1. The addition usually follows the control word, for example: proofreading the manuscript, correcting typos, ready to type.
An object (most often direct), expressed by a pronoun (personal, indefinite), can precede the control word without creating inversion, for example: I liked the book; This sight amazed him; The mother noticed something in her daughter's expression; I'm glad to see you.
Placing an addition in front of the control word usually has the character of inversion, for example: Perhaps we’ll see the pharmacist (Chekhov); The soul reaches for lofty things (V. Panova). Wed. in lively colloquial speech: someone is asking you; You have forgotten all your friends; Can you fix the TV?
It is common to preposition the object with the meaning of person in impersonal sentences, for example: He needs to talk to you; My sister is not feeling well; Everyone wanted to relax. 2.
If there are several additions related to one control word, different word orders are possible: 1)
usually a direct object precedes other objects, for example: Take the manuscript from the proofreader; Discuss the issue with your employees; The newcomer extended his hand to everyone present; 2)
the indirect person object in the dative case usually precedes the direct object object, for example: Tell us your address; The mother gave the child a beautiful toy; This woman saved Bekishev’s life... (V. Panova).
In the same way, the genitive case with the meaning of the actor (inconsistent definition) precedes another hope (as an addition), for example: the son’s arrival to his parents, a memo from the author for the proofreader. 3.
The direct object, which matches the form of the subject, is usually placed after the predicate, for example: Mother loves her daughter; The oar touched the dress; Laziness breeds carelessness; Courts protect laws. When the subject and object are rearranged, the meaning of the sentence changes (The daughter loves the mother; The dress touched the oar) or ambiguity arises (Carelessness breeds laziness; Laws are protected by the courts). Sometimes in such cases of inversion the necessary meaning is retained, resulting from the lexical meaning of the named members of the sentence (The bicycle crashed the tram; The sun was covered by a cloud), but the correct understanding of such sentences is somewhat difficult, therefore it is recommended either to maintain the direct word order, or to replace the actual phrase with the passive (The bike is broken by tram; Solnie is obscured by a cloud).
§ 181. Place of circumstance in a sentence
1. Circumstances of the manner of action, expressed by adverbs ending in -о, -е, are usually placed in front of the predicate verb, for example: Translation accurately reflects the content of the original; The boy looked at us defiantly; Gavryushka blushed deeply and protested violently... (Gladkov); The station floated back faster and faster... (G. Nikolaeva); The pavement was smoothly white (Antonov).
Some adverbs combined with a few verbs are placed after them, for example: walk, lie prone, walk barefoot, fall backward, walk.
Usually postpositive are the circumstances of the manner of action, expressed by a noun in an adverbial meaning, for example: scatter in waves, disperse in circles.
The place of the circumstance of the course of action may depend on the presence or absence of other minor members in the sentence; Wed: The climbers walked slowly. - The climbers walked slowly along a steep path.
A means of semantically highlighting the circumstance of the manner of action or measure and degree is to place them at the beginning of a sentence or to separate them from the words to which they are adjacent, for example: In vain Gregory tried to see Cossack lava on the horizon (Sholokhov); Nikita (Fedin) experienced this feeling twice; Yes, we were very friendly (L. Tolstoy). 2.
Prepositive adverbs of measure and degree, for example: The speaker repeated the numbers given in the text twice; The director is very busy; The manuscript is fully prepared for typesetting. 3.
The time adverbial usually precedes the predicate verb, for example: At dinner they talked little (Turgenev); A month later, Belikov died (Chekhov); In the evenings the doctor was left alone (V. Panova).
Often, however, the adverb of time is postpositive, which contributes to its semantic emphasis, for example: Dunyasha got up early... (Sholokhov); I walked until dawn (Perventsev). 4.
The circumstance of place is usually prepositive, and often stands at the beginning of a sentence, for example: It was restless at the factory... (Gorky); A cloud was coming from the west (Sholokhov).
If the adverbial adverbial place is at the beginning of the sentence, then it is often immediately followed by the predicate, and then the subject, for example: On the right stood a white hospital building... (Garshin); Unfamiliar smells of herbs and flowers rushed from everywhere... (Serafimovich). However, under these conditions, a direct order of the main members of the sentence is also possible, for example: Over the gray plain of the sea, the wind gathers clouds (Gorky).
Setting the adverbial place after the predicate is the norm in those combinations in which the presence of the adverbial is necessary for the completeness of the statement, for example: The house is located on the outskirts of the city; His parents live permanently in the south; Residents of the city came out to meet the liberating soldiers.
If a sentence contains an adverbial of time and an adverbial of place, then they are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the adverbial of time in the first place and the adverbial of place in the second, for example: Tomorrow in Moscow warm weather is expected without precipitation; By evening everything calmed down in the house. Placing two circumstances side by side emphasizes their semantic role in the sentence. Their other placement is also possible: the adverbial of time is placed first, then the subject, followed by the predicate and, finally, the adverbial of place and other members of the sentence, for example: At the beginning of April, the river opened up along its entire length; Yesterday I met my old friend on the street. 5.
Circumstances of reason and purpose often come before the predicate, for example: Due to rough seas, the ship arrived late (Chekhov); Two girls cried out of fear (V. Panova); Some delegation deliberately entered the square singing (Babaevsky); A man with a bag on his back... pushed another with his shoulder for a laugh (Malyshkin).
The placement of the named circumstances after the predicate verb usually leads to their semantic isolation, for example: She woke up from fear (Chekhov); He leaves work allegedly due to illness (L. Sobolev); The sanitary train is heading to Omsk for annual repairs (V. Panova).
Greetings to future English language experts! Friends, you have probably heard more than once about such a phenomenon in the English language as fixed word order. And it represents strict adherence to the position in the proposal of its members.
And here a problem arises - how much do you know about the members of a sentence in English? It cannot be said that the grammatical concept of “member of a sentence” differs in many respects from that in the Russian language, but by taking a brief overview you will no doubt discover some useful information or simply refresh your memory of the grammatical material that you studied at school. Let's get started! There is a certain word order in an English sentence
The main difference between English narrative sentences and Russian ones is that in English you cannot arrange words as you please, and the sentence formula indicating the strict order of words is as follows:
Subject + predicate + object + adverbial place + adverbial tense
Of course, this formula is not absolute. Some members may be absent in both English and Russian sentences or, on the contrary, additional ones may appear, for example:
- circumstances of the course of action
- causes and effects and others
The priority of circumstances in sentences will be discussed a little later.
If in Russian there are sentences without a subject, then in English the presence of a subject is mandatory
For example, the Russian version of the absence of a subject:
- I see that the city has become so beautiful!
In the English version, the literal translation will be incorrect; here the pronoun “I” is required:
- I see the city has become so beautiful!
Let us now take a closer look at the important components of sentences. 
The subject and predicate are the grammatical basis of a sentence
The Subject
Subject - a member of a sentence that names the subject in question
The subject in English answers the question:
- who? — Who?
- what? — What?
The subject in English can be expressed:
- noun
- numeral
- pronoun
- gerund (non-finite verb form)
- infinitive
John is a pupil. — John (who?) is a student.
The book was on the desk. — The book (what?) was on the table.
The Predicate
The predicate denotes what is said about the subject, that is, what action it performs. Therefore, it is in close connection with the subject and agrees with it
The predicate in English answers the questions:
- what does the subject do
- what happens to the subject
- who is the subject/object (subject)
Mary studies. — Mary is studying. (What is Mary doing?)
The letter was burned. — The letter was burned. (What happened to the letter?)
Ann is a housewife. — Anna is a housewife. (Who is Anna?)
This part of the sentence in English has many nuances, so let’s stop to consider them without putting them in a long box.
There are two types of predicate:
- Simple
- Composite
A simple predicate is expressed by a personal verb and can be in any of the tenses, voices and moods
He likes this song. — He loves this song.
To avoid misunderstandings that may arise, it should be understood that a simple predicate can consist of several components, provided that they are components of the same verb form.
We are writing a test. — We are writing a test.
She had been writing a letter. — She was writing a letter.
The compound predicate is further divided into two types:
- Compound verb predicate
- Compound nominal predicate
Compound verb predicate forms its forms according to two schemes:
- Modal verb ( can, ought to, may etc.) + infinitive
- I can read English. — I can read English
- Verb (expressing the beginning, continuation or end of an action) + infinitive/gerund
- I began to study at the University of St. Nicholas. — I started studying at St. Nicholas University
- It continued snowing. — The snow continued to fall
- He has finished reading the story. — He finished reading the story
Compound nominal predicate is formed according to the following scheme:
Verb copula to be(to be) in any of the tenses + the nominal part, which can be:
- noun
- pronoun
- numeral
- participle
- infinitive
- adverb,
- gerund
- My dad is a pilot. — My father is a pilot (+ noun)
- The wall is high. — The wall is high (+ adjective)
- She is forty-two. — She is 42 years old (+ numeral)
- The game is over. — Game over (+ adverb)
- His heart is broken. - His heart is broken (+ participle)
- His goal was traveling the world. — His goal was to travel the world ( + gerund)
The Object (Add-on)
A complement is a member of a sentence that denotes an object or person that is affected
The supplement in English answers a huge number of questions:
- Whom— whom
- what - What
- to whom - to whom
- by whom - by whom
- about what - about what etc.
It may be direct, indirect And prepositional.
Direct object names the person or object to which the action expressed by the transitive verb directly passes. Questions answered:
- whom - whom
- what - What
I read an article. — I'm reading an article.
Indirect addition in English indicates the addressee or the person for whose sake the action is performed. The indirect addition answers the questions:
- to whom - to whom
- for whom - for whom
- to what - why
She gave me a letter. — She gave me a letter.
Mother read us a fairy tale. — Mom read us a fairy tale.
Prepositional complement formed by adding a preposition and a noun, pronoun or gerund. Answers the questions:
- for whom - for whom
- about whom - about whom
- about what - about what
- with whom - with whom
- with what - with what
Tom gave a newspaper for my grandfather. — Tom gave the newspaper to my grandfather.
The Attribute (Definition)
A definition in English is a member of a sentence that names a feature of an object; it also clarifies or complements its meaning
As a rule, a definition in English refers to a noun, a little less often to a pronoun, and answers the questions:
- which — which
- what - Which
- whose - whose
I want to buy that white T-shirt. — I want to buy that white T-shirt.
Wedding is an important moment in our life. - A wedding is an important moment in our lives.
In an English sentence, as in Russian, a definition can be attached to any member of the sentence. The difference is that in English the definition always comes first in this connection, but in Russian it can take second place:
The painting, small and inconspicuous, cost a fortune. — The small and imperceptible picture costs a fortune.
The Adverbial Modifier (Circumstance)
Circumstance - a member of a sentence indicating the circumstances under which the action occurs
A circumstance in English, as in Russian, can indicate a place, time, cause, purpose, course of action, consequence, etc. In most cases, a circumstance refers to a verb and answers the questions:
- when - When
- where - Where
- how- How
- why - Why
She'll meet you at 9 o'clock. — She will meet you at 9 o'clock.
I waited for him at the railway station. — I was waiting for him at the train station.
If there are several circumstances in a sentence, they will be arranged in the following order:
Subject- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the bearer of a sign (action, state, characteristic), called the predicate. The subject can be expressed by the nominative case of the name, pronoun, or infinitive.
Answers the question who? What. Factory works. I I'm doing. Somebody sings. Seven 1st is not expected. Smoking harmful.Predicate- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting a feature (action, state, property) attributed to the carrier, which is expressed by the subject. The predicate is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb, infinitive, noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, phrase. Answers the questions: what is he doing (did, will do)? Which. He is reading. Live - means to fight. Sister doctor. Son tall. Weather warm. She warmer. than yesterday. This book yours. This lesson third. Study Interesting. Studies plays a big role. Daughter becomes an adult And wants to be a doctor.
Definition- this is a minor member of the sentence, answering the questions what? whose? which? Definitions are divided into:
Agreed Definitions. They agree with the defined member in the form (case, number and gender in singular), expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers, pronouns: Large trees grow near paternal house. IN our no class lagging behind students. He decides this task second hour.Inconsistent definitions. Does not agree with the defined member in the form. Expressed by nouns in indirect cases, comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, infinitive: The leaves rustled birch trees. He liked the evenings at grandma's house. Choose fabric more fun with a picture. They gave me eggs for breakfast soft-boiled. They were united by desire see you .
Application– this is a definition (usually agreed upon) expressed by a noun (one or with dependent words): city- hero. students- Uzbeks; We met Arkhip- blacksmith. She, darling. I almost died of fear. The doctor appeared small man. Applications expressed by nicknames, conventional names, placed in quotation marks or attached using words by name are not consistent in form with the word being defined. by last name. In the newspaper "TVNZ" interesting report. He reads about Richard Lion Heart. I went hunting with a husky nicknamed Red.
Addition– this is a minor member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases (whom? what? to whom? to what? what? by whom? what? about whom? about what?). Expressed by nouns, pronouns in indirect cases or noun phrases: Father developed he has an interest in sports. Mother sent brothers and sisters for bread.
Circumstance- this is a minor member of a sentence, expressing a characteristic of an action, state, property and answering the questions how? how? Where? Where? where? Why? For what? etc. Expressed by adverbs, nouns in indirect cases, participles, infinitives, phraseological units: It's loud in the distance the woodpecker knocked. The song sounds everything is quieter. She said smiling. He left from Moscow to Kyiv. Can't work carelessly.
Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are the main or minor members of the sentence, performing the same syntactic function (i.e. being the same members of the sentence: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances), answering the same question and pronounced with the intonation of enumeration: All the road neither he nor I didn't talk. We sang and danced. Cheerful, joyful, happy laughter filled the room. Tell about ambushes, about battles, about campaigns. She long, confused, but joyfully shook his hand. Homogeneous definitions must be distinguished from heterogeneous ones, which characterize an object from different sides: in this case, there is no intonation of enumeration and it is impossible to insert coordinating conjunctions: Buried in the ground round hewn oak column.
Introductory words and sentences- words and sentences that are equivalent to a word, occupying an independent position in a sentence, expressing different aspects of the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech: certainly, probably, apparently, of course, or rather, more precisely, roughly speaking, in one word, for example, by the way, imagine, I think, as they say, it would seem, if I’m not mistaken, you can imagine, etc.
Plug-in structures– words, phrases and sentences containing additional comments, clarifications, amendments and clarifications; Unlike introductory words and sentences, they do not contain an indication of the source of the message and the speaker’s attitude towards it. Sentences are usually highlighted with parentheses or dashes: On a hot summer morning (this was at the beginning of July) we went for berries. Soldiers – there were three of them - They ate without paying attention to me. I did not understand (now I understand). how cruel I was to her.
The members of sentences (PP) are dealt with by syntax. Each state of emergency is expressed by a certain part of speech and conveys a certain content. Moreover, each emergency is associated with other emergency situations within the structure of a separate proposal. It can occupy a fixed or non-fixed place in a German sentence (NP) and almost always answers a specific question. However, for some emergencies different questions may be asked. For example, it is generally impossible to ask a question about the subject of an impersonal sentence, for example:
- Es ist sehr ungemütlich hier. – It’s very uncomfortable here (in German – impersonal subject).
- Gestern hat es nicht geschneit. – It didn’t snow yesterday (in German – impersonal subject).
- Die letzten Artikel sind nicht so interessant. – The latest articles are not so interesting (Welche Artikel? – What articles? / Wie sind die letzten Artikel? – What are the latest articles?).
Predicates in NPs have a personal form, subjects have a nominative case form, objects are in oblique cases, adverbials can also be in oblique cases or expressed by adverbs. The subject indicates the subject of the corresponding statement, the predicate indicates what is being said about this subject. Other members of the proposal enter into various syntactic relationships with subjects or predicates. It is for this reason that some emergency situations are subject to subjects, while others are subject to predicates. Nouns are characterized by definitions, and verbs control complements and circumstances that clarify them, for example:
- Auf dem Tisch stand ihre neue Vase. – There was her new vase on the table (“ihre neue Vase” – an adjective to the subject; “stand auf dem Tisch” – an adverbial circumstance related to the verb.
- Peter hat seinen Freund selbst abgeholt. – Peter himself met his friend (“hat seinen Freund abgeholt” - an addition related to the verb; “hat selbst abgeholt” - a circumstance of the manner of action related to the verb).
The verb acts as the core of the NP, around which all other NPs are arranged. His rightful place in the NP is the second position. Their semantic load often depends on the place of emergency situations in a sentence. The German language is characterized by a fairly regulated position of the main members and a relatively free position of the secondary members. When the first place in a NP is given to the subject, the word order is direct; when the subject comes after the verb, the word order is reversed. By place in a NP we mean not a single word, but the corresponding member of the sentence along with all the words that relate to it, for example:
- Diese braune Lederjacke hat Olga im vorigen Jahr gekauft. - Olga bought this brown leather jacket last year (NP with reverse word order: 1st place - addition with definitions; 2nd place - predicate (changeable part - the beginning of the frame structure); 3rd place - subject; 4th place - adverbial; in end – the end of the frame structure).
- Diese hübsche junge Frau ist eine begabte Lehrerin. – This beautiful young woman is a gifted teacher (NP with direct word order: 1st place – subject with definitions; 2nd place – verb in personal form + nominal part).
NPs always have two main members - subject and predicate, since two-partness is a distinctive feature of German syntax. Where in Russian there is no subject, in German there is either an impersonal “es” or an indefinite “man”, for example:
- Es war lustig gestern. - Yesterday it was funny.
- Hier wird man ein modernes Hotel bauen. – A modern hotel will be built here.
A feature of German predicates, if we compare them with Russian ones, is the obligatory presence of a verb and a verbal connective in the nominal predicate. In Russian, connectives in the present tense are omitted, for example:
- Er ist sehr bescheiden. - He is very modest (nominal saying).
- Peter ist unser Kunde. – Peter is our client (nominal tale).
- Das Kind sitzt nicht richtig. – The child is sitting incorrectly (verb form).
- Dein Kuchen riecht echt gut! – Your cake smells really good (verb form)!
Another important feature of the German language is the possibility of having only one negation in a statement, for example:
- Dieses Buch hat er nie gelesen. – He has never read this book (one negation in German versus two negations in the Russian translation).
- Im Wald hat er keinen einzigen Menschen gesehen. – He didn’t see a single person in the forest (one negation in German versus two negations in a Russian sentence).
German subjects can be expressed nouns, pronouns , any substantivized parts of speech– participles, adjectives, verbal infinitives, etc., numerals, infinitive groups. They always take the nominative case form, for example:
- Der Junge sah komisch aus. – The boy looked strange (subject = noun).
- Er sah komisch aus. - He looked strange (subject = pronoun).
- Grün war ihre Lieblingsfarbe. – Green was her favorite color (subject = substantivized adjective).
- Fleißig zu sein ist deine allererste Aufgabe. – Being diligent is your first priority (subject = infinitive phrase).
- „Sieben“ ist ein Film von Fincher. – “Seven” is a Fincher film (subject = substantivized numeral).
German predicates can be verbal and nominal, while verbal predicates are simple and complex. Simple verbal predicates are expressed by verbs in any tense of active and passive voice. Complex verbal predicates consist of two verbs, each of which has an independent meaning; one of these verbs has an inflectional form, and the other has an infinitive form. Nominal predicates always consist of an inflected connective and a nominal part, for example:
- Anna besuchte ihre Schwester im Krankenhaus. – Anna visited her sister in the hospital (simple verb predicate in the imperfect active voice).
- Anna hat ihre Schwester im Krankenhaus besucht. – Anna visited her sister in the hospital (simple verb predicate in the perfect active voice).
- Dieser Bericht wurde von unserem Kollegen korrigiert. – This report has been corrected by our colleague (simple verb predicate in the imperfect passive voice).
- Sie wollen hier übernachten. - They want to spend the night here (complex verb predicate in the present tense of the active voice).
- Er soll diese Aufgabe selbständig machen. – He must complete this task on his own (complex verb predicate in the present tense of the active voice).
- Ihre Kinder sind immer ehrlich gewesen. – Her children were always honest (compound noun predicate in the perfect active voice).
- Petra wird Russischlehrerin. – Petra will be a teacher of the Russian language (compound nominal predicate in the future tense of the active voice).
- Deine Cousine scheint ruhig. – Your cousin seems calm (compound noun predicate in the present tense of the active voice).
- Sie heißt Monika. – Her name is Monica (compound nominal predicate in the present tense of the active voice).
- Sie sind hungrig geblieben. – They remained hungry (compound noun predicate in the perfect active voice).