Grammatical meaning- part of the meaning (content) of a word or sentence that receives a mandatory formal expression as part of the word or sentence.

There are two types of meanings of linguistic units in a language: lexical and grammatical. The lexical meaning of a word is the subject of vocabulary, and the grammatical meaning is the subject of grammar. Lexical meaning is the specific, objective meaning of a word. Simplifying somewhat, we can say that this is a reflection of a fragment of the surrounding world in a word (see Lexical meaning of the word).

The difference between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning lies in the greater degree of abstraction of the latter, in its obligatory and regular, fairly standard formal expression in the language. The grammatical meaning is more abstract: it does not name objects, signs, actions, etc., but classifies words, combines them into groups according to certain characteristics, and connects words in syntactic constructions. Grammatical abstraction is an abstraction from a specific meaning, the isolation of grammatical features and relationships that characterize an entire class of words. Each part of speech is characterized by a specific set of grammatical meanings. For example, a noun has the meaning of gender, number and case, a verb has the meaning of tense, mood, etc.

Grammatical meanings are obligatory in a language: this means that they are expressed in a word or sentence without fail, regardless of the desire of the speaker. For example, when reporting an event, a Russian speaker must note whether the event is happening now, whether it happened earlier, or whether it can only happen in the future, i.e., indicate the tense of the verb. A noun must be masculine, feminine or neuter, has a number and case form, etc.

Grammatical meaning is always formally expressed in the composition of a word or sentence. The ways of expressing grammatical meaning can be different.

1. In Russian, grammatical meanings are most often expressed using endings (inflections): cat - cats (number), cat - cat (case), I go - you go (person), etc.

2. Sometimes grammatical meaning can be expressed by alternating sounds: call - name (category of aspect), run - run (category of mood).

3. Grammatical meanings can also be expressed using stress: cut - cut (meaning type).

4. Grammatical meanings can be expressed by combining forms from different bases into one paradigm: person - people (category of number), I - me (category of case).

5. The grammatical meaning can be expressed by repeating the word: kind-kind (superlative adjective).

6. The grammatical meaning can be expressed by functional words: I will read (the meaning of the future tense), I would read (the meaning of the subjunctive mood).

7. Grammatical meaning can be expressed using the order of words in a sentence: a mother loves her daughter, a chair scratches the table (subject-object relationships are formalized by subject and object).

8. Grammatical meaning can be expressed using intonation: He came. He came?

Grammatical meaning has standard and regular means of expression, that is, in most cases, homogeneous grammatical meanings are expressed by the same (standard) morphemes. So, for example, the instrumental case of nouns of the 1st declension is represented by the ending -th(s): girl, bird, dad, young man, etc., and the instrumental case of nouns of the 2nd declension is represented by the ending -th(s): boy, hammer, field, etc. Grammatical meaning is expressed, as a rule, regularly, that is, it forms paradigms - patterns of inflection into which you can substitute any word of the same grammatical characteristic and get the correct form (see Paradigm). Therefore, the grammatical system is easily structured and can be presented in the form of tables (for example, tables of noun declension or verb conjugation).

Introduction:

Language is a set of words and the rules for their formation and change, as well as the rules for combining word forms in a sentence.

Language as a communication system ensures the transmission of various types of information. This includes information about objects, phenomena, states of affairs in external reality, and information about subjective acts of cognitive (cognitive) activity and personal experiences of the speaker, and information of a service nature concerning the methods used for constructing coherent speech and the characteristics of the behavior of the language units used in it and their options. Thus, our speech is not a mechanical collection of words. But to be understandable, you need not only to choose the words correctly, but also to put them in the appropriate grammatical form, skillfully connect and arrange the forms of words in a sentence.

The word is studied in different sections of linguistics, as it has a sound design, meaning, grammatical characteristics, that is, it combines the characteristics of different aspects of language.

A word is a two-way unity: it combines form (a certain sound or letter complex) and meaning. A sound or letter sequence becomes a word only when it acquires meaning. There are lexical and grammatical meanings.

Lexical meaning:

Lexical meaning is the content of a word, reflecting in the mind and consolidating in it the idea of ​​an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc.

The lexical community of words is, as a rule, contained in the root morpheme - the bearer of a conceptual idea. The lexical meaning, therefore, represents the semantic side of the word and is devoid of a standard (regular) expression. According to the classical definition of V.V. Vinogradov, the lexical meaning of a word is “subject-material content, designed according to the laws of grammar of a given language and is an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language”

In the semantic structure of a word, as in other aspects of language, there are elements of the new, living, developing elements, and elements of the old, dying elements, receding into the past.

A word can have several free meanings, which directly reflect different objects and phenomena of reality (cf. cap - “headdress” and “heading in large font, common to several articles”).

1) an object for which a word is used (“a word is the most important structural and semantic unit of language, used to name objects, processes, properties” - the definition of a word proposed by O.S. Akhmanova);

2) sound shell (the following definition: a word is a sound or a complex of sounds that have meaning and are used in speech as an independent whole - A.V. Kalinin);

3) the concept of a named object that arises in the human mind (cf. a word is the shortest unit of language that expresses the concept of an object, process, phenomenon of reality, their properties or relationships between them - D.E. Rosenthal).

All three elements are interconnected, forming a so-called semantic triangle, the vertex of which is the phonetic shell of the word, and the two opposite corners are the subject and the concept. The phonetic shell of a word (i.e., the sequence of its sounds) is connected in the human mind and in the language system, on the one hand, with the object of reality (phenomenon, process, sign), and on the other, with the concept, with the idea of ​​this object. The concept is the basis for the formation of the meaning of a word.

The meaning of a word is the reflection in the word of an idea about an object (phenomenon, process, sign), this is a product of human mental activity. It is associated with such types of mental processes as comparison, classification, generalization.

The meaning of a word as its content is connected with the concept as a reflection in the human mind of objects and phenomena of the external world. In this sense, the dialectical unity of linguistic and extra-linguistic content is enshrined in the meaning of the word. The lexical meaning of a word is determined, therefore, through its correlation, on the one hand, with the corresponding concept, and on the other, with the rest of the words of the language, i.e. through its place in the lexical system of the language. Meaning and concept are therefore closely related to each other.

A concept is a category of logic and philosophy. It is “the result of generalization and identification of objects (or phenomena) of a certain class according to certain general and generally specific characteristics for them. From the point of view of linguistics, “a concept is a thought that reflects objects and phenomena of reality in a generalized form by fixing their properties and relationships.” Both definitions indicate the generalizing nature of this category, since the concept captures the most general and essential features of cognizable objects (for example, the concept of “man” captures such essential characteristics in the thinking of the cognizer as the ability to think, morally evaluate one’s actions, create complex tools, etc.). The concept expressed by a word corresponds not to a separate, specific object, but to a whole class of homogeneous objects, thus representing the highest form of generalization.

The meaning of a word can be broader than the concept, since there is only one concept in a word, but there can be several meanings, especially for polysemantic words (the word core, for example, expressing the concept “inner part of something”, has several meanings: 1) the inner part of the fruit, enclosed in a hard shell (kernel of a nut)", 2) the internal, central part of something (nucleus of an atom)", 3) the most important part of the cell of an animal and plant organism, etc.);

Grammatical meaning:

Grammatical meaning is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic structures and finding its regular expression in grammatical forms.

The grammatical meaning differs from the lexical meaning by a higher level of abstraction, because “this is an abstraction of characteristics and relationships” (A.A. Reformatsky). The grammatical meaning is not individual, since it belongs to a whole class of words, united by a commonality of morphological properties and syntactic functions. Some particular grammatical meanings can change in a word in its different grammatical forms (for example, a change in the meaning of number and case in nouns or tense in verb forms, while the lexical meaning of the word remains unchanged in them). Unlike the lexical meaning, the grammatical meaning is not called a word directly, directly, but is expressed in it “in passing”, in a strictly defined way, with the help of specially assigned grammatical means (affixes). It accompanies the lexical meaning of the word, being its additional meaning.

The grammatical meaning of a word often includes its word-formation meaning (if the word is derivative), since word-formation is part of the grammatical structure of the language. Derivative meaning is a generalized meaning inherent only to motivated words, expressed by word-forming means.

Despite the fact that the grammatical meaning is, as it were, a side meaning of the word, it plays a significant role in creating the holistic meaning of the sentence (for example, I put a gift for a friend... and I put a gift for a friend...,), changing the grammatical meaning of the case in the word friend leads to a change in the meaning of the sentence.

Grammatical and lexical meanings represent the main types of content plan of linguistic units. In a word they appear in unity, and for some categories of words they are simply indivisible. For example, about the semantics of pronouns it can be argued that it has an intermediate, transitional character between vocabulary and grammar.

The functional classification of word elements - morphemes - is based on the opposition of lexical and grammatical meanings. However, division into roots, prefixes, suffixes, inflections, etc. requires a more detailed differentiation of meanings.

Some grammatical meaning may, over time, losing its binding nature and narrowing the scope of its application, turn into a lexical meaning.

In general, despite all the borderline and transitional cases, lexical and grammatical meanings retain their global opposition in the language system.

T.S. CHELNOKOVA,
Moscow

Lexical and grammatical meaning

(Two lessons)

5th grade

5th grade students, mastering the Russian language course, become familiar with a large number of definitions. Faced with an abundance of terms, children often do not understand their essence. A fifth-grader smartly gives a definition, but gets lost if he has to reproduce it in his own words. This does not happen because the student is poor at giving definitions. The child simply does not understand the internal content of the phenomenon, its essence, but the wording is easily memorized, like poetry or an expression in a foreign language - automatically.

Any 5th grade textbook offers the student and teacher to master the conceptual apparatus, which, on the one hand, is somewhat familiar from the elementary school course, but on the other hand, is not yet entirely clear, since definitions of linguistic phenomena are not always given in elementary school. At the same time, already known things are considered again, and, of course, this must be done not only at a new scientific level, but in such a way as to interest the student, to show the unusual in the familiar.

By taking this approach to working with terms, we can reveal an already familiar phenomenon in a new way, arouse interest in it, help us understand it and comprehend it more deeply.

The concepts that every fifth grader should be fluent in include the terms lexical and grammatical meaning.

Let's turn to the textbooks. As an example, let’s take a textbook traditionally used in many schools, edited by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranova, L.T. Grigoryan (1) and “Russian Language” edited by M.V. Panov (2), which is either used as additional material or serves as the main textbook in a number of gymnasiums and schools with humanities classes. The terms considered in them are found when studying the topics: 1) “Vocabulary”, “Word Formation. Morphemics"; 2) “Vocabulary”, “Morphology”.
Let's see what definitions of lexical and grammatical meaning they offer.
In the textbook, ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya we read:

“Each word means something. For example, the word spruce forest means “a forest consisting only of spruce trees.” It is his lexical meaning. In addition to the lexical, the word also has grammatical meaning. For example, for nouns you can determine gender, case, number, for verbs - tense, person and number.

"Russian language" ed. M.V. Panova offers the following option:

Christmas tree is an evergreen coniferous tree with cone-shaped needles and long scaly cones. This is the basic meaning of the word Christmas tree. It denotes the main meaning of a word, what we think about when we pronounce it. This meaning of the word is called lexical meaning.

Christmas tree is a feminine noun in them. pad. units h. Such values ​​are called grammatical values.

Agree, it is not very successful to give a definition through an example, but the essence is revealed very clearly.

Let's turn to the encyclopedia "Russian Language", where general definitions are given.

Lexical meaning- the content of a word, reflecting in the mind and consolidating in it the idea of ​​an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc.

Grammatical meaning- a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic structures and finding its regular expression in grammatical forms.

Of course, no one will offer such definitions in the 5th grade.

Having set a goal to combine the principle of a scientific approach with an exciting presentation of the material, in order to thus help students master it more deeply, I used when studying the terms lexical And grammaticalmeaning the famous phrase of Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba.

The lessons are introductory to the topic “Vocabulary” according to the textbook edited by. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya.

About glock bush

Lesson 1

Target :

1) introduce the concept lexical and grammatical meaning;
2) consolidate knowledge about parts of speech;
3) improve the skill of defining linguistic phenomena in your own words.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Introductory conversation.

Remember which sections of the science of language you already know, what you have already studied.
Often the main object of our study was the word. We observed how it works in a sentence, phrase, and built texts from words.
How to name all the words in a language? (Vocabulary.)
Remember the names of the branches of linguistics and think: does the word have vocabulary more meanings?

II. Working with a dictionary.

The words are written on the board:

coloring
be nominated
popular print

Do you know the meaning of these words?
If the meaning of a word is not clear, how can you find out what it is? (Use a dictionary.)
Will any dictionary help us find out the meaning of words? Why do we need an explanatory dictionary? (It is there that the definition and interpretation of words is given.)
Before turning to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, N.Yu. Shvedova, think about whether you can say something about each of the words given. Let's consider them as parts of speech and write down the conclusions.

coloring– noun, m.r., unit. h., im. p./v. P.
be nominated– verb, nesov. c., I reference
popular print– adj., m.r., unit. h., im. p./v. P.

Below write down the definition of these words from the explanatory dictionary.
Tell me, are there other words that have the meaning “printed from popular prints”?
This means that the word popular print unique meaning, that is, one that only it has.
Try to find words with the same characteristics as the adjective popular print(see entry above). Are there many such words?

III. Formulation of concepts.

So, we saw that each of the words we are considering has two meanings. How are they different? (One matches many similar ones, the other matches only a specific word.)
If vocabulary considers the meaning of words, which of the two meanings will we call lexical? Try to define it.
Lexical meaning is the meaning of a word, a meaning peculiar only to a given word, or a unique meaning. How will the grammatical meaning differ from it? (Not unique.)
Now that you know that grammatical meaning looks at a word in terms of its part of speech, try to define it.
Grammatical meaning – the meaning of a word as a part of speech; The characteristics that a given word has can be found in many other words.

IV. Fixing the material.

1) Write down the lexical meaning of the words:

caftan, based, discerning.

2) Indicate the grammatical meaning of these words and give several (4-5) words with a similar grammatical meaning.

3) Consider the phrase glokaya kuzdra. Write down its lexical and grammatical meaning. What meaning – lexical or grammatical – were you able to write down? Which is easier to do? Why?
Do you think these words will be in other dictionaries?
Tell me: which part of the word helped you find out the grammatical meaning of words?

V. Testing of acquired knowledge.

1) Tell us how you understood what it is grammatical And lexical meaning.
2) How are they different?
3) Which morpheme shows grammatical meaning?
4) Name the words according to their lexical meaning:

– demanding, strict...;
– vintage long brimmed men's clothing...

VI. Homework.

1. Prepare a story about what lexical and grammatical meaning is.

2. Establish the lexical meaning of the words: comfortable, conveyor, bask, militia, take up arms, contradict, curtsy.

3. Come up with your own phrases (3-4) from words that do not have a specific lexical meaning, but have a grammatical meaning.

When checking this task, it turned out that the greatest difficulties are caused by explaining (not from the dictionary, but one’s own) the lexical meaning of words. Undoubtedly, the proposed examples are complex and belong to a passive vocabulary, but one of the reasons why such words were given was the need to understand how (successfully or not) working with difficult words would work. The problems mainly arose with nouns. I believe this is due to the fact that for words conveyor belt, militia it is impossible to find synonyms, only a detailed explanation is possible. Word curtsy, which has a synonym bow, caused fewer difficulties. This is the situation with verbs. By selecting synonyms, fifth-graders determined for themselves the place of a particular verb in a series of related concepts.

Lesson 2

Target :

1) consolidate the concept of lexical And grammatical meaning;
2) establish how knowledge of lexical and grammatical meaning will help in the study of morphemics.

I. Checking homework.

Read what lexical meaning these words have. Were there any words among them whose definitions included marks given in brackets?
What grammatical meaning do these verbs have?
Which parts of speech were there more in the words given for analysis?
Were there words related to sublime vocabulary? Used in a specific context?

II. Reinforcing concepts lexical And grammatical meaning.

Explain what lexical meaning and grammatical meaning are using the words as an example: run, runner, grow, sprouts.
Tell us what meaning is unique to the word.
What meaning can be applied to a group of words?
Listen to the text.

A charade is a special riddle in which you have to guess the word by its parts.

For example:

First - forehead.
Second - a hundred years.
The whole is a rational being.

Answer: Human.

The first charades appeared in ancient Roman literature, but they were especially loved in the 18th century.
Now tell me: where does the text begin? (Since the lexical meaning of the word is given.)
This is a common technique for constructing a scientific text that talks about some subject or phenomenon unknown to the reader.
Let's write down the first sentence, explaining the punctuation marks.
Specify the grammatical meaning of the word charade. Are there words in the sentence with the same grammatical meaning? (Mystery.)

III. Mastering new material.

Listen carefully and think about what it is about.

The glok kuzdra shteko budlanula bokra and curls the bokrenka.

Can this be understood? Why?
This phrase was invented for his students by the famous linguist L.V. Shcherba.
(Leaflets with this phrase are distributed.)
Is it possible to understand which parts of speech Shcherba uses, which parts of the sentence?
Why do we understand this?
If we carefully analyze by what part of the word we recognize it, we will see that this is the ending. Can you tell which morpheme is associated with grammatical meaning? We see that the ending carries the grammatical meaning of the word.
Try to discard the endings, will we be able to recognize the parts of speech in this case?
Study the phrase; Are there any cognates in it? How to find out? If we remember that the main meaning, the meaning of the word, lies in the root, then this morpheme is the bearer of lexical meaning.
How and from what a word is formed bokrenok?

bokr<-- бокренок

What value element does it add? -enok- ? Think about what meaning – lexical or grammatical – this suffix expresses.

For classes that know morphemic composition well, it can be noted that -l- , Unlike -enok- , conveys a particle of grammatical meaning, indicating the tense of the verb.

IV. Conclusion.

We tried to look for elements of grammatical meaning and lexical meaning in an unfamiliar, artificially created text. Are there morphemes in words that help determine whether a word belongs to a certain part of speech and establish its grammatical features? What morphemes are carriers of lexical meaning?

V. Homework.

Try to compose your own sentences, text, where the endings help reveal the grammatical meaning of the word, and the roots have an unclear lexical meaning.

Form nouns with meaning:

– baby animal;
– a resident of a locality;
– person by occupation –
from roots:

-resn-,
-borl-,
-omkr-.

Try forming other parts of speech.

Examples of creative works by 5th grade students at the Pirogov School in Moscow

1. Temochka was tired of being exhausted, but the storm began to dawn. And she had to come to her senses. Brilliant chamber!

Hannah Brener

2. Surkalo. The companion grunted along the road. “Shall we wunrak?” - he guided the rvubatnik, who was hanging out with him. Rvubatnik did not answer. Svoblo 2 30 , and the companion pointed to the elderberry and told him to quiet down. The ruffian made the little one go crazy, and they sipped a little.

Dmitry Leonkin

3. Vomil Turlut Furklu: “Don’t walk around Mabrak without a drabrus. In Mabrak the pubs are running low. They hide it. Pralomy did not quarrel.”
But Furcle did not muzzle Turlut. Potlal Furkl to Mabrak without drabrus. Furkle's dud and scraped it up. But the dud thought about the udramla of Furklya Turlyut. Turklyut knocked down the tukalka and went to Mabrak, for the sake of pouring the pabla and ticked the tukalka against the fool. The pabl hesitated and crashed, and Furkle kicked the pabla out of the fool.

Words act as building material for the language. To convey thoughts, we use sentences that consist of combinations of words. In order to be combined into combinations and sentences, many words change their form.

The branch of linguistics that studies the forms of words, types of phrases and sentences is called grammar.

Grammar has two parts: morphology and syntax.

Morphology- a section of grammar that studies the word and its modification.

Syntax- a section of grammar that studies combinations of words and sentences.

Thus, word is object of study in lexicology and grammar. Lexicology is more interested in the lexical meaning of a word - its correlation with certain phenomena of reality, that is, when defining a concept, we try to find its distinctive feature.

Grammar studies a word from the point of view of generalizing its signs and properties. If the difference between words is important for vocabulary house And smoke, table And chair, then for grammar all these four words are absolutely the same: they form the same case forms and numbers, and have the same grammatical meanings.

Grammatical meaning e is a characteristic of a word from the point of view of belonging to a certain part of speech, the most general meaning inherent in a number of words, independent of their real material content.

For example, words smoke And house have different lexical meanings: house- this is a residential building, as well as (collective) people living in it; smoke– an aerosol formed by products of incomplete combustion of substances (materials). And the grammatical meanings of these words are the same: noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, each of these words can be defined by an adjective, change according to cases and numbers, and act as a member of a sentence.

Grammatical meanings are characteristic not only of words, but also of larger grammatical units: phrases, components of a complex sentence.

Material expression of grammatical meaning is grammatical means. Most often, grammatical meaning is expressed in affixes. It can be expressed using function words, alternating sounds, changing the place of stress and word order, and intonation.

Each grammatical meaning finds its expression in the corresponding grammatical form.

Grammatical forms words can be simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical).

Simple (synthetic) grammatical form involves the expression of lexical and grammatical meaning in the same word, within a word (consists of one word): read– verb in the past tense form.

When grammatical meaning is expressed outside the lexeme, it is formed complex (analytical) form(combination of a significant word with a service word): I will read, let's read! In the Russian language, the analytical forms include the form of the future tense from imperfective verbs: I will write.

Individual grammatical meanings are combined into systems. For example, singular and plural meanings are combined into a number meaning system. In such cases we talk about grammatical category numbers. Thus, we can talk about the grammatical category of tense, the grammatical category of gender, the grammatical category of mood, the grammatical category of aspect, etc.

Each grammatical category has a number of grammatical forms. The set of all possible forms of a given word is called the paradigm of the word. For example, the paradigm of nouns usually consists of 12 forms, and that of adjectives - of 24.

The paradigm happens:

universal– all forms (full);

incomplete– there are no forms;

private according to a certain grammatical category: declension paradigm, mood paradigm.

Lexical and grammatical meanings interact: a change in the lexical meaning of a word leads to a change in its grammatical meaning and form. For example, adjective voiced in a phrase ringing voice is qualitative (has forms of degrees of comparison: sonorous, more sonorous, most sonorous). This is the same adjective in the phrase media is a relative adjective (voiced, i.e. formed with the participation of the voice). In this case, this adjective has no degrees of comparison.

And vice versa grammatical meaning some words may directly depend on their lexical meaning. For example, verb run in the meaning of “to move quickly” is used only as an imperfective verb: He ran for quite a long time until he fell completely exhausted. The lexical meaning (“to escape”) also determines another grammatical meaning – the meaning of the perfect form: The prisoner escaped from prison.

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