In answering this question, you need to determine the goal: why do I need English? If, for example, you are going to take the TOEFL...

Pronouns somebody, anybody, nobody

Pronouns somebody And anybody denote someone, anyone, and the pronoun nobody - no one, no one. Pronoun somebody used in affirmative sentences. In interrogative and negative sentences somebody changes to anybody. Pronoun nobody used within the meaning where the word is needed nobody. However, if the sentence uses nobody, then the verb is in the affirmative form without a negative particle not, as well as other negative words take a non-negative form. If the verb is used with a particle not, that is, in a negative form, can only be used anybody.

Affirmative sentences

There is somebody in my flat.
There is someone in my apartment.

Somebody must do something about it.
Someone should do something about this.

Somebody is going to do that.
Someone is going to do it.

Negative sentences

There isn't anybody in my flat.
There is no one in my apartment.

They shouldn't see anybody.
They shouldn't see anyone.

We cannot find anyone.
We can't find anyone.

Negative sentences formed with nobody

There is nobody in my flat.
There is no one in my apartment.

Nobody must do anything about it.
Nobody has to do anything about it.

Nobody is going to do that.
Nobody is going to do this.

Interrogative sentences

Is there anybody in your flat?
Is there anyone in your apartment?

Can anyone come here?
Can anyone come in here?

Is anybody going to do that?
Is anyone going to do this?

Expression of plurality

The ending is used to form the plural of countable nouns –s. To express plurality in English, words like many, much, a lot of, plenty of, indicating....

Second form of the verb

The second, or past, form of the verb denotes forms like: did, wrote, read. The second form of most verbs is formed using the ending –ed("call - called, play - played, paint - painted"). However, a number of verbs...

All tense constructions are in the active voice

	Present	Past	Future	Future– in– the– Past
Simple (Indefinite)	He sometimes, usually, often, rarely, rarely from time to time, always, never writes letters everyday, on Saturdays, at the weekend, in the....

English words all, every And wholesale can be translated as “all, everything,” but they are used differently. Let's look at what the difference is.

All and everyone/everyone - everyone

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Typically, to indicate that we are talking about all people, we use everybody/everyone , not all:

• It was a good party. Everybody enjoyed it.
• When the fire alarm rank, everyone left the building immediately.

But if we clarify - all of us, all of them / all of us, all of them, - then it is used only all :all of us/you/them, we/you/they all

• We all did well in the examination. All of us passed.

All and everything

Both of these words are translated as “everything” and are sometimes used interchangeably. For example, in designs all I can, all you need:

• I’ll do everything I can to help him – I’ll do everything to help him.
• They will provide all you need - They will provide everything you need.

But if there are no qualifying words, it is usually used everything :

• Why are you so lazy? Why do you expect me to do everything for you? (not all for you) - Why are you so lazy? Why do you think that I will do everything for you?
• Nothing has changed. Everything is the same as it was. (not all is the same) - Nothing has changed. Everything remained the same.

All used in the expression ‘ all about’ – all about (something)

• Margaret told me all about her new job. It sounds quite interesting. Margaret told me all about her work. Sounds pretty interesting.

All also used to express "the only thing is..."

• All I’ve eaten today is a sandwich. — All I ate today was one sandwich.
• All I know about her is just her name. “The only thing I know about her is her name.”
• I didn't have much money with me. All I had was ten pounds. — I have some money with me. All I have is 10 pounds.

Please note that the words every/everybody/everyone/everything singular, so the singular verb agrees with them:

• Everybody wants to be his friend. “Everyone wants to be his friend.”

But instead of the 3rd person general pronoun, the plural form is used they/them/their:

• Everybody said they themselves enjoyed. “Everyone said they had a good time.”

All and whole - all

Whole– all in the meaning of “ whole, entirely" More often wholesale used with singular countable nouns:

• In summer I read the whole book “War and Peace” - In the summer I read the book “War and Peace” in its entirety.
• She has lived her whole life in this small town. – She has lived in a small town all her life.

In these examples you can use all , but the order of words in the phrase will be different. Compare:

the whole book / all the book her whole life / all her life

Only used with uncountable nouns all :

• He has spent all his pocket money on sweets. He spent all his pocket money on sweets.

Every/all/whole with the time words

Every – each – indicates the frequency of the action: every day/week/year, every ten minutes/every other day.

• I help my Mom every day. – I help my mother every day.
• Please call me every two hours. – Please call me (every) every 2 hours.
• His father sends him a check every four weeks. – His father sends him a check every 4 weeks.

To denote a period of time from beginning to end, they are used as all , so wholesale : all day / the whole day, all week / the whole week etc.

• He was doing his homework all evening / the whole evening. — He did his homework all evening.
• It rained all week / the whole week. -It rained for a whole week.

Please note that in phrases all day / all night / all week no article is used. Exception - all the time- always, constantly, all the time. But don't confuse it with every time- every time. Compare:

• They never go out. They are at home all the time. – They never leave the house. They are at home all the time
• Every time I go there, I get stressed. “Every time I go there, I get nervous.”

In answering this question, you need to determine the goal: why do I need English? If, for example, you are going to take the TOEFL...

Pronouns something, anything, nothing

Pronouns something And anything denote something, anything, and the pronoun nothing - nothing, nothing. Pronoun something used in affirmative sentences. In interrogative and negative sentences something changes to anything. Pronoun nothing used within the meaning where the word is needed Nothing. However, according to the rules of the English language, a sentence must contain only one negation, which can be expressed by a negative form of a verb or a negative word like: nothing, no one, never. Therefore, if the sentence applies nothing, then the verb is used in the affirmative form without a negative particle not - not. If the verb is used with a particle not, then you can only use anything.

Affirmative sentences

There is something on the table.
There is something on the table.

There is something new for you.
There's something new for you.

There is something to eat.
There's plenty to eat there.

Negative sentences

There is not anything important.
There's nothing important there.

I cannot do anything for you.
I can't do anything for you.

You mustn't do anything about it.
You don't have to do anything about it.

Negative sentences formed with nothing

There is nothing on the table.
There's nothing on the table.

There is nothing new for you.
There is nothing new for you.

There is nothing to eat.
There's nothing to eat there.

Interrogative sentences

Is there anything on the table?
Is there anything on the table?

Is there anything new for you?
Is there anything new for you?

Is there anything to eat?
Is there anything to eat there?

Expression of plurality

The ending is used to form the plural of countable nouns –s. To express plurality in English, words like many, much, a lot of, plenty of, indicating....

Second form of the verb

The second, or past, form of the verb denotes forms like: did, wrote, read. The second form of most verbs is formed using the ending –ed("call - called, play - played, paint - painted"). However, a number of verbs...

All tense constructions are in the active voice

	Present	Past	Future	Future– in– the– Past
Simple (Indefinite)	He sometimes, usually, often, rarely, rarely from time to time, always, never writes letters everyday, on Saturdays, at the weekend, in the....

Moreover some and its derivatives are used in affirmative sentences, a any and its derivatives - in interrogative and negative sentences.

I’ll cut you some bread, shall I? I'll cut you some bread, okay?
No, thanks, I've got some. No need, thank you. I have some.
Do you have any money? Do you have money?
I didn't meet any people in that lonely garden. I met no one in this deserted garden.
Has not any friends. He has no friends at all.

Some also used in interrogative sentences expressing a request or proposal.

Will you borrow some of these books for me, please? Will you take some of these books for me?
Will you have some coffee? Would you like some coffee?

Some and its derivatives can also be used in interrogative sentences if the answer is "yes".

I heard a knock, is there someone at the door? I heard a knock; is someone standing at the door?

If some or any stand before uncountable nouns, then they are not translated into Russian, and the nouns themselves are translated as nouns in the genitive case.

Give me some milk. Give me milk (a cup, a glass, a little).
Have you brought any water? Have you brought water?
BUT: Give me the milk. Give me milk (all there is is the accusative case).

Some used before numerals in the meaning “about”, “approximately”.

Some five hundred students will graduate from our college next year.
About 500 students will graduate from our institute next year.

Some with a pretext of translated by the expressions anyone from, any of, a any And none- neither of. After derivatives somebody, anybody, nobody pretext of not used. In sentences they are respectively replaced by some, one, any, none, each.

Some of you must help him. One of you should help him.
Did you help any of them? Did you help any of them?
I helped none of them. I didn't help any of them.
None of my friends helped him. None of my friends helped him.
Did you see any of them in the gym? Have you seen any of them at the gym?

Any used in affirmative sentences:

• meaning "any":

  You may take any book you like. You can take any book you like.

• after the words hardly - scarcely, scarcely - hardly (hardly), unlikely:

  Has hardly any money. He barely has any money.

Derivatives from any - anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere are used in affirmative sentences in the sense of “almost everyone, anyone, everywhere.”

Anybody will show you the way. Everyone will show you (this) way.
You can go anywhere in our city.

Any And no used in negative sentences (not translated or translated: none, none, not at all, none). Since in English there can only be one negation in a sentence, when the verb is in the affirmative form, we use no, with a negative - any.

I have no brothers. I have no brothers.
Hasn't any brothers. He has no brothers.
We saw no children in the yard. We didn't see any children in the yard.
We didn't see any children in the yard. We didn't see any children in the yard.

No is replaced by none, if the noun is omitted to avoid repetition.

I have some English books but she has none.
I have several English books, but she doesn’t have any.

No used before a noun as a subject to enhance the negative meaning.

No man has seen it yet. No person has ever seen this.
No gold was found there. No gold was found there.
No medicine! No drugs!

Derived pronouns from some, any, no are used independently according to the same rules.

Table - Indefinite pronouns

	+body	+one	+thing	Used
some	somebody - someone, somebody	someone - someone, anyone	something - something, anything	In interrogative sentences expressing a request or suggestion.
any	anybody - anyone, everyone, anyone, no one (in the negative)	anyone - anyone, everyone, anyone, no one (in the negative)	anything - anything, everything, nothing (in the negative)	In interrogative sentences. In affirmative sentences. In negative sentences (with a negative form of the verb).
no	nobody - no one	no one - no one	nothing - nothing, nothing	In negative sentences (with an affirmative form of the verb).

There is something on the table. There's something on the table.
Is there anything on the table? Is there anything on the table?
There is nothing on the table. There is nothing on the table.
Somebody (someone) came into the room. Someone entered the room.
Someone shouted in the darkness. Someone screamed in the darkness.
Did you see anybody (anyone) in the room? Did you see anyone in the room?
There isn’t anybody (anyone) there. There is nobody there.
I saw nodody (no one) there. I didn't see anyone there.

Please note:

• If the pronouns somebody anyone, anything, nobody, no one, someone, something, anybody, nothing, everybody, everything are used as a subject, then the predicate verb is always singular.

  Everybody was there in time. Everyone was there on time.
  Is everything on the table now? Is everything already on the table?

• After the derivatives of the indefinite pronouns somebody, someone, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing and the adverbs anywhere, nowhere, somewhere, the word is often used else or a definition expressed by an adjective.

  Is there anybody else in the hall? Is there anyone else in the room?
  Show me something interesting. Show me something interesting.

• In subordinate conditional clauses after the conjunction if Indefinite pronouns are used.

  If anybody comes to see me ask him to wait. If anyone comes to me, ask him to wait.

• The indefinite pronouns somebody, someone, anybody, nobody can have possessive case endings for nouns.

  I found somebody's handkerchief. Is it yours? I found someone's handkerchief. Is he not yours?

Somebody, someone And something(and not anybody, anyone and anything) are also used in special questions and general ones, in which something is offered or a request is expressed.

Why didn't you ask somebody to help you? Why didn't you ask someone to help you?
Will someone(somebody) help me? Can anyone help me?
W'll you have something to drink? Would you like something to drink?

Many- a lot of, few- few, a few- several are used before countable nouns and answer the question how many? - How many?

Doesn't have many(few) friends. He has many (few) friends.
We rested a few minutes. We rested for a few minutes.

Much- a lot of, little- few, a little- a little is used before uncountable nouns or with verbs and answers the question how much? - How many?

You work too much. You work too much.
Yes, I do but I have very little time. Yes, I know, but I have very little time.
I have a little time for this. I have a little time for this.

Synonymous in meaning with the words many And much There may be such combinations as: a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of- a lot, a sufficient amount.

Please note:

1. In affirmative sentences many in the complement function it is usually replaced by a lot of.

   She has a lot of English books. She has a lot of English books.

2. If before many words are worth it a good, a great, then replacement should not be made.

   She has a good (a great) many English books. She has quite a lot of English books.

3. Pronoun much also not often used in affirmative sentences. It is usually replaced by a lot (of) And a great deal (of).

   These cars consume a great deal of petrol (a lot of petrol). These cars consume a lot (a lot) of gasoline.
   A lot of time (a great deal of time, much time) was wasted. A lot of time was wasted (wasted).

4. Pronouns little And few more often they mean “hardly”, “little”, “a little”, almost none and always have a negative meaning.

   Few towns have such a splendid theatre. Few (few) cities have such a magnificent theater.
   Hardly any town has such a splendid theatre. Hardly any city has such a magnificent theater.
   Not many towns have such a splendid theatre. Not many cities have such a magnificent theater.

5. Pronouns little And few usually used in written English and formal speech. In ordinary colloquial speech it is more often used hardly any(barely) or not many/much(A little).

   We saw little on account of the fog. We couldn't see much because of the fog.
   We hardly saw anything. We hardly saw anything.
   We didn't see much. We saw a little (little) of it.
   Few people come this way. Few people walk this road.
   Hardly anyone comes this way. Hardly anyone goes this way.
   Not many people come this way. Not many people go this way.



6. Before little And few in ordinary colloquial speech, the words very (very), too (very), extremely (extremely), comparatively (comparatively) are used to enhance the meaning.

   I have very little time. I do not have much time.
   We have too few holidays. We have very few holidays.

An adjective in English is an independent part of speech that denotes a characteristic of an object.