Fedor Alekseevich Romanov, the results of the reign. Domestic policy of Fedor Alekseevich

In the history of Russia it is difficult to find an autocrat about whom not only the general reader, but also specialist historians knew as little as about the son of Alexei Mikhailovich and the elder brother of Peter I - Tsar Fedor. It's not that documents are missing. The state archives of the Russian state have been preserved surprisingly well over the years. Fyodor’s reign was not “offended” by his contemporaries - chroniclers, memoirists and court writers, foreign travelers and diplomats, and the ubiquitous (even then!) newspapermen.

V. Vereshchagin. Tsar Fedor Alekseevich

Both the officials who documented the state activities of Fyodor Alekseevich and the witnesses of his reign had something to write about. When, as a result of a fierce court struggle, the boyars elevated 15-year-old Fyodor to the throne of Alexei’s rightful heir, they were convinced that they would not be able to rule from behind the back of the puppet king. The educated, energetic and God-fearing tsar was so successful in his reform activities within a few years and so frightened the opposition that he doomed himself to a palace coup and an evil silence after his death.

A. Vasnetsov. Moscow at the end of the 17th century

Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov

Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov (1661-1682) - Russian Tsar (from 1676), the eldest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich “The Quietest” and Maria Ilyinichna, daughter of the boyar I.D. Miloslavsky, one of the most educated rulers of Russia. Born on May 30, 1661 in Moscow. From childhood he was weak and sickly (he suffered from paralysis and scurvy), but already at the age of 12 he was officially declared heir to the throne. His first teacher was the clerk of the Ambassadorial Prikaz Pamfil Belyaninov, then he was replaced by Simeon of Polotsk, who became his spiritual mentor.

Simeon of Polotsk

Thanks to him, the young king knew ancient Greek, Polish, Latin, and composed verses himself (Fyodor has two very professional transcriptions of the psalms of King David, which were published in the printing house of Simeon of Polotsk); like his father, he was fond of music, the art of singing, in particular, and even composed some chants himself (on a record with a recording of ancient Russian choral music by Yurlov from the 60s of the 20th century, there is a choral composition, the composer of which is named Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich). Simeon of Polotsk also instilled the Tsar’s respect and interest in Western life. A bookworm and lover of science, Fyodor Alekseevich supported Polotsky’s idea of forming a higher school in Moscow, and became one of the initiators of the project to create the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. However, this dream was brought to life by his sister Sophia.

Alexander Apsit. Simeon Polotsky reads poetry to children

Alexander Finnsky. Monument to Simeon of Polotsk, Polotsk

A. Solntsev. Boyar clothing of the 17th century

After the death of his father, at the age of 15, he was crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin on June 18, 1676. At first, her stepmother, N.K. Naryshkina, tried to lead the country, but Fyodor’s relatives managed to remove her from business by sending her and her son Peter (the future Peter I) into “voluntary exile” in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow. Friends and relatives of the young Tsar, boyar I.F. Miloslavsky, Prince. Yu.A. Dolgorukov and Y.N. Odoevskaya, who in 1679 were replaced by the bed guard I.M. Yazykov, the captain M.T. Likhachev and Prince. V.V. Golitsyn, “educated, capable and conscientious people,” close to the tsar and who had influence on him, energetically began to create a capable government. Their influence can be explained by the shift under Fyodor of the center of gravity in government decision-making to the Boyar Duma, the number of whose members under him increased from 66 to 99. The Tsar was also inclined to personally take part in government, but without the despotism and cruelty that were characteristic of his successor and brother Peter I.

Prince Vasily Golitsin

Reign of Tsar Feodor

In 1678-1679 Fedor's government conducted a population census and canceled Alexei Mikhailovich's decree on the non-extradition of fugitives who had enlisted in military service, and introduced household taxation (this immediately replenished the treasury, but increased serfdom).

A. Solntsev. Altar cross of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich

A. Vasnetsov. Old Moscow

In 1679-1680 An attempt was made to soften criminal penalties, in particular, cutting off hands for theft was abolished. Thanks to the construction of defensive structures in the south of Russia (Wild Field), it became possible to endow nobles with estates and fiefdoms. In 1681, voivodeship and local administrative administration was introduced - one of the most important preparatory measures for the provincial reform of Peter I.

A. Solntsev. Golden censer made by order of Fyodor Alekseevich

The most important event of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich was the destruction of localism during the meeting of the Zemsky Sobor in 1682, which made it possible for not very noble, but educated and intelligent people to be promoted. At the same time, all rank books with lists of positions were burned as the “main culprits” of local disputes and claims. Instead of the rank books, it was ordered to create a Genealogical Book, in which all well-born and noble people were entered, but without indicating their place in the Duma.

S. Ivanov. In the order of Moscow times

Also in 1682, at a church council, new dioceses were established and measures were taken to combat the schism. In addition, commissions were created to develop a new system of taxes and “military affairs.” Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich issued a decree against luxury, which determined for each class not only the cut of clothing, but also the number of horses. In the last days of Fedor's reign, a project was drawn up to open a Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and a theological school for thirty people in Moscow.

N. Nevrev. Domestic scene of the 17th century

Under Fyodor Alekseevich, a project was being prepared to introduce ranks in Russia - a prototype of Peter the Great's Table of Ranks, which was supposed to separate civil and military authorities. Dissatisfaction with the abuses of officials and the oppression of the Streltsy led to an uprising of the urban lower classes, supported by the Streltsy, in 1682.

A. Vasnetsov. Moscow of the 17th century

Having received the basics of a secular education, Fyodor Alekseevich was an opponent of the intervention of the church and Patriarch Joachim in secular affairs. He established increased rates of collections from church estates, beginning a process that ended under Peter I with the liquidation of the patriarchate. During the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich, construction was carried out not only of churches, but also of secular buildings (prikas, chambers), new gardens were laid out, and the first general sewerage system of the Kremlin was created. Also, to spread knowledge, Fedor invited foreigners to teach in Moscow.

A. Solntsev. The royal pectoral cross and the “golden” one, granted to Prince V.V. Golitsin for the Crimean campaign

I. Yu. Pestryakov. Kangalas prince Mazary Bozekov at a reception with Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. 1677

In foreign policy, Tsar Fedor tried to return to Russia access to the Baltic Sea, which was lost during the Livonian War. However, the solution to this issue was hampered by the raids of the Crimean and Tatars and Turks from the south. Therefore, Fyodor Alekseevich’s major foreign policy action was the successful Russian-Turkish war of 1676-1681, which ended with the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty, which secured the unification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia. Russia received Kyiv even earlier under an agreement with Poland in 1678 in exchange for Nevel, Sebezh and Velizh. During the war of 1676-1681, the Izyum serif line was created in the south of the country, later connected to the Belgorod line.

I. Goryushkin-Sorokopudov. Scene from the 17th century

A. Solntsev. Stand and quarter of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich

By decree of Tsar Fedor, the Zaikonospassky School was opened. Repressions against the Old Believers continued, in particular, Archpriest Avvakum, who, according to legend, allegedly predicted the imminent death of the king, was burned with his closest associates.

A. Vasnetsov. All Saints Stone Bridge

The private life of Tsar Feodor

In the summer of 1680, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich saw a girl whom he liked at a religious procession. He instructed Yazykov to find out who she was, and Yazykov told him that she was the daughter of Semyon Fedorovich Grushetsky, named Agafya. The Tsar, without violating his grandfather’s customs, ordered a crowd of girls to be called together and chose Agafya from among them. Boyar Miloslavsky tried to upset this marriage by blackening the royal bride, but did not achieve his goal and he himself lost influence at court. On July 18, 1680, the king married her. The new queen was of humble birth and, as they say, was Polish by origin. According to rumors, the queen had a strong influence on her husband. Polish customs began to enter the Moscow court. At the “inspiration” of the queen in Moscow, men began to cut their hair in Polish, shave their beards, wear Polish sabers and kuntushas, and also learn the Polish language. The Tsar himself, raised by Simeon Sitiyanovich, knew Polish and read Polish books. After the royal marriage, Yazykov received the rank of okolnichy, and Likhachev took his place in the rank of bed-keeper. In addition, the young prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, who later played a major role in the Moscow state, also approached the tsar.

A year after the wedding (July 14, 1681), Queen Agafya died of childbirth, followed by a newborn baby, baptized under the name of Ilya.

A. Vasnetsov. Old Moscow. Street in Kitai-Gorod, early 17th century

Meanwhile, the king weakened day by day, but his neighbors supported him with hope for recovery. On February 14, 1682, Fyodor was married to Marfa Apraksina, the sister of the future associate of Peter I, Admiral Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin.

Tsarina Marfa Matveevna Apraksina, second wife of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov

The young queen in a short time acquired so much power that she reconciled the tsar with Natalya Kirillovna and Tsarevich Peter, with whom, according to a contemporary, he had “indomitable disagreements.” But the king did not have to live with his young wife for long. A little over two months after his wedding, on April 27, 1682, he died suddenly at the age of 21, leaving no heir. His two brothers, Ivan and Peter Alekseevich, were proclaimed kings. Fedor was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Mother Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Fedor was the third son of the “quiet” tsar and did not claim the throne, but the death of his elder brother Alexei made him heir to the throne

“Weak and sick Fyodor Alekseevich... Even as a boy he was extremely frail and sickly,” S. F. Platonov reported about Fyodor in his lectures on Russian history. This is not entirely accurate. An accident made the king ill: (during a walk) “...with his aunts and sisters in a sleigh. They were given a zealous horse: Theodore sat on it, although he was to be the charioteer for his aunts and sisters. There were so many of them on the sleigh that the horse could not move, but reared up, knocked off its rider, and knocked him under the sleigh. Then the sleigh with all its weight drove over the back of Theodore, who was lying on the ground, and crushed his chest, from which he now feels continuous pain in his chest and back.”
At the same time, Fyodor Alekseevich, while in power, was not constantly ill: “He fell ill in the first months of his reign, was ill from December 1677 to February 1678, suffered from a serious illness at the beginning of 1678, suffered in the winter of 1678/79, and a new attack of ill health carried him to his grave at dawn in 1682. But in the intervals between deteriorations in his health, the king apparently felt fine. He loved music, poetry, horse riding and highly valued good horses. I went on long pilgrimages. Finally, he received foreign ambassadors, and when you read their reviews, you don’t get the impression at all that they communicated with some kind of pale infirmity” (D. Volodikhin “Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, or the Poor Youth”)

Brief biography of Fedor Alekseevich

1661, May 30 - birth
1661, June 30 - baptism of the prince in the name of St. Theodore Stratilates
1669, March 3 - death of Fyodor Alekseevich's mother, Queen Maria
1670 - assignment of ambassadorial clerk P.T. to Tsarevich Fyodor Alekseevich. Belyaninova “to be a teacher”

“From Belyaninov, the prince learned Slavic literacy, ... acquired primary knowledge of geography, history, and Russian foreign policy. Especially for Belyaninov’s classes with Fyodor Alekseevich, other employees of the Ambassadorial Prikaz created in 1672 a luxurious textbook with a much more serious content. It has survived to this day and is now well known under the name “Titular Book”. The real name of the textbook is “The Great Sovereign Book, or The Root of Russian Sovereigns”

1670, January 17 - death of Fyodor Alekseevich's elder brother - Tsarevich Alexei
1672 - the beginning of training sessions for Tsarevich Fyodor Alekseevich with Simeon of Polotsk

“Simeon of Polotsk taught Fyodor Alekseevich Latin and Polish, rhetoric and speech skills, and perhaps touched upon philosophy. Fedor read classical ancient authors under his guidance.”

1673 (approximately) - serious injury to Tsarevich Fyodor Alekseevich: he was run over by a sleigh, as a result of which his spine was apparently damaged
1675, September - official announcement of Tsarevich Fyodor Alekseevich as heir to the Russian throne
1676, January 29 - death of his father, Emperor Alexei Mikhailovich

“... as his eldest son... Feodor Alekseevich... by the boyars who were with the king, he was escorted to the large hall and here, in royal regalia, he was seated on the royal throne. He kissed the cross and, after that, the nobles and boyars took an oath of allegiance to the new sovereign and tsar, kissing the cross that the patriarch or forefather was holding in his hands. The oath of all nobles, stewards and various palace servants continued throughout the night. Messengers were sent to all corners of the state; all foreign officers and officials required to take the oath were called to the palace, where they took the oath before two Moscow preachers, one Reformed and the other Lutheran. It happened around 11 at night."

1676, June 18 - the crowning of Fyodor Alekseevich
1676, November-December - a large pilgrimage of Fyodor Alekseevich: the Trinity-Sergius monastery, the monasteries of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, and then a special week-long pilgrimage in the Savvino-Storozhevskaya monastery. From that moment on, every year, until 1681, the king went on a great pilgrimage to the same places in the fall.
1678, September 5 - stay of Emperor Fyodor Alekseevich with family members in the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery
1678, December 5 - a new visit by Fyodor Alekseevich to the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery
1679, November 29 - third trip of Emperor Fyodor Alekseevich to the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery
1680, July 18 - marriage of Fyodor Alekseevich to Agafya Semyonovna Grushetskaya
1680, end of the year - weakening of the positions of the court aristocratic party of the Miloslavskys, Fyodor Alekseevich’s maternal relatives. Reasons: conflict with the tsar over his marriage to Grushetskaya, as well as pressure from the court aristocratic “parties” of Khitrovo and the Dolgoruky princes.
1681, July 11 - the birth of the only son of Fyodor Alekseevich - Tsarevich Ilya Fedorovich.
1681, July 14 - death of Fyodor Alekseevich's wife, Tsarina Agafya Semyonovna, from patrimonial fever
1681, July 21 - death of Tsarevich Ilya Fedorovich
1681, September - Fyodor Alekseevich’s trip to Rostov, Yaroslavl, Suzdal and “other cities,” obviously for religious purposes.
1682, February 15 - marriage of Fyodor Alekseevich to Marfa Matveevna Apraksina.
1682, April 27 - death of the great sovereign, tsar and grand prince of Moscow and All Rus' Fyodor Alekseevich

The reign of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich

“...the reign of Feodor fell into two approximately equal halves, different in their orientation (from 1676 to mid-1679 and from mid-1679 to early 1682)... In the first years, the Miloslavsky party actually came to power (relatives of the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ), which was headed by Fyodor Alekseevich’s cousin I.M. Miloslavsky... The second force in ruling the country were the figures of the previous period who joined Miloslavsky - Yu. A. Dolgoruky, B. I. Khitrovo and Ya. N. Odoevsky... Figures of both groups captured the own hands to manage most of the central institutions (orders), including the most profitable ones, that is, those associated with monetary fees. Miloslavsky, Khitrovo and Odoevsky simultaneously headed 6-7 orders each. Under the control of Dolgorukov there were a slightly smaller number of institutions... There was a tendency for Miloslavsky to “scrub” the rest of his co-rulers from solving state issues, to the sole management of a sickly and weak nephew” (Demidova, Morozova, Preobrazhensky “The First Romanovs on the Russian Throne”)
“(However, gradually) the Miloslavskys were replaced by the favorites of Tsar Fedor, the bed-keeper Yazykov and the steward Likhachev, educated, capable and conscientious people. Their closeness to the king and influence on affairs were very great. The importance of Prince V.V. Golitsyn was slightly less important. In the most important internal affairs of Fyodor Alekseevich’s time, one must certainly look for the initiative of these particular individuals, as those who then led everything in Moscow” (S. F. Platonov)

Domestic policy of the government under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich

1676, February-March - liquidation of the Secret Affairs order. It was the personal office of the tsar... The clerks of the order were sent with ambassadors to different states, together with the governors they went on military campaigns, they had to monitor the actions of the ambassadors and governors and report everything to the sovereign. The Order of Secret Affairs carried out investigations into the most important state matters, for example, the issue of counterfeit coins, the case of Patriarch Nikon, etc.
1676-1680 - construction of the Insar-Penza serif line

The Penza Zasechnaya Line served to protect against Tatar raids and ran along the following line: lake. Long near the Sura River - Penza fortress - Ramzaevsky fort (now Ramzai) - Mokshansk fortress (Mokshan) - Mokshansky forest. It consisted of forest and field fortifications. In the forests, rubble was built from felled and felled trees. The areas between the forests were fortified with ditches and earthen ramparts, on top of which a wooden wall was erected, and low-lying and swampy areas - with palisades and gouges. Towers (solid and drive-through), forts, and fortified cities were placed along the serif lines. The abatis forests were considered protected areas. They prohibited cutting down trees and laying roads

1677 - liquidation of the Monastic Order. Performed financial, administrative and police functions in church affairs; collected funds from church estates, Fyodor Alekseevich transferred his affairs to the Order of the Great Palace (purchased goods, food, was in charge of the income and expenses of the royal court), and financial affairs to the Order of the New Cemetery (managed income from circle yards, court cases on the secret sale of wine and tobacco. In 1678, the management of Kalmyk affairs was added to this)
1678 - general population census (household census). The scribes, having arrived in the camps and volosts, in the monastic estates and estates, had to “in those estates and estates... read the sovereign’s decree (on the census) ... so that the nobles and boyar children and their clerks and elders and kissers would bring fairy tales to them...”. “Fairy tales” were reports on the number of peasants in a feudal estate or townspeople in a tax yard
1679 - Introduction of household taxation everywhere

The basis for household taxation was the census books compiled during the household census of 1678-1679. They described the labor force that paid the tax: it was not the land that was taxed, but the labor force with their equipment. For each tax district, the average household tax salary was assigned and the total amount of tax payments was calculated according to the number of tax-paying households, and the payers themselves distributed the amount between individual households depending on the level of income. Household taxation saved the treasury from the losses it suffered from peasants moving from large plots to smaller plots, from arable plots to wastelands

1679-1680 - assessment of the number, weapons and combat effectiveness of all military forces of Muscovy
1679-1681 - construction of the Izyum abatis line against the Crimean Khanate and the Turks. It passed through the territory of modern Belgorod and Kharkov regions. The rivers Kolomak, Mzha, Seversky Donets and Oskol, on the banks of which there were old settlements, were chosen as a natural barrier
1680, October 18 - decree of Fyodor Alekseevich on the establishment of a Duma commission, also called the Execution Chamber - a special department for conducting executions (i.e., judicial) cases. In the second half of the 17th century, long trips of tsars from Moscow “on campaigns” were common; according to the customs of that time, the kings were accompanied by all the boyars and duma people, which could not but have a detrimental effect on the judicial activity of the Boyar Duma and on the very order of the court, the correct course of which should have required a certain permanent organization. This goal was pursued by the establishment of the Execution Chamber.
1680, October 22 - Fyodor Alekseevich’s decree banning the wearing of obhabneys, chekmens and short-skirted caftans, as well as the introduction instead of long-skirted caftans and feryazes for Moscow servicemen
1680, December 19 - Fyodor Alekseevich’s decree on what clothes to wear on holidays and special days to appear at court during sovereign appearances

Okhaben - a narrow, swinging long garment (up to the ankle), chekmen - men's outer clothing in a transitional form between a robe and a caftan, feryaz - clothing (men's and women's) with long sleeves, without a collar or interception

1681, April-May - opening of the Greek-Slavic Typographical School at the Printing Yard by Fyodor Alekseevich and Patriarch Joachim. The school was headed by Hieromonk Timofey. The students of this school will become the core of the Academy, later opened by the brothers Ioannikiy and Sophrony Likhud in the Zaikonospassky Monastery (1687)

“...the monk Timothy came to Moscow from the East, who greatly touched the tsar with the story of the disasters of the Greek Church and the sad state of science in it, so necessary for maintaining Orthodoxy in the East. This gave rise to the establishment of a theological school in Moscow for 30 people, the head of which was Timothy himself, and two Greeks as teachers. The purpose of this enterprise was, therefore, to maintain Orthodoxy. But they are not content with this small school, and now a project for an academy appears, the character of which goes far beyond the boundaries of a simple school. It was supposed to teach grammar, literature, rhetoric, dialectics and “reasonable”, “natural” and “right” philosophy. The teachers of the academy had to all be from the East and, moreover, with the guarantee of the patriarchs. But this did not exhaust the task of the academy - the academy was supposed to monitor the purity of the faith, be a weapon in the struggle against infidels, apologists for Orthodoxy were supposed to emerge from it, it was assigned the right to judge the Orthodoxy of everyone, both foreigners and Russians... The Academy was established after the death of Feodor, and its first teachers were the learned brothers Likhud (Ioannikis and Saphronius) summoned from the East.”

1681, summer - permission for Patriarch Nikon to move from the distant Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery to the Resurrection New Jerusalem monastery near Moscow. Nikon died during the move, on August 17, 1681. He was buried in New Jerusalem with great pomp. The royal family was present at the funeral, and Fyodor Alekseevich himself sang in the church choir
1681, October 23 - decree of Fyodor Alekseevich to encourage stone construction in Moscow.
1681, November 24 - decree of Fyodor Alekseevich on the creation of an “order of Military Affairs” under the control of Prince V.V. Golitsyn to prepare the reform of the Russian army and eliminate localism
1681, December 28 - decree of Fyodor Alekseevich regulating carriage and sleigh rides in Moscow.
1682, winter - Beginning of construction of the Penza-Syzran abatis line. It captured the northern parts of Kuznetsk and Khvalynsk districts. Reducing the weight of the Moscow silver penny from 0.45 to 0.4 grams. Silver pennies were constantly reduced in size to cover government expenses
1681, November-1682, April - church council, at which it was decided to tighten the fight against the Old Believers: the most stubborn of them should be transferred from church jurisdiction to secular
1682, January 12 - Fyodor Alekseevich’s speech before Patriarch Joachim, the meeting of the highest clergy and the Boyar Duma about the need to abolish localism - the system of distributing positions depending on the nobility of the family... The meeting unanimously approved: “Let this God-hating, hostile, brotherly-hating and love-driving thing perish in the fire localism henceforth - forever"
1682, January 15 - Fyodor Alekseevich decree on the construction of two cells in the Moscow Zaikonospassky Monastery to house the Slavic-Latin school, subsequently the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, the first higher educational institution in Russia
1682, January 19 - Fyodor Alekseevich signed a “conciliar act” on the abolition of localism
1682, April 14 - burning in Pustozersk by order of Fyodor Alekseevich of the spiritual leaders of the church schism, including Archpriest Avvakum.
1682, April 23 - the beginning of the Streltsy uprising in Moscow.
1682, April 24 - order from Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich on severe punishment of Streltsy Colonel Semyon Griboyedov, whose criminal activities caused an outbreak of rebellious sentiments among the Streltsy community. This order could stop

Reign of Fyodor Alekseevich 1676-1682

Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich was born in 1661 from the first marriage of Alexei Mikhailovich with Maria Ilinichnaya Miloslavskaya. By the time he inherited the throne in 1676, he was 15 years old. He was in poor health and needed constant medical supervision as he could hardly walk. He even spent the swearing-in ceremony of senior officials sitting.

Alexey Mikhailovich chooses Simeon of Polotsk as the educator of the future tsar, under whose guidance Fyodor studied many humanities: philosophy, rhetoric and others. In addition, the prince spoke Polish and Latin and had a penchant for music, poetry and singing. Reading played a big role in Fyodor's life.

During the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich, sympathy for European culture, instilled in him by his teacher, is clearly visible. The influence of Polish traditions, etiquette, and fashion is especially felt.

Fedor patronizes the development of education in Russia, strongly supporting the Zaikonospasskaya Foundation founded by Simeon of Polotsk. school" in Moscow, which became the prototype of higher education in Russia. In addition, he supports artists, craftsmen, architects and himself composes poetry and music.

In the first months of his reign, the tsar was under the influence of the boyars, supporters of the Miloslavskys, in church affairs undividedlyruled by Patriarch Joachim. However, as Fedor grew older, he more often showed decisiveness and even cruelty in business, taking

the reins of power into your own hands. Fedor was not lucky in his family life. His first marriage was with Agafya Semyonovna Grushetskaya. She was Polish by origin, of humble birth. However, the young queen died during childbirth, and after that her newborn son Fedor also died. His second marriage was with Marfa Matveevna Apraksina, who was related to the disgraced A.S. Matveev. Thanks to this marriage, the tsar’s relations with the Naryshkins improved, A.S. was returned from exile. Matveev. However, the second marriage was also short-lived. Two months after the wedding, Tsar Fedor died.

The reign of Fyodor Alekseevich was short; he did not manage to accomplish much.

Kostomarov N.I. Russian history in the biographies of its main figures. M., 1995

"INImportant changes took place in church life. A church council was convened. ...New archbishoprics were founded in Sevsk, Kholmogory, Ustyug, and Yeniseisk; the Vyatka bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric... New monasteries with patrimonial peasants and all the land were allocated for the maintenance of the new bishops.

On the issue of counteracting the schism, the council... transferred this matter to the secular authorities; patrimonial owners and landowners must notify bishops about schismatic gatherings and prayer sites, and governors and clerks will send service people against those schismatics who turn out to be disobedient to the bishops; so that no charters are given for the founding of new deserts; destroy in Moscow tents and hangars with icons, called chapels, in which priests performed prayer services according to old books...

It was forbidden for monks to wander the streets, hold strong drinks in monasteries, deliver food to their cells, or hold feasts.

Attention was drawn to the beggars, of whom an extraordinary multitude then accumulated everywhere; They not only did not allow anyone to pass through the streets, but screamed and begged for alms in churches during services. They were ordered to be dismantled, and those who turned out to be sick were to be supported at the expense of the royal treasury, “with all sufficiency,” and the lazy and healthy were forced to work.

Questions and tasks for the text

What do the changes in church affairs indicate?

Remember who the schismatics were and what was the attitude of the previous rulers towards the split?

What do you know about the attitude towards Patriarch Nikon during the reign of Tsar Feodor?

What, in your opinion, is the reason for the regulations regarding beggars?

Platonov S.F. A complete course of lectures on Russian history. St. Petersburg, 1999

A project has been drawn up... for the so-called Greco-Latin Academy. It arose in this way: the monk Timothy came to Moscow from the East, who greatly touched the tsar with the story of the disasters of the Greek Church and the sad state of science in it, so necessary for maintaining Orthodoxy in the East. This gave rise to the establishment of a theological school in Moscow for 30 people, the head of which was Timofey himself, and the teachers -" two Greeks. The purpose of this enterprise was, therefore, to maintain Orthodoxy. But they are not content with this small school, and now a project for an academy appears, the character of which goes far beyond the boundaries of a simple school. It was supposed to teach grammar, literature, rhetoric, dialectics and “reasonable”, “natural” and “right” philosophy. The teachers of the academy had to all be from the East and, moreover, with the guarantee of the patriarchs. But this did not exhaust the task of the academy, - the academy was supposed to monitor the purity of the faith, be a weapon in the struggle against infidels, apologists for Orthodoxy were supposed to come out of it... It should be noted that the academy was founded after the death of Feodor, and its first teachers were the Likhud brothers (Ioannikis and Saphronius) called from the East. .

Questions and tasks for the text

Describe the purpose of this reform.

What is the significance of the creation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy?

Public Administration Reforms:

1. A new supreme body has appeared -Execution Chamber, underperformed directly to the king.

2. Fyodor Alekseevich more often signed decrees without consulting the Boyar Duma, reduced the number of orders, personally set the working hours of central departments, demanding that matters be resolvedwithout any fuss.

Military district reform of 1680

Beganarmy reform.The regiments of the new formation were completed. Nine territorial military districts appeared. The army was determineddating people (1 out of 100 people),The nobles were obliged to supply them from their estates.

Military affairs were in charge of the head of the united military ordersWhile maintaining the noble cavalry and streltsy units, most of the nobles in the districts were enrolled in the Reiter regiments,dating people- to soldier regiments. The Streltsy units, in fact, were approaching the regular troops. New military ranks appeared - colonels, lieutenant colonels, captains. Were formed firstelected(shock) regiments, which became the prototype of the Russianguard.By decree of the tsar, nobles who evaded regimental service were deprived of their estates.

A series of decrees brought estates closer to fiefdoms. The Tsar ordered the creation of a new serif line, moving it to the south, and the remaining lands in the rear to be populated by people and given to landowners. The search for runaway peasants intensified.

Reforms in financial field.

1678 - Conducted generalpopulation census.

1679-1681 - Tax reform(transition to household taxation instead of taxation).

Instead of many taxes, it introduced a single tax reduced in overall size -Streltsy money.They were counted by household depending on the wealth of the people.

Previous beneficiaries were taxed. Old debts and arrears were forgiven, and those who evaded the single tax were threatenedgreat disgrace and cruel punishment without mercy

Reforms local government.

1. The power of local governors and their responsibility to the center were strengthened

2.Customs duties and other duties were withdrawn from the voivodeship office. They were collectedheadsAndkissers,selectedpeace

3.1682 - Abolition of localism.Now, when appointing to the highest government and military positions, not noble origin was taken into account, but personal merit and abilities.

Projects for restructuring the administrative and church governance of the country in 1681-1682.

1. Project developedstate administrative reorganization of the country.It was intended to create a number of institutions that would reduce the influence of the Boyar Duma and the power of the Patriarch.

2. The principle of distributing civil servants according to degrees corresponding to positions was developed.

3. It was planned to divide the country into governorships (future provinces)

4..Persecution of schismatics

5. In church administration, the discussion was about increasing the role of metropolitans and limiting the power of the Patriarch

6. The introduction of strict rules in monasteries, the drinking of strong drinks is prohibited.

Education.

.The development of a plan to create technical schools for poor children began. Opened in MoscowSlavic-Latin school,where Latin was taught. Discussed the project of creatingRussian Academy

Reforms V everyday life

The tsar welcomed the decoration of houses according to Western standards - with paintings and mirrors, forbade people to come to the palace in long-length clothes and ordered them to be replaced with Western-style kaftans.

Conclusion: Fyodor Alekseevich’s reforms were directed towards new civilizational values. The tsar's undertakings and projects met fierce resistance from the Patriarch and the Boyar Duma

Foreign policy .

1676-1681 - Russian-Turkish war (Chigirin campaigns).

Cause of war:The Turks sought to capture Kyiv and Chigirin, the political centers of Ukraine.

Progress of the war:In August 1677, the Turks began the siege of Chigirin, but Russian troops were victorious. In the summer of 1678, the Sultan sent an army of 200 thousand to Chigirin. She was opposed

120 thousand Russian-Ukrainian army. After fierce fighting, the garrison left the city. But the battle of the main forces of Russians and Ukrainians with the Turks forced the enemy to retreat.

Results of the war:IN1681Russia has concluded with CrimeaBakhchisarai Treaty,according to which a truce was established for 20 years, Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv were transferred to Russia. Right Bank. Ukraine remained with Turkey.

Fyodor III Alekseevich Romanov (1661–1682) - Russian Tsar (from 1676), the eldest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich “The Quietest” and Maria Ilyinichna, daughter of the boyar I.D. Miloslavsky, one of the most educated rulers of Russia. Born on May 30, 1661 in Moscow. Since childhood he was weak and sickly, but already at the age of 12 he was officially declared heir to the throne. His first teacher was the clerk of the Ambassadorial Prikaz Pamfil Belyaninov, then he was replaced by Simeon of Polotsk, who became his spiritual mentor. He taught him Polish, ancient Greek and Latin, and instilled in him respect and interest in Western life. The tsar was versed in painting and church music, had “great art in poetry and composed considerable verses,” trained in the basics of versification, and made a poetic translation of psalms for the “Psalter” of Polotsk. The appearance of the king allows us to imagine the parsuna (portrait) made by Bogdan Saltanov in 1685.

The king's private life was unhappy. The first marriage with Agafya Grushetskaya (1680) ended a year later, the queen died in childbirth along with her newborn son Fyodor. According to rumors, the queen had a strong influence on her husband; at her “inspiration,” men in Moscow began to cut their hair, shave their beards, and wear Polish sabers and kuntushas. The tsar's new marriage was arranged by his friend I.M. Yazykov. On February 14, 1682, Fyodor was married to Marfa Apraksina, but two months after the wedding, on April 27, the tsar suddenly died in Moscow at the age of 21, leaving no heir. His two brothers, Ivan and Peter Alekseevich, were proclaimed kings. Fedor was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Reign of Fyodor III Romanov

The two reigns of the first sovereigns of the Romanov House were a period of domination of the orderly people, the expansion of writing, the impotence of the law, empty holiness, widespread fleecing of the working people, general deception, escapes, robberies and riots. The autocratic power was in fact less autocratic: everything came from the boyars and clerks, who became the head of administration and close to the tsar; the tsar often did to please others what he did not want, which explains the phenomenon that under sovereigns who were undoubtedly honest and good-natured, the people did not prosper at all.

Even less could one expect real power from a person who bore the title of autocratic sovereign after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich. His eldest son Fyodor, a boy of fourteen, was already stricken with an incurable disease and could barely walk. It goes without saying that power was in his hands in name only. Discord reigned in the royal family. The six sisters of the new sovereign hated their stepmother Natalya Kirillovna; With them were also aunts, old maids, daughters of Tsar Michael; a circle of boyars naturally gathered around them; hatred of Natalya Kirillovna spread to relatives and supporters of the latter. First of all and most of all, Artamon Sergeevich Matveev had to endure, as the educator of Queen Natalya and the strongest person in the last years of the last reign. His main enemies, besides the princesses, especially Sophia, the most prominent in intelligence and strength of character, and the women who surrounded the princesses, were the Miloslavskys, relatives of the tsar on his mother’s side, of whom the main one was the boyar Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky, who was angry with Matveev for , that Artamon Sergeevich exposed his abuses to the tsar and brought him to the point that the tsar removed him to Astrakhan for the voivodeship. At the same time with the Miloslavskys was the strong boyar gunsmith Bogdan Matveevich Khitrovo; and this man’s hatred of Matveev arose because the latter pointed out how Khitrovo, commanding the Order of the Great Palace, together with his nephew Alexander, illegally enriched himself at the expense of palace estates, stole for his own benefit the palace reserves that were in his charge and took bribes from palace contractors. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was such a person that, by revealing to him the truth about the boyars, Matveev could not subject the guilty to worthy punishment, but only prepared for himself irreconcilable enemies for the future. Khitrovo had a relative, noblewoman Anna Petrovna; she was famous for her fasting, but she was an evil and cunning woman: she acted on the weak and sick king together with the princesses and armed him against Matveev; moreover, Matveev’s enemy was the okolnichy Vasily Volynsky, appointed to the Ambassadorial Prikaz, an illiterate man, but a rich man who flaunted his hospitality and luxury. Calling nobles to his feasts, he tried with all his might to stir them up against Matveev. Finally, the powerful boyars: Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, the sovereign's uncle Fyodor Fedorovich Kurakin, Rodion Streshnev were also undisposed to Matveev.

The persecution of Matveev began when, following a complaint from the Danish resident Mons Gay that Matveev had not paid him 500 rubles for wine, Matveev was removed from the Ambassadorial Prikaz on July 4, 1676 and it was announced to him that he must go to Verkhoturye as a governor. But this was only one excuse. Matveev, having reached Laishev, received orders to stay there, and here a series of cavils against him began. First they demanded from him some kind of book, a medical manual written in numbers, which he did not have. At the end of December they searched his place and brought him to Kazan for guard duty. He was accused of the fact that, while in charge of the sovereign's pharmacy and giving the tsar medicine, he did not finish the remaining medicine after the tsar. The doctor David Berlov denounced him that he, together with another doctor named Stefan, and with the translator Spafari, read the “black book” and called upon unclean spirits. His denunciation was confirmed under torture by Matveev’s servant, the dwarf Zakharka, and showed that he himself saw how, at Matveev’s call, unclean spirits came into the room and Matveev, out of annoyance that the dwarf saw this secret, killed him.

On June 11, 1677, boyar Ivan Bogdanovich Miloslavsky, calling Matveev and his son to the hut, announced to him that the tsar had ordered to deprive him of his boyarhood, assign all estates and estates to the palace villages, release all his people and his son’s people and exile Artamon Sergeevich , together with his son, to Pustozersk. Following this, two brothers of Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, Ivan and Afanasy Naryshkin, were sent into exile. The first was accused of telling a man named Orlu such ambiguous speeches: “You are an old Eagle, and a young Eagle is flying in the backwater: kill him with a squeaker, and then you will see the mercy of Queen Natalya Kirillovna.” These words were explained as if they referred to the king. Naryshkin was sentenced to be beaten with a whip, burned with fire, torn with pincers and executed by death, but the tsar replaced this punishment with eternal exile to Ryazhsk.

In the first years of his reign, Fyodor Alekseevich was in the hands of the boyars, Matveev’s enemies. Natalya Kirillovna and her son lived remotely in the village of Preobrazhenskoye and were constantly under fear and in hiding. In church affairs, Patriarch Joachim arbitrarily ruled everything, and the tsar was unable to prevent him from oppressing the deposed Nikon and sending the tsar’s confessor Savinov into exile. Patriarch Joachim noticed that this person close to the king was inciting the young sovereign against the patriarch, convened a council, accused Savinov of immoral acts, and Savinov was exiled to the Kozheezersky monastery; the king had to submit.

Domestic and foreign policy of Feodor III

Moscow's policy in the first years of Fedorov's reign turned mainly to Little Russian affairs, which entangled the Moscow state in hostile relations with Turkey. The Chigirin campaigns, the fear inspired by the expectation of an attack by the khan in 1679, required intense measures that had a painful impact on the people. For three whole years, all estates were subject to a special tax of half a ruble per yard for military expenses; service people not only themselves had to be ready for service, but also their relatives and in-laws, and from every twenty-five courtyards of their estates they had to supply one horseman. In the southeast there were clashes with nomadic peoples. Since the beginning of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the Kalmyks, under the command of their taishas, either made raids on Russian regions, or surrendered to the power of the Russian sovereign and helped Russia against the Crimean Tatars. In 1677, a quarrel broke out between the Kalmyks and the Don Cossacks; the government took the side of the Kalmyks and forbade the Cossacks to disturb them; then the main Kalmyk taisha, or khan, Ayuka, with other taishas subordinate to him near Astrakhan, gave the Russian Tsar a letter of shert, according to which he promised, on behalf of all Kalmyks, to remain forever under the citizenship of the Moscow sovereign and to fight against his enemies. But such treaties could not be valid for long: the Don Cossacks did not listen to the government and attacked the Kalmyks, making the excuse that the Kalmyks were the first to attack Cossack towns, take people prisoner, and steal livestock. The Kalmyks, for their part, imagined that the peace had been disturbed by the Cossacks, the tsar’s people, and therefore the wool given to the tsar had already lost its power, and they refused to serve the tsar. Ayuka began to talk and befriend the Crimean Khan, and his subordinates attacked Russian settlements. The borders of Western Siberia were disturbed by the Bashkirs, and further, near Tomsk, the Kyrgyz raided. In Eastern Siberia, the Yakuts and Tungus, who paid yasak, were indignant, driven out of patience by the robberies and violence of the governors and service people, but were tamed.

At first, little new happened in internal affairs; the orders of the previous reign were confirmed or expanded. Fanatics set up deserts, lured crowds of people there, taught them not to go to church, not to cross themselves with three fingers, interpreted that the last times were approaching, the kingdom of the Antichrist was coming, soon this world would come to an end, and now pious Christians had no choice but to renounce all the delights of the world and voluntarily go to suffer for the true faith. Such deserts appeared in many places in the north, on the Don, but especially in Siberia. The governors sent to disperse them, but the fanatics themselves were burned, not allowing the persecutors to come to them, and in this case they justified themselves by the example of the martyrs, especially St. Manefa, who was burned so as not to worship idols 3.

In 1679, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, who had already reached the age of seventeen, brought two favorites closer to him: Ivan Maksimovich Yazykov and Alexei Timofeevich Likhachev. These were dexterous, capable people and, as can be concluded from the events known to us, conscientious. Yazykov was appointed bed-keeper. The young tsar, raised by Simeon of Polotsk, was inquisitive, attended a printing house and a printing school, loved to read and succumbed to the idea of his teacher Simeon to form a higher school in Moscow. Little by little, the increase in government activity is becoming more noticeable. A number of orders were issued that stopped abuses and confusion in matters of ownership of estates and estates. So, for example, it became a custom that the owner of the estate sold or transferred his estate to another - a relative or a stranger by blood, with the condition that he would support his widow and children or relatives - usually female persons, for example. daughters or nieces; Those who received the estate were obliged to marry off such girls as if they were their own sisters. But such conditions were not fulfilled, and on this occasion a law was passed to take away such estates, if the owner does not fulfill the conditions under which he received the estate, and give them to the direct bypassed heirs. There were also such abuses: husbands, through violence and beatings, forced their wives to sell and mortgage their own estates received as a dowry upon marriage. It was decided not to record in the local order, as had been done until that time, such acts that were committed by husbands on behalf of their wives without their voluntary consent. Widows and daughters were also protected, receiving subsistence estates after their husbands and fathers, which were often taken from them by their heirs. At this time, there was a generally noticeable desire that the estates should not pass away from the family of the owners, and therefore it was forbidden to henceforth give away spiritual estates to direct heirs, as well as to give them into the wrong hands. The estates themselves were subject to the same family principle: it was decided that escheat estates were given only to relatives, even distant ones, of the previous owners. A relative had the right to legally seek the return of estates that had gone to someone else’s family. Thus, local law almost disappeared and became patrimonial. The son considered himself entitled to ask the government to give him an estate or some kind of reward that was due to his father for his service, if his father did not manage to receive it.

In November of the same 1679, the once important title of labial elders and kissers was destroyed. Everywhere it was ordered to break down provincial huts, and all criminal cases were transferred to the jurisdiction of the governor; At the same time, various small taxes for the maintenance of provincial huts, prisons, watchmen, executioners, costs for paper, ink, firewood, etc. were destroyed. At the same time, special detectives sent from Moscow on criminal cases, collectors who also came from Moscow, and city builders were destroyed and clerks of various names: yam, pushkar, abattoir, siege, heads at granaries, etc. All their duties were concentrated in the hands of the governor. The government probably intended to simplify administration and relieve the people of the maintenance of many officials.

In March 1680, the surveying of patrimonial and landowner lands was undertaken - an important undertaking, which was caused by the desire to stop disputes over boundaries, which very often reached the point of fights between the peasants of the disputing parties, and sometimes even to murder. All landowners and patrimonial owners are ordered to announce the number of peasant households they have. Regarding the peasants themselves, no important changes were made in the legislation, but from the affairs of that time it is clear that the peasants were almost completely equal to the slaves in their position, although they still legally differed from the latter in that they became peasants according to the court system, and became slaves. according to bonded recording. However, the owner not only took his peasants into the household, but there were even cases when he sold patrimonial peasants without land.

Wedding of Tsar Feodor III

In the summer of 1680, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich saw a girl whom he liked at a religious procession. He instructed Yazykov to find out who she was, and Yazykov told him that she was the daughter of Semyon Fedorovich Grushetsky, named Agafya. The Tsar, without violating his grandfather’s customs, ordered a crowd of girls to be called together and chose Agafya from among them. Boyar Miloslavsky tried to upset this marriage by blackening the royal bride, but did not achieve his goal and he himself lost influence at court. On July 18, 1680, the king married her. The new queen was of humble birth and, as they say, was Polish by origin. At the Moscow court, Polish customs began to be introduced, they began to wear kuntushas, cut their hair in Polish and learn the Polish language. The Tsar himself, raised by Simeon Sitiyanovich, knew Polish and read Polish books. After the royal marriage, Yazykov received the rank of okolnichy, and Likhachev took his place in the rank of bed-keeper. In addition, the young prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, who later played a major role in the Moscow state, also approached the tsar.

The peace concluded at that time with Turkey and the Crimea, although it was not brilliant, at least relieved the people of the efforts that a long war required, and therefore was accepted with great joy. The government has turned to internal regulations and reforms, which already show some softening of morals. Thus, back in 1679, a law was drawn up, but then repeated in 1680 and, probably, carried out, stopping the barbaric executions of cutting off hands and feet and replacing them with exile to Siberia. In some cases, the shameful punishment of a whip was replaced by a fine, as, for example, for damaging boundary signs or for writhing. In petitions submitted to the king, the servile expression was prohibited: so that the king would have mercy “like God”; It was forbidden for ordinary people to get up from their horses and bow to the ground when meeting with the boyars. To spread Christianity among the Mohammedans, in May 1681 it was decided to select peasants of the Christian faith from the Tatar Murzas, but still leave them power over them if they converted to Christianity; and in addition, it is necessary to reward foreigners who were baptized with money.

The land demarcation undertaken last year not only did not achieve the goal of stopping fights over the boundaries of possessions, but also intensified them, because while it was not yet completed, it raised new questions about boundaries; The government heard rumors about the outrages committed by the patrimonial owners and landowners, about their attacks on each other and murders. In May 1681, a law was passed on the confiscation of disputed lands from those owners who began arbitrariness and sent their peasants to fight, and on the strict punishment of peasants if they began to fight among themselves across borders without the knowledge of the owners; It was also ordered to speed up the process of delimitation and increase the number of surveyors chosen from the nobles and called scribes. Instead of allowing them, according to the old custom, to take the so-called feed from the inhabitants, they were assigned a monetary salary, money from a quarter of the land, and another money was given to the clerk and those who were with him to help.

In July of the same year, two important orders were issued: tax payments for wine sales and customs duties were abolished. The reason for this change was that the procedure for farming out led to unrest and losses to the treasury; farmers selling wine sold each other's profits and sold their wine cheaper, trying to undermine each other. Instead of tax farming, loyal heads and kissers, chosen from trade and industrial people, were again introduced. To avoid unrest, seizures and special rights to the home production of intoxicating drinks were generally prohibited, with the exception of landowners and patrimonial owners, who were allowed to prepare them, but only within their own yards and not for sale.

Among all these concerns of the government, Queen Agafya died (July 14, 1681) from childbirth, and after her a newborn baby, baptized under the name of Elijah.

We don’t know how this family misfortune affected the sickly king, but legislative and constituent activities did not stop. The important matter of land surveying encountered great difficulties: landowners and patrimonial owners complained about the scribes who were entrusted with land surveying, and the scribes, who were also landowners, complained about the landowners; Thus, the government had to send special detectives to investigate disputes between land owners and land surveyors and threatened both with the loss of half of their estates; the other half was given to the wife and children of the culprit. Changes were made in the order of administrative office work: all criminal cases, which were carried out partly in the Zemsky Prikaz, and sometimes in others, were ordered to be combined in one Robbery Prikaz; The serf order was completely destroyed, and all cases from it were transferred to the Judgment Order. Finally, the important task of drawing up additions to the Code began, and according to all orders, articles were ordered to be written on such cases that were not taken into account by the Code.

Important changes took place in church life. A church council was convened, one of the most important in Russian history. At this council (as at Stoglav and others), proposals or questions were made on behalf of the tsar, which were followed by conciliar verdicts. The need arose to found new dioceses, especially in view of the fact that “church opponents” were multiplying everywhere. The government proposed to have the metropolitans have bishops subordinate to them, but the council found such an order inappropriate, fearing that this would lead to strife between the bishops about their comparative “elevation.” The Council preferred another measure: to establish special independent dioceses in some cities. Thus, archbishoprics were founded in Sevsk 4, in Kholmogory 5, in Ustyug 6, in Yeniseisk; the Vyatka bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric; bishops were appointed: in Galich, Arzamas, Ufa, Tanbov (Tambov) 7, Voronezh 8, Volkhov 9 and Kursk. Various monasteries with their patrimonial peasants and all their lands were allocated for the maintenance of the new bishops. The tsar made an indication of the remote countries of Siberia, where the spaces are so large that it takes a whole year or even a year and a half to travel from the diocesan city, and these countries easily become a refuge for opponents of the church; but the council did not decide to establish dioceses there “for the sake of the Christian people,” but limited itself to a resolution to send archimandrites and priests there for instruction in the faith.

Internal affairs of Feodor III

On the issue of counteracting the schism, the council, not having material power in its hands, mainly handed over this matter to secular power; patrimonial owners and landowners must notify bishops and governors about schismatic gatherings and prayer sites, and governors and clerks will send service people against those schismatics who turn out to be disobedient to the bishops. Moreover, the council asked the sovereign that no charters be given for the founding of new hermitages, in which they usually served according to old books; at the same time, it was ordered to destroy in Moscow tents and hangars with icons, called chapels, in which priests performed prayer services using old books, and people flocked there in crowds, instead of going to churches and serving the liturgy; Finally, it was decided to organize supervision so that old printed books and various written notebooks and leaflets with extracts from the Holy Scriptures, which were directed against the ruling church in defense of the Old Believers and strongly supported the schism, were not sold.

At the same church council, attention was drawn to long-standing atrocities against which previous councils had armed themselves in vain: monks were forbidden to wander the streets, hold strong drinks in monasteries, deliver food to cells, and hold feasts. It was noticed that large numbers of blueberries were sitting in their homes and at crossroads begging for alms; most of them never even lived in monasteries, they were tonsured in houses, and they remained in the world, wearing a black dress. It was ordered to collect such monks and build monasteries for them from some that had previously been monasteries. The nuns were forbidden to manage the monastery estates themselves, and this task was entrusted to old men and nobles appointed by the government. It was forbidden to keep widows and priests in house churches, because, as was noted, they behaved disorderly. Attention was drawn to the beggars, of whom an extraordinary multitude then accumulated everywhere; They not only did not allow anyone to pass through the streets, but screamed and begged for alms in churches during services. They were ordered to be taken apart and those who turned out to be sick, to be supported at the expense of the royal treasury, “with all sufficiency,” and the lazy and healthy were forced to work. It was allowed to ordain priests in Orthodox parishes located in the possessions of Poland and Sweden, but only if there was a request for this from the parishioners with the appropriate documents and with letters from their government. This rule was important in that it gave the Russian Church a reason to interfere in the spiritual affairs of its neighbors 10.

In the same November 1681, a decree was passed convening a council of servicemen for the “organization and management of military affairs.” The decree itself drew attention to the fact that in past wars, the enemies of the Moscow state showed “new inventions in military affairs”, through which they prevailed over the Moscow military men; it was necessary to consider these “newly invented enemy tricks” and organize the army so that in time of war it could fight against the enemy.

The council met in January 1682. From the very first time, elected people expressed awareness of the need to introduce the European division of troops into companies, instead of hundreds, under the command of captains and lieutenants, instead of heads of hundreds. Following this, elected people gave the idea to destroy localism, so that everyone, both in orders and in regiments and in cities, would not be considered places, and therefore all so-called “discharge cases” should be eradicated, so that they would not serve as a reason for interference in business.

We do not know, probably, whether the elected people themselves made this proposal at their own discretion or whether this idea was instilled in them from the government; in any case, this idea was quite mature at that time, because throughout the continuation of the previous wars, by order of the tsar, all were without places, and in embassy affairs localism had long been eliminated. Two years before, a decree was passed that decreed that all localism should be eliminated in religious processions: this decree stated that even before in such cases, localism had not been observed between service people, but recently petitioners began to appear, citing various previous cases; That is why, for the future, it was considered necessary to make a rule that such petitioners would no longer exist under pain of punishment. Thus, the custom of considering places by themselves was already falling out of use; service people are accustomed to doing without localism; only a few adherents of old prejudices seized on discharge cases to satisfy their vanity and bothered the government with this. All that remained was to legally destroy localism so that in the future it would not come into force again. The tsar presented this issue for discussion between the patriarch and the clergy and the boyars and the Duma people. The clergy recognized the parochial custom, contrary to Christianity, God's commandment of love, as a source of evil and harm to royal affairs; The boyars and Duma people added that all cases of discharge should be completely eradicated. Based on such a sentence, the king ordered to burn all the rank books, so that in the future no one could be considered as previous cases, exalt himself in the service of his ancestors and humiliate others. The books were committed to fire in the vestibule of the royal front chamber, in the presence of metropolitans and bishops sent from the patriarch and the boyar Tsar Mikhail Dolgorukov and Duma clerk Semenov appointed for this task. Everyone who had lists from these books in their homes and any letters related to local cases had to be delivered to the category, under pain of royal wrath and spiritual prohibition. Then, instead of local rank books, it was ordered to keep a genealogical book in the rank and compile a new one for such clans that were not recorded in the previous genealogical book, according to which members were listed in different royal services; everyone was allowed to keep genealogical books, but they no longer mattered in the performance of official duties 11. Despite the destruction of localism, the government of that time did not think, however, to deprive service people of distinctions based on the nobility of their position. In this way, rules were established for how everyone should travel around the city according to their rank: boyars, okolnichi and duma people could, for example, ride in carriages and sleighs on ordinary days with two horses, on holidays with four, and at weddings with six; others below their rank (sleepers, stewards, solicitors, nobles) were allowed to ride in sleighs on one horse in the winter, and on horseback in the summer. Likewise, one was allowed to appear at court in accordance with one’s rank. Another important transformation was ahead: in December 1681, there was a decree to send elected people of the trading class to Moscow from all cities (except Siberian), as well as from the sovereign’s settlements and villages “to equalize people of all ranks in the payment of taxes and in the performance of elective service.” But this council, as far as we know, did not take place.

Second wedding of Fedor III

Meanwhile, the king was weakening day by day, but his neighbors supported him with hope for recovery, and he entered into a new marriage with Marfa Matveevna Apraksina, a relative of Yazykov. The first consequence of this union was Matveev's forgiveness.

The exiled boyar wrote petitions to the tsar from exile several times, justifying himself from the false accusations brought against him, asked for the patriarch's petition, turned to various boyars and even to his enemies; so, for example, he wrote to the worst of his enemies, Bogdan Matveevich Khitrovo, urging him to remember his former mercy to him and “his worker,” Matveev, and instructed the noblewoman Anna Petrovna to ask for the same, who, as we said, constantly slandered Matveev : “I,” he wrote from Pustozersk, “was sent to such a place that his real name is Pustozersk: you can’t buy either meat or kalach; you can’t get bread for two money; they eat only borscht and add a handful of rye flour, and so only wealthy people do; not only what to buy, there is no one to beg for alms in the name of God, and there is nothing. But from me, what was not taken away by the mercy of the sovereign, everything was drowned by waters, mountains and drags, lost, stolen, scattered, chiseled..." In 1680, after the Tsar's marriage to Grushetskaya, Matveev, as a relief, was transferred to Mezen with his son, with his son's teacher, the nobleman Poborsky, and servants, up to 30 people in total, and they gave him a salary of 156 rubles, and, in addition, they released him bread grain, rye, oats, barley. But this did little to ease his fate. Begging the sovereign again to grant him freedom, Matveev wrote that in this way “we will have three pieces of money per day for your servants and for our orphans...” “Church opponents,” Matveev wrote in the same letter, “Avvakum’s wife and children receive a penny each.” per person, and small ones are three money each, and we, your servants, are not opponents of either the church or your royal command.” However, the Mezen governor Tukhachevsky loved Matveev and tried in every way he could to alleviate the fate of the exiled boyar. The main disadvantage was that it was difficult to get bread in Mezen. The inhabitants ate game and fish, which were in great abundance there, but due to the lack of bread, scurvy raged there.

In January 1682, as soon as the tsar announced Marfa Apraksina as his bride, the captain of the stirrup regiment Ivan Lishukov was sent to Mezen with a decree to announce to the boyar Artamon Sergeevich Matveev and his son that the sovereign, recognizing their innocence, ordered them to be returned from exile and the court returned to them. in Moscow, Moscow region and other estates and belongings left behind by distribution and sale; granted them the estate of the palace villages of Upper Landeh with villages (in the Suzdal district) and ordered them to freely release the boyar and his son to the city of Lukh, giving them road and pit carts, and in Lukh to wait for a new royal decree. Matveev owed this favor to the request of the royal bride, who was his goddaughter. Although the tsar announced that he recognized Matveev as completely innocent and falsely slandered, although before Matveev’s release he ordered one of his slanderers, doctor David Berlov, to be sent into exile, but did not dare, however, return the boyar to Moscow - obviously, the tsar’s sisters, who hated Matveev, interfered , and the young queen did not yet have enough strength to lead the king to such an act that would irritate the princesses to the extreme. Nevertheless, however, the young queen in a short time acquired so much power that she reconciled the tsar with Natalya Kirillovna and Tsarevich Peter, with whom, according to a contemporary, he had “indomitable disagreements.” But the king did not have to live with his young wife for long. A little over two months after his wedding, on April 27, 1682, he died, not yet 21 years old.

1. So, by the way, several orders were issued regarding estates; It was forbidden to give fiefs and estates to churches in 1671.

2. Even before Matveev’s exile, the privilege given under Alexei Mikhailovich to silversmith Kozhevnikov to search for silver, gold and copper ore was expanded. Kozhevnikov and his comrades had already wandered around the northern regions for several years and had not found ore. Now he was allowed to look for ore, expensive stones and all kinds of mineral wealth on the Volga, Kama and Oka. It is clear that the government was very interested in the idea of finding metals. We also think it would be useful to mention the confirmation of the decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, so as not to send fish to Moscow that is less than the specified amount, and small, immature fish were ordered to be thrown back into the river, so as not to be “transferred to the factory.” This order is remarkable because it shows the government’s concern for saving fish, an important sector of the economy.

3. In the Tobolsk district, for example, the monk Danilo and like-minded people started a hermitage where up to three hundred souls of both sexes gathered. Two monks and two girls went into a public rage, beat themselves on the ground, shouted that they were seeing the Most Holy Theotokos, who commanded them to convince people not to be baptized with three fingers, not to go to church, not to worship the four-pointed cross, which is nothing more than the Antichrist seal . Danilo tonsured all those who came, both old and young, into monasticism and convinced them not to allow military men to approach them, but to commit themselves to burning; For this purpose, they prepared resin, hemp, and birch bark in advance and, having heard that the Tobolsk governor had sent a detachment against them, burned themselves in their huts. Their example attracted others to the same savage feat.

4. Cities: Sevsk, Trubchevsk, Putivl, Rylsk.

5. Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk, Mezen, Kevrol, Pustozersk, Pinega, Vaga and its suburbs.

6. Ustyuga, Solvychegodsk, Totma and its suburbs.

7. Tambov, Kozlov, Dobroye Gorodishche with its suburbs.

8. Voronezh, Yelets, Romanov, Orlov, Kostyansk, Korotoyak, Usman, etc. St. Mitrofan was appointed bishop here.

9. Volkhov, Mtsensk, Karachev, Kromy, Orel, Novosil.

10. At this council it was noticed that the Robe of the Lord, sent under Patriarch Philaret from Persia, was cut into pieces, which were stored in different places in arks: it was ordered that all these pieces be collected and kept in one ark in the Assumption Church. In the Annunciation Cathedral there were many particles of relics that had been neglected: it was ordered that most of them should be distributed among monasteries and churches, the rest kept under the royal seal, and on Good Friday, as had previously been done, brought for washing to the Assumption Cathedral.

11. At the same time, a project was probably drawn up, according to which the boyars, okolnichi and duma people were divided into degrees, not by gender, but by the places they occupied. Thus, the boyars were given different names: one according to the cities over which they were appointed governors (for example, the Astrakhan governor occupied the fourth place among the governors in terms of the importance of the city, and among the boyars in general the eleventh degree; Pskov among the governors the fifth place, among the boyars the thirteenth degree; Smolensk between governors the sixth place, between boyars the eleventh degree, etc.), other ranks translated from Greek and borrowed from Byzantine court life, for example, bolyarin over the infantry, bolyarin over the equestrian army, bolyarin and butler, etc. In this project, which was probably not carried out after the death of Tsar Feodor, one can see the embryo of the bureaucratic ladder that Peter created with his table of ranks.

Reign: 1676-1682

From the biography

Fyodor Alekseevich is the eldest son of Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife Maria Miloslavskaya.
He ascended the throne at the age of 14. He was a sickly child.
He was well educated, knew Latin and Polish well, since his teacher was the outstanding writer, theologian and preacher Simeon of Polotsk, who instilled in the king a love for everything Polish. He became a mentor to the royal children in 1667. Fyodor Alekseevich knew about painting and loved church singing and poetry.
At first, his stepmother, Natalya Naryshkina, tried to take part in the board. But she was removed from business and, together with her son Peter, was sent to the village of Preobrazhenskoye. Then boyar Miloslavsky, princes Dolgoruky and Odoevsky, and later Golitsyn began to play a major role, but Fedor himself actively took part in politics, despite his illness and physical weakness.
Fedor Alekseevich ruled for a short time, but during this time he managed to carry out several important reforms - public administration, military, financial, socio-economic reforms.

Historical portrait of Fyodor Alekseevich

Activities

1.Domestic policy

Activities	results
1.Improving the public administration system	The creation of a new supreme body - the Execution Chamber - subordinate personally to the tsar (this is a special judicial department in the Boyar Duma) The number of orders was reduced, the working day of the central authorities was regulated. The power and powers of the governors were strengthened. Heads and kissers began to collect taxes. 1682- abolition of localism, which allowed many nobles to come to power. 1681 - voivodeship and local administrative administration was introduced. A project was being prepared for the introduction of ranks, the prototype of Peter’s “Table of Ranks”.
Further strengthening of the country's military power and reform of the army.	The recruitment of regiments of the new system continued, territorial military districts began to be formed, military ranks appeared, the first elected regiments of the best soldiers and officers. It was under him that the foundations of a regular active army were laid.
Increasing the role and importance of the nobility.	He supported the property rights of nobles to land, allowed them to use the labor of peasants. In connection with the construction of defensive structures in the south (Wild Field), land was distributed to nobles in that area if they wanted to increase their land holdings.
Improving the financial and tax system.	Introduction of a single tax - Streltsy money. 1678-1679 - population census. The introduction of household taxation, which immediately replenished the treasury, but increased oppression
Further reduction of the role of the church in the country.	Increasing the role of metropolitans and limiting the power of patriarchs. Increasing collections from church lands. Continuation of persecution against Old Believers.
5. Measures to develop education and increase the number of literate people in the country.	Construction of colleges and schools. Fedor was the initiator of the creation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, although it was created in 1687 Inviting foreigners to teach in Moscow. Under Fyodor, literacy in the country increased 3 times, and in Moscow 5 times! It was under him that poetry flourished.
Socio-economic development of Russia.	Construction of secular buildings (chambers, orders). Moscow was almost completely rebuilt from wood to stone. A unified sewerage system has been built in Moscow. Attempts to Europeanize the country. Thus, in 1678-1680, criminal penalties were softened, for example, they adopted a law abolishing the cutting off of hands for theft.

2. Foreign policy

Activities

results

The struggle for the annexation of Right Bank Ukraine with Turkey.

1676-1681 - Russian-Turkish war. 1681 - Peace of Bakhchisarai.

According to it, the unification of Russia with Left-Bank Ukraine was secured. Kyiv became part of Russia for three years - according to the 1678 treaty in exchange for Nevel, Sebezh and Velizh.

1677-1678 - first and second Chigirin campaigns. The city of Chigirin is the most important center of Southern Ukraine, the Turks wanted to take possession of it. But both times it was a victory for Russia. The creation of the Izium line in the south, then it was connected to Belogorodskaya.

The desire to return access to the Baltic Sea.

The accomplishment of the task was hampered by the raids of the Crimean Tatars and the war with Turkey.

RESULTS OF ACTIVITY

Public administration was improved, and the centralization of power in the hands of the king increased.
Centralization of military control through military reform, the beginning of the creation of a regular army.
Strengthening the role of the nobility in society, assessing people's activities based on personal merit.
The country's financial and monetary system was improved.
Further reduction of the role of the church in state affairs.
Successes have been achieved in the cultural and economic development of the country, the country is developing along the path of Europeanization.
In foreign policy, not all problems were solved, but Turkey recognized the entry of Left Bank Ukraine into Russia. However, there was no access to the Baltic and Black Seas.

Thus, the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich largely predetermined the reforms that his brother Peter 1 would carry out. Russia was strong economically, politically and militarily, and had great international authority.

Chronology of the life and work of Fedor Alekseevich

1676 -1682	The reign of Fedor Alekseevich.
1678-1680	Mitigation of criminal punishment.
1678-1679	Population census, transition to household taxation, instead of personal taxation, that is, tax not from the land, but from the yard.
1677-1678	Chigirin's campaigns during the war with Turkey. Two major victories for Russia.
1678	Return of Kyiv to Russia under an agreement with Poland.
1681	Introduction of voivodeship and local administration.
1682	Abolition of localism.
1676-1681	Russian-Turkish war.
1681	Bakhchisarai world.

A bright personality during the reign of Fedor Alekseevich was Simeon Polotsk. You can find material about him