Words that are formed by combining two roots are called complex.
For example, rhinoceros(two roots nose- and horn-, the letter o is a connecting vowel), vacuum cleaner(roots dust- and sos-, letter e is a connecting vowel).
Sentences can also be complex. They, like words, combine several parts.
Read the sentences and think about how they differ from each other?
1) The bell rang.
2) The guys entered the class.
3) The first lesson has begun.
4) The bell rang, the guys entered the classroom, and the first lesson began.
Let's find the grammatical basics.
A sentence in which there is one grammatical stem— simple sentence.
1, 2 and 3 sentences simple, since in each of them one basis at a time.
4 sentence complex, consists of three simple sentences. Each part of a complex sentence has its own main members, its own basis.
A sentence in which there are two or more grammatical stems is difficult sentence. Complex sentences are made up of several simple sentences. There are as many simple sentences as there are parts in a complex sentence.
The parts of a complex sentence are not just simple parts joined together.
Having united, these parts continue, complement each other, transform different thoughts into one, more complete one. In oral speech, at the boundary of parts of a complex sentence, there is no intonation at the end of each thought.
Remember: In written speech, commas are most often placed between parts of a complex sentence.
Determining whether a sentence is complex or simple
Let's determine whether the sentence is complex or simple. First, let's find the main members (stems) of the sentences and count how many stems are in each.
1) Bird voices can already be heard at the forest edge.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, thawed patches will be revealed in the fields, streams will gurgle, and rooks will come.(According to G. Skrebitsky)
1) Birds can already be heard at the forest edge vote.
2) Singing tits, taps loudly with its beak woodpecker.
Who? tits, what are they doing? chanting is the first basis.
Who? woodpecker, what is he doing? taps - the second base.
This is a complex sentence, consisting of two parts.
3) Soon Sun will warm the earth better, they will turn black roads, will be naked in the fields thawed patches, they will murmur streams, you'll be welcome rooks.
What? what will the sun do? will warm up - the first base.
The roads will turn black - the second basis.
thawed patches will be exposed - the third basis.
Streams will gurgle - the fourth basis.
Rooks will come - the fifth basis.
This is a complex sentence, consisting of five parts.
We observe how parts of a complex sentence are connected
Read complex sentences. Observe how the parts of a complex sentence are connected?
1) Winter approaching , cold sky often frowns.
Parts of 1 complex sentence are connected using intonation. There is a comma between parts of the sentence.
2) It was warm during the day Sun, A at night frosts reached five degrees.
3) Wind quieted down , And weather improved.
4) Sun it was just rising , But his rays the treetops were already illuminated.
Parts 2, 3, 4 of sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. The conjunction is preceded by a comma.
Each of the unions does its job. A conjunction connects words, and conjunctions also help to contrast something.
When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. If parts of a complex sentence are connected by conjunctions (and, a, but), a comma is placed before the conjunction.
Compare sentence patterns and remember the rules for placing commas
The offerings of our language are very diverse. Sometimes one subject can have several predicates, or one predicate can have several subjects. Such members of a sentence are called homogeneous. Homogeneous members answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. In the diagram, we will circle each homogeneous term.
In simple sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences between their parts, the same conjunctions are used: and, a, but.
Remember!
1. Before unions ah, but there is always a comma.
2. Union And requires special attention: connects homogeneous members - a comma is most often not used; used between parts of a complex sentence - a comma is usually needed.
Let's practice. Let's put commas
1) At night dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.
The sentence is simple, since there is one base, one subject and two predicates - the dog crept up and lay down. Union And connects homogeneous predicates, so a comma is not used.
2) People slept and dog guarded them jealously.
The sentence is complex, since there are two bases - people were sleeping, the dog was guarding. Union And connects parts of a complex sentence, so a comma is needed before the conjunction.
3) Pelican wandered around us, hissed, screamed, but did not give in to our hands.
The sentence is simple, since there is one base, one subject and 4 predicates - the pelican wandered, hissed, screamed, and did not give in. Before the union But there is always a comma. We place commas between homogeneous predicates.
4) Spring shines in the sky, but forest still covered with snow in winter.
The sentence is complex, since there are two bases - spring is shining, the forest is filled up. Before the union But there is always a comma.
What words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence?
Sentences containing words that, in order, therefore, because, - most often complex. These words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence. In such cases, they are always preceded by a comma.
Let's give examples.
We saw What she-wolf climbed into the hole with the wolf cubs.
What a comma is added.
All night long winter knitted lace patterns, to dressed up trees. (K. Paustovsky)
This is a complex sentence before the word to a comma is added.
Birds know how to reportabout everything in a voice , That's why They sing.
This is a complex sentence before the word That's why a comma is added.
I I love fairy tales because in them good Evil always wins.
This is a complex sentence before the word because a comma is added.
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The article explains in detail what simple and complex sentences are. You will also find out how they differ from each other
A sentence is a driven unit that performs a communicative function. This is how people speak in order to convey this or that information, motivate them to action, or ask a question. All words in sentences are connected to each other. The basis in sentences is the subject, the predicate; it is these members of the sentence that represent the core. It is by the number of these structural nuclei that one judges whether the sentence is simple or complex.
Simple and complex sentence: rule, types, schemes
Simple- this is a sentence in which there is a subject, a predicate, or there is one main member.
A nucleus that contains a subject and a predicate is considered two-part. Example:
- They were having fun.
- She was smart.
- There is a cloud in the sky - dark, voluminous.
A simple sentence with a main member is considered one-piece.
These proposals are divided into groups:
- Vaguely personal. Example: Us called to the manager.
- Generalized-personal. Example: We won’t wait for you forever!
- Impersonal. Example: It was getting dark outside.
- Definitely personal. Example: I stand and sing.
- Infinitives. Example: Sit! You should already go.
- Nominal. Example: Day. Building. Theater.
- Incomplete. Example: You will wear this red one.
Complex sentences- include several simple ones. They are divided into the following subgroups:
- Compound - they may contain several simple sentences. Most often they are connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions: yes, but, and, however, or, but, either, nor, not that, etc. Example: The rain began to drizzle and the sun appeared.
- Complex sentences are those sentences in which one part is not independent in the semantic image and grammatical sense. They are connected to each other using conjunctive, subordinating words (when, so that, if, although, while, which). Example: Katerina did not answer because she was lost in thought.
- Non-union sentences are those sentences that contain several simple ones. They have independent meaning and are completely independent of each other. Example: The sun was shining, the cherry trees were blooming, the birds were singing.
Sentences: simple, complex. Differences What is the difference between a simple sentence and a complex one: comparison
As already mentioned, a simple sentence has one main core, while a complex sentence has two or more main elements.
Simple example:
- From a warm country, having traveled several thousand kilometers, noisy rooks flew to their nests, which had been empty all winter.
IMPORTANT: Simple sentences are uncomplicated, complicated, common, non-common, one-part, two-part. This has already been mentioned above.
Unlike simple ones, complex sentences have two or more grammatical stems. As a rule, such sentences are union, non-union, complex, complex, compound, mixed.
- non-union: The sun came out, the ringing birds began to sing
- complex: I can't figure out what to do with you
- compound: The sky was overcast and the wind was blowing from the east
- mixed: The wind bent the top of the nut, and where it grew, the shadows moved as if alive.
In both simple and complex ones, introductory words, homogeneous members, isolated, indivisible words can be used. The only difference between the sentences is the use of multiple stems in complex sentences.
It is only by this difference that one determines what kind of proposal it is.
IMPORTANT: Do not confuse a simple sentence with a complex one if it is two-part.
- two-part, simple: Mobile rings tirelessly
- one-part, simple: I am writing and thinking about something else
These sentences are sometimes included in complex sentences.
How many simple sentences can there be in a complex one?
As such, there is no rule about the number of grammatical stems in a complex sentence. However, most often it includes three to four grammatical stems. Otherwise it will be overloaded.
Using conjunctions in simple and complex sentences: rule
Conjunctions are the most common words in sentences. And not everyone knows how to use them correctly, or rather put punctuation marks. There are rules for this, which we will consider further.
Punctuation marks, dash, colon, comma in a simple and complex sentence: how to put it correctly?
It is difficult for beginners to determine which sign to put a comma, colon, or dash before a conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions such as -yes-, -but-, -a-, -and- are preceded by a comma.
In simple sentences, a dash can be placed between the subject and predicate.
A colon is used when listing. Below, see the diagram of the use of the conjunction -and- in different sentences.
Examples of constructing a complex sentence from 2 and 3 simple sentences
From the usual two or three simple sentences you can construct one complex one.
- Winter is coming soon, the days have become short.
- Yesterday the sun shone during the day, and as night fell the temperature dropped to three degrees.
- The rain passed and a rainbow appeared.
- The bright sun was just rising from the horizon, but the rays were already touching the tops of the trees.
When spelling, simple sentences in complex ones are separated by commas, and conjunctions connect them.
Sentence with direct speech, participial phrase: simple or complex?
Sentences with direct speech are often complex sentences where the words of the author and direct speech are used.
- The girl said sadly: “I’m leaving tomorrow.”
- “I’m going to the store,” she repeated again.
- “Tomorrow,” she said, “I’ll go home.”
Participial phrases are used in simple sentences; they denote an additional action.
- When assessing a painting, look at the bright colors in the foreground.
- It's good to relax on the beach in the summer, look at the blue sky, thinking about pleasant things.
- The cat, seeing the baby, ran away.
- The girl, dreaming of marriage, looked out the window.
Participial phrases After studying the material, you will easily determine where the sentence is simple and where it is complex. How to correctly use punctuation marks in them. And in which sentences they use direct speech, and in which they use adverbial phrases.
Video: Simple, complex sentences
All our communication occurs through words. You can talk with your interlocutor, or you can write letters. Words are formed into sentences, providing the basis for written and spoken language. And often when composing a complex sentence, doubt arises about its infallibility.
Definition of a complex sentence
A complex sentence can be represented as a unity of several simple sentences. Connected by semantic and grammatical unity, formed intonationally, a complex sentence contains at least two grammatical bases (subject and predicate).
For example: It rained in the morning and the roads were covered with shiny puddles . There are two grammatical bases in this sentence – it was raining and the roads were covered.
Types of complex sentences
All types of complex sentences that exist in the Russian language can be represented in the form of a diagram:
The formation of allied complex sentences occurs with the help of a union. They are different for each type.
Complex sentence
In such a sentence, the parts are equal and independent of each other; questions are not asked from one to the other.
Depending on the conjunctions present in the sentence, complex sentences are divided into three groups:
- Connecting. Events occur sequentially or simultaneously. These include conjunctions AND, ALSO, ALSO, YES, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, YES AND ( It was already completely dark, and we had to leave).
- Nasty. Actions are opposed to each other, conjunctions BUT, A, YES, HOWEVER, THEN, SAME are used ( We waited for them for a very long time, but they never came).
- Separating. Events alternate or are mutually exclusive. Inherent conjunctions are EITHER, OR, THAT...THAT, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, EITHER...OR ( Either the sun is shining or it's raining).
Complex sentence
The main difference between such sentences is the presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part. Simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions and allied words WHAT, THAT, IF, WHEN, WHY, ALTHOUGH, WHICH, BEFORE, etc., which are always placed in the subordinate clause. It, in turn, can be located either in front of the main part, or in its middle or at the end ( We'll go sunbathing if the weather is good).
Non-union proposal
The connection of simple sentences occurs without the help of conjunctions or allied words, but only with intonation and meaning. Non-union complex sentences are divided into two types: equal - the order of the parts of the sentence is free ( Spring has come, the birds began to sing songs louder), and unequal - when one of the parts carries the main meaning of the statement, and the others reveal it ( I like spring: the sun warms up, the snow melts, the first snowdrops appear).
Punctuation in complex sentences
When deciding which punctuation to use in complex sentences, you should adhere to the rule that simple sentences are always separated. In most cases this is a comma. But there are exceptions.
In a compound sentence, a comma is not placed if its parts are separated by the conjunctions AND, OR, OR and have a common subordinate clause or a common minor member ( The earth was shrouded in a white blanket of snow and dried up by frost.). Also, a comma is not placed between two interrogative sentences ( What time is it now and when will father come?).
A complex sentence does not have a comma when several similar subordinate clauses are connected by the conjunctions AND, OR (I think today is a beautiful day and I can go for a walk). Expressions such as AT ALL THINGS, WHO IS GOING TO WHAT, AS WELL AS NOTHING HAPPENED, etc. are not subordinate clauses and are not separated by a comma.
In a non-union sentence there is always a punctuation mark, the main thing is to figure out which one it is. A colon is used when the subordinate clause contains a reason, explanation, or addition to the main clause. In this case, the colon can be conditionally replaced by conjunctions THAT, BECAUSE, NAMELY ( I love summer: (=because) you can walk longer). A dash is usually used where there is a contrast, conclusion or result, and also indicates the time of the action. When events change quickly, a dash is also placed ( The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it). In all other cases, a comma is placed in the non-union sentence.
Perhaps the expression complex sentence sounds a little scary. But there's nothing really complicated about it. Having remembered the signs by which they differ, you can easily compose a beautiful and literate text.
) a complex sentence is understood as a connection, combination, concatenation of sentences, each of which retains its semantic and structural independence. Considering that a simple sentence included in a complex sentence does not lose its essential features, supporters of this point of view come, in particular, to deny the existence of a complex sentence as a syntactic unit.
According to the second concept of the essence of a complex sentence (substantiated in the works of V. A. Bogoroditsky, N. S. Pospelov, V. V. Vinogradov), its components, constituting a single syntactic unit, lose their independence. This point of view is most widespread. However, its supporters are faced with the question of what is the difference between a complex sentence and a simple one. There are certain disagreements between linguists on this issue.
Still others believe that simple sentences become components of a complex sentence, undergoing certain changes under the influence of syntactic connections, but the components of a complex sentence are characterized by varying degrees of similarity to simple sentences. Some may differ in both structure and function, while others may be distinguished only by the lack of communicative independence.
Types of complex sentences
Complex sentences come in four types, which are distinguished by the types of connections between simple sentences within complex ones.
Compound sentence
Here, a complex sentence with a conjunction and a non-conjunction consists of two blocks connected by the coordinating conjunction “and”.
The first block consists of 5 parts and is in the form of an IPP with consistent and uniform subordination.
The second block consists of 4 parts and is an SPP with uniform and consistent subordination.
Notes
Links
- Basic types of complex sentences (video lesson, 9th grade program)
Literature
- Barkhudarov L. S., Kolshansky G. V. On the problem of the structure of a complex sentence.// Professor Moscow. University to Academician V.V. Vinogradov. Sat. articles on linguistics. - M.: publishing house Moscow. Univ., 1958. - pp. 40-53.
- Bogoroditsky V. A. General course of Russian grammar. - 5th ed., revised. - M.-L.: State. social econ. publishing house, 1935. - 354 p.
- Vannikov Yu. V., Kotlyar T. R. Questions of sentence structure. - Saratov: publishing house Saratovsk. University, 1960. - 63 p.
- Vasilyeva N. M. Structure of a complex sentence /based on the material of the French language of the early period/. - M.: Higher School, 1967. - 233 p.
- Vinogradov V.V. Basic questions of sentence syntax (based on the material of the Russian language). // Questions of grammatical structure: Sat. articles. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1955. - P. 389-435.
- Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - 767 p.
- Gulyga E. V. The theory of complex sentences in modern German. - M.: Higher School, 1971. - 206 p.
- Dzhepko L.P. Structural-semantic and functional features of non-union compound sentences in modern English: Dis. ...cand. Philol. Sci. - M.: MSLU, 1993. - 250 p.
- Zolotova G. A. Essay on the functional syntax of the Russian language. - M.: Nauka, 1973. - 351 p.
- Ivanova I. P., Burlakova V. V., Pocheptsov G. G. Theoretical grammar of modern English. - M.: Higher School, 1981. - 286 p.
- Ilyenko S.G. Questions of the theory of complex sentences in the modern Russian language: Author's abstract. dis. ... Doctor of Philol. Sci. - L.: Leningrad. state ped. Institute, 1964. - 37 p.
- Iofik L.L. Is there a compound sentence in English? (to the question of the form of a complex sentence). // NDVSH. Philological sciences. - 1958. - No. 2. - P. 107-119.
- Iofik L.L. The problem of the structure of a complex sentence in the New English language: Author's abstract. dis. ... Doctor of Philol. Sci. - L.: Leningrad. state University named after A. A. Zhdanova, 1965. - 41 p.
- Iofik L.L. Complex sentence in New English. - L.: publishing house Leningr. University, 1968. - 214 p.
- Kolosova T. A. Semantic relations in a complex sentence.// NDVSh. Philological sciences. - 1972. - No. 5. - P. 61-72.
- Kryuchkov S. E., Maksimov L. Yu. Modern Russian language. Syntax of a complex sentence. - M.: Education, 1977. - 188 p.
- Maksimov L. Yu. Multidimensional classification of complex sentences (based on the material of the modern Russian literary language): Abstract of thesis. dis. ... Doctor of Philol. Sci. - M.: MGPI im. V.I. Lenin, 1971. - 29 p.
- Peshkovsky A. M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. - 7th ed. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1956. - 511 p.
- Peshkovsky A. M. Does composition and subordination of sentences exist in the Russian language? // Peshkovsky A. M. Selected works. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1959. - P. 52-57.
- Pospelov N. S. On the grammatical nature of a complex sentence.// Questions of syntax of the modern Russian language: Collection of articles. articles. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1950. - P. 321-337.
- Russian grammar. Syntax. - T. 2./ Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 709 p.
| Syntax | |
|---|---|
| Basic Concepts | Sentence: simple, complicated, complex(complex, complex, non-union) Member of the sentence Homogeneous members of the sentence Clause Grammatical basis Collocation Dependency Syntactic connection: coordinating, subordinating (coordination, control, adjunction) Valence Nexus and junction Actant Sirconstant Grammar of dependencies Grammar of components Surface structure Deep structure Transformation |
| Personalities | A. M. Peshkovsky L. Tenier N. Chomsky C. Fillmore I. A. Melchuk J. Hawkins |
| Syntactic theories | Categorical grammar Theory "Meaning ⇔ Text" Generative grammar: standard theory, theory of principles and parameters, minimalist program |
| Related concepts | Levels of language Grammar Morphology Grammatical semantics Semantic role Transitivity Congruence |
| Phonetics and phonology Morphology Portal:Linguistics | |
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See what a “Complex sentence” is in other dictionaries:
A sentence consisting of two or several parts, similar in form to simple sentences, but forming a single semantic, constructive and intonational whole. The unity and integrity of a complex sentence are created for its individual types... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Difficult sentence- DIFFICULT SENTENCE. A complex phrase, indicated by intonation, as a complete whole, and consisting of two or more sentences, i.e., phrases with a predicate form, connected to each other by certain formal features... Dictionary of literary terms
A construction of simple sentences denoting several situations connected by some kind of relationship. According to the nature of the syntactic connection (see Syntax) of its parts, a complex sentence can be complex, compound or... ... Literary encyclopedia
difficult sentence- A complex phrase, indicated by intonation as a complete whole and consisting of two or more sentences, i.e. phrases with a predicate form, connected to each other by certain formal features (conjunctions, ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
Difficult sentence- A complex sentence is a syntactic construction formed by combining several (at least two) sentences based on the conjunction connections of composition and subordination or the zero conjunction connection of non-conjunction. Traditionally the term "S. P." focuses on... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
difficult sentence- Structural, semantic and intonation combination of predicative units, grammatically similar to a simple sentence. S.p. has: 1) its own grammatical meaning; 2) grammatical form; 3) own structural indicators.… … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences into complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied And non-union. Union proposals are divided into compound And complex.
Compound Sentences (SSPs) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are linked to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by nature of the conjunction and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relations). | AND; Yes(in meaning And); no no; yes and; Same; Also; not only but. |
They opened the door and air from the yard steamed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with adversarial conjunctions(adverse relationships). | A; But; Yes(in meaning But); however(in meaning But); but; but; and then; not that; or else; particle(in the meaning of the union A); particle only(in the meaning of the union But). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with dividing unions(separation relations). | Or; or; not that..., not that; then..., then; either... or... |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Note!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when analyzing, be sure to highlight the grammatical basics in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or complex sentence).
Wed: A man walked from a smoky ice hole and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I'll give you money for the trip, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) is a complex sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second clause (the second simple sentence).
In some places the Danube serves as a border, but it serves and is expensive people to each other(Peskov).
The exception is unions, too, also, particles-unions, only. They necessarily occupy or can occupy a place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I cried, my mother also cried(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double conjunction not only..., but also expresses gradational relations and is classified as a connecting conjunction in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only the second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly classified as adversative conjunctions. To avoid making mistakes, try replacing this double conjunction with the conjunction and.
Wed: Language should not only be understandable or simple, but also language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language must be understandable or simple, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences are very diverse in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.
Wed: If you leave, it will become dark(Shefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, during analysis, it is not this specific meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of coordinating conjunction (conjunctive, adversative, disjunctive).
Notes In some textbooks and manuals, complex sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Kuprin); Bird flights developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives birds opportunity to avoid unfavorable winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers classify them as complex sentences or separate them into an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers classify sentences with particles only as non-union sentences.