After prepositions thanks to, out of, despite, as a result of, contrary to, towards, according to, like n not used: thanks to her, outside of him, like him, towards them, according to him.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNMYSELF
Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person being spoken about. As long as I rememberedmyself Serpilin, after the Civil War he studied almost all the time.
Pronoun myself does not have a nominative case form, in all oblique cases it changes as a pronoun You.
Pronoun myself has no form of person, number, gender. It can be applied to any person singular or plural, any gender: I saw the sky... I took off into it, measured it, experienced the fall, but did not crash, but only grew stronger inmyself I believe. (I... in myself). INmyself will you look in? There is no trace of the past. (You... into yourself). Everyone even became scared when they realized what kind of loneliness he condemnedmyself . (He... himself). She couldn't forgiveto myself that she left her daughter. (She... to herself). innocent people feltmyself guilty and nervous at every long stop. (People... themselves).
Reflexive pronoun myself in a sentence it can be an addition, sometimes a circumstance. And he curled up into a ball on the stone, proud of himself. (proud by whom? yourself). Sintsov jumped up and, sleepily, began to fumble around himself, looking for his cap. (fumble Where? around you).
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Words that are answered by nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which? whose? what?), numerals (how many?), form a group of interrogative pronouns. " What will I do for people? - Danko shouted louder than thunder. Suddenly he turned to his mother: “Avdotya Vasilievna, andHow many how old is Petrusha?”
The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which serve to connect simple sentences within complex ones. These are relative pronouns.
In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much - interrogative. Let the fascists knowWhat a Russian patriot and Bolshevik is capable. Look,How many flat-bottomed scows lie on my shore,How many fishing nets are dried on oars arranged in trestles. Conjunctive words in complex sentences which, what, how much- relative pronouns.
Interrogative pronouns Who And What have no gender or number. Predicate verbs associated with them are used in the singular: Who
is there a knock at the gate?What
it's noisy thereWhat
there it rings from afar early before the dawn?
Words associated with pronoun Who, used in the masculine gender: Who
did he say that?What - in neuter gender: What
did I dream about this?
Pronouns which, which, whose change according to cases, numbers and genders and are declined like adjectives. They agree with nouns in case, number and gender.
Declension of pronounswho, what, whose
|
Pronouns |
|||||
|
Singular |
Plural |
||||
| AND. | Who | What | whose, whose | whose | whose |
| R. | whom | what | whose | whose | whose |
| D. | to whom | why | whose | whose | whose |
| IN. | whom | What | whose, whose, whose | whose | whose (whose) |
| T. | by whom | how | whose | whose | whose |
| P. | (o)com | (about what | (about) whose | (about) whose | (about) whose |
Pronoun DeclensionHow many
When parsing the sentence members, the pronoun How many together with the noun it controls is considered as one whole: Sasha cried when the forest was cut down, and even now she feels sorry for him to the point of tears.How many there were curly ones herebirch trees ! (How many birches - subject ).
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Indefinite pronouns ( ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how many, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, any, someone's, anyone's, anyone's etc.) indicate uncertain objects, signs, quantity: Somebody played the violin... the girl sang in a soft contralto voice, laughter could be heard; He was ready to go to the ends of the earth to doanything ; And from the darkness of the branches it looked at the walkingsomething scary, dark, cold; It became scary, as if in this silence there was silently lying in wait for him.some kind danger;Some For a while he sat motionless, listening with one ear to the noises and rustles of the night.
Someone, something, something, some, some - These are indefinite pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns are formed by attaching prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns something (something, some and etc. ) And not-(ne who, ne what, ne How many and etc. ) , which is always under stress, as well as suffixes -that, -either, -someone (someone, anyone, anyone and etc. ) .
Indefinite pronouns vary according to the type of pronouns from which they are formed. Pronouns someone, something, anyone, anyone, some, whose etc. change like interrogative and relative pronouns, while the endings of pronouns with suffixes -this, -either, -something in indirect cases they appear inside the word before the suffix: someone, someone, someone, someone, about someone; some, some, some, some, about some; someone's, someone's, someone's, anyone's, about someone's.
In indefinite pronouns with a prefix some Prepositions in indirect cases come after this prefix: from someone, about something, with someone, for something and etc.
Pronoun ne
Who has only one form of the nominative case: Livedsomeone
a rootless man... Pronoun ne
What has two forms - nominative and accusative case: Happenedsomething
unexpected. I sawsomething
unexpected.
Pronoun ne cue is obsolete, rarely used in modern language and, as a rule, only in the nominative case: Some The rich man, Mr. Kovalevsky, decided at his own risk and fear to build a water supply system for the city.
Pronoun ne How many changes like a pronoun How many. In the nominative and accusative cases, it requires the placement after itself of nouns in the form of the genitive case, plural: More has passedsome anxious days; The boy was surprised that a policeman andsome civilian man.
In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subjects: Someone came to your house (came ( Who? ) - somebody); additions: I wanted to tell you about this for a long time, but I don’t remember, I was somehow entertained (entertained ( how? ) – something); definitions: My soul here is somehow compressed with grief (grief ( what? ) – somehow).
NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
Negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing, ne
whom, ne
what, no, no one's, not at all etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity or to strengthen the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither- (nobody, nothing, no, no one's) and shock attachment not-(ne
whom, ne
what).
Pronouns ne whom, ne what do not have a nominative case.
Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender. Pronoun nobody does not change either by number or by gender.
Pronouns no one, no one, no one, ne
whom, ne
what can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix: from no one, on nothing, under no one, behind no one, not from anyone, not because of anything etc. Sintsov couldn’t do it for a long timeno one has
to find out when the train to Minsk with which he was supposed to depart would leave.No one
ask when it is your fault.
If the predicate has a particle Not, then a negative pronoun with neither reinforces the negative meaning of the entire sentence: INot I want to make you sadnothing ; Reallynobody nothing did not know.
Prefixed pronouns not-(ne what, ne whom) Most often used in impersonal sentences, the predicate in which is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb: Well, yes, now do itnothing ; He had already told me everything about himself, and I wasnothing tell.
Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, modifiers: Imagine, I'm here alone, no one understands me(nobody - subject). There was no one in the hallway, all the people came running to look at Kirila Petrovich(no one - addition). I tried to appear cheerful and indifferent, so as not to give any suspicion and avoid annoying questions (no - definition ) .
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours indicate which person the item belongs to.
Pronoun my indicates that the object belongs to the speaker himself: My friend Samad Virgun left Baku and arrived in London. Is yours indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking: Far away, in the mountains of the Urals,is yours the boy is sleeping. Ours, yours indicate that an object belongs to many persons or objects: Blood of righteous scarletour friendship is sealed forever; Which ones are temporary? Get off! It's overyours time.
Pronoun mine denotes that an object belongs to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third party, who are the subjects of the sentence: What I want? For what purpose will I open my soul to you?my ? (I... mine). Those who did not wait cannot understand how waiting among the firehis you saved me. (You... yours). The dawn rises in the cold darkness; in the fields the noise of work fell silent; Withhis a hungry wolf comes out onto the road. (He... with his).
Possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours change like adjectives, according to cases ( ours – ours – to ours, ours – to ours – about ours), numbers ( yours - yours) and childbirth ( my, my, mine). … Is yours sad noiseis yours I heard the calling noise for the last time. Why are you bowing over the waters, willow, top of your head?my ? October has already arrived - the grove is already shaking off the last leaves from its nakedtheir branches.
All of these pronouns in a sentence are agreed upon adjectives.
To indicate ownership, personal pronouns of the 3rd person in the genitive case form can be used his, her, theirs. Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on the wood;his The horse, sensing the snow, trudges along at a trot. Possessive pronoun him (horse) indicates that horse belongs peasant (horse) whose? – him, the peasant), it does not agree with the word horse ( compare: his horse, his steed, his bulls). It happened to the nightingale at the noisetheir fly in. Possessive pronoun their remains unchanged if we replace the noun ( their noise, their quarrel, their screams).
Difference between personal pronounshis, her, theirs from possessive pronounshis, her, theirs
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Demonstrative pronouns that, this, such, such, so much, this ( outdated ) serve to distinguish a certain object, feature, or quantity from others. I would strictly forbidthis gentlemen to approach the capitals for a shot. Mother Nature! Wheneversuch Sometimes you didn’t send people to the world, the field of life would die out. AllThis It would be funny if it weren't so sad. How many goalsso many minds You listen to the roar of thunder, and the voice of the storm and waves, and the cry of rural shepherds - and send an answer; you don't have any feedback...That's how and you, poet!
Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much used to form complex sentences: Less than ten minutes had passed when he appeared at the end of the squareThat the one we've been waiting for. In this case, they are demonstrative words in the main clause; in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to relative pronouns, which are allied words in it: ANDthe one who walks through life with a song,That will never disappear anywhere; Yes, patheticthe one in whom conscience is not clear;That the heart will not learn to love,which tired of hating; For every sip of water people had to pay Mr. Kovalevskyas much as he wishes.
Demonstrative pronouns are also a means of connecting independent sentences in the text: A person who wants to become a scientist must develop the ability to work hard as soon as possible.To that I would add one more quality, especially important for a scientist, - absolute honesty.
Pronouns that, this, such, this change in the same way as full adjectives - by case, number and gender: You're right: out of the fireThat whoever manages to spend a day with you will come out unharmed, breathe the air alone, and his sanity will remain intact; Let Molchalin have a lively mind, a brave genius, but is there in himthat passion?That feeling? ardorthat so that, except for you, the whole world seems like dust and vanity to him; Herethose who lived to see their gray hairs; Am I really fromthose for whom the goal of life is laughter.
Pronoun that's how it is changes like a short adjective ( such, such, such, such), that is, by numbers and genders: Whom do I love?that's how it is : Molchalin is ready to forget himself for others; What a masterthat's how it is and business; What is Ustinya like?that's how it is she also has boots.
Pronoun so many changes like a cardinal number only in cases, agrees in all cases, except nominative and accusative, with nouns. In the nominative and similar accusative case, the pronoun so many requires the noun to be placed in the genitive case.
Demonstrative pronouns can be different parts of a sentence: He who was nothing will become everything. That - subject. Subtle hints of what no one knows. Hints for what? for that- addition. This is a small book with many heavier volumes. Which book? this - definition. The peculiarity of the local climate is such that winter immediately turns into summer. This is acts as a predicate.
DEFINITORY PRONOUNS
Determinative pronouns – all, every, every, every ( outdated ), each, himself, most, any, different, other.
Pronouns everyone, any, most indicate one item from a number of similar ones: Every , whoever is young, give him a hand - join our ranks, friends!; It was him, that onemost sailor!;Any the work is good.
Pronoun any indicates any one of many similar objects: Learn to control yourself; Notany will understand you, like me; inexperience leads to trouble;Any The master's work is praised.
Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something inseparable: We, the young, echo that songall globe.
Pronoun myself indicates a person or thing that performs an action: Climbing on theO a big dream, hits the branches with a club andmyself he sings a daring, boastful song to himself.
Pronoun most, in addition to the meaning mentioned above, can denote the highest degree of a characteristic and serve to form the superlative degree of adjectives: The most great victory will come only to those who know how to overcome themselvesthe most small, invisible victories to others.
Declension of attributive pronouns
| Cases |
Singular |
|||||
| M.R. Wed. | Zh.r. | M.R. Wed. | Zh.r. | M.R. Wed. | Zh.r. | |
| AND. | all everything | all | himself | herself | the most | the most |
| R. | Total | all | himself | most | himself | most |
| D. | everything | all | himself | most | himself | most |
| IN. | all everything
Total |
all | himself
himself |
most
herself |
the most
himself |
the most |
| T. | everyone | all | ourselves | most | the most | most |
| P. | (about) everyone | (about) all | (about) himself | (about) herself | (about) himself | (about) herself |
| Cases | Plural | ||
| M.r. | Wed. | Zh.r. | |
| AND. | All | themselves | the most |
| R. | everyone | themselves | the most |
| D. | everyone | ourselves | the most |
| IN. | everything, everyone | themselves, themselves | the most, the most |
| T. | everyone | themselves | the most |
| P. | (about) everyone | (about) themselves | (about) the most |
The accusative case of masculine and neuter singular and plural pronouns coincides in form with the nominative case if the pronoun refers to inanimate nouns, and with the genitive case if the pronoun refers to animate nouns.
Accusative case of feminine pronoun herself has two forms: most And myself Form herself used in colloquial speech.
Personal pronouns- I, you, we, you, he, she, they, it - indicate persons and objects in relation to their participation in speech.
1 personUnit number: I - points to the speaker.
Mn. number: we - indicates a group of people, including the speaker.
2nd personUnit number: you - indicates the interlocutor to whom the speech is addressed.
Mn. number: you - indicates a group of people together with the interlocutor.
3rd personUnit number: he, she, it - indicate a person not participating in the speech, i.e. the one about whom we are talking.
Mn. number: they - indicates a group of people not participating in the speech, but which is being discussed.
Morphological features of personal pronouns
They do not have a morphological: they are devoid of formal generic indicators, but depending on the context they can acquire any kind of meaning: you have come Ø - you came A (unit agreement).
According to school (Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N., Ladyzhenskaya T.A.): personal pronoun he varies by gender: He Ø (m.r.)- He A (f.r.)- He O (Wed. R.).
A characteristic feature of personal pronouns is the suppletivism of the stems: I - me, we - us, he - him.
| I. p. | I | You | We |
| R. p. | me | you | us |
| D. p. | to me | you | us |
| V. p. | me | you | us |
| etc. | by me/by me | by you/by you | us |
| P. p. | (about me | (about you | (about Us |
| I. p. | You | He | she | They |
| R. p. | you | his | her | their |
| D. p. | to you | to him | to her | them |
| V. p. | you | his | her | their |
| etc. | you | them | to her | them |
| P. p. | (about you | (about him | (about her | (about them |
According to “Grammar - 80”, the pronouns I and we are morphemically indivisible; the pronoun he in the forms R. p., D. p. and V. p. [j] is not phonetically realized (his):
- I Ø - mehn I
- ms Ø - n ac
- T s - thoseb I
- V s- V ac
- On Ø - [j] his
- They - them
Syntactic features
In a sentence, personal pronouns most often serve as subjects or objects.
- At dawn you her don't wake me up
- At dawn she sleeps so sweetly.
- (A. A. Fet)
In addition to their direct meaning, personal pronouns can also be used in a figurative meaning:
1. The pronoun “we” in the meaning of “I” is used in scientific and journalistic speech, as the author’s “we”.
- We We propose to make the following changes to the manuscript.
2. “We” in the meaning of “you” or “you” is used to express sympathy, empathy.
- Well, how We how are we feeling?
- (L. N. Andreev)
3. “We” in the meaning of “I” - the imperial “I”, used to exalt and give importance.
- By God's grace, We, Alexander II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Tsar of Poland...
- (Alexander II. Coronation of the monarch, 1856)
4. Very often “you” is used to mean “you” to express respect for the interlocutor.
5. The pronoun “he” or “she” is used in the sense of “you” to express a disdainful attitude towards the addressee.
- “I already know everything, she still not telling the truth. Here’s mom!” the disgruntled son grumbled. (She doesn't speak = you don't speak.)