According to UNESCO, the number of scientists in developing countries is growing, but women scientists remain in the minority Paris, November 23 – As the number of scientists in the world increases, the number of scientists in developing countries increased by 56% from 2002 to 2007. This is according to a new study published by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (ISU). For comparison: over the same period in developed countries, the number of scientists increased by only 8.6%*. Over five years, the number of scientists in the world has grown significantly - from 5.8 to 7.1 million people. This happened primarily due to developing countries: in 2007, the number of scientists here reached 2.7 million, compared to 1.8 million five years earlier. Their share of the world now stands at 38.4%, up from 30.3% in 2002. “The growth in the number of scientists, especially notable in developing countries, is good news. UNESCO welcomes this progress, even though the participation of women in scientific research, which UNESCO has visibly promoted through the L'Oréal-UNESCO Women and Science Prizes, is still too limited,” said UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova. The greatest growth is observed in Asia, whose share increased from 35.7% in 2002 to 41.4%. This happened primarily due to China, where over five years this figure increased from 14% to 20%. At the same time, in Europe and America the relative number of scientists decreased, respectively, from 31.9% to 28.4% and from 28.1% to 25.8%. The publication cites another fact: women across all countries on average make up just over a quarter of the total number of scientists (29%)**, but this average hides large variations, depending on the region. For example, Latin America is far beyond this figure - 46%. Parity of women and men among scientists was noted here in five countries: Argentina, Cuba, Brazil, Paraguay and Venezuela. In Asia, the proportion of women scientists is only 18%, with large variations across regions and countries: 18% in South Asia, while in Southeast Asia it is 40%, and in most Central Asian countries it is around 50%. In Europe, only five countries have achieved parity: the Republic of Macedonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Republic of Moldova and Serbia. In the CIS, the share of women scientists reaches 43%, while in Africa it is estimated to be 33%. Along with this growth, investment in research and development (R-D) is increasing. As a rule, in most countries of the world, the share of GNP for these purposes has increased significantly. In 2007, on average, 1.74% of GNP was allocated to R-D for all countries (in 2002 - 1.71%). In most developing countries, less than 1% of GNP was allocated for these purposes, but in China - 1.5%, and in Tunisia - 1%. The average for Asia in 2007 was 1.6%, with the largest investors being Japan (3.4%), the Republic of Korea (3.5%) and Singapore (2.6%). India, in 2007, allocated only 0.8% of its GNP for R-D purposes. In Europe, this share ranges from 0.2% in the Republic of Macedonia to 3.5% in Finland and 3.7% in Sweden. Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland and Switzerland allocated 2 to 3% of GNP to research and development. In Latin America, Brazil leads the way (1%), followed by Chile, Argentina and Mexico. In general, with regard to R-D expenditures, they are concentrated mainly in industrialized countries. 70% of global spending for these purposes comes from the European Union, the USA and Japan. It is important to note that in most developed countries, R-D activities are financed by the private sector. In North America, the latter finances more than 60% of such activity. In Europe its share is 50%. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it is typically between 25 and 50%. In Africa, on the contrary, the main funding for applied scientific research comes from the state budget. These data indicate a growing focus on innovation in a broad sense in many countries around the world. “Political leaders appear to be increasingly aware of the fact that innovation is a key driver of economic growth, and are even setting specific targets in this area,” says Martin Schaaper, a fellow at the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, one of the authors of the published study. “China is the best example of this.” , which provided for the allocation of 2% of its GNP to research and development by 2010 and 2.5% by 2020. And the country is confidently moving towards this goal. Another example is the African Science and Technology Action Plan, which allocates 1% of GNP to R-D. The European Union’s goal of 3% of GNP by 2010 is clearly unattainable, since over five years the growth was only from 1.76% to 1.78%.” **** * These percentages characterize the dynamics by country. In comparative data on the number of scientists per 1000 inhabitants, the growth will be 45% for developing countries, and 6.8% for developed countries. **Estimates based on data from 121 countries. Data are not available for countries with significant numbers of scientists, such as Australia, Canada, China, the USA and the UK.
“At present, we all realize,” wrote the German philosopher K. Jasners, “that we are at a turning point in history. This is the age of technology with all its consequences, which, apparently, will leave nothing of everything that man has acquired over thousands of years in the field of work, life, thinking, and in the field of symbolism.”
Science and technology in the 20th century became the true locomotives of history. They gave it unprecedented dynamism and placed enormous power in the hands of man, which made it possible to sharply increase the scale of people's transformative activities.
Having radically changed his natural habitat, having mastered the entire surface of the earth, the entire biosphere, man has created a “second nature” - artificial, which is no less significant for his life than the first.
Today, thanks to the huge scale of economic and cultural activities of people, integration processes are intensively carried out.
The interaction of different countries and peoples has become so significant that humanity in our time represents an integral system, the development of which implements a single historical process.
1. FEATURES OF MODERN SCIENCE
What is science that has led to such significant changes in all of our lives, in the entire appearance of modern civilization? Today she herself turns out to be an amazing phenomenon, radically different from the image of her that emerged in the last century. Modern science is called “big science”.
What are the main characteristics of “big science”?
A sharp increase in the number of scientists.
Number of scientists in the world, people
At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. about 1 thousand
In the middle of the last century, 10 thousand.
In 1900, 100 thousand.
End of the 20th century over 5 million
The number of people involved in science increased most rapidly after the Second World War.
Doubling the number of scientists (50-70s)
Europe in 15 years
USA in 10 years
USSR for 7 years
Such high rates have led to the fact that about 90% of all scientists who have ever lived on Earth are our contemporaries.
Growth of scientific information
In the 20th century, world scientific information doubled in 10-15 years. So, if in 1900 there were about 10 thousand scientific journals, now there are already several hundred thousand of them. Over 90% of all the most important scientific and technological achievements occurred in the 20th century.
This enormous growth of scientific information creates special difficulties for reaching the forefront of scientific development. A scientist today must make great efforts to keep abreast of the advances that are being made even in his narrow field of specialization. But he must also receive knowledge from related fields of science, information about the development of science in general, culture, politics, which is so necessary for him to live and work fully, both as a scientist and as an ordinary person.
Changing the world of science
Science today covers a huge area of knowledge. It includes about 15 thousand disciplines, which are increasingly interacting with each other. Modern science gives us a holistic picture of the emergence and development of the Metagalaxy, the emergence of life on Earth and the main stages of its development, the emergence and development of man. She comprehends the laws of functioning of his psyche, penetrates the secrets of the unconscious. which plays a big role in people's behavior. Science today studies everything, even itself - its emergence, development, interaction with other forms of culture, the influence it has on the material and spiritual life of society.
At the same time, scientists today do not at all believe that they have comprehended all the secrets of the universe.
In this regard, the following statement by the prominent modern French historian M. Bloch about the state of historical science seems interesting: “This science, which is experiencing childhood, like all sciences whose subject is the human spirit, is a belated guest in the field of rational knowledge. Or, better to say: a narrative that has grown old, vegetated in embryonic form, for a long time overloaded with fiction, even longer chained to events that are most directly accessible as a serious analytical phenomenon, history is still very young.”
In the minds of modern scientists there is a clear idea of the enormous possibilities for the further development of science, a radical change, based on its achievements, in our ideas about the world and its transformation. Special hopes are placed here on the sciences of living things, man, and society. According to many scientists, achievements in these sciences and their widespread use in real practical life will largely determine the features of the 21st century.
Transformation of scientific activity into a special profession
Science until recently was a free activity of individual scientists, which was of little interest to businessmen and did not attract the attention of politicians at all. It was not a profession and was not specially funded in any way. Until the end of the 19th century. For the vast majority of scientists, scientific activity was not the main source of their material support. Typically, scientific research was carried out at universities at that time, and scientists supported their living by paying for their teaching work.
One of the first scientific laboratories was created by the German chemist J. Liebig in 1825. It brought him significant income. However, this was not typical for the 19th century. Thus, at the end of the last century, the famous French microbiologist and chemist L. Pasteur, when asked by Napoleon III why he did not make a profit from his discoveries, answered that French scientists considered it humiliating to earn money in this way.
Today, a scientist is a special profession. Millions of scientists nowadays work in special research institutes, laboratories, various commissions, and councils. In the 20th century The concept of “scientist” appeared. The norm has become the performance of the functions of a consultant or adviser, their participation in the development and adoption of decisions on a wide variety of issues in society.
2. SCIENCE AND SOCIETY
Science is now a priority direction in the activities of the state.
In many countries, special government departments deal with the problems of its development; even presidents of states pay special attention to them. In developed countries, 2-3% of the total gross national product is now spent on science. Moreover, funding applies not only to applied, but also to fundamental research. And it is carried out both by individual enterprises and by the state.
The attention of the authorities to fundamental research began to increase sharply after A. Einstein informed D. Roosevelt on August 2, 1939 that physicists had identified a new source of energy, which made it possible to create an atomic bomb. The success of the Manhattan Project, which led to the creation of the atomic bomb, and then the launch of the first Sputnik by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, were of great importance in realizing the need and importance of public policy in the field of science.
Science can't get by today
without the help of society or the state.
Science nowadays is an expensive pleasure. It requires not only the training of scientific personnel, remuneration of scientists, but also the provision of scientific research with instruments, installations, and materials. information. In modern conditions, this is a lot of money. Thus, just the construction of a modern synchrophasotron, necessary for research in the field of elementary particle physics, requires several billion dollars. And how many billions of these are needed to implement space exploration programs!
Science today is experiencing enormous
pressure from society.
In our time, science has become a direct productive force, the most important factor in the cultural development of people, and an instrument of politics. At the same time, its dependence on society has sharply increased.
As P. Kapitsa said, science became rich, but lost its freedom and turned into a slave.
Commercial benefits and the interests of politicians significantly influence priorities in the field of scientific and technological research today. He who pays calls the tune.
A striking evidence of this is that about 40% of scientists are currently in one way or another connected with solving problems related to the military departments.
But society influences not only the choice of the most relevant problems for research. In certain situations, it encroaches on the choice of research methods, and even on the assessment of the results obtained. Classic examples of science policy are provided by the history of totalitarian states.
Fascist Germany
A political campaign for Aryan science was launched here. As a result, people devoted to Nazism and incompetent people came to lead science. Many leading scientists were persecuted.
Among them was, for example, the great physicist A. Einstein. His photograph was included in an album published by the Nazis in 1933, in which opponents of Nazism were presented. “Not yet hanged” was the comment that accompanied his image. A. Einstein's books were publicly burned in Berlin on the square in front of the State Opera. Scientists were forbidden to develop the ideas of A. Einstein, which represented the most important direction in theoretical physics.
In our country, as is known, thanks to the intervention of politicians in science, on the one hand, they stimulated, for example, space exploration and research related to the use of atomic energy. and on the other hand, T. Lysenko’s anti-scientific position in genetics and speeches against cybernetics were actively supported. Ideological dogmas introduced by the CPSU and the state deformed the sciences of culture. man, society, virtually eliminating the possibilities for their creative development.
From the life of A. Einstein
The fate of A. Einstein testifies to how difficult it is for a scientist to live, even in a modern democratic state. One of the most remarkable scientists of all time, a great humanist, having already become famous at the age of 25, he had enormous authority not only as a physicist, but also as a person capable of giving a deep assessment of the events taking place in the world. Having lived for the last decades in the quiet American city of Princeton, engaged in theoretical research, A. Einstein passed away in a state of tragic break with society. In his will, he asked not to perform religious rites during the funeral and not to arrange any official ceremonies. At his request, the time and place of his funeral were not announced. Even the passing of this man sounded like a powerful moral challenge, a reproach to our values and standards of behavior.
Will scientists ever be able to achieve complete freedom of research?
It's difficult to answer this question. For now, the situation is that the more important scientific achievements become for society, the more dependent scientists become on it. This is evidenced by the experience of the 20th century.
One of the most important problems of modern science is the question of the responsibility of scientists to society.
It became most acute after the Americans dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. How responsible are scientists for the consequences of using their ideas and technical developments? To what extent are they involved in the numerous and varied negative consequences of the use of scientific and technological advances in the 20th century? After all, the mass extermination of people in wars, and the destruction of nature, and even the spread of low-grade culture would not have been possible without the use of modern science and technology.
This is how former US Secretary of State D. Acheson describes the meeting between R. Oppenheimer, who headed in 1939-1945. work to create an atomic bomb, and US President G. Truman, which took place after the atomic bombing of Japanese cities. “Once,” recalls D. Acheson, “I accompanied Oppy (Oppenheimer) to Truman. Oppy was wringing his fingers, saying, “I have blood on my hands.” Truman later told me, “Don’t bring that fool to me again. He didn't drop the bomb. I dropped the bomb. This kind of tearfulness makes me sick.”
Maybe G. Truman was right? The job of a scientist is to solve the problems that society and the authorities set for him. And the rest should not concern him.
Probably many government officials would support such a position. But it is unacceptable for scientists. They do not want to be puppets, meekly carrying out the will of others, and are actively involved in political life.
Excellent examples of such behavior were demonstrated by outstanding scientists of our time A. Einstein, B. Russell, F. Joliot-Curie, A. Sakharov. Their active struggle for peace and democracy was based on the clear understanding that the use of scientific and technological achievements for the benefit of all people is possible only in a healthy, democratic society.
A scientist cannot live outside of politics. But should he strive to become president?
Probably, the French historian of science, philosopher J. Salomon was right when he wrote that O. Copt “is not the first of the philosophers who believed that the day would come when power would belong to scientists, but he, of course, was the last who had reason to believe in it". The point is not that in the most intense political struggle scientists will not be able to withstand competition. We know that there are many cases when they receive the highest powers in government agencies, including in our country.
Something else is important here.
It is necessary to build a society in which there would be a need and opportunity to rely on science and take into account the opinions of scientists when solving all issues.
This problem is much more difficult to solve than forming a government of doctors of science.
Everyone must do their job. But being a politician requires special professional training, which is by no means limited to acquiring scientific thinking skills. Another thing is the active participation of scientists in the life of society, their influence on the development and adoption of political decisions. A scientist must remain a scientist. And this is his highest purpose. Why should he fight for power?
“Is the mind healthy if the crown beckons!” –
exclaimed one of Euripides' heroes.
Let us remember that A. Einstein refused the offer to nominate him as a candidate for the post of President of Israel. The vast majority of real scientists would probably do the same.
“At present, we all realize,” wrote the German philosopher K. Jaspers, “that we are at a turning point in history. This is the age of technology with all its consequences, which, apparently, will leave nothing of everything that man has acquired over thousands of years in the field of work, life, thinking, and in the field of symbolism.”
Science and technology in the 20th century became the true locomotives of history. They gave it unprecedented dynamism and placed enormous power in the hands of man, which made it possible to sharply increase the scale of people's transformative activities.
Having radically changed his natural habitat, having mastered the entire surface of the Earth, the entire biosphere, man has created a “second nature” - artificial, which is no less significant for his life than the first.
Today, thanks to the huge scale of economic and cultural activities of people, integration processes are intensively carried out.
The interaction of different countries and peoples has become so significant that humanity in our time represents an integral system, the development of which implements a single historical process.
What is science that has led to such significant changes in all of our lives, in the entire appearance of modern civilization? Today she herself turns out to be an amazing phenomenon, radically different from the image of her that emerged in the last century. Modern science is called “big science”.
What are the main characteristics of “big science”? Dramatically increased number of scientists
Number of scientists in the world, people
The number of people involved in science increased most rapidly after the Second World War.
Doubling the number of scientists (50-70)
Such high rates have led to the fact that about 90% of all scientists who have ever lived on Earth are our contemporaries.
Growth of scientific information
In the 20th century, world scientific information doubled in 10-15 years. So, if in 1900 there were about 10 thousand scientific journals, now there are already several hundred thousand of them. Over 90% of all the most important scientific and technological achievements occurred in the 20th century.
This enormous growth of scientific information creates special difficulties for reaching the forefront of scientific development. A scientist today must make great efforts to keep abreast of the advances that are being made even in his narrow field of specialization. But he must also receive knowledge from related fields of science, information about the development of science in general, culture, politics, which is so necessary for him for a full life and work both as a scientist and as an ordinary person.
Changing the world of science
Science today covers a huge area of knowledge. It includes about 15 thousand disciplines, which are increasingly interacting with each other. Modern science gives us a holistic picture of the emergence and development of the Metagalaxy, the emergence of life on Earth and the main stages of its development, the emergence and development of man. She comprehends the laws of functioning of his psyche, penetrates the secrets of the unconscious, which plays a large role in people's behavior. Science today studies everything, even itself - how it arose, developed, how it interacted with other forms of culture, what influence it had on the material and spiritual life of society.
At the same time, scientists today do not at all believe that they have comprehended all the secrets of the universe.
In this regard, the following statement by the prominent modern French historian M. Blok about the state of historical science seems interesting: “This science, which is experiencing childhood, like all sciences whose subject is the human spirit, is a belated guest in the field of rational knowledge. Or, better to say: a narrative that has grown old, vegetated in embryonic form, for a long time overloaded with fiction, even longer chained to events that are most directly accessible as a serious analytical phenomenon, history is still very young.”
In the minds of modern scientists there is a clear idea of the enormous possibilities for the further development of science, a radical change, based on its achievements, in our ideas about the world and its transformation. Special hopes are placed here on the sciences of living things, man, and society. According to many scientists, achievements in these sciences and their widespread use in real practical life will largely determine the features of the 21st century.
Transformation of scientific activity into a special profession
Science until recently was a free activity of individual scientists, which was of little interest to businessmen and did not attract the attention of politicians at all. It was not a profession and was not specially funded in any way. Until the end of the 19th century. For the vast majority of scientists, scientific activity was not the main source of their material support. Typically, scientific research was carried out at universities at that time, and scientists supported their living by paying for their teaching work.
One of the first scientific laboratories was created by the German chemist J. Liebig in 1825. It brought him significant income. However, this was not typical for the 19th century. Thus, at the end of the last century, the famous French microbiologist and chemist L. Pasteur, when asked by Napoleon III why he did not make a profit from his discoveries, answered that French scientists considered it humiliating to earn money in this way.
Today, a scientist is a special profession. Millions of scientists work nowadays in special research institutes, laboratories, various commissions, and councils. In the 20th century The concept of “scientist” appeared. The norm has become the performance of the functions of a consultant or advisor, their participation in the development and adoption of decisions on a wide variety of issues in society.
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
Aristotle is an ancient Greek scientist, encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories were refuted, they greatly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.
Archimedes (287–212 BC)
Archimedes was an ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. His contributions to the field of physics include the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics, and the explanation of the principle of lever action. He is credited with inventing innovative machinery, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.
Galileo (1564–1642)
In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo, an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called the "father of observational astronomy" and the "father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and proportional compass.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical effect of current, diamagnetism, the effect of a magnetic field on light, and the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday to be the best experimentalist in the history of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)
Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific magazine Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time, with a record number of patents issued to his name - 1,093 in the United States and 1,239 in other countries. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, improvements in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.
Marie Curie (1867–1934)
Marie Skłodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman to win a Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. The first woman professor to teach at the Sorbonne University. Her achievements include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements, radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work on bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and later named after him. All of Pasteur's works became a striking example of the combination of fundamental and applied research in the fields of chemistry, anatomy and physics.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)
Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, biblical scholar and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, constructed the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to describe the phenomenon of tides mathematically.
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of the general and special theories of relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of more than 300 scientific papers on physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)
We decided to figure out in which countries the smartest people live. But what is the main indicator of intelligence? Perhaps the human intelligence quotient, better known as IQ. Actually, our rating is based on this quantitative assessment. We also decided to take into account Nobel laureates living in a particular country at the time of receiving the prize: after all, this indicator indicates what place the state occupies in the intellectual arena of the world.
place
ByIQ: administrative region
In general, more than one study has been conducted on the relationship between intelligence and peoples. So, according to the two most popular works - “IQ and Global Inequality” and “IQ and the Wealth of Nations” - East Asians are ahead of the rest of the world.
In Hong Kong, the IQ level of a person is 107 points. But here it is worth considering that the administrative area has a very high population density.
The United States leads other countries in the number of Nobel Prize winners by a huge margin. 356 laureates live (and have lived) here (from 1901 to 2014). But it is worth saying that the statistics here are not entirely related to nationality: in institutes and research centers, scientists from different countries receive very good support, and they often have much more opportunities in the States than in their home country. For example, Joseph Brodsky received a prize for literature while being a citizen.
place
By IQ: South Korea
South Koreans have an IQ of 106. However, being one of the smartest countries is not so easy. For example, the education system in the state is one of the most technologically advanced, but at the same time complex and strict: they graduate from school only at the age of 19, and when entering a university there is such terrible competition that many simply cannot withstand such stress mentally.
By number of Nobel laureates:
In total, the British have received 121 Nobel Prizes. According to statistics, residents of the United Kingdom receive awards every year.
place
Well, as for the laureates of the prestigious award, in third place is. It is home to 104 people who have received awards in various fields.
place
By IQ: Taiwan
In fourth place is again an Asian country - Taiwan, an island controlled by the partially recognized Republic of China. A country known for its industry and productivity, it is today one of the main suppliers of high technology. The local government has great plans for the future: they want to turn the state into a “silicon island”, an island of technology and science.
The average IQ level of residents is 104 points.
By number of Nobel laureates:
There are 57 French residents who have received the Nobel Prize. First of all, they are leaders in the humanities: the country is home to many laureates in philosophy, literature and art.
place
The average IQ of the residents of this city-country is 103 points. As you know, it is one of the leading commercial centers in the world. And one of the most prosperous and richest states, even the World Bank called it the best country for doing business.
By number of Nobel laureates:
Well, finally, the homeland of Nobel himself is included in the rating. There are 29 people who have received awards in various fields.
place
Three countries have an average IQ of 102 points. Well, there’s nothing to say here: Germany has never had a shortage of philosophers and scientists, Austria has a very disciplined and well-developed education system, and the geniuses of Italy can begin to be counted since the times of Ancient Rome.
By number of Nobel laureates: Switzerland
Switzerland has 25 Nobel Prizes, mostly in the sciences. The country is known throughout the world for its private schools and universities with excellent educational standards.
place
