May 26 marks the 200th anniversary of the death of the Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Barclay de Tolly - a man about whom our contemporaries know almost nothing. Meanwhile, to defeat Napoleon, he did, perhaps, no less than the well-known Kutuzov.

Ingratitude

Having written the poem “Commander” in 1835, dedicated to M. B. Barclay de Tolly, A. S. Pushkin apologized to Kutuzov’s daughter E. M. Khitrovo for the fact that the willful lyre did not respond to the name of her great father. Indeed, everyone thanked Kutuzov. Although Barclay's contribution to the victory over the French was no less, and modern analysts believe that it was more than that of the popularly beloved Prince of Smolensky. No wonder there are two monuments to Kutuzov and Barclay in front of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

Monument to Barclay de Tolly at the Kazan Cathedral on Nevsky Prospekt. Photo Skif-Kerch/Wikimedia Commons/CC-BY-SA-4.0

People called Mikhail Bogdanovich “Dumpty and that’s all.” But Pushkin saw something else: ingratitude, the inability to say thank you for what was done, the reluctance to see real merit in the person of the person who did not please him in some way.

“Oh, unfortunate leader! Your lot was harsh:
You sacrificed everything to a foreign land.
Impenetrable to the sight of the wild mob,
You walked alone in silence with a great thought,
And in your name there is an alien sound of dislike,
Pursuing you with my screams,
The people mysteriously saved by you,
I swore at your sacred gray hair..."

One of Barclay de Tolly’s main enemies, the army’s favorite Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration, already wounded on the Borodino field, asked to convey only two words to his opponent: “thank you” and “guilty.” Pushkin did not absolve himself of guilt either. Ten years before these lines, he wrote with sympathy about the enmity of Tsarevich Constantine “with the German Barkalai” and laughed at obscene jokes that played on his surname.

What was the name of Mikhail Bogdanovich?

Mikhail Bogdanovich's real name is Michael Andreas. Why not Mikhail Andreevich? The paths of Russification are inscrutable. His father's name was Weingold Gotthard. The second name when translated from German is “given by God” - it is from this that the Russian patronymic originated.

Barclay de Tolly was born on the Pamušis manor in Livonia (now Latvia, and the village itself is located in Lithuania), into an impoverished Baltic family, which itself could hardly understand its national roots, being a branch of the Scottish family Barclay of Tolly, famous from the 11th century.

In 1664, one of the commander’s ancestors fled England because he was a supporter of the executed King Charles I Stuart. Fleeing from the revolution and seeking service, he reached Riga. He became Germanized, his descendants entered the Swedish service, where they already considered themselves Swedes. But Riga was taken by Peter I...

From that time on, the de Tolly family served in Russia. For that time, a fairly typical story of a Russian military man from the Baltic Sea. It is also typical that Mikhail Bogdanovich remembered the date of birth inaccurately - December 13 (24) or 16, 1757 or 1761. Different documents indicate differently.

Coat of arms of the Princes of Barclay de Tolly-Weimarn

Barclay's humble origins affected his promotion - it took him 20 years to reach the rank of colonel. At the same time, he was constantly engaged in self-education and moved up the ladder of appointments, albeit slowly, but through his own work. Even during the reign of Catherine II, he took part in the Second War with Turkey, and showed courage and composure during the assault on Ochakov. Then, in the war with Sweden, and finally with Poland, when for the capture of Vilna (now Vilnius) he was awarded the Order of St. George 2nd degree. He won almost all the wars with revolutionary France, exchanging the Napoleonic beginnings of the 19th century.

In January 1807 he was seriously wounded in the arm in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau. Doctors removed about 40 fragments of crushed bone. It was he, and not Field Marshal L. Bennkigsen, who withstood the pressure of almost the entire Napoleonic army, led by Bonaparte himself. Such courage and such skills demanded reward. In Memel, during his treatment, Barclay was visited by Alexander I, who left him his physician, J. V. Willie.

Strategy of the "Scythian War"

In a conversation with the emperor, the military leader outlined the plan for a future war, which Napoleon would certainly undertake against Russia. Since the enemy will count on a “second Poltava” - a large general battle not far from the border - this is exactly what the enemy cannot allow. It is necessary to lure him deep into the country, giving resistance an exhausting character, forcing him to leave significant forces in garrisons along the way, which will inevitably weaken the invader’s army and allow him to win through maneuvers alone.

Military Council in Fili. Alexey Kivshenko, 1880. Barclay de Tolly sits under the icon

That's exactly what happened. Since 1810, Barclay served as Minister of War and was preparing for a protracted “Scythian war,” when troops retreat in front of the enemy’s nose, taking him further and further into foreign territory. The calculation was correct. But it did not include the “human factor” - neither society, nor especially the army, which had known only victories throughout the 18th century, were ready to endure and endure defeats. The emotional outbursts of his subordinates demanded one or another battle, which, in Barclay’s opinion, could have been completely dispensed with. It was not for nothing that A.P. Ermolov called the commander “arctic” - he simply did not understand why Prince Bagration was furious in retreat, who wrote: “You cannot leave such a kind, such a good homeland! ...Barclay takes his guest straight to Moscow.”

After leaving Smolensk, Ataman M.I. Platov came to the commander in a simple cloak, declaring that he would never wear a Russian uniform again - “it has become shameful.” The Tsar’s brother, Grand Duke Konstantin, who led the Guards Corps, said: “It is not Russian blood that flows in the one who commands us”... Together with a group of generals, he came to Barclay, shouted at him, called him “a German, a scoundrel and a traitor who is selling Russia.” The commander only said: “Let everyone do their job, I will do mine.”

Ataman M.I. Platov. Painting by an unknown artist

He was convinced that one should not be led by emotions. “The fate of the empire depended on the preservation of the army entrusted to me; I tired and restrained the enemy.” However, it was difficult to overcome dissatisfaction. The commander was no longer greeted with the cry of “Hurray!” At one of the halts, Barclay asked a soldier: “Is the porridge good?” He replied: “The porridge is good, but there’s nothing to feed us!”

I immediately remember the lines of M. Yu. Lermontov: “We retreated silently for a long time, / It was a shame, we were waiting for a fight...”

Sought death

In such conditions, the emperor could not leave the former commander of the army and replaced him with M.I. Kutuzov, with whom hopes for an offensive were revived, but he continued Barclay’s tactics, because it was she who gave the surest hope for victory in the future. On the day of the Battle of Borodino, August 26, 1812, Barclay, in his own words, “was looking for death, but did not find it.” Five horses were killed under him, but the commander himself did not receive a scratch.

Battle of Borodino. Artist Louis Lejeune

In the abandoned Moscow, the crowd rushed to Barclay's carriage, intending to tear him apart. One of the accompanying people, A. A. Zakrevsky, drew his saber and scared off the attackers. In Kaluga, stones were thrown at the former commander’s cart, shouting: “Here comes the traitor!”

But Alexander I retained confidence in Barclay, and he soon returned him to the army. First, the commander of the small 3rd Army, then the commander of the united Russian-Prussian army. Mikhail Bogdanovich led a successful siege of the Tron fortress.

M. B. Barclay de Tolly. Artist D. Dow, 1829

In the Battle of Bautzen on May 8–9, 1813, he prevented the French Marshal M. Ney from bypassing the right wing of the Allies. After the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Barclay de Tolly was elevated to the dignity of count. By the end of the war, the emperor literally showered him with awards, as if apologizing for the forced injustice. Sword with diamonds and laurels, the rank of field marshal for the capture of Paris, the post of commander in chief. After the war, Barclay de Tolly was already basking in glory. However, by 1818 his health began to rapidly deteriorate. He went to Germany for treatment, but died on the way near the city of Insterburg.

Mausoleum of Barclay de Tolly on the Bekhof estate. Estonia. Photo Bonio/Wikimedia Commons/CC-BY-3.0

* * *

Concluding the poem “Commander,” Pushkin called his contemporaries “priestesses of the moment, admirers of success.” “How often does a person pass by you, / Over whom the blind and violent age scolds...” So what? It is he who turns out to be the savior of those who, in their blindness, mocked him.

Already at the age of four, Barclay de Tolly’s parents took the boy to Russia: his wife’s relatives from St. Petersburg began raising him. The education he received was simply magnificent for those times: his uncle made sure that the young man spoke Russian, German and French, knew arithmetic, fortification and military history. The set of knowledge Barclay de Tolly received in childhood somewhat predetermined his fate: in 1776 he entered service in the Pskov Carabinieri Regiment.

It can be assumed that for such a capable young man with a good pedigree, ranks fell one after another, as if from a cornucopia. In fact, it’s not at all like that: although Barclay de Tolly belonged to an old Scottish family, in Russia his origins were not considered noble, which is why it took Mikhail Bogdanovich more than 20 years to reach the rank of colonel.

During this time, a Russian military man of Scottish blood distinguished himself during the storming of Ochakov in 1788, in 1794 he fought against Polish rebels, and in 1805 he and his brigade were late for the battle of Austerlitz. However, Mikhail Bogdanovich, who commanded the vanguard of Bennigsen’s army, made it to another battle with Napoleon in time, as a result of which he was seriously wounded in his right hand.

Austerlitz - the battle that Barclay de Tolly never got to see

Barclay de Tolly established himself as a cunning strategist during the Russo-Swedish War of 1808-1809. At the beginning of the war, the Russian commanders lost: some units even had to capitulate. It was then that Barclay de Toli appeared with his daring idea, who proposed raising an army straight from winter quarters and sending it across the ice of the Gulf of Bothnia to the rear of the Swedes, to their capital - Stockholm. Russian soldiers, having reached the Swedish coast, took defensive lines, since the enemy was in no way prepared for such a turn of events. The tactical move developed by Mikhail Bogdanovich forced the Swedish commanders to negotiate. As a result of the war, all of Finland went to Russia, and Barclay de Tolly became its governor-general.

Merits to the Fatherland allowed Mikhail Bogdanovich to become Minister of War a few years later. While in this position, he began developing a plan for war with Napoleon, which involved the so-called “scorched earth” tactics. The skillful strategist Barclay de Tolly used probably the only correct tactic in a war with superior enemy forces: he forced the French to stretch their troops, and at times even starve. However, the “Russian party”, which had great influence at court, expressed its distrust of the foreigner in every possible way and demanded that he be removed from the post of commander-in-chief. Barclay de Tolly would later write: “I bring each and every one of my deeds to strict judgment. Let them indicate other methods that could be used to save the Fatherland."

Monument to Barclay de Tolly in St. Petersburg

At the end of the summer of 1812, command of the troops passed into the hands of Mikhail Kutuzov, and a few days before the Battle of Borodino, Barclay de Tolly lost his post as Minister of War, which did not prevent him from commanding the right wing and center of the Russian troops in the battle itself. Eyewitnesses claim that during the battle, unable to continue to endure the condemnation of the army and society, Mikhail Bogdanovich deliberately stood under enemy fire. After all this, he had the courage to insist on leaving Moscow at the council in Fili. This decision, as it turns out later, was effective, and Kutuzov practically adopted the tactics invented by Barclay, but despite this, military leaders from all sides tried to limit the powers of Barclay de Tolly. At the beginning of autumn, the foreign general was actually removed from command of the troops: taking leave, he went to his estate in Livonia. He never received public rehabilitation in the eyes of the public.

Barclay de Tolly briefly about the Russian commander

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly short biography for children

Mikhail Bogdanovich was born in Livonia on the estate of his father and grandfather Pamushis in 1761, December 16 (27). His surname came from an ancient Scottish family, but his ancestors lived in Riga from the middle of the 17th century. His father received nobility after serving in the Russian army. Mikhail was destined for a military career from an early age; he began his service in 1776. The young man's career was not as fast as he dreamed, perhaps the reason for this was his origin or the poverty of his family.

In 1778 he received the rank of cornet and by 1794 had risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel. During his long career, he repeatedly proved that he was efficient, courageous and decisive. His first combat test was the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791. For his active participation in the assault on Ochakov, Barclay de Toli, briefly speaking, was nominated for an award, and based on the results of the entire military campaign, he was promoted to the rank of second major. In 1791 he was transferred to St. Petersburg. In 1794, an uprising broke out in Poland, which was successfully suppressed by Barclay de Toly. He showed particular valor during the battle for Vilna and defeated the rebel troops. This was followed by an appointment as a lieutenant colonel.

In 1805 he took part in the fight against Napoleon, by which time he was already a major general. For his quality work, Barclay de Toli was repeatedly nominated for awards of varying degrees of importance. In 1809, during the Russian-Swedish war, he showed brilliant abilities for tactical thinking and strategic planning. The outcome of the hostilities was practically decided thanks to the operation planned by Mikhail. By this time, events on the battlefield were not developing in the most favorable way for the Russian army, and it was urgently necessary to turn the situation around.

Mikhail Bogdanovich proposes to transfer a significant part of the army's combat strength across the Gulf of Bothnia to Sweden. It was necessary to cross on ice in winter; the situation was complicated by severe weather conditions. But thanks to sustained and strict management, constant coordination of movement between the corps, the transition was carried out on time, and the attack went according to plan, which contributed to the successful completion of military operations. For his success in the battle with the Swedes, Barclay de Toly was awarded the rank of infantry general, became commander-in-chief of the Finnish army, and then governor of Finland.
It is especially worth noting his role in the Patriotic War of 1812. During the fighting in Europe in 1805-1807, Barclay de Toly carefully studied the French army and Napoleon's battle tactics. According to his personal conviction, Russia could not avoid war with France, which means that high-quality training of the Russian army was required.

In 1810, when Mikhail Bogdanovich became the head of the War Ministry, he used all his knowledge to reform the army and reorganize the War Ministry. He paid special attention to military training and the conditions of the army. The food and supply of combat personnel was improved. Thanks to his participation, the rights and responsibilities of officers were revised, improved military regulations were introduced, and discipline and control were tightened. The ministry also contributed to the active construction of military fortifications, in particular, the Dinaburg and Bobruisk fortresses appeared in the western direction.

When Napoleon declared war on the Russian Empire, Barclay de Toly had enormous military, managerial and organizational experience, had perfect knowledge of combat and knew the enemy perfectly. That is why he was placed on the front line at the head of the 1st Western Army to meet the enemy. But Mikhail Bogdanovich, relying on his convictions, undertakes retreat tactics, exhausting the enemy with minor clashes and conducting rearguard battles. Many of his contemporaries, including Alexander I, did not approve of this type of fighting and considered his tactics to be a manifestation of cowardice. But today, military historians are convinced that it was precisely thanks to the retreat of the Russian army and its further unification with Bagration’s army before the main battle that Napoleon’s further defeat was possible. Since the military potential of the 1st Western Army was not enough to crush the French, the outcome of the war as a whole could have been different.

At the end of August 1812, Prince Kutuzov took over the post of commander-in-chief, and Barclay de Toly became his subordinate. Condemnation of his military actions from the beginning of the war by society had reached too high a level by this time; relations with Kutuzov did not work out, as follows from the war letters of Mikhail himself to his wife. And, being absolutely confident in the correctness of his actions, but suffering from the surrounding contempt, in the Battle of Borodino he deliberately goes into open struggle with the enemy. Five horses were killed and wounded under him. This was his last significant battle in World War II. His command of the Western Army remained formal, and at the first opportunity Barclay de Toly received leave and went to his village in Livonia. Later, Alexander I acknowledged the merit of Mikhail Bogdanovich in the victory over the French, but only in personal correspondence.

Afterwards, Barclay de Toly again stood at the head of the Russian army and in alliance with the Prussian military forces, and then, under the command of the Austrian Field Marshal Schwarzenberg, throughout 1813 he successfully fought overseas battles against Napoleon. Participates in the capture of Paris. For skillful conduct of military operations and for special services to the Fatherland after the final victory over Napoleon, Barclay de Toly received many awards of various degrees from the Russian Empire and from the allied states. In 1815 he received the title of count and then prince. Mikhail Bogdanovich died in May 1818, he was 56 years old. He was heading to Germany for treatment, but did not survive the long journey.

Biography

BARCLAY de TOLLY Mikhail Bogdanovich (12/16/1757 -5/14/1818 (all dates before February 1918 are given in the old style), Russian commander and military leader, field marshal general. Born on the Pamushise estate in the Livonia province in the family leading its roots from the old Scottish family of Barclays. He entered active military service in 1776. During the Russian-Turkish War (1787-1791), he distinguished himself during the assault on Ochakov, in the battle of Kaushany and during the capture of Bender, for which he acquired reputation as a combative and skillful officer. Then he participated in the Russian-Swedish war (1788-1790) and commanded a battalion of the St. Petersburg Grenadier Regiment in battles with Polish insurgents. For the destruction of the Polish detachment of Colonel Grabowski near Grodno, he was awarded the Order of St. George 4- 1st class and promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1798, he was appointed commander of the 4th Chasseurs Regiment. In the war with France (1806-1807), Barclay de Tolly distinguished himself in the battles of Pułtusk (1806), for which he was awarded Order of St. George 3rd class, and for the Battle of Preussisch-Eylaus (1807) - the Order of St. Vladimir 2nd Art., Promoted to Lieutenant General and appointed head of the 6th Infantry Division. In the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. skillfully commanded the corps. In February 1809, he led troops that distinguished themselves while crossing the ice through the Kvarken Strait and during the capture of Umeå, which predetermined the outcome of the war. For his military services, Barclay de Tolly was promoted to infantry general and appointed Governor-General of Finland and Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army.

In January 1810 he became Minister of War. Having headed the military department, he carried out a number of measures to prepare the country for war, improve the system of military command and control bodies and train troops. The Ministry was divided into seven departments: Artillery, Engineering, Inspector, Audit, Commissariat, Provisions and Medical. The Military Collegium, as a body duplicating departments, was abolished. A Council and an office were formed under the ministry, a Military Scientific Committee was created from the former Artillery Military Scientific Committee, a Military Topographical Depot and.

In March 1810, Barclay presented Alexander I with a special report “On the Defense of the Western Limits of Russia,” where he indicated that the first line of resistance to the enemy should be the defensive lines along the Dvina and Dnieper. Hence the need to create reliable defense in those directions where French troops could advance: St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kyiv. In accordance with this, it was planned to deploy three groups of troops - Northern, Central and Southern, and prepare bases for supplying troops with food, fodder, and ammunition. Under the leadership of Barclay de Tolly, work began to reconstruct and strengthen the defensive line. New fortresses and fortified areas were built, and old fortifications were modernized. Bridgehead fortifications were built near Bobruisk, Borisov and Dinaburg, the old fortifications of Kyiv and Riga were improved, and a large military camp was built near Drissa.

An important task was to increase the size of the army. The Tsar approved a decree on a new recruitment, according to which from every 500 souls of the male population, 9 were drafted into the army, who underwent special training for 9 months. As a result of the measures taken, the total strength of the regular army by the summer of 1812 was almost 500 thousand people, and the artillery had more than 1,800 guns. Particular attention was paid to the preparation of reserves. On the eve of the war, a reserve of 18 infantry and cavalry divisions and 4 artillery brigades was created.

Under the leadership of Barclay de Tolly, the “Establishment for the Administration of a Large Active Army” was developed (January 27, 1812), which determined the rights and responsibilities of not only the commander-in-chief, but also the highest military commanders, as well as the staff of the Field Headquarters.

At the beginning, combining the positions of Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the 1st Western Army, Barclay de Tolly assumed full responsibility and gave the order to retreat deep into Russia, which saved the Russian armies from defeat by Napoleon.

In August 1812, Barclay de Tolly resigned as Minister of War. During the Battle of Borodino, he commanded the right wing and center of the Russian troops, showing great courage and skill in command and control. For his skillful leadership and courage, Barclay de Tolly was awarded the Order of St. George 2nd Art. While in the Tarutino camp, Barclay de Tolly did not have a good relationship with the high command of the Russian army. Therefore, in September 1812, he resigned due to illness and went to his Bekhof estate in Livonia.

In February 1813, at the request of Alexander I, the general returned to duty and led the 3rd Army, with which he besieged the city of Thorn and soon took it. During the Battle of Bautzen, Barclay de Tolly commanded the right flank of the Russian troops, towards which Napoleon's main attack was directed. After the death of M.I. General Kutuzov is appointed to the post of commander-in-chief of the allied Russian-Prussian troops.

During the subsequent campaign, Barclay defeated the French troops at the Battle of Kulm (August 18, 1813), for which he was awarded the Order of St. George 1st Art. Then he distinguished himself in the “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig, in the battles of Brienne, Arsis-sur-Aube and Fer-Champenoise, and for skillful leadership of troops during the assault on the outskirts of Paris on March 18, 1814, right on the battlefield, he was promoted to field marshal general .

Merits of M.B. Barclay de Tolly were awarded Russian orders: St. Andrew the First-Called, St. Vladimir 1st Art., St. Alexander Nevsky with diamond signs for this order, St. Vladimir 2nd Art., St. Anna 1st class, St. Vladimir 4th century, St. George of all four degrees, foreign orders: Austrian - Commander's Cross of Maria Theresa, English - Baths 1st class, Dutch - St. William 1st century, Saxon - St. Henry 1st class, Prussian - Red Eagle 1st class. and Black Eagle, French - Legion of Honor 1st Art. and St. Louis 1st class, Swedish - Sword 1st class.

Outstanding Russian commander, Field Marshal General (1814), Count (1813), Prince (1815), hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, full holder of the Order of St. George.

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly was born on December 16 (27), 1761 in the family of a retired lieutenant of the Russian army, Weingold Gotthard Barclay de Tolly (1734-1781). The most likely place of his birth is the Pamushise estate in Courland (now in Lithuania).

M. B. Barclay de Tolly began active service in the army in 1776 in the ranks of the Pskov Carabineer Regiment. In 1778 he was promoted to cornet, and in 1786 to lieutenant. In 1786 he transferred to the Finnish Jaeger Corps. In 1788, he was appointed adjutant to Lieutenant General Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg and promoted to captain.

M. B. Barclay de Tolly took part in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791: in 1788 he took part in the assault on Ochakov, in 1789 in the battle of Causeni, as well as in the capture of Akkerman and Bendery. He was promoted to second major.

In 1790, M. B. Barclay de Tolly was transferred to the Finnish Army, in whose ranks he participated in the Russian-Swedish War of 1788-1790. After the war he was transferred to the St. Petersburg Grenadier Regiment with the rank of prime major.

In 1794, M. B. Barclay de Tolly participated as a battalion commander in military operations against Polish rebels and for special distinctions during the storming of the fortifications of Vilna and during the defeat of the detachment of General E. F. Grabovsky near Grodno he was awarded the Order of St. George 4- th degree.

At the end of the campaign, M.B. Barclay de Tolly was promoted to lieutenant colonel and transferred to the Estonian Jaeger Corps. He was the commander of the 1st battalion, renamed upon accession to the 4th Jaeger Regiment. In 1798, already with the rank of colonel, he was appointed chief of this regiment, for the excellent condition of which he was promoted to major general in 1799.

In 1805, M. B. Barclay de Tolly took part in the Battle of Austerlitz. In the Russian-Prussian-French War of 1806-1807, he commanded a division (since 1807), distinguished himself in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau (nowadays), where he was seriously wounded in the right arm with bone fragmentation. He was forced to retire from the army for long-term treatment, receiving, in addition to the Order of St. George, 3rd degree and St. Vladimir, 2nd degree, the rank of lieutenant general.

During the Russian-Swedish War of 1808-1809, M. B. Barclay de Tolly commanded the corps. He led the successful crossing of the Kvarken Strait in the winter of 1809, forcing the Swedes to begin peace negotiations. In March 1809, he was promoted to infantry general and appointed commander-in-chief of the Finnish Army. After the conclusion of peace, M. B. Barclay de Tolly was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky and became Governor-General of the newly acquired Finland (1809-1810).

In 1810-1812, M. B. Barclay de Tolly served as Minister of War. During this period, he did significant work to strengthen the Russian army.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, M.B. Barclay de Tolly was the commander-in-chief of the 1st Western Army, and in July - August of virtually all active Russian armies. He was the initiator of the tactics of withdrawal of Russian troops and their subsequent formation in the area.

The heart of M. B. Barclay de Tolly was buried on a small hill 300 meters from the Stilitzen manor. His embalmed ashes were taken to the Bekgof family estate in Livonia (now in Estonia) and buried in the family tomb.