Etiquette and culture of communication of speech hearing. Etiquette: culture of speech and rules of communication

Speech Etiquette and Culture of Communication » Speech Culture.

Subject - Speech Etiquette and Culture of Communication » Speech Culture.

A culture of speech - one of the main indicators of a person’s general culture. Therefore, we all need to constantly improve our communication manners and speech. Speech culture consists not only in the ability to avoid mistakes in speech, but also in the desire to constantly enrich one’s vocabulary, the ability to listen and understand the interlocutor, respect his point of view, and the ability to select the right words in each specific communication situation.

Speech - This is one of the most important characterizing traits of a person. The impression we make on others depends on our communication style. A person’s speech can attract people to him or, conversely, repel him. Speech can also have a strong impact on the mood of our interlocutor. The culture of communication consists of the ability to listen to the interlocutor, speech etiquette, as well as adherence to the rules of good manners.

Now regarding speech culture. According to most people, speech is just a mechanism for putting your thoughts into words. But this is an erroneous judgment. Speech and speech etiquette are important tools in establishing communication with people, in establishing contacts (in particular, in the business sphere), in increasing the productivity of communication, in winning over a mass audience to one’s side (during public speaking, for example).

Among other things, the culture of speech has a huge influence on the behavior of the speaker himself. The manner of speaking and the choice of words during dialogue not only sets the interlocutor in the right mood, but also programs our own behavior. We monitor our speech etiquette and weigh every word spoken and heard in response.

In the business sphere, situations often arise when, based on our speech culture, others judge not only ourselves, but also the institution of which we are the official representative. Therefore, it is extremely important to observe speech etiquette during business meetings and meetings. If you have a poor speaking culture, this will dramatically reduce your career opportunities. You will have to familiarize yourself with the rules of speech etiquette in order to first get a job in a prestigious organization, and then not spoil the company’s image and have a chance for a promotion.

Basic rules of speech culture:

1) Avoid verbosity in any communication situation. If you want to convey some idea to the listener, there is no need for unnecessary words that distract attention from the main subject of the speech.

2) Before entering into a conversation, clearly formulate for yourself the purpose of the upcoming communication.

3) Always try to be brief, clear and precise.

4) Strive for speech diversity. For each specific communication situation, you must find suitable words that are different from those that are applicable in other situations. The more complexes of diverse words you have for individual situations, the higher your speech culture will become. If a person does not know how to select words that meet the requirements of a particular communication situation, it means that he does not have the culture of speech.

5) Learn to find a common language with any interlocutor. Regardless of your counterpart’s communication style, follow the principles of speech culture, be polite and friendly.

6) Never respond to rudeness with rudeness. Don't stoop to the level of your ill-mannered interlocutor. By following the “tit for tat” principle in such a situation, you will only demonstrate the lack of your own speech culture.

7) Learn to be attentive to your interlocutor, listen to his opinion and follow his train of thought. Try to always show the correct response to the words of your counterpart. Be sure to answer your interlocutor if you see that he needs your advice or attention. Remember, when you do not respond to the words of your interlocutor, you are grossly violating speech etiquette.

8) Be careful not to let your emotions overpower your mind when speaking or speaking in public. Maintain self-control and composure.

9) Violation of the rules of speech etiquette is possible in cases where it is necessary to achieve expressive speech. However, under no circumstances should you stoop to using obscene words. Otherwise, there can be no talk about any culture.

10) When communicating with your interlocutor, do not adopt his communication style: stick to your positive speech habits. Of course, it is necessary to seek a common language with any interlocutor, but by imitating his style of communication, you lose your individuality.

The life of any person is impossible without speech. Speech allows us to communicate with other people, gives us the opportunity to influence them in one way or another. At the same time, speech reflects our inner world, reveals our thoughts and feelings, and serves as our self-characterization. Often the very manner of speech creates a lasting impression about a person. “Tell me anything and I will tell you who you are,” one might say, paraphrasing a well-known proverb.

The ability to speak, like the ability to think, is a generic property of a person. So man is not only a “homo sapiens” (a thinking creature), but also a “homo loquens” (a speaking creature). However, the gift of speech, given by nature as an opportunity for communication, must still be put into practice: it is important to be able to use it intelligently and meaningfully this gift. To master words, learn to form thoughts, express feelings, communicate with people, you need high a culture of speech, compliance rules of speech behavior and mastery speech etiquette.

A culture of speech

When communicating using language, we do not just pronounce some words - we carry out speech activity. Speech activity - this is a set of psychophysiological and sociocultural functions of an individual for the implementation of verbal communication. The productivity of speech activity in each specific speech situation is determined by the individual’s clear awareness of who - to whom - about what - where - when - why and why speaks. The last two aspects are especially important - why and why I am speaking, i.e. reason and purpose speech. Speech activity involves:

“the ability to speak clearly, pronounce words and phrases clearly;

The ability to find words that adequately convey thoughts and feelings;

Skillful use of grammar (language rules).

Compliance with these requirements is included in the concept of “speech culture”.

A culture of speech- This the degree of compliance of speech with the norms of modern literary language, a set of knowledge and skills that ensure expedient and easy use of language.

Should be clearly stated main features of cultural speech.

1. Correct speech acts as an initial feature, without which cultural speech is in principle unthinkable. The correctness of speech is the compliance of its structure with the current generally accepted standards language. Norm - this is a historically determined set of linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most preferable.

There are various language norms: pronunciation, stress, word formation, grammar (morphological and syntactic), lexical, stylistic. Not all of us are linguists by training, but knowledge and compliance with these norms is necessary for everyone, because this ensures correctness and literacy of speech.

Over time, norms change under the influence of certain conditions, and their change is not always a controlled process. Some of these changes are coded by linguists as natural, others sometimes “break into” language practice and become fixed in it contrary to the opinion of specialists, for example, expressions like “terribly fun”, “terribly interesting”. Some language norms are experiencing real historical “adventures”.

So, in the times of Gogol and Belinsky, it was customary to say “skrip”, “britchka”, instead of modern “creak”, “britchka”. Or the forms “snows”, “teachers” (and not “snows”, “teachers”) that have become archaic can now be used again to create a special emotionally charged style, as, for example, in the poem by E. Yevtushenko: “white snows are falling” .

2. Accuracy - an equally important sign of speech culture. Accuracy is not just the ability to choose and use the most necessary and appropriate words. To speak accurately, you need to think clearly. There is an old aphorism: “He who thinks clearly speaks clearly.” In other words, accuracy as a quality of speech is associated with the mental act itself, with knowledge of the subject of speech, with the competence and intellectual abilities of the speaker. The actual linguistic conditions are also very important in ensuring the accuracy of speech, for example, the use of different types of accuracy.

There are two types of accuracy. First - subject accuracy- search for a word that most accurately reflects the designated object or phenomenon; this is precision “for yourself”. Second - conceptual precision- translation of this concept into a message, information “for others”.

Accuracy in speech activity presupposes the choice of options from among those that the language has and which the speaker can freely use. This may be the choice of one of the synonyms, one of the syntactic constructions, the desired arrangement of words, preference for one or another term, etc.

Finding the most necessary words, precise forms of expression, and not saying unnecessary words is not an easy task. Poets experience it especially acutely: “A thought expressed is a lie” (Tyutchev); “Oh, if only it were possible to express one’s thoughts without words!” (A. Fet). N.A. Nekrasov noted: “...It’s always annoying when I come across the phrase “there are no words to express”, etc. Nonsense! The word is always there, but our minds are lazy.”

To the most typical speech accuracy disorders relate:

Verbosity and eloquence;

Inability to distinguish between paronyms - words with the same root that are close in meaning and scope of use, but different in structure and meaning ( intolerant-intolerable, dress-put on, base-substantiate, fact-factor);

Mixing homonyms - words that sound the same but have different meanings, which gives rise to puns and ambiguity (“start production”, “mat exercises”, “bring to your attention”);

Inaccuracy in understanding the meaning of terms;

Lack of clarity in polysemy - polysemy of a word (“private” - military man and - ordinary, ordinary, ordinary),

Confusion in the use of foreign and archaic words.

3. Logic as a sign of cultural speech is close and presupposes accuracy, but is not exhausted by it. This is not so much a way of using words as word compounds, construction of speech. Logicity requires us to have semantic consistency between the parts of one statement and several statements in one text. Two conditions are important here: logical thinking and logical presentation. Plato wittily remarked: “Every speech must be composed like a living creature - it must have a body with a head and legs, and the torso and limbs must fit.”

4. Purity of speech - a sign of cultural speech, manifested in two aspects: in the relationship of speech with the literary language and in its relationship with the moral criteria of communication. In pure speech there is no place for elements that are alien to the literary language or rejected by moral standards. Violation of the first requirement gives rise to so-called “clogged speech”, violation of the second - “dirty speech”.

Speech culture involves the eradication of various types of linguistic “weeds” from speech. It can be:

Dialectisms are words characteristic of local dialects (dialects);

Barbarisms are the unmotivated inclusion of foreign words into speech;

Jargons are words and phrases used in jargons - branches of language serving closed groups and communities;

Vulgarisms are words and expressions that roughly, primitively designate objects or events that are humiliating and offensive to a person (expletive words, obscene language);

Officeisms are linguistic clichés, words and phrases that are typical for business style, but inappropriate in other language styles (“sharpen the issue”, “takes place”, “at the forefront”, “pick up the initiative”, “put the question squarely”, “plays” big role”, “today”, etc.). A clear example of clericalism (along with other speech errors) is the text from the wall newspaper of the Housing Committee of Minsk on March 8, where they thank “women who give their energy, the warmth of their hearts and smiles for the benefit of those who exchange living quarters, who materially enrich your spiritual life (!).”

Of course, the use of words from some of the listed groups is possible in situations corresponding to their origin and stylistic coloring: when communicating between residents of the same area (dialectisms), in professional communication (jargonisms), in business communication and correspondence (clericalisms). Any linguistic phenomenon is legitimate if it is motivated by certain life circumstances, but not every speech can be recognized as cultural. Therefore, it is important not to create a barrier in communication with others by saturating your speech with incomprehensible, unpleasant or even offensive words and expressions and thereby demonstrating disrespect for your interlocutors or casual listeners.

5. Expressiveness how a property of speech provides and maintains the attention and interest of the listener. Speech is expressive and non-trivial, which stands out against the general background of a typical communication situation in terms of vocabulary, intonation, and structure. The hackneyed cannot be interesting. Expressiveness is always unusual, unexpected.

Choosing the right one is important tone of speech, which in a conversation means no less than gestures, postures and manner of communication. The same word or phrase can convey many shades of thought and feeling, depending on the tone in which it is spoken. There are many speech tones: pathetic-sublime, ordinary, ritual, etc. B. Shaw noted that there are fifty ways to say “yes” and five hundred ways to say “no,” and they will all carry different meanings.

It is necessary to take into account that we are influenced not only by the information contained in speech, but also by the way it is presented. For example, excessive voice volume leads to the fact that after 10 minutes the listener ceases to perceive speech that resembles a scream. The situation is similar with an excessively quiet voice, which forces the listener to tense up, causing the person to quickly get tired and stop listening.

6. Richness of speech - a property close to expressiveness. It involves a variety of speech, variability of vocabulary, syntax and intonation. Poor speech is monotonous, monotonous, boring. The richness of speech grows from a stock of words and knowledge of their meanings, a stock of models of phrases and sentences, a set of speech skills (the ability to explain, argue, convince, highlight semantic nuances). The richness of speech is facilitated by the use of proverbs, sayings, and popular expressions.

7. Appropriateness of speech - a special feature of speech culture associated with the concept of language and speech styles. Mixing styles or not complying with them is a sign of speech incivility. Saying “hello”, “hello”, “let me greet you”, expressing gratitude with the words “thank you”, “I am grateful to you” or “let me thank you” are not the same thing.

The appropriateness of speech and its compliance with the nature of communication depends on many factors:

On the nature of communications (private or business communication);

From the position of the communicants in time and space (contact or distance communication);

From the presence or absence of mediating means of communication (radio, Internet, fax, pager, telephone);

Based on the number of participants.

So, a culture of speech - the most important condition for the quality of communication. Knowledge of the basics of speech culture is a natural necessity for every teacher, and teaching them to his students is his professional duty.

Rules of speech command

Rules of speech behavior(For speaker For listening and for present when communicating) express normative and ethical function and provide a certain moral and psychological quality communication. Here are some of these rules that a teacher needs to know and follow and that he must instill in his students.

For the speaker :

Treat your interlocutor kindly; avoid negative assessments of his personality, especially in a vulgar form;

Find out, remember and name the names of those with whom you communicate;

Choose the topic of conversation correctly: it should be interesting and understandable to your partners;

Do not stick out your “I”, muffle your conceit; try to place the center of attention not on yourself and your assessments of events, but on the personality of the listener, his awareness and interest in the topic of conversation;

Do not start a conversation with issues on which you disagree with your partner, but first emphasize those aspects on which you agree;

Know how to instill in your communication partner the awareness of his significance: the art of recognizing the merits (and not humiliating or exposing) those around us must be learned and brought to automaticity.

For the listener:

Listen carefully to the speaker; prioritize listening over all other activities;

Listen kindly and patiently, as if advancing trust in your interlocutor; you will draw your final conclusion later;

Do not interrupt your interlocutor, no matter how much you want to, and especially do not try to turn the listening into your own speaking; remember - it is more important to receive information than to transmit it.

For those present:

If the interlocutors conducting the dialogue do not include you in the conversation, then, according to etiquette, you must “portray an empty space,” i.e. facial expression and posture demonstrate lack of interest in someone else’s conversation;

If communication between two parties is deliberately designed for the presence of a third and contains a hint of his involvement in the communication, take advantage of this: this is the position of an indirect addressee;

If the person present, being an involuntary listener, has information that is of interest to everyone, or can eliminate inaccuracies or misconceptions in the conversation, then, on his initiative, his inclusion in the circle of communication is allowed. In this case, you should delicately “wedge” into the speech space with the words: “Sorry for interfering.” The main thing here is to avoid tactlessness.

Speech etiquette

Speech etiquette assumes the ability to use speech standards in specific communication situations, in particular, when conducting personal or business conversations. Conversation etiquette includes choice of topic and rules of conduct for interlocutors.

Choosing a conversation topic depends on many factors: the reason for which people gathered, the cultural level of the interlocutors, the commonality of their interests. The topic of conversation, if possible, it should be interesting for everyone involved. Among unfamiliar people, you can start a conversation about a movie, a play, a concert, an exhibition. You can offer a discussion of a book you have read or the latest scientific achievements, which can give impetus to the emergence of new topics and thoughts. Usually everyone is also attracted to political events. However, in the context of “general politicization,” be careful that the conversation on this topic turns into heated political battles.

It is impolite to talk about a topic in which someone present cannot participate. A tactful and polite interlocutor conducts a conversation with everyone present, without giving any obvious preference to anyone. When choosing a topic, you need to take into account the person you are talking to, the place where you are, and the mood of those around you.

The one who admires the sunset is not told about his work plans, and the one discussing the work plan is not told about yesterday’s party. They do not complain in public or in the presence of a third person about their affairs of the heart or domestic quarrels: this can put the interlocutor in an awkward position. In society, people do not tell scary stories and generally avoid anything that might evoke difficult memories or a gloomy mood. So, in the presence of a patient, they do not talk about death or the fact that he looks bad; on the contrary, they try to cheer him up. On the road, especially on an airplane, people don’t talk about air disasters; in a car, they don’t talk about car accidents. There is no talk at the table about things that could spoil the appetite or the pleasure of eating. The food on the table is not criticized or viewed with disapproval. By praising the home table, you will please the hostess.

Rules of conduct for interlocutors during a conversation are regulated mainly by norms politeness and tact. Therefore, for example, it is not recommended to show excessive curiosity in a conversation. It is impolite and tactless to penetrate into other people's intimate affairs. It is not customary to ask about a woman’s age, and it is even more indecent to make fun of her reluctance to talk about it.

You should only speak about others in a correct tone. Everyone should feel for themselves where simple interest in a person ends and where gossip begins, or even worse - slander. An ironic smile, a meaningful look, an ambiguous remark often discredits a person more than outright abuse.

The owner of the house or table should quietly direct the conversation, trying to start a general conversation and drawing shy guests into it. It’s better to say less yourself.

The ability to listen to your interlocutor, as already mentioned, is an indispensable requirement of speech etiquette. This, of course, does not mean that you need to sit silently. But it is tactless to interrupt another. Therefore, no matter how bored you are, you must be patient to listen to the end of the thought or story of another. When talking together, you also need to be able to listen. It happens that you have to remain silent when you feel that your words can inflame passions. You should not start a heated argument in defense of your opinion. Such arguments spoil the mood of those present.

Youth should avoid arguing with elders. Even when the elder is really wrong, and the younger one has not been able to convince him that he is right, it is better to stop the argument and switch the conversation to another topic. Young people are generally better off waiting for their elders to engage them in conversation. In turn, elders should give young people the opportunity to speak, without interrupting them.

A person who has the gift of wit must use his gift tactfully, without ridiculing others or making fun of them. You shouldn’t go out of your way just to make a joke.

A joke or anecdote, said by the way, is quite appropriate, but subject to good taste, wit and storytelling ability. Vulgarity is unacceptable in the company, regardless of the form in which it is presented.

In relation to the self-confident “know-it-all”, a well-mannered person behaves modestly and calmly, pretending not to notice his mistakes. If it is necessary to correct the speaker, you need to do it delicately, without offending him, resorting to expressions like: “Excuse me, were you mistaken?” and so on. Anyone can make a mistake. But the one who notices the mistake of another should not speak in a didactic tone.

It is impolite to correct the narrator with rude phrases like: “That’s not true,” “You don’t understand anything about this,” “It’s clear as day and known to every child,” etc. The same idea can be expressed politely, without insulting the other, for example: “Sorry, but I don’t agree with you,” “It seems to me that you are wrong,” “I have a different opinion,” etc.

It is also impolite to separate yourself from society by organizing a separate “club”. People in the company do not whisper, it is perceived as an insult. If they need to say something important, they discreetly retire. If the whole society speaks one language, it is impolite to speak another language to anyone. If among those gathered there is a person who does not speak the local language, they try to translate the conversation for him.

A well-mannered person does not “color” his speech with strong expressions, does not scold, does not gossip, and does not interrupt others.

Don’t “jabber,” but don’t stretch out your words either; Don't mutter under your breath, but don't shout either. Do not nudge your partner with your elbow when talking, do not pat him on the shoulder, do not touch his buttons or sleeves, and do not brush away specks of dust from his clothes. Don't gesticulate or spit. Loud, attention-grabbing laughter is indecent.

You need to be attentive to your interlocutor, look him in the eyes, but not defiantly, but calmly and kindly.

During a conversation, do not engage in extraneous things, do not read, do not talk to your neighbor, do not play with any object, do not examine the ceiling, do not look dreamily out the window or wander your gaze past your interlocutor. This behavior is offensive.

The teacher must constantly keep in mind that a high level a culture of speech, compliance with the rules speech behavior And speech etiquette designed to help him and his students achieve success in communication and mutual understanding with other people.

Etiquette (French etiquette), a set of rules of conduct and treatment accepted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). In a figurative meaning - a form of behavior, treatment, rules of courtesy accepted in a given society. (Great Soviet Encyclopedia)

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etiquette Speech etiquette and culture of speech communication

The word etiquette itself originated in France and has been used since the time of Louis XIV. Initially, etiquette arose as a ceremony to demonstrate hierarchical authority. In every society, etiquette gradually developed as a system of rules of everyday life, behavior, a system of permissions and prohibitions that organize moral standards in general. From the history

Speech etiquette Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas for polite communication. Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect.

Often, carried away by the topic of conversation, we completely forget about the culture of communication: we try to impose our point of view on the topic of conversation on the interlocutor; we don’t try to delve into the arguments that our counterpart brings, we simply don’t listen to him; and, finally, in an effort to force everyone around us to agree with our view of things, we neglect speech etiquette: we stop watching our own words. Listening skills

Communication culture According to the rules of communication culture, it is strictly forbidden to put pressure on the interlocutor. Besides the fact that imposing your opinion is very ugly, it is also ineffective. Your behavior will most likely cause a defensive reaction from your partner, and then your conversation, at best, simply will not work out.

If you not only do not listen to your interlocutor, but also constantly interrupt him, not allowing him to finish, you should know that you are not only demonstrating your lack of speech culture, but also showing disrespect for the personality of your interlocutor, which does not characterize you in a positive way . Do not interrupt

The key to success The ability to listen is an indispensable component of the culture of communication. If you show genuine attention to the thoughts and feelings of the person you are talking to, if you sincerely respect the opinion of your counterpart, you can be sure that you are a good conversationalist and people enjoy communicating with you. The ability to listen is the key to your success in any life situation and in any society.

According to most people, speech is just a mechanism for putting your thoughts into words. But this is an erroneous judgment. Speech and speech etiquette are important tools in establishing communication with people, establishing contacts, and increasing the productivity of communication. A culture of speech

Behavior Among other things, the culture of speech has a huge influence on the behavior of the speaker himself. After all, everyone knows that the manner of speech and the choice of words during a dialogue not only set the interlocutor in the right mood, but also program our own behavior. We monitor our speech etiquette and weigh every word spoken and heard in response.

Rules of speech culture Avoid verbosity in any communication situation. If you want to convey some idea to the listener, there is no need for unnecessary words that distract attention from the main subject of the speech. Before entering into a conversation, clearly formulate for yourself the purpose of the upcoming communication. Always try to be brief, clear and precise. Strive for speech diversity. For each specific communication situation, you must find suitable words that are different from those that are applicable in other situations. The more complexes of diverse words you have for individual situations, the higher your speech culture will become. If a person does not know how to select words that meet the requirements of a particular communication situation, it means that he does not have the culture of speech.

Rules of speech culture Strive for speech diversity. For each specific communication situation, you must find suitable words that are different from those that are applicable in other situations. The more complexes of diverse words you have for individual situations, the higher your speech culture will become. If a person does not know how to select words that meet the requirements of a particular communication situation, it means that he does not have the culture of speech. Learn to find a common language with any interlocutor. Regardless of your counterpart’s communication style, follow the principles of speech culture, be polite and friendly.

Rules of speech culture Never respond to rudeness with rudeness. Don't stoop to the level of your ill-mannered interlocutor. By following the “tit for tat” principle in such a situation, you will only demonstrate the lack of your own speech culture. Learn to be attentive to your interlocutor, listen to his opinion and follow his train of thought. Try to always show the correct response to the words of your counterpart. Be sure to answer your interlocutor if you see that he needs your advice or attention. Remember, when you do not respond to the words of your interlocutor, you are grossly violating speech etiquette.

Rules of speech culture Make sure that during a conversation or public speaking, emotions do not overpower your mind. Maintain self-control and composure. Violation of the rules of speech etiquette is possible in cases where it is necessary to achieve expressive speech. However, under no circumstances should you stoop to using obscene words. Otherwise, there can be no talk about any culture. When communicating with your interlocutor, do not adopt his communication style: stick to your positive speech habits. Of course, it is necessary to seek a common language with any interlocutor, but by imitating his style of communication, you lose your individuality.

Wisdom “Nothing is given to us so cheaply and is not valued so dearly as POLITENESS” Cervantes

Irina Sizova
Speech etiquette and communication culture

Introduction

I chose the topic of my essay speech etiquette and communication culture. I believe that this topic is relevant in our time. Lack of culture- a common phenomenon. Broad concept culture certainly includes what is called communication culture, culture of speech behavior. To own it, it is important to understand the essence speech etiquette. Etiquette is“established order of forms of treatment” .(SI. Ozhegov).At different times etiquette the requirements were different. Today there is an urgent question not only about the loss of norms etiquette, but also about general decline in communication culture.

What's happened speech etiquette?

Etiquette(French etiquette-label, label) - a set of rules of conduct relating to attitude towards people (dealing with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in in public places, manners and clothing).

Speech etiquette- adopted in this culture a set of requirements for the form, content, order, nature and situational relevance of statements. Famous explorer speech etiquette N. I. Formanovskaya gives this definition: "Under speech etiquette regulatory rules are understood speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotypical, stable formulas communication, accepted and prescribed society to establish contact between interlocutors.” TO speech etiquette, in particular, include words and expressions used by people to say goodbye, requests, apologies, forms of address accepted in various situations, intonation features that characterize polite speech, etc. Study speech etiquette occupies a special position at the intersection of linguistics, theory and history culture, ethnography, regional studies, psychology and other humanitarian disciplines.

High culture Speech is the ability to correctly, accurately and expressively convey your thoughts using language. Culture speech obliges a person to adhere to certain mandatory norms and rules, among which the most important are: a) meaningfulness - thoughtfulness and utmost informativeness of expressions; true eloquence consists in saying everything that needs to be said, but no more. b) consistency - validity, consistency and consistency of presentation, in which all leading provisions are interconnected and subordinated to a single thought; logic is the foundation of persuasion and evidence; c) evidence - reliability, clarity and validity of arguments, which should clearly show the interlocutor that everything that is said exists in reality and is objective in nature; d) persuasiveness - the ability to convince an interlocutor and ensure that this conviction is firmly rooted in his mind; for these purposes, you should take into account the psychological characteristics of your interlocutor and illustrate your points with vivid examples; e) clarity - each expression must be clear and precise; speech that is too fast is difficult to perceive, speech that is too slow causes irritation; dull and inexpressive speech can destroy the deepest thoughts; f) understandability - the use of words and terms that are understandable to the interlocutor; you should not abuse foreign and rarely used words and expressions; The use of vulgar words and slang expressions is unacceptable.

Speech etiquette: history, foundations, factors determining its formation, national differences

Emergence etiquette as such, And speech etiquette in particular, is firmly associated with the development of the state as the main regulatory and management system society. The state needs norms and rules of behavior that would, in practice, serve as a means of differentiation and recognition of various social groups, layers, and institutions.

"Dictionary by ethics» defines this concept So: « Etiquette(French etiquette - label, label) - a set of rules of conduct relating to the external manifestation of attitude towards people (dealing with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in in public places, manners and clothing)". As we see the word itself " etiquette"came to us from France, from the royal court of Louis XIV. And labels called small paper tablets given to those who wanted (or he was forced) appear before the king. It was written on them how a person should address the king, what movements he should make, what words he should say. This is where the tendency towards systematization of norms and rules manifests itself. Labels at the court of the French king were one of the first documents indicating the norms and rules of interpersonal communication. E. V. Arova in the book "Please" says that the oldest information about etiquette are already contained in"Kagemni's Teachings to Pharaoh Snofri", which are about five thousand years old. As you can see, in all the above examples we are talking about general rules of behavior. These rules and regulations speech behaviors are combined, we will talk mainly about speech rules, i.e. about speech etiquette.

Compliance speech etiquette people also has educational value, helps improve how speech, so general culture of society.

What factors determine the formation speech etiquette and its use? L.A. Vvedenskaya defines these factors:

Speech etiquette is built taking into account the characteristics of partners entering into business relations, conducting business talk: social status of the subject and addressee communication, their place in the service hierarchy, their profession, nationality, religion, age, gender, character.

Speech etiquette determined by the situation in which it occurs communication.

The basis speech etiquette consists of speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics communication. Any act communication has a beginning, the main part and the final part. In this regard, the formulas speech etiquette are divided into 3 main groups: 1.) speech formulas for starting communication; 2.) speech formulas, used in the process communication; 3.) speech formulas for ending communication.

Besides, speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation created its own system of rules speech behavior. For example, a feature of the Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns - “you” and “you”, which can be perceived as forms of the second singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, and the official/informal environment. It is not customary to address strangers with “you”; in an official setting; with those older in age, rank and sometimes position. At the same time, you should not use “you” to address friends and relatives, classmates or work colleagues.

So, taking into account the factors that shape and determine speech etiquette, knowledge and compliance with standards speech etiquette, creates a favorable climate for relationships, promotes the efficiency and effectiveness of business relationships.

National differences speech etiquettes in different countries Speech etiquette- an important element of any national culture. In the language speech behavior, stable formulas (stereotypes) communication rich folk experience, the uniqueness of customs, lifestyles, and living conditions of each people were deposited. And this is infinitely valuable.

I. Ehrenburg left something interesting certificate: “Europeans, when greeting, extend their hand, but a Chinese, Japanese or Indian is forced to shake a stranger’s limb. If a visitor stuck his bare foot into Parisians or Muscovites, it would hardly cause delight. Vienna man says "I kiss your hand", without thinking about the meaning of his words, and a resident of Warsaw, when he is introduced to a lady, mechanically kisses her hand. The Englishman, outraged by the tricks of his competitor, writes to him: "Dear sir, you are a fraud", without "dear sir" he can't start a letter. Christians, entering a church, church or church, take off their hats, and a Jew, entering a synagogue, covers his head. In Catholic countries, women should not enter the temple with their heads uncovered. In Europe the color of mourning is black, in China it is white. When a Chinese man sees for the first time a European or an American walking arm in arm with a woman, sometimes even kissing her, it seems to him extremely shameless. In Japan you cannot enter a house without taking off your shoes; in restaurants, men in European suits and socks sit on the floor. In the Beijing hotel, the furniture was European, but the entrance to the room was traditionally Chinese - the screen did not allow direct entry; this is associated with the idea that the devil is walking straight; but according to our ideas, the devil is cunning, and it costs him nothing to get around any partition. If a guest comes to a European and admires a picture on the wall, a vase or other trinket, then the owner is pleased. If a European begins to admire a thing in a Chinese house, the owner gives him this item - politeness demands this. My mother taught me that when visiting, you should not leave anything on the plate. In China, no one touches the cup of dry rice that is served at the end of lunch - you need to show that you are full. The world is diverse, and you shouldn’t rack your brains over this or that custom: if there are foreign monasteries, then, consequently, there are foreign charters" (I. Ehrenburg. People, years, life).

National specifics speech etiquette in every country is extremely bright, because the unique features of the language here, as we see, are superimposed by the features of rituals, habits, everything accepted and not accepted in behavior, permitted and prohibited in social etiquette.

Rules and regulations speech etiquette, main groups Role speech etiquette in communication

Speech communication- this is the unity of two sides (transmission and perception of information).

Forms communication there are oral and written.

Spheres speech communication – social and everyday life, social cultural, educational and scientific, socio-political, official business.

Using verbal formulas etiquette we express relationships when meeting and parting when we thank someone or apologize, in a dating situation and in many other cases. Each language has its own foundation etiquette formulas. Their composition in the Russian language is most fully described by A. A. Akishina and N. I. Formanovskaya, the authors of numerous works on modern Russian speech etiquette. Conceptual core speech etiquette is the concept of politeness as an indispensable condition for tolerant verbal communication in different manifestations: tact, goodwill, courtesy, correctness, courtesy, gallantry, courtesy, affability, etc.

Rules for conversation phone: formal and informal conversations should be distinguished; business calls are made on work phones, informal calls on home phones; It is indecent to call before 9 am and after 22 :00; You cannot call strangers; if you have to do this, you must explain who gave the phone number; the conversation should not be long - 3-5 minutes; the subscriber being called is not required to identify himself, even if it is a business telephone; It is not permissible for a caller to start a conversation with questions: "Who's talking?", "Who's on the phone?"

Semantic parts of telephone conversation: establishing contact (identification, hearing check); beginning of a conversation (greeting, question about the opportunity to speak, questions about life, affairs, health, message about the purpose of the call); theme development (expanding the topic, exchanging information, expressing opinions);friendly tone, clear pronunciation of words, average speech rate, neutral voice volume; end of the conversation (final phrases summarizing the topic of the conversation, etiquette phrases, farewell)

Youth uniform communication

Youth slang is a special form of language. From a certain age, many of us plunge into its element, but over time, it seems "surface" to the surface of literary spoken language. Youth slang is based on playing with words, on a special attitude to life, rejecting everything that is correct, boring, stable. He uses invention, word-making, humor, teasing. Often, older people also retain a predilection for jargon. In the vocabulary of youth slang, two extreme features coexist. On the one hand, specificity and clarity of definitions. tail – a failed exam or test; brake - a slow, slow-thinking person.

On the other hand, amorphousness, blurred meanings; sometimes slang words and expressions cannot be translated into literary language: cool - a difficult to define positive characteristic of a person or object, borrowed from the Ofen language; cool – a positive characteristic of a person; dude or dude - designation of peers, borrowing from the gypsy language; get - something like bring out of patience with some stupid, boringly repetitive action; to run over - to perform any action of an aggressive nature. In the last decade, youth jargon has been actively supplemented by computer vocabulary. There are also metaphorical reinterpreted Russians here words: kettle, hang, hack and numerous English-speaking borrowing: user, hacker, screw, Windows, soap, emelya. A striking feature of youth slang is its rapid updating. In the youth of grandparents, money could be called tugriks, rupees, in the times of parents - coins, mani, today's youth use babka, bucks. Another feature of youth jargon is its limited subject matter. There are about a dozen semantic classes of names, within which there are many synonyms. This is the name of persons (dude, forehead, small, horses, parts of the body (lanterns, claws, switch, positive assessments (cool, cool, awesome, awesome, out, the name of some actions (pass out, joke, trudge) Often slang speech is considered a sign of low culture. But for many people, jargon becomes a favorite game, and the same versatility allows for a complex interplay of meaning.

Literature

1) Goldin V. E. Speech and etiquette. - M., 1983

2) Krysin L.P. Language in modern times society. – M., 1977.

3) Lvova S.I. Speech etiquette. – M., 1995

4) Akishina A. A. Speech etiquette Russian telephone conversation. – M., 2000

5) Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist (linguistics) Comp. M. V. Panov. – M., 1984

6) Encyclopedia for children. T. 10. Linguistics. Russian language / Chapter. Ed. M. D. Aksenova. – M. Avanta +, 1998.

7) Network etiquette. Rules and regulations for using the network and virtual communication. - http://www.domonet.ru/abonents/etiquette.html

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

LUGANSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

LUGANSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

"LUGANSK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER TARAS SHEVCHENKO"

Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology

MESSAGE ON THE TOPIC:

« SPEECH ETIQUETTE AND CULTURE OF COMMUNICATION»

Performed

1st year student

Speciality "Preschool education. Speech therapy"

Form of study: correspondence

Sizova Irina Valerievna

Checked:

Art. Lecturer at the Russian Department linguistics and communication technologies

Gelyukh N. A.

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