Dialectal vocabulary. Types of dialectisms

The vocabulary of the modern Russian national language includes words that differ in their functioning. The basis of the vocabulary of a language is made up of words that are well known to everyone, used in oral and written speech, regardless of the territory, profession, or social status of the native speaker. This vocabulary is called commonly used. On a thematic basis, it identifies various systemic groupings - paradigms: “Kinship” ( mother, father, brother, sister, uncle and so on.); "Color" ( white, blue, red, yellow, black etc.), “Residential premises” ( room, hallway, living room, kitchen, children's room etc.) etc. Vocabulary, limited by the sphere of its distribution, differs from commonly used vocabulary. The restriction may be related to people’s place of residence, their profession, age, social status, etc. In connection with these factors, certain groups of words are identified that are limited in their use. According to social and territorial use in the modern vocabulary, all-Russian vocabulary and dialect vocabulary, widespread in different regions of the Russian state, are distinguished. Dialect( dialektos - “dialect, patois”) is a territorially fixed variety of the national language, which has a set of linguistic features: phonetic, morphological, syntactic, etc. Dialect speech - unwritten oral speech - serves for everyday communication of the rural population. Dialectal vocabulary– a set of words that makes up the specific vocabulary of a given dialect: Elan(Ryaz. and Tamb.) “clearing”, play around(Don.) “idle”, etc. Units of such vocabulary that have retained the features of their structure and meaning and are used in a literary language for style-characterizing purposes are called dialectisms.

Dialects differ from the literary language by phonetic, word-formation, morphological features, and specific vocabulary, on the basis of which the corresponding types of dialectisms are distinguished. Phonetic dialectisms - words that differ from literary words in pronunciation: omma ¢ n(northern) - deception, other[x] (south) - other[k]; derivational dialecticisms are words that differ from literary ones. Morphemic composition: landslide(southern) – general, farrier(south) – kovets(Pskov.) – blacksmith; morphological dialectisms have specific categories and forms: sing[t] ¢ ], play[t¢ ] (southern) – sing, carry, play; at my place, at my place(southern) – at my place, at my place. Lexical dialectisms are dialect words used in dialects, works of art, journalism, but not included in the lexical system of the literary language. They are presented in 3 types: a) actually lexical are synonyms of the corresponding literary words: peplum(north-ur.) - beautiful, bases(southern) - yard; barrel(Moscow, Tver, Yarosl.) - whirlpool; volovodit(Kursk) - to hesitate; b) lexical-semantic have a different meaning compared to the literary word: top(Kursk, Don.) “ravine”, pile(yarosl.) “mound, ancient grave”, whiskey(Kursk, Raven) - “hair”; V) ethnographic(ethnographisms) - names of local household items, common only in a certain dialect and having no parallels in the literary language: poneva(Ryaz.) - “skirt made of colorful homespun fabric”, gate(volog.) - “a rectangular cheesecake made from rye flour with potatoes or millet.”

The vocabulary of a literary language is constantly replenished with dialect words that lose their territorial affiliation and are perceived as commonly used. So, in XIX V. The words from the dialects included in the literary language: viper, in vain, reach, taiga and etc.; V XX V - wilderness, Kosova, Putin, camp etc. In artistic speech, dialectisms perform the functions of speech characteristics of characters, create a territorial linguistic picture of the world, etc. Many dialectisms have become generally known through works of art: Biryuk“lonely, gloomy man” (Orlovsk) from the story of I.S. Turgenev “Biryuk”. There is a lot of dialect vocabulary in the works of N.V. Gogol, I.A. Bunin, M.A. Sholokhov, P.P. Bazhova, V.P. Astafieva and others.

Dialectal vocabulary is reflected in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl and in modern special dictionaries of dialects of the Russian language (by region): F. Abramova. “Dictionary of Russian dialects of the southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. – Krasnoyarsk, 1998”, etc.

Lexicology. The word in semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects
- DIDACTIC PLAN
- LITERATURE
- Vocabulary as a subsystem of language, its specific features. Vocabulary and lexicology. Lexicology and other branches of linguistics
- Three dimensions of vocabulary: epidigmatics, paradigmatics and syntagmatics
- The word as the basic nominative unit of language. Differential features of a word
- Semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects of vocabulary learning
- Semasiology. Form and meaning of the word. Word and concept
- Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word
- Structure of the lexical meaning of a word. Typology of semes and their hierarchy
- Polysemy. A polysemantic word as a system of lexical-semantic variants. Types of name transfer
- Types of lexical meanings in a polysemous word
- Homonymical paradigm. Typology of homonyms. Homonymy and polysemy
- The concept of paronymy. Paronymic paradigm
- Lexical synonymy. Synonymous paradigm and its dominant. Synonymy and polysemy. Types of lexical synonyms by meaning and structure. Synonym functions

Introduction……………………………………………………………..2

1 Dialectal (regional) vocabulary……………………………………3

2 Use of dialect vocabulary in speech………………………..3

3 Special (professional terminological) vocabulary…..5

4 Use of special vocabulary in speech………………………6

5 Slang vocabulary……………………………………………………………..7

6 Using jargon in speech……………………………..7

7 Computer jargon………………………………………………………...8

8 Archaisms……………………………………………………………11

9 Neologisms………………………………………………………12

10 Borrowed words…………………………………………….13

11 Phraseologisms…………………………………………………….13

Conclusion………………………………………………………15

Literature…………………………………………………………….16

Introduction

Any person for whom Russian is a native language knows what the words mean money, There is, cranberry, meadow, tractor, but not everyone is familiar with such words as finagi(money), take(eat, eat) Pozhanka(meadow), crane(cranberry).

Words money, There is, cranberry, meadow, tractor belong to public vocabulary(the term “national vocabulary” is to a certain extent arbitrary, since most people do not use non-literary words in their speech. On the other hand, many literary and book words are unknown to people with little culture). Its understanding and use do not depend either on the place or on the professional affiliation of a person. It is the national vocabulary that forms the basis of the national Russian language. The popular vocabulary includes literary words: trees, think, tiny, liar etc., non-literary vocabulary, which is common among people of various professions and ages: fool, brainy, foolishly, will do and etc.

Non-national vocabulary is vocabulary, the understanding and use of which is related to a person’s profession, his place of residence, occupation, etc. Non-popular vocabulary includes dialect, special and slang words.

1 Dialectal (regional) vocabulary

Dialect(otherwise regional) vocabulary is that part of the non-national vocabulary that is a characteristic feature of the speech of the population of any locality, region, district. There are words used only by residents of the northern regions: roe(plow), lava(bridge), greenhouse(bonfire), etc.

There are words characteristic of southern cities: order(forest), roe(Earth), area(bushes), etc.

Dialect words that are used in fiction are called dialectisms. The term “dialectism” includes not only what refers to the peculiarities of the vocabulary of a particular dialect or dialect, but also what constitutes its phonetic, word-formation or grammatical feature. For example: floppy(funny), roh(then), wisely(for a long time), entot(this) phonetic dialectisms; tying hay(fresh hay), at me(I have), steppe(steppes), scold(scolds) grammatical dialectisms; once again(one day), flatly(layer), along(along) derivational dialectisms.

Among the lexical dialectisms there are:

actually lexical dialectic words that have synonyms with a different root in a literary language: peplum(Beautiful), vir(whirlpool), cats(boots), chapura(heron), etc.

semantic dialecticisms are words that have a meaning in a given dialect (dialect) that is unusual for general popular use. For example: envious, in some dialects it means (zealous), cloud(storm), lips(mushrooms), order(forest), impudent(sudden), etc.

ethnographic dialectic words that name objects and phenomena that are characteristic of the life of the population only in a given area and are unknown in other areas or differ in some specific way from them: Duleyka(wadding jacket), scaffolding(skirt made from a piece of fabric), thinner(thin pancake made from unleavened dough), etc. In other words, ethnographic dialectism, or ethnography, is the local name for a special, local thing. Ethnographisms do not have a national synonym, so their meaning can only be conveyed descriptively.

Phraseological dialectisms are stable phrases, known in this meaning only in some locality: to fall into boredom (get bored), as if one sat down in salt (withered), death without death (something difficult, heavy), etc.

2 Use of dialect vocabulary in speech

Since dialect vocabulary belongs to the number of words that are not generally known, not popular, the natural question is how and to what extent it can be used for artistic purposes. The degree and nature of the use of dialect words are determined by the theme of the work, the object of the image, the goals that the author sets for himself, his aesthetic ideal, skill, etc. For example, in L. N. Tolstoy, dialectisms are found not only when conveying the speech of peasants, but sometimes in the author’s language, where they are given without any explanation. In I. S. Turgenev, such words have the nature of quotations, inclusions, alien to the general verbal context. At the same time, they are supplied with notes that reveal their meaning, about

From dialects, from “soil”, then he, like

Ancient Antaeus, would lose all his strength

And would become like a dead language, like

Now is the Latin language.

L.V.Shcherba

The language of writing, science, culture, fiction, official business documents is the literary language, but the means of everyday communication for a considerable part of the inhabitants of Russia is their native dialect .

A dialect, or dialect, is the smallest territorial variety of a language, spoken by residents of several nearby villages, if the speech in them is uniform, or of one village. Dialects are characterized by phonetic and grammatical features, as well as specific vocabulary.

Dialectisms are words of local dialects that are found in the speech of people from a certain dialect environment and are used in the language of fiction as a means of stylization (in order to create local color and speech characteristics of characters).

Depending on the nature of the differences between a dialect word and a literary one, the following types of dialectisms are distinguished:

1. Phonetic dialectisms reflect the features of the sound system of dialects. This is okana, yakan, clack, pronunciation of [γ] fricative, pronunciation of [x] and [xv] in place of [f]: milk, byada, na[γ ]a, hvartukh, kartokhlya, tasto. Yes, in a ditty How Baranovsky girls say the letter “tse”: “Give me soap, a towel and tsulotski on the pets!”- reflects the clicking, which is characteristic of Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Ryazan and many other dialects.

2. Grammatical dialectisms reflect the features of the grammatical structure of dialects. For example, nouns may differ in gender ( red sun, my towel, gray mouse), number ( the heat was intense) belonging to another type of declension, having in one case or another an ending that is unusual for the literary language. Here is an example from A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”: The pincushion and the legs are so cute! Pearls ground into white! At the noun whitewash(plural only) in the accusative case the ending is ы, which reflects the peculiarity of the dialect of Moscow, which was considered a literary norm at the beginning of the 20th century. It was also acceptable in those days to use [t] soft verbs in the 3rd person, which is now assessed as a dialectal feature characteristic of the South Russian dialect. For example, the poet S. Marin (1776-1813) rhymes the verb in the indefinite form be in love With belongs, standing in the form of the 3rd person, which indicates the pronunciation of soft [t] : You cannot doubt that I could love another, since every movement of my heart belongs to you alone.

Grammatical dialectisms also include the special use of prepositions ( He came from Moscow), constructions unusual for a literary language (I'll break your cup).

3. Lexical dialectisms are divided into:

A) actually lexical– local names of objects and phenomena that have synonyms in the literary language ( peplum - beautiful, bayat - talk, povet - hayloft, hefty - very);

b) lexical-phonetic dialectisms reflect irregular (represented by isolated cases and “unpredictable”, in contrast to okanya, yakanya, tsokanya, etc.) phonetic features ( vyshnya - cherry, hollow - hollow, teasing - teasing, breakfast - breakfast). A variety of lexical-phonetic dialectisms are accentological– words that differ from literary accents ( h A dry - zas at ha, in e rba – willow A, X O freezing - cold O).

V) lexical-word-formative dialectisms are words that have some differences in the word-formation structure compared to words of the literary language ( to visit - to visit, fox - fox, groin - smell).

4. Semantic dialectisms- these are words that have a different meaning than in the literary language (watermelon “pumpkin”, good-natured “white mushroom”, bridge “floor”, teapot “a person who loves to drink tea”).

5. Ethnographic dialectisms– names of objects and phenomena that have no analogues in the literary language. This is due to the peculiarities of life, housekeeping, and rituals in a certain area. This includes the names of residential and outbuildings, their parts, tools, clothing, kitchen utensils, dishes (poneva “a type of skirt worn by married peasant women”, novina “severe canvas”, tues “a vessel made of birch bark”, dvernik “a person who opens door during the wedding ceremony").

6. Phraseological dialectisms- these are stable combinations of words found only in dialects ( enter into goodness “enter into trust”, take yourself out “arrange your life”, tie your head “stop doing anything”).

Linguist V.I. Chernyshev noted: “The vocabulary of the village is richer than that of the city... When we want to expand our historical and philological education, here knowledge of the folk language will provide us with invaluable services.”

Due to the preservation of many archaic features, dialects serve as material for historical and linguistic research and explanation of ancient language monuments. Thus, in some dialects soft hissing [zh], [sh] are still preserved.

Studying dialects helps to better understand the kinship of Slavic languages. For example, in Russian dialects the custom of helping each other with work, if it needs to be done urgently or is labor-intensive, is called help/help, cleanup/cleanup(compare with Belarusian talaqa/talaqa), and the holiday of the end of the harvest - dozhinki / obzhinki / spozhinki.

The fate of the dialect is inseparable from the life of the people. The boundaries of linguistic phenomena often coincide with ancient political boundaries. For example, the boundaries of word distribution cockerel, flail leash correspond quite accurately to the borders of the ancient Novgorod Republic. Therefore, dialectology is closely related to such branches of scientific knowledge as history, archeology, ethnography, and folklore.

Many Russian writers loved the living folk word. S.T. Aksakov, N.S. Leskov, P.P. Bazhov, S.G. Pisakhov, B.V. Shergin, M. Sholokhov especially often resorted to dialectisms.

The literary language constantly influences dialects, and they are gradually destroyed, losing many of their features, but dialects, in turn, influence the literary language. So, from the talk came the words strawberries, plow, bagel. Especially often, the literary language lacks expressive vocabulary, which quickly “fades” and loses its original expressiveness. In these cases, dialects come to the aid of the literary language.

Words, the use of which is typical for people living in a certain area, constitute dialect vocabulary. Dialect words are used mainly in oral speech, since the dialect itself is mainly the oral, everyday speech of residents of rural areas.
Dialectal vocabulary differs from the national vocabulary not only in its narrower scope of use, but also in a number of the following features:
1) Phonetic;
2) Grammatical;
3) Lexico-semantic.
In accordance with these features, the following types of dialectisms are distinguished:
A) Phonetic dialectisms are words that reflect the phonetic features of a given dialect:
Barrel - barrel;
Vankya - Vanka;
Tipyayagok - boiling water (South Russian dialectisms);
Kuricha - chicken;
Tsyasy - clock;
A person is a person;
Nemchi - Germans (Northwestern dialectisms).
b) Grammar dialectisms are words that have grammatical characteristics different from those in the literary language.
1) The use of a neuter noun as a feminine noun in South Russian dialects: The whole field; Such a thing; The cat smells whose meat it has eaten.
2) In northern Russian dialects, the use of the dative case form instead of the prepositional case is common:
In the cellar - in the cellar; In the club - in the club; In the table - in the table.
3) Using words with a different morphemic structure, but having the same root, instead of commonly used lexemes:
Sideways - on the side;
Dozhzhok - rain;
Yech - to run;
Burrow - hole, etc.
c) lexical dialectisms - words that differ in form and meaning from words in the popular vocabulary:
Kochet - rooster;
Korets - ladle;
The other day - the other day, recently;
Inda - even;
Ground - manure;
Tutarit - to speak;
To clear away - to harrow, etc.
Among the lexical dialectisms, local (local) names of things and concepts common in a given area stand out. Such words are called ethnographisms, For example:
Paneva is a special type of skirt in the Ryazan, Tambov and Tula regions;
Nalygach is a special belt or rope tied to the horns of oxen in those areas where oxen are used as draft force; Ochep - a pole at a well, with the help of which water is obtained; Cats are birch bark bast shoes.
A dialectal word may differ from a commonly used word not only in form (phonetic, morpheme, grammatical), but also in lexical meaning. In this case they talk about semantic dialectisms, for example:
Yawn - scream, call;
Dark - very much (I love dark = I love it very much);
Guess - recognize someone by sight;
Top - ravine (South Russian dialects);
Plow - sweep the floor (Northern Russian dialects);
Divno - a lot (Siberian dialects), etc.
Dialectisms are often used as artistic means of expression in works of fiction to achieve the following goals:
1) Speech characteristics of the character;
2) Transmission of local color;
3) The most accurate naming of things and concepts.
Examples of such use of dialectisms can be found in the works of many word artists:
It was frosty and bitter, but in the evening it began to feel rejuvenated (T.)
The verb to rejuvenate in Oryol and Tula dialects means “to become cloudy, to tend toward bad weather,” as V. I. Dal explains in his dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.
We went to the forest, or, as we say, to order (Turg.) The whole face seemed to turn blue (Babel) We are used to eating bread without weight (Shol.)

Content

Introduction
Chapter 1. Common vocabulary of the Russian language
Chapter 2. Vocabulary of limited use
Chapter 2.1 Dialectal vocabulary. Types of dialects
Chapter 2.2 Professional vocabulary and terms
Chapter 2.3 Jargon and argotisms
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

If we take the vocabulary of the Russian people, i.e. all the words used by Russians throughout Russia, taking into account all ages, all degrees of cultural development of people, all professions, etc., we will obtain the vocabulary of the Russian language in its entirety, i.e. vocabulary of the Russian national language. Is it possible to compile a dictionary that includes all Russian vocabulary? Are there people who know all Russian words? We can firmly say that there are no people who master the entire vocabulary of the Russian national language. After all, in order to know all the words of our language, one must master not only the literary language, but also the special terminology of all sciences, and all the dialects of Russia, and all the jargons, etc. Creating a complete dictionary of the Russian language is also practically impossible. V. I. Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” contains 200,000 words. Dahl wanted to reflect the vocabulary of his time as completely as possible. However, he was far from the goal (and there are more words in his dictionary than in any other). Many special words and many dialectisms were not included in Dahl’s dictionary. It is impossible to embrace the immensity. The compilation of a complete Russian dictionary must be preceded by a huge amount of work collecting the vocabulary of dialects, professions, and jargons. But even if it is possible to make a complete dictionary, its completeness will be imaginary: after all, during the work, many new words will appear that will not have time to enter the dictionary.
The purpose of the work is to study information about the vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its use, as well as systematize this information in this work. The task of the work was to show information about vocabulary and draw conclusions from the material found on this topic.
The vocabulary of the Russian language, depending on the sphere of use of the word, is divided into two groups: nationwide, commonly used vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use.

Chapter 1. Common vocabulary of the Russian language

The most important part of the Russian language dictionary in all its diversity is common vocabulary. It represents the lexical core, without which language is unthinkable, communication is impossible, it consists of words that are expressions of the most necessary vital concepts.
Commonly used vocabulary is the backbone of the national literary dictionary, the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts in Russian, the foundation on the basis of which, first of all, further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary takes place. The vast majority of words included in it are stable in their use and are used in all styles of speech.
The vocabulary of the Russian language includes words that are known and understood by everyone and can be used both orally and in writing. For example: water, earth, forest, bread, go, eat, eat, winter, bright, girl, word, head, etc. Among these words, stylistically neutral words stand out, i.e. words that can be heard equally in a scientific report and in everyday conversation. There is an overwhelming majority of such words in the Russian language. They can also be called commonly used in the full sense of the word.
In addition to stylistically neutral words, common vocabulary also includes words that can be used by everyone, but not in any case. Thus, the words voditsa, simpleton, magazine, mustachioed, courtyard, little word, etc., in contrast to words that are stylistically neutral, either have expression or are emotionally charged. Shades of emotional coloring are created by various diminutive-affectionate and increasing-derogatory suffixes (vod-its-a, magazine-chik, yard-ik, word-echk-o), and expressiveness is conveyed by the special figurativeness of the words of speech (simpleton, mustachioed, reckless, dodgy ). These words almost never appear in a scientific report or a business document. The use of expressive-emotional words is limited to certain styles of speech: more often they are used in a conversational style, often in a journalistic style.
It can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialectal or professional) scope of use. So, the words are burning, motley, loser, tyrant, regular, boring and nek. etc. back in the first half of the 19th century. were not known to all Russian speakers: the scope of their use was limited to the professional (vibrant, motley) or dialectal (loser, tyrant, regular, boring) environment. In modern Russian, these words are part of the commonly used vocabulary.
On the other hand, some commonly used words over time may go out of general circulation and narrow the scope of their use: for example, the words goiter, i.e. there is, disdain, i.e. dawn, are now found only in some Russian dialects. There are times when a word from the national dictionary disappears into professional jargon.

Chapter 2.1 Dialectal vocabulary. Types of dialectics

Dialectisms are features of dialects and dialects that do not correspond to the norms of the literary language. Dialectism is a dialect inclusion in the Russian literary language. People’s speech can reflect the phonetic, word-formation, and grammatical features of a dialect, but for lexicology the most important dialectisms are those associated with the functioning of words as lexical units - lexical dialectisms, which come in several types.
Firstly, dialectism can denote objects, phenomena and production processes that exist only in a given area and do not have names in the literary language: “tyes” is a vessel for liquid made of birch bark,” “kroshni” is a wooden shoulder device for carrying heavy loads; “to salt” - boil with ash or pour boiling water with ash (linen, yarn, etc.); “odonye” - a stack of unthreshed rye or wheat measuring 15-20 kopecks, folded in a special way for long-term storage in the open air; “barking” - removing bark from trees (when extracting resin, etc.); “Outmark” is a small remnant of a haystack that can be carried away at one time on one cart; “pagolnik” - the upper part of a stocking, sock or boot, covering the lower leg (also worn without the lower part). These and similar words are called ethnographisms.
Secondly, dialectisms include words that are used in a certain area, but have words with the same meaning in the literary language: hefty - very; pitching - duck; basque - beautiful; rusty - frail, weak; kreyat - to recover, to get better; roof - hornet; kupyr - angelica (herbaceous plant growing in forests and shrubs; used as livestock feed); kurchi - curls; lalak - chat; lamsha - stain.
Thirdly, there are dialectisms that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with the words of the literary language, but have a different meaning that does not exist in the literary language, but is characteristic of a particular dialect, for example, plow - “sweep the floor”, fireman - “fire victim” , thin in the meaning of “bad” (this meaning was also inherent in the literary language in the past, hence the comparative degree worse from the adjective bad) or weather - “bad weather”.
Dialectal features can also manifest themselves at other linguistic levels - in pronunciation, inflection, compatibility, etc.
Dialectisms are outside the literary language, but can be used in fiction to create local color and to characterize the speech characteristics of characters.
Dialectisms are recorded in special dictionaries of various dialects, the most common of them can be reflected in the explanatory dictionary with the mark regional (regional: bayat (reg.) - to speak).
Dialects differ from the national national language in various ways - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics:

Dialectal features are characteristic of both the syntactic and phraseological levels, but they do not form the subject of the study of the lexical system of language.

Chapter 2.2 Professional vocabulary and terms

The use of professional vocabulary used by people of the same profession, working in the same field of science and technology, is socially limited. Terms and professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries with the mark “special”; sometimes the scope of use of a particular term is indicated: physics, medicine, mathematics, astronomer. etc..
Terms are words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, or art. Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of knowledge operates with its own terms, which form the essence of the terminological system of this science.
As part of the terminological vocabulary, several “layers” can be distinguished, differing in the scope of use and the characteristics of the designated object:
1. First of all, these are general scientific terms that are used in various fields of knowledge and belong to the scientific style of speech as a whole: experiment, adequate, equivalent, predict, hypothetical, progress, reaction, etc. These terms form a general conceptual fund of various sciences and have the highest frequency of use.
2. There are also special terms that are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology; for example in linguistics: subject, predicate, adjective, pronoun; in medicine: heart attack, fibroids, periodontitis, cardiology, etc. The quintessence of each science is concentrated in these terminologies.
Professional vocabulary is informative like no other. Therefore, in the language of science, terms are indispensable: they allow you to briefly and extremely accurately formulate a thought. However, the degree of terminology of scientific works is not the same. The frequency of use of terms depends on the nature of the presentation and the addressing of the text.
Modern society requires a form of description of the data obtained that would make the greatest discoveries of mankind accessible to everyone. However, often the language of monographic studies is so overloaded with terms that it becomes inaccessible even to a specialist. Therefore, it is important that the terminologies used are sufficiently mastered by science, and newly introduced terms need to be explained.

A peculiar sign of our time has been the spread of terms outside of scientific works. This gives grounds to talk about the general terminology of modern speech. Thus, many words that have a terminological meaning have become widely used without any restrictions: tractor, radio, television, oxygen. Another group consists of words that have a dual nature: they can function both as terms and as common words. In the first case, these lexical units are characterized by special shades of meaning, giving them special precision and unambiguity. Thus, the word mountain, which in broad usage means “a significant elevation rising above the surrounding area” and has a number of figurative meanings, does not contain specific height measurements in its interpretation.
In geographical terminology, where the distinction between the terms “mountain” and “hill” is essential, a clarification is given - “a hill more than 200 m in height.” Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinologization.
Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields of production, techniques that, however, have not become generally used. Unlike terms - official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms of functions
etc.................