The order of parsing a simple sentence
1. Parse the sentence into members and indicate how they are expressed (first, the subject and predicate are analyzed, then the minor members related to them).
2. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, incentive, interrogative).
3. Determine the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory, non-exclamatory).
4. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence and prove that it is simple.
5. Determine the type of sentence by structure:
a) two-part or one-part (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal, nominal);
b) widespread or not widespread;
c) complete or incomplete (indicate which part of the sentence is missing);
d) complicated (indicate how it is complicated: homogeneous members, isolated members, appeal, introductory words).
6. Draw up a sentence diagram and explain punctuation marks.
Parsing samples
1) My bonfire shining in the fog(A.K. Tolstoy).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, uncomplicated.
Grammar basis - the fire is shining my expressed by a possessive pronoun. The predicate refers to the adverb of place in the fog expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with a preposition V.
Sentence outline At the end of a given declarative sentence there is a period.
2) At the end of January, surrounded by the first thaw, cherry trees smell good gardens (Sholokhov).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase.
Grammar basis - the gardens smell. The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is a simple verb, expressed by a verb in the indicative mood. The subject includes an agreed definition cherry expressed as an adjective. The predicate refers to the circumstance of time in the end of January, expressed by the phrase (noun + noun) in the prepositional case with a preposition V, and the circumstance of the course of action Fine expressed by an adverb.
Sentence outline At the end of a given declarative sentence there is a period; commas in the sentence highlight the participial phrase, which, although it stands before the word being defined, is isolated because it is separated from it in the sentence by other words.
Ways to emphasize sentence members
When parsing a sentence into members, standard underlines are used: one line for the subject, two lines for the predicate, a dotted line for the object, a wavy line for the definition, alternating dots and dashes for the circumstance.
In some schools, the main member of a one-part sentence is emphasized with three features, but more common is the underlining, in which the main member of a noun sentence is marked as the subject, and the main members of other one-part sentences are marked as predicates.
When emphasizing the minor members of a sentence, it is advisable to be guided by the following principles.
An isolated member of a sentence is emphasized as a single member.
Accordingly, non-isolated members should be emphasized as detailed as possible in accordance with the questions asked to them.
Designation of words and phrases that are not parts of the sentence
As is known from morphology, auxiliary parts of speech are not parts of a sentence, but during syntactic parsing certain problems can be associated with them.
Conjunctions are not members of a sentence and are not distinguished when homogeneous members are combined, but in some cases they can be part of non-uniform members of a sentence.
Firstly, these are comparative conjunctions as part of comparative phrases, for example: The surface of the bay was like a mirror.
Secondly, these are unions consisting of isolated members of a sentence, for example: Stopping often and for a long time, we got to the place only on the third day.
Prepositions also cannot act as independent members of a sentence, but they are used as part of a prepositional-case group, together with the case form, expressing a certain meaning.
Therefore, it is customary to emphasize the preposition together with the noun to which it refers. In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to cases when the preposition and noun are separated by adjectives or participles, for example: instead of older brother. In this case, it would be a mistake to emphasize the preposition together with the adjective as a modifier; the underscore should be as follows: instead of older brother.
Formative particles are part of compound verb forms and are emphasized together with the verb both in contact and non-contact positions, for example: Let him call me!
Semantic (non-shape-forming) particles are not members of a sentence, however, in school practice, a negative particle is not usually emphasized as a single member of a sentence together with the word to which it refers, for example: No smoking here. I didn't really count on help.
It is permissible not to highlight both prepositions and all semantic particles.
Some teachers teach to highlight conjunctions by circling them, and prepositions by circling them with a triangle. This allocation is not generally accepted.
Introductory words and addresses are not parts of the sentence. Sometimes students enclose these components in square brackets or underline them with crosses. This is undesirable, since underlining is used only to indicate members of a sentence; It is permissible to mark these elements of the sentence by writing the words “introductory” or “address” over them.
Description of the complicating members of the sentence
When a sentence is complicated by direct speech or an inserted sentence, they are considered and described as an independent sentence, since both direct speech and an inserted sentence have their own purpose of utterance and intonation, which may not coincide with the purpose of the utterance and the intonation of the sentence itself.
So, for example, the proposal He asked indignantly: “How long will you continue to dig?!” should be analyzed as follows: the sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, complicated by direct speech. Direct speech is an interrogative, exclamatory, two-part, extended, complete, uncomplicated sentence.
The participial phrase complicates the sentence only if it is isolated. At the same time, the description should indicate the complication not by a participial phrase, but by a separate definition; in brackets it is possible, but not necessarily, to indicate that it is expressed by a participial phrase.
The comparative phrase can be any member of the sentence - the predicate ( This park is like a forest), circumstance ( The rain was pouring down like buckets), addition ( Petya draws better than Anton), definition (He's almost the same as his brother). In this case, comparative turnover can be either separate or non-separated. Complication is caused only by a separate comparative phrase, and, as in the case of a participial phrase, it is necessary to indicate the complication with a separate circumstance, addition or definition.
Homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, and addresses are also described as complicating the structure of a sentence.
Sentences with homogeneous predicates present some complexity. In school and pre-university practice, it is believed that a two-part sentence in which the subject is used with several predicates is a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous predicates. In a one-component sentence, there are as many parts as there are predicates in it, with the exception of cases when the structure of the predicate contains homogeneous parts.
For example: I was offended and did not want to answer him- a simple two-part sentence with homogeneous predicates.
I felt offended and didn’t want to answer him.- difficult sentence.
I felt sad and lonely- a simple one-part (impersonal) sentence with homogeneous parts of the predicate.
One-part sentences
When analyzing one-part sentences, students often make various mistakes.
The first type of errors is associated with the need to distinguish between one-part and two-part incomplete sentences.
As already mentioned, we diagnose a definite-personal sentence by the form of the main member: the predicate in it is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicative mood (in the present and future tense), and in the imperative mood; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons me, you, we, you:
I walk and walk, but I can’t reach the forest.
The peculiarity of verb forms with the morphological feature of the 1st and 2nd person is that each of these forms can “serve” one single subject: a form ending in -у ( go-y) - pronoun I, form with ending -eat/-ish ( go-eat) - pronoun you, form with -em/-im ( let's go) - pronoun we, form with -ete/-ite ( let's go) - pronoun you. Forms 1 and 2 of the imperative mood also clearly indicate the person who is the producer of the action.
Since the morphological feature of a person is represented by a verb only in the indicated forms, sentences of a similar meaning with a predicate-verb in the form of the past tense of the indicative mood and the conditional mood are considered two-part incomplete, for example:
He walked and walked, but never reached the forest.
In this sentence, the form of the predicate does not indicate in any way the producer of the action.
Even if it is clear from the previous context that the producer of the action is the speaker(s) or the hearer(s), sentences or parts of a complex sentence without a subject with a predicate in the past tense or in the conditional mood should be characterized as two-part incomplete, since information about the producer of the action is extracted not from the sentence itself, but from the previous context, which, in fact, is an indicator of the incompleteness of the sentence or part of it; see, for example, the second part of a complex sentence:
I would help you if I knew how.
In indefinite-personal sentences, as already mentioned, the main member is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood or a similar form of the conditional mood of the verb. The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant:
They are calling you / they called / let them call / they would call you.
Such sentences without a subject with a predicate in the indicated forms, in which the producer of the action is known from the previous context, are not indefinitely personal; see for example the second sentence in the following context:
We left the forest and tried to get our bearings. Then we walked along the path to the right.
Such sentences are also two-part incomplete.
Thus, when characterizing a sentence as a single-component definite-personal, it is necessary to remember the restrictions on the form of the predicate; when diagnosing a sentence as indefinite-personal, it is also necessary to take into account the meaning - an indication that the performer of the action is unknown.
Generalized personal one-part sentences include not all one-part sentences that report an action that can be attributed to everyone, but only those in which the predicate is expressed in the 2nd person singular form of the indicative and imperative moods or the 3rd person plural indicative form moods:
The forest is being cut down and the chips are flying.
However, in a generalized personal meaning, definitely personal sentences with the main member in the form of 1st person and impersonal sentences can be used: What we have, we don’t keep; when we lose it, we cry; If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest. Nevertheless, such proposals are not usually characterized as generalized and personal.
The greatest difficulties are associated with parsing an impersonal sentence.
It is very difficult to determine the composition of the main members in sentences like We had a lot of fun going down this slide., i.e. in sentences containing a copula, a nominal part and an infinitive. There are two traditions in the analysis of such proposals.
There is an opinion that when characterizing such sentences as impersonal or two-part, it is not the sequence of components that is important (the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence or after the copula and the nominal part), but the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate.
So, if in the nominal part an adverb is used with the meaning of the state experienced by the performer of the action (fun, sad, hot, cold, etc.), then this is a one-part impersonal sentence:
It was fun going down this slide.
It was fun to ride down this slide.
If in the nominal part a word is used with the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation (good, bad, harmful, useful, etc.), then we have a two-part sentence with a subject, an expressed infinitive:
It was harmful for him to smoke.
Smoking was bad for him.
According to another linguistic tradition, the characteristics of a sentence of this type depend on the order of the words in it, and not on the meaning of the word in the nominal part. If the infinitive comes before the connective and the nominal part, then, given the relatively free order of words in the Russian language, it denotes the subject of the message and is the subject:
Smoking was bad for him.
If the infinitive follows the copula and the nominal part, then we have an impersonal sentence:
It was harmful for him to smoke.
With regard to impersonal sentences, it is also necessary to note the following: not impersonal, but two-part incomplete, it is customary to consider parts of a complex sentence in which the subject position is replaced by an explanatory clause or direct speech, for example:
You could hear the gate creaking a (compare: It was audible).
“I’m lost,” flashed through my head.(compare: It flashed through my head).
Such sentences without a subordinate part or direct speech lose all meaning and are not used, which is a criterion for the incompleteness of the sentence. Thus, the sentences *It was heard or *It flashed through my head cannot be understood and are not used.
Every day the school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a complex sentence can lead an adult into a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.
Compound sentence
A complex sentence (CCS) is one in which the parts are connected coordinating connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. In this case, all elements are equal and independent.
Division by meaning of conjunctions of a complex sentence
- Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so and;
- Dividing: either, or..or, either, then..that, either..either, not that..not that;
- Adverse: a, but, yes (=but: handsome, but stupid), but, however.
When children at school are just introduced to the types of sentences, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above are distinguished. However, in high school Students identify three more groups:
- Gradational: not only, not so much..as much, not so much..ah, not so much..but also;
- Explanatory: namely, that is;
- Connective: moreover, moreover, yes and, too, also.
Thus, a complex sentence is distinguished with connecting conjunctions, disjunctive and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational conjunctions, explanatory and connecting.
Compound sentences: examples and diagrams
After the weekend he felt better and made a complete recovery.
Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction And shows the sequence of actions.
Every day he had to do homework or help his mother with housework.
Scheme: () or (). Dividing Andwhether mutually exclusive events.
Now you shoot something, and I’ll make a fire.
Scheme: (), and (). Union A– adversative, which means there is opposition in the sentence.
Not only her relatives admired her intelligence, but also complete strangers.
Scheme: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure divides events by significance and importance.
His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.
Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory conjunction that is.
We have to do this, and we have very little time.
Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesprovides additional facts and information.
Punctuation in complex sentences
In BSC, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.
The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeated coordinating conjunctions:
Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be fulfilled.
Scheme: (), and ().
Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.
Scheme: or (), or ().
Semicolon used when BSC elements are very common and commas are already used:
The boy rejoiced at the new kite, ran after it and was the happiest person; and the elements were already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.
Scheme: (); A ().
A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:
I have this opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.
Scheme: (), a (); And ().
Dash is put when parts of a complex sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:
The hall froze for a second – and immediately there was wild applause.
Scheme: () – and ().
When punctuation marks are not used
The parts of the BSC are:
- Interrogative: When will you be in town again and dare I ask for a meeting?
- Incentive: Do everything well and may you cope with everything.
- Exclamation: You are so great and I like everything so much!
- Named: Cold and wind. Stuffiness and heat.
- Impersonal offers: It's cold and windy. Stuffy and sultry.
I. There were always crickets screaming here at night and mice scurrying around (A. Chekhov).
3. Polysubjective.
4. Basic means of communication:
And,
Intonation of enumeration.
5. Additional means of communication: coincidence of aspectual forms of predicates (non-aspect, sp. tense) and modal plans (real modality) of predicative parts, common minor members - determinants always, right there,parallelism of parts.
1. The general syntactic meaning is connective, the particular meaning is connective-enumerative.
2. The model is free.
3. The sentence is communicatively articulated.
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5. a) and . b) i.
6. There is no comma between parts of a complex sentence, since there is a common secondary member of the sentence.
II My father really wanted to go to the fair, but my mother was resolutely against this trip (A.N. Tolstoy).
1. Two-term compound sentence.
2. Closed structure, heterogeneous composition.
1. Polysubjective.
2. Basic means of communication:
Nasty single union same,
Intonation of opposition.
5. Additional means of communication: anaphoric pronoun this in the second part of a complex sentence, the coincidence of aspectual forms of the predicates (non-aspect, sp. tense) and modal plans (irreal modality) of the predicative parts, words of one thematic group - the name of a person by kinship (father, mother), a fixed sequence parts.
6. The general syntactic meaning is adversative, the particular meaning is adversative-contrastive.
7. The structure is inflexible.
8. The model is phraseological: in the second part there is a reproducible element - (predicate against), characteristic of complex sentences with adversative relations.
9. The sentence is communicatively articulated.
10. Narrative.
11. Non-exclamatory.
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13. Parts of a compound sentence are separated by a comma.
III. Laughter and noise (N. Pomyalovsky).
1. Two-term compound sentence.
2. Open structure, homogeneous composition.
3. Polysubjective.
4. Basic means of communication:
Connective single union And,
Intonation of enumeration.
5. Additional means of communication: coincidence of the grammatical forms of the subjects (noun m.p., singular, im.p.) and modal plans (real modality, beingness) of the predicative parts, the presence of words of the same thematic group - “action accompanied loud sounds", parallelism of parts.
6. The general syntactic meaning is connective, the particular meaning is connective-enumerative.
7. The model is free.
8. The sentence is communicatively indivisible: it is impossible to distinguish the topic and rheme.
9. Narrative.
10. Non-exclamatory.
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12. There is no comma between the parts of a complex sentence, since it includes nominative sentences connected by a non-repeating conjunction And.
IV.Already the maple leaves are flying to the swan pond, and the bushes of the slowly ripening rowan are bloodied, and, dazzlingly slender, with her chilly legs tucked in, she sits on a northern stone and looks at the roads (A. Akhmatova).
2. Polysubjective.
3. Homogeneous composition.
4. Ungrouped structure.
5. Basic means of communication - repeating connecting conjunction And, intonation of enumeration.
6. Additional means of communication - commonality of temporal and modal plans, words of one thematic group (names of plants).
7. Predicative parts are connected by enumerative relations.
8. Narrative sentence.
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10. a) , and , and . b) , and, and.
11. Predicative parts of a complex sentence connected by enumerative relations are separated by commas.
V. The day had long gone out, and the evening, at first all fiery, then clear and scarlet, then pale and vague, quietly melted and shimmered into the night, and our conversation continued... (I. Turgenev)
1. A polynomial compound sentence consisting of three predicative parts.
2. Heterogeneous composition.
3. Grouped structure: the 1st and 2nd predicative parts are combined into a structural-semantic component corresponding to the 3rd part. It has two levels of division.
4. At the first level of division, two components are distinguished, connected by an adversative conjunction A and intonation. An additional means of communication is the commonality of temporal and modal plans. The relationships are comparative.
5. At the second level of division, the first component is a two-member compound sentence of homogeneous composition. Basic means of communication - connecting union And and intonation. An additional means of communication is the commonality of temporal and modal plans. Connective-enumerative relations. The second component is a simple sentence.
6. Narrative sentence.
8. a) , and , a . b), and, a.9. In writing, commas separate the predicative parts of a complex sentence and highlight isolated members in the 2nd predicative part.
1. Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. Syntax. Punctuation: Textbook. manual for students on special. "Rus. language or T.". – M.: Education, 1981 – (Modern Russian language; Part 3). – P. 187 – 195.
2. Russian grammar. – T.2. – M., 1980. – P. 615 – 634.
3. Modern Russian language: Textbook / V.A. Beloshapkova, E.A. Zemskaya, I.G. Miloslavsky, M.V. Panov; Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. – M.: Higher School, 1981. – P. 526 – 533.
4. Modern Russian language: Theory. Analysis of linguistic units: Textbook. for students higher textbook establishments: At 2 o’clock – Part 2: Morphology. Syntax / V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova and others; Ed. E.I. Dibrova. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2002. – P. 490 – 520, 592 – 608.
5. Modern Russian language. Part 3. Syntax. Punctuation. Stylistics / P.P.Shuba, I.K.Germanovich, E.E.Dolbik and others; Under. ed. P.P.Fur coats. – 2nd ed., rev. and additional – Mn.: Plopress LLC, 1998. – P. 350 – 364.
References
1. Kasatkin L.L., Klobukov E.V., Lekant P.A. A short guide to modern language./ Ed. P.A. Lekanta. – M.: Higher School, 1991.
2. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ed. V.N. Yartseva. – M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1990.
3. Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Directory of linguistic terms. – M.: Education, 1972.
Task 2. Perform syntactic analysis of complex sentences.
Option 1
1. I grabbed the papers and quickly took them away, fearing that the staff captain would repent (M. Lermontov).
2. I invited my companion to drink a glass of tea together, because I had a cast-iron teapot with me - my only joy on my trip to the Caucasus (M. Lermontov).
3. I threw all three pistols in the direction where Persian cyclamens, wallflowers and God knows what else were blooming (Ven. Erofeev).
4. The forests rustled as if the oceans had broken through a dam and were flooding Meshchera (K. Paustovsky).
5. And for a long time I will be kind to the people because I awakened good feelings with the lyre, that in my cruel age I glorified freedom and called for mercy for the fallen (A. Pushkin).
Option 2
1. It seemed to her that she had known this girl for a long time and loved her with the good, compassionate love of a mother (M. Gorky).
2. The Ossetian cab driver tirelessly drove his horses in order to climb Mount Koishauri before nightfall, and sang songs at the top of his lungs (M. Lermontov).
3. The world in which Pushkin was going to build his house did not foretell peace (Yu. Lotman).
4. And everything around began to sing so that the goat went jumping around the barn (N. Zabolotsky).
5. Chichikov explained to her that this is not a paper of this kind, that it is intended for making fortresses, not requests (N. Gogol).
Option 3
1. Chichikov looked and saw for sure that he was wearing neither a chain nor a watch (N. Gogol).
2. They put chains under the wheels instead of brakes so that they would not roll, took the reins and began to descend (M. Gogol).
3. And where there is eternal coolness, I build my temple from bark (B. Grebenshchikov).
4. A maid came in with a cup of coffee wearing such high heels that her legs definitely couldn’t bend (A.N. Tolstoy).
5. I had to hire bulls to pull my cart up this damned mountain, because it was already autumn and icy conditions (M. Lermontov).
Option 4
1. I stood on the corner of the platform, firmly resting my left foot on the stone and leaning forward a little so that in case of a slight wound I would not tip back (M. Lermontov).
2. In his office there was always some kind of book, bookmarked on the fourteenth page, which he had been constantly reading for two years now (N. Gogol).
3. To the message that Natalya had come to her father, he responded with restraint and asked to convey his regards to her (M. Sholokhov).
4. In the afternoon it became so hot that passengers of 1st and 2nd classes, one after another, moved to the upper deck (A. Kurin).
5. When the burdocks rustle in the ravine and the bunch of yellow-red mountain ash droops, I compose funny poems (M. Tsvetaeva).
Option 5
1. The chaise, having entered the courtyard, stopped in front of a small house, which was difficult to see in the darkness (N. Gogol).
2. I was lying on the sofa, with my eyes fixed on the ceiling and my hands behind my head, when Werner entered my room (M. Lermontov).
3. I won’t hear that joyful song that the nightingale sang in the garden (S. Yesenin).
4. Margarita greeted him as if he had come not for the first time, but for the tenth time (M. Gorky).
5. Believe that I have an immense, immeasurable love for the people and that now true, pure, Russian blood is congealing in me (N. Nekrasov).
Option 6
1. The reader, I think, has already noticed that Chichikov, despite his affectionate appearance, spoke, however, with greater freedom than with Manilov, and did not stand on ceremony at all (N. Gogol).
2. Since the eternal judge gave me the omniscience of a prophet, in the eyes of people I read the pages of malice and vice (M. Lermontov).
3. Let’s sketch lilies of the valley and azaleas where thoughtful fallow deer wander (I. Severyanin).
4. As you taught, so the greenery darkens (B. Akhmadulina).
5. I can go into a cheerful garden, where a dark row of old maples rises to the sky and the poplars make a dull noise (A. Pushkin).
Option 7
1. He passed by a wooden house in which lived either three sisters according to Chekhov, or some other sisters according to another writer, and near the old traffic police department he began to cross to the other side of the alley (L. Komarovsky).
2. Of course, if there was a movement plan that promised certain military advantages, it would be possible to break through and fight through the encirclement to a new position (B. Pasternak).
3. And at this time, the joyful, unexpected cry of a rooster flew from the garden, from that low building where the birds participating in the programs were kept (M. Bulgakov).
4. The birch tree is so careless, as if it had nothing to do with Russian troubles, is charmed by the crows from evil and has free control over its fate (D. Samoilov).
5. When the work ended and the frost shackled the ground, you and the owner went from homemade food to a carrier (N. Nekrasov).
Option 8
1. Varvara, saying that she was tired, disappeared into the room allotted to her (M. Gorky).
2. He pursued Boris at every step, so that during his service he only managed to rise to the rank of corporal (N. Lossky).
3. Then I conveyed to the doctor in detail everything that I had previously told to the gendarmerie officer (A. Kuprin).
4. The air became so hot that it was difficult to breathe (K. Stanyukovich).
5. Tell me, branch of Palestine, where you grew, where you bloomed (M. Lermontov).
Option 9
1. From the theater, Keller took his wife to an elegant tavern, which was famous for its white wine (V. Nabokov).
2. Miron Grigorievich and grandfather Grishaka were already getting ready to go to church when she got up and went into the kitchen (M. Sholokhov).
3. Everywhere where the forest was thinner, canvases of moonlight lay on the ground (V. Kataev).
4. The quiet morning was full of such freshness, as if the air had been washed with spring water (K. Paustovsky).
5. He was sure that he had enough dexterity, and, squinting his eyes, he dreamed of how he would go on a spree tomorrow morning, when credit notes would appear in his pocket (M. Gorky).
Option 10
1. Above the reeds of the slow Nile, where only butterflies and birds flutter, hides the forgotten grave of a criminal but captivating queen (N. Gumilyov).
2. The roosters crowed all night and shook their necks, as if they were reading new poems with their eyes closed (B. Okudzhava).
3. Where spring streams rushed then, now there are streams of flowers everywhere (M. Prishvin).
4. It is still as difficult for me to imagine you dead as a hoarding millionaire among starving sisters (B. Pasternak).
5. When they have danced until they are tired, they go to the wedding table, which immediately becomes noisy, because the buffet has already done its job (V. Gilyarovsky).
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence
1. Type of sentence according to the nature of the main syntactic connection and the number of predicative parts:
a) two-term complex sentence,
b) polynomial complex sentence (number of predicative units, type of subordination according to the method of connecting subordinate clauses: sequential subordination, subordination, combination of different types of subordination).
2. Type of sentence structure:
a) undivided structure,
b) dismembered structure,
c) contaminated structure.
3. Type of connection of predicative parts:
a) proverbial
b) determinant,
c) correlation.
4. Basic means of communication between the main clause and the subordinate clause:
a) subordinating conjunction:
Type by structure (simple / complex), for a complex union, indicate whether it is dismembered or undivided;
Type by the number of syntactic positions it occupies (single / double, or double);
Semantic type (semantic / asemantic);
b) conjunction word:
Partial affiliation;
Grammatical form;
Syntactic function;
For sentences of an undivided structure, show the correlation of the semantics of allied words with the semantics of the extended noun;
c) reference word (for sentences of undivided structure):
Partial affiliation;
Type of valency, which is realized by the subordinate clause (categorical, lexical, lexical-morphological);
5. Correlates:
Mandatory / optional / impossibility;
Correlative functions (for sentences of undivided structure);
Mobility / immobility (for sentences of dissected structure).
6. Additional means of communication:
a) position of the subordinate clause;
b) flexibility / inflexibility of the structure;
c) paradigm (free / unfree).
7. The grammatical meaning of the subordinate clause.
8. Structural-semantic type of complex sentence.
9. Phraseologized / free model.
10. Communicative sentence structure:
a) communicatively articulated / indivisible;
b) actual division of the sentence.
11. Functional type of sentence:
a) narrative
b) motivating,
c) interrogative
d) narrative-interrogative.
12. Type of sentence based on emotional content (exclamatory/non-exclamatory).
13. Sentence structure diagram.
14. Punctuation analysis. Valid texts to blowing schemes
Today we continue to study a complex sentence, in this lesson we will learn how to parse it.
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement ( narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Determine the type of sentence by intonation ( exclamation, non-exclamation).
3. Identify simple sentences within complex ones and determine their bases.
4. Determine the means of communication of simple sentences in a complex one ( allied, non-union).
5. Highlight the minor members in each part of a complex sentence, indicate whether it is common or uncommon.
6. Note the presence of homogeneous members or appeals.
Proposition 1 (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Sentence 1
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex (has two grammatical stems), conjunctive (connected by the conjunction And), both the first and second parts are not widespread (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Analysis of sentence 1
Proposition 2 (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Proposition 2
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, non-conjunctive. The first part is common (there is a definition), the second is not common (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Analysis of sentence 2
Parse the sentence (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Offer
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction. The first part is common, complicated by homogeneous predicates. The second part is common.
Rice. 6. Analysis of the proposal
Bibliography
1. Russian language. 5th grade. In 3 parts Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. 9th ed., revised. - M.: 2012 Part 1 - 182 p., Part 2 - 167 p., Part 3 - 63 p.
2. Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook in 2 parts. Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Baranov M.T., Trostentsova L.A. and others - M.: Education, 2012. - Part 1 - 192 pp.; Part 2 - 176 p.
3. Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook / Ed. Razumovskoy M.M., Lekanta P.A. - M.: 2012 - 318 p.
4. Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook in 2 parts Rybchenkova L.M. and others - M.: Education, 2014. - Part 1 - 127 p., Part 2 - 160 p.
1. Website of the festival of pedagogical ideas “Open Lesson” ()
Homework
1. What is the procedure for parsing a complex sentence?
2. What are complex sentences for the means of communication between parts?
3. Underline the grammatical basics in the sentence:
The hasty dawn was approaching, the heights of heaven brightened.
Words and phrases are the components of every sentence in writing and speaking. To construct it, you must clearly understand what the connection should be between them in order to construct a grammatically correct statement. That is why one of the important and complex topics in the Russian language school curriculum is the syntactic analysis of sentences. With this analysis, a complete analysis of all components of the statement is carried out and the connection between them is established. In addition, determining the structure of a sentence allows you to correctly place punctuation marks in it, which is quite important for every literate person. As a rule, this topic begins with the analysis of simple phrases, and after that children are taught to parse sentences.
Rules for parsing phrases
Analyzing a specific phrase taken from context is relatively simple in the Russian syntax section. In order to produce it, they determine which of the words is the main word and which is the dependent one, and determine which part of speech each of them belongs to. Next, it is necessary to determine the syntactic relationship between these words. There are three of them in total:
- Agreement is a kind of subordinating relationship in which the gender, number and case for all elements of the phrase are determined by the main word. For example: a moving train, a flying comet, a shining sun.
- Control is also one of the types of subordinating connections; it can be strong (when the case connection of words is necessary) and weak (when the case of the dependent word is not predetermined). For example: watering flowers - watering from a watering can; liberation of the city - liberation by the army.
- Adjunction is also a subordinating type of connection, but it applies only to words that are unchangeable and not inflected by case. Such words express dependence only by meaning. For example: riding a horse, unusually sad, very scared.
An example of syntactic parsing of phrases
The syntactic analysis of the phrase should look something like this: “speaks beautifully”; the main word is “speaks”, the dependent word is “beautiful”. This connection is determined through the question: speaks (how?) beautifully. The word “says” is used in the present tense in the singular and third person. The word “beautifully” is an adverb, and therefore this phrase expresses a syntactic connection - adjacency.
Parsing diagram for a simple sentence
Parsing a sentence is a bit like parsing a phrase. It consists of several stages that will allow you to study the structure and relationship of all its components:
- First of all, the purpose of uttering a single sentence is determined; they are all divided into three types: narrative, interrogative and exclamatory, or incentive. Each of them has its own sign. So, at the end of a narrative sentence telling about an event, there is a period; after the question, naturally, there is a question mark, and at the end of the incentive - an exclamation mark.
- Next, you should highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence - subject and predicate.
- The next stage is a description of the structure of the sentence. It can be one-part with one of the main members or two-part with a complete grammatical basis. In the first case, you additionally need to indicate what kind of sentence the nature of the grammatical basis is: verbal or denominative. And then determine whether there are secondary members in the structure of the statement, and indicate whether it is common or not. At this stage you should also indicate whether the sentence is complicated. Complications include homogeneous members, addresses, phrases and introductory words.
- Further, the syntactic analysis of the sentence involves the analysis of all words according to their belonging to parts of speech, gender, number and case.
- The final stage is an explanation of the punctuation marks in the sentence.
Example of parsing a simple sentence
Theory is theory, but without practice you cannot consolidate a single topic. That is why the school curriculum spends a lot of time on syntactic analysis of phrases and sentences. And for training you can take the simplest sentences. For example: “The girl was lying on the beach and listening to the surf.”
- The sentence is declarative and non-exclamatory.
- The main parts of the sentence: girl - subject, lay, listened - predicates.
- This proposal is two-part, complete and widespread. Homogeneous predicates act as complications.
- Parsing all the words of the sentence:
- “girl” - acts as the subject and is a feminine noun in the singular and nominative case;
- “lay” - in a sentence it is a predicate, refers to verbs, has a feminine gender, singular number and past tense;
- “na” is a preposition, used to connect words;
- “beach” - answers the question “where?” and is a circumstance expressed in a sentence by a masculine noun in the prepositional case and singular;
- “and” is a conjunction used to connect words;
- “listened” is the second predicate, a feminine verb in the past tense and singular;
- “surf” is an object in a sentence, refers to a noun, is masculine, singular and used in the accusative case.
Identification of sentence parts in writing
When parsing phrases and sentences, conditional underscores are used to indicate that words belong to one or another member of the sentence. So, for example, the subject is underlined with one line, the predicate with two, the definition is indicated with a wavy line, the complement with a dotted line, the circumstance with a dotted line. In order to correctly determine which member of the sentence is in front of us, we should pose a question to it from one of the parts of the grammatical basis. For example, the definition answers the questions of the adjective, the complement is determined by the questions of indirect cases, the circumstance indicates the place, time and reason and answers the questions: “where?” "where?" and why?"
Parsing a complex sentence
The procedure for parsing a complex sentence is slightly different from the above examples, and therefore should not cause any particular difficulties. However, everything must be in order, and therefore the teacher complicates the task only after the children have learned to parse simple sentences. To carry out the analysis, a complex statement is proposed that has several grammatical bases. And here you should adhere to the following scheme:
- First, the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring are determined.
- Next, the grammatical bases in the sentence are highlighted.
- The next step is to define the connection, which can be done with or without a conjunction.
- Next, you should indicate by what connection the two grammatical bases in the sentence are connected. These can be intonation, as well as coordinating or subordinating conjunctions. And immediately conclude what the sentence is: complex, complex or non-union.
- The next stage of parsing is the syntactic analysis of the sentence into its parts. It is produced according to the scheme for a simple sentence.
- At the end of the analysis, you should construct a diagram of the sentence, on which the connection of all its parts will be visible.
Connecting parts of a complex sentence
As a rule, to connect parts in complex sentences, conjunctions and allied words are used, which must be preceded by a comma. Such proposals are called allied. They are divided into two types:
- Compound sentences joined by conjunctions a, and, or, then, but. As a rule, both parts in such a statement are equal. For example: “The sun was shining and the clouds were floating.”
- Complex sentences that use the following conjunctions and allied words: so that, how, if, where, whither, since, although and others. In such sentences, one part always depends on the other. For example: "The sun's rays will fill the room as soon as the cloud passes."