The states and needs of people that arise when they need something underlie their motives. That is, it is the needs that are the source of activity of each individual. Man is a desiring creature, so in reality it is unlikely that his needs will be fully satisfied. The nature of human needs is such that as soon as one need is satisfied, the next one comes first.
Maslow's pyramid of needs
Abraham Maslow's concept of needs is perhaps the most famous of all. The psychologist not only classified people's needs, but also made an interesting assumption. Maslow noted that each person has an individual hierarchy of needs. That is, there are basic human needs - they are also called basic, and additional.
According to the concept of a psychologist, absolutely all people on earth experience needs at all levels. Moreover, there is the following law: basic human needs are dominant. However, high-level needs can also remind you of themselves and become motivators of behavior, but this happens only when the basic ones are satisfied.
The basic needs of people are those aimed at survival. At the base of Maslow's pyramid are the basic needs. Human biological needs are the most important. Next comes the need for security. Satisfying a person's needs for security ensures survival, as well as a sense of permanence in living conditions.
A person feels needs of a higher level only when he has done everything to ensure his physical well-being. The social needs of a person are that he feels the need to unite with other people, to love and recognition. After satisfying this need, the following come to the fore. Human spiritual needs include self-esteem, protection from loneliness, and feeling worthy of respect.
Further, at the very top of the pyramid of needs is the need to reveal one’s potential, to self-actualize. Maslow explained this human need for activity as the desire to become who he originally was.
Maslow assumed that this need is innate and, most importantly, common to every individual. However, at the same time, it is obvious that people differ dramatically from each other in their motivation. For various reasons, not everyone manages to reach the pinnacle of necessity. Throughout life, people's needs can vary between physical and social, so they are not always aware of needs, for example, for self-actualization, because they are extremely busy satisfying lower desires.
The needs of man and society are divided into natural and unnatural. In addition, they are constantly expanding. The development of human needs occurs through the development of society.
Thus, we can conclude that the higher the needs a person satisfies, the more clearly his individuality manifests itself.
Are hierarchy violations possible?
Examples of violation of hierarchy in satisfying needs are known to everyone. Probably, if only those who are well-fed and healthy experienced human spiritual needs, then the very concept of such needs would have long since sunk into oblivion. Therefore, the organization of needs is replete with exceptions.
Satisfying needs
The extremely important fact is that satisfying a need can never be an all-or-nothing process. After all, if this were so, then physiological needs would be satisfied once and for life, and then a transition to the social needs of a person would follow without the possibility of return. There is no need to prove otherwise.
Biological needs of man
The bottom level of Maslow's pyramid is those needs that ensure human survival. Of course, they are the most urgent and have the most powerful motivating force. In order for an individual to feel the needs of higher levels, biological needs must be satisfied at least minimally.
Safety and protection needs
This level of vital or vital needs is the need for safety and protection. We can safely say that if physiological needs are closely related to the survival of the organism, then the need for safety ensures its long life.
Needs for love and belonging
This is the next level of Maslow's pyramid. The need for love is closely related to the individual’s desire to avoid loneliness and be accepted into human society. When the needs at the previous two levels are satisfied, motives of this kind occupy a dominant position.
Almost everything in our behavior is determined by the need for love. It is important for any person to be included in relationships, be it family, work team or something else. The baby needs love, and no less than the satisfaction of physical needs and the need for security.
The need for love is especially pronounced during the teenage period of human development. At this time, it is the motives that grow out of this need that become leading.
Psychologists often say that typical behavior patterns appear during adolescence. For example, the main activity of a teenager is communication with peers. Also typical is the search for an authoritative adult - a teacher and mentor. All teenagers subconsciously strive to be different - to stand out from the crowd. This gives rise to the desire to follow fashion trends or belong to a subculture.
The need for love and acceptance in adulthood
As a person matures, love needs begin to focus on more selective and deeper relationships. Now needs are pushing people to start families. In addition, it is not the quantity of friendships that becomes more important, but their quality and depth. It is easy to notice that adults have far fewer friends than teenagers, but these friendships are necessary for the mental well-being of the individual.
Despite the large number of different means of communication, people in modern society are very fragmented. Today, a person does not feel part of a community, except perhaps as part of a family that has three generations, but many lack even that. In addition, children who experienced a lack of intimacy experience fear of it in later life. On the one hand, they neurotically avoid close relationships, because they are afraid of losing themselves as individuals, and on the other hand, they really need them.
Maslow identified two main types of relationships. They are not necessarily marital, but may well be friendly, between children and parents, and so on. What are the two types of love identified by Maslow?
Scarce love
This type of love is aimed at the desire to make up for the lack of something vital. Scarce love has a specific source - unmet needs. The person may lack self-esteem, protection, or acceptance. This type of love is a feeling born of selfishness. It is motivated by the individual’s desire to fill his inner world. A person is not able to give anything, he only takes.
Alas, in most cases, the basis of long-term relationships, including marital ones, is precisely scarce love. The parties to such a union can live together all their lives, but much in their relationship is determined by the internal hunger of one of the participants in the couple.
Deficient love is the source of dependence, fear of losing, jealousy and constant attempts to pull the blanket over oneself, suppressing and subjugating the partner in order to tie him more closely to oneself.
Being love
This feeling is based on recognition of the unconditional value of a loved one, but not for any qualities or special merits, but simply for the fact that he exists. Of course, existential love is also designed to satisfy human needs for acceptance, but its striking difference is that there is no element of possessiveness in it. There is also no desire to take away from your neighbor what you yourself need.
The person who is able to experience existential love does not seek to remake a partner or somehow change him, but encourages all the best qualities in him and supports the desire to grow and develop spiritually.
Maslow himself described this type of love as a healthy relationship between people that is based on mutual trust, respect and admiration.
Self-esteem needs
Despite the fact that this level of needs is designated as the need for self-esteem, Maslow divided it into two types: self-esteem and respect from other people. Although they are closely related to each other, it is often extremely difficult to separate them.
A person's need for self-esteem is that he must know that he is capable of much. For example, that he can successfully cope with the tasks and requirements assigned to him, and that he feels like a full-fledged person.
If this type of need is not satisfied, then a feeling of weakness, dependence and inferiority appears. Moreover, the stronger such experiences are, the less effective human activity becomes.
It should be noted that self-respect is healthy only when it is based on respect from other people, and not status in society, flattery, etc. Only in this case will satisfaction of such a need contribute to psychological stability.
It is interesting that the need for self-esteem manifests itself differently at different periods of life. Psychologists have noticed that young people who are just starting to start a family and look for their professional niche need respect from others more than others.
Self-actualization needs
The highest level in the pyramid of needs is the need for self-actualization. Abraham Maslow defined this need as a person's desire to become what he can become. For example, musicians write music, poets write poetry, artists paint. Why? Because they want to be themselves in this world. They need to follow their nature.
For whom is self-actualization important?
It should be noted that not only those who have any talent need self-actualization. Every person without exception has their own personal or creative potential. Each person has his own calling. The need for self-actualization is to find your life's work. The forms and possible paths of self-actualization are very diverse, and it is at this spiritual level of needs that people’s motives and behavior are most unique and individual.
Psychologists say that the desire to achieve maximum self-realization is inherent in every person. However, there are very few people whom Maslow called self-actualizers. No more than 1% of the population. Why do those incentives that should encourage a person to act do not always work?
Maslow in his works indicated the following three reasons for such unfavorable behavior.
Firstly, a person’s ignorance of his capabilities, as well as a lack of understanding of the benefits of self-improvement. In addition, there are ordinary doubts in one’s own abilities or fear of failure.
Secondly, the pressure of prejudice - cultural or social. That is, a person’s abilities may run counter to the stereotypes that society imposes. For example, stereotypes of femininity and masculinity can prevent a boy from becoming a talented makeup artist or dancer, or a girl from achieving success, for example, in military affairs.
Third, the need for self-actualization may conflict with the need for security. For example, if self-realization requires a person to take risky or dangerous actions or actions that do not guarantee success.
Man is a socio-biological being, and accordingly, needs have different natures, or rather levels. Needs determine motives and personalities. This is the fundamental basis of human life as an individual, personality and individuality. From the article you will learn what needs are and what their differences are, how they develop, what they depend on and what depends on them.
Needs are a mental state expressed in discomfort, tension, dissatisfaction with some desire.
Needs can be conscious or unconscious:
- The perceived needs of a person or group become interests.
- Unconscious ones make themselves known in the form of emotions.
The situation of discomfort is resolved by satisfying the desire or, if satisfaction is impossible, by suppressing or replacing it with a similar but accessible need. It encourages activity, search activity, the purpose of which is to eliminate discomfort and tension.
The needs have several characteristics:
- dynamism;
- variability;
- development of new needs as early ones are satisfied;
- the dependence of the development of needs on the individual’s involvement in different spheres and types of activity;
- the return of a person to previous stages of development if lower needs again become unsatisfied.
Needs represent the structure of personality; they can be characterized as “a source of activity of living beings, indicating the lack of resources (both biological and sociocultural) necessary for the existence and development of the personality” (A. N. Leontyev).
Need Development
Any need develops in two stages:
- It appears as an internal, hidden condition for activity, acts as an ideal. A person compares knowledge about the ideal and the real world, that is, he looks for ways to achieve it.
- The need is concretized and objectified, and is the driving force of activity. For example, a person may first recognize the need for love and then look for the object of love.
Needs give rise to motives, against which the goal emerges. The choice of means to achieve a goal (need) depends on a person’s value orientations. Needs and motives shape the orientation of the individual.
Basic needs are formed by the age of 18-20 and do not undergo significant changes in the future. The exception is crisis situations.
Sometimes the system of needs and motives develops disharmoniously, which leads to mental disorders and personality dysfunction.
Types of needs
In general, we can distinguish bodily (biological), personal (social) and spiritual (existential) needs:
- The bodily ones include instincts, reflexes, that is, everything physiological. The maintenance of human life as a species depends on their satisfaction.
- Personal includes everything spiritual and social. What allows a person to be a person, an individual and a subject of society.
- Existential includes everything that is connected with maintaining the life of all humanity and with the cosmos. This includes the need for self-improvement, development, creation of new things, knowledge, and creativity.
Thus, some of the needs are innate and they are identical for people of all nations and races. The other part is acquired needs, which depend on the culture and history of a particular society or group of people. Even a person’s age makes a contribution.
A. Maslow's theory
The most popular classification of needs (also known as hierarchy) is Maslow’s pyramid. The American psychologist ranked needs from lower to higher, or from biological to spiritual.
- Physiological needs (food, water, sleep, that is, everything related to the body and organism).
- The need for emotional and physical security (stability, order).
- The need for love and belonging (family, friendship), or social needs.
- The need for self-esteem (respect, recognition), or the need for evaluation.
- The need for self-actualization (self-development, self-education, other “self”).
The first two needs are considered lower, the rest are higher. Lower needs are characteristic of a person as an individual (biological being), higher needs are characteristic of personality and individuality (social being). The development of higher needs is impossible without satisfying the primary ones. However, after their satisfaction, spiritual needs do not always develop.
Higher needs and the desire for their realization determine the freedom of human individuality. The formation of spiritual needs is closely related to the culture and value orientations of society, historical experience, which gradually becomes the experience of the individual. In this regard, material and cultural needs can be distinguished.
There are several differences between lower and higher needs:
- Higher needs develop genetically later (the first echoes appear in late adolescence).
- The higher the need, the easier it is to push it aside for a while.
- Living at a high level of needs means good sleep and appetite, absence of disease, that is, a good quality of biological life.
- Higher needs are perceived by a person as less urgent.
- Satisfaction of higher needs brings great joy and happiness, ensures personal development, enriches the inner world, and fulfills desires.
According to Maslow, the higher a person climbs on this pyramid, the healthier he is mentally and the more developed as a person and individual he can be considered. The higher the need, the more a person is ready for active action.
K. Alderfer's theory
- existence (physiological and the need for safety according to Maslow);
- connectedness (social needs and external evaluation according to Maslow);
- development (internal assessment and self-actualization according to Maslow).
The theory is distinguished by two more provisions:
- several needs may be involved at the same time;
- the lower the satisfaction of the highest need, the stronger the desire to satisfy the lower (we are talking about replacing the inaccessible with the accessible, for example, love with something sweet).
E. Fromm's theory
In Fromm's concept, needs are classified based on the unity of man and nature. The author identifies the following needs:
- The need for communication and inter-individual bonds (love, friendship).
- The need for creativity. Regardless of the type of specific activity, a person creates the world around him and society itself.
- The need for a sense of deep roots that guarantee the strength and security of existence, that is, an appeal to the history of society, the family.
- The need for the desire for similarity, the search for an ideal, that is, the identification of a person with someone or something.
- The need for knowledge and mastery of the world.
It is worth noting that Fromm adhered to the concept of the influence of the unconscious on a person and attributed needs precisely to this. But in Fromm’s concept, the unconscious is the hidden potential of the individual, the spiritual powers allocated to each person initially. And also the element of community, the unity of all people is brought into the subconscious. But the subconscious, like the described needs, is broken by the logic and rationality of the world, clichés and taboos, stereotypes. And most of the needs remain unfulfilled.
D. McClelland's theory of acquired needs
- need for achievement or accomplishment;
- the need for human connection or affiliation;
- need for power.
- if children are encouraged to control others, then the need for power is formed;
- with independence – the need for achievement;
- when establishing friendship, there is a need for affiliation.
Need for achievement
A person strives to surpass other people, stand out, achieve established standards, be successful, and solve complex problems. Such people themselves choose situations where they will be responsible for everyone, but at the same time avoid being too simple or too complex.
Need for joining
A person strives to have friendly, close interpersonal relationships based on a close psychological connection and avoids conflicts. Such people are focused on situations of cooperation.
Need for power
A person strives to create conditions and requirements for the activities of other people, to manage them, control them, use authority, and decide for other people. A person gains satisfaction from being in a position of influence and control. Such people choose situations of competition, competition. They care about status, not performance.
Afterword
Satisfying needs is important for adequate personality development. If biological needs are ignored, a person can get sick and die, and if higher needs are unsatisfied, neuroses develop and other psychological problems arise.
It is worth noting that there are exceptions to the rule “first satisfying some needs - then developing others.” We are talking about creators and warriors who can set higher goals, despite unmet physical needs, such as hunger and lack of sleep. But for the average person the following data is typical:
- physiological needs are satisfied by 85%;
- in safety and security – by 70%;
- in love and belonging – by 50%;
- in self-esteem – by 40%;
- in self-actualization – by 10%.
Needs are closely related to the social situation of human development and the level of socialization. Interestingly, this connection is interdependent.
The meaning of the word “need” can be guessed intuitively. It clearly comes from the verbs “to demand”, “to be required”. This word means some thing, phenomenon or quality of the surrounding world that a person needs in a given situation. More information about this concept, its diverse manifestations and meaning can be found in this article.
Expanding the concept
Need is the subjective need of an individual (or social group) to obtain one or another object of the surrounding reality, which is a prerequisite for maintaining normal and comfortable life.
In the human lexicon there are concepts that are similar in meaning - “need” and “request”. The first is usually used in a situation where a person is experiencing a shortage of something, the second relates to the field of marketing and is associated with the purchasing power of a person or group of people. In contrast to need and request, need is the need to receive both material and spiritual benefits. So it's a broader concept. It can include both needs and requests.
What are the needs?
There is a wide variety of forms of this phenomenon. For example, they distinguish material needs - those that are associated with obtaining certain resources (money, goods, services) necessary for an individual to maintain good health and mood.
Another large group is spiritual needs. This includes everything related to emotions, self-knowledge, development, self-realization, enlightenment, safety, etc. In other words, this is a person’s need to receive what was created by the consciousness of other people.
The third broad group consists of social needs - that is, those related to communication. This may be the need for friendship and love, attention, approval and acceptance by other people, finding like-minded people, the opportunity to speak out, etc.
Detailed classifications of needs are available in sociology, psychology and economics. Now we will look at one of the most popular.
Pyramid of needs
The hierarchy of needs created by American psychologist Abraham Maslow is widely known. This classification is interesting because it represents a seven-step pyramid. It clearly presents the basic needs of the individual and the role they play. Let us describe all these seven steps sequentially, from bottom to top.
7. At the base of Maslow’s pyramid are physiological needs: thirst, hunger, the need for warmth and shelter, sexual desire, etc.
6. Slightly higher is the need to obtain security: security, self-confidence, courage, etc.
5. The need to be loved, to love, to feel a sense of belonging to people and places.
4. The need for approval, respect, recognition, success. This and the previous stage already include social needs.
3. At a higher level of the pyramid there is a need to understand the world around us, as well as to acquire skills and abilities.
2. Almost at the top are aesthetic needs: comfort, harmony, beauty, cleanliness, order, etc.
1. Finally, the top of the pyramid represents the need for self-actualization, which includes knowing yourself, developing your abilities, finding your own path in life and achieving personal goals.
Good or bad
To satisfy a need means to perform a certain action, to receive something in one form or another. But can needs be bad? By themselves, no. However, in some cases, people choose unhealthy ways of gratification. For example, smoking with friends (colleagues, classmates) as a ritual of unification helps satisfy the need for friendship, respect, etc., but is harmful to physical health. How to avoid this? You just need to find replacement options that will satisfy the need, but are not bad habits and self-destructive actions.
There is also an opinion that material needs are something bad, and their satisfaction inhibits a person’s spiritual development. But in reality, a variety of physical goods (consumer goods, educational aids, transportation, communications) make it possible to obtain food, comfort, training, recreation, communication and other components of a harmonious life. A person first satisfies simpler and more pressing needs, and then moves on to complex ones related to creativity, spiritual growth and self-improvement.
What to do with the need
Life without satisfaction of spiritual and social needs is difficult, but possible. Another thing is physical needs or, in other words, needs. It is impossible to do without them, since they are responsible for maintaining the life of the body. Higher needs are a little easier to ignore than basic ones. But if you completely ignore the individual’s desire to be loved, respected, successful, developed, this will lead to an imbalance in the psychological state.
Satisfaction of human needs begins at the lowest level of the pyramid (physiological needs) and then gradually moves upward. In other words, it is impossible to satisfy the highest (social or spiritual) needs of the individual until the simplest, basic ones are satisfied.
Conclusion
Need is what makes both an individual and society as a whole move and develop. The need for something pushes us to look for or invent ways to get what we want. It can definitely be said that without needs, human development and the progress of society would be impossible.
Essay
HUMAN NEEDS, THEIR TYPES
AND MEANS OF SATISFACTION.
Table of contents:
1. Introduction. 1
2. Types of human needs. 1-4
3. Fundamentals of economic activity of mankind.
Specialization and trade. 4-8
4. Limited economic resources and related
there are problems with her. 8-10
5. Conclusion. Principles of distribution of benefits. eleven
1. Introduction.
The great scientist of Ancient Greece, Aristotle, gave the name to the science of economics. He combined two words: “eikos” - economy and “nomos” - for-
con, so “economy” literally translated from the ancient Greek means
there are “laws of economics”.
Economics refers to the science that:
1) studies ways of organizing people’s activities aimed at creating
tribute good, necessary for their consumption;
2) explores how people use the limited resources available to
satisfying their unlimited needs for life's goods.
There are three main participants in economic life: family, firms and the state. They interact with each other, coordinating their activities.
relationship both directly with each other and through markets factors about
production (that is, resources with which you can organize production
production of goods) and consumer goods (goods that are directly consumed
fuck with people).
Firms and the state play a big role in the economy, but people
The family is the main actor in the economy. Economic figure –
The importance of any country must be carried out to meet the needs of people -
act in specific benefits.
Behavior of people, their decisions in specific economic situations
determine the activities of firms, government organizations, markets.
By studying human behavior, economics helps people, businesses
mothers and the state to foresee the consequences of their decisions in the economic sphere
2. Types of human needs.
Basic human needs are biological needs.
These needs are the basis for the formation of specific needs
people (the need to satisfy hunger gives rise to the need for certain
types of food). The first task of economic activity (economy) was
meeting these needs.
The basic human needs include:
In clothes;
In housing;
In safety;
In the treatment of diseases.
These needs are necessary for the simple survival of people, but they are also
are a very difficult task. Until now, people cannot completely re-
sew these problems; millions of people on Earth are still hungry, many do not have a roof over their heads or basic medical care.
In addition, human needs are much more than just a set of equipment
fishing for survival. He wants to travel, have fun, a comfortable life, a favorite pastime, etc.
3. Fundamentals of the economic life of mankind. Specialization and
trade.
To satisfy their needs, people initially used only what wild nature could give them. But with the growth of needs,
la the need to learn how to obtain goods. Therefore, the benefits are divided into
two groups:
1) free benefits;
2) economic benefits.
Free benefits - these are those benefits of life (mainly natural) that are available to people in a volume greater than the need for them. They do not need to be produced, they can be consumed for free. Such benefits include-
xia: air, water, sunlight, rain, oceans.
But basically, human needs are not satisfied through free gifts,
A economic benefits , that is, goods and services, the volume of which is insufficient
to meet people's needs fully and it can be increased
personal only as a result of the production process. Sometimes you have to
redistribute benefits in one way or another.
Now people live better than in ancient times. This has been achieved due to an increase in the volume and improvement of the properties of these goods (food,
clothes, housing, etc.).
The source of well-being and power of the peoples of the Earth today is
There is an extremely developed mechanism for combining efforts to solve common problems, including the most important task - production of ever-increasing volumes
life benefits, that is, creating better living conditions for people.
People use natural resources to produce the goods of life.
own labor and special devices (tools, equipment, pro-
production facilities, etc.). All these are called “factors of production”.
There are three main factors of production:
3) capital.
Work as a factor of production is the activity of people in production
goods and services through the use of their physical and mental abilities
opportunities As well as skills acquired as a result of training and experience
work. To organize production activities, the right is purchased
to use the abilities of people for some time to create
giving a certain type of benefit.
This means that the volume of labor resources of a society depends on the numbers -
of the working-age population of the country and the amount of time it
the population can work for a year.
Earth as a factor of production - these are all types of natural resources, have-
existing on the planet and suitable for the production of economic goods.
The sizes of individual elements of natural resources are usually expressed as flat
areas of land for one purpose or another, volumes of water resources or
minerals in the ground.
Capital as a factor of production - this is the entire production and technical
apparatus that people created to increase their strength and expand their capabilities
possibilities for producing the necessary goods. It consists of buildings and structures -
production equipment, machines and equipment, iron
roads and ports, warehouses, pipelines, that is, from what is necessary for
implementation of modern technologies for the production of goods and services. The volume of capital is usually measured by the total monetary value.
To analyze economic processes, another type of fact is distinguished:
production moat – entrepreneurship. These are services that are provided
society people endowed with the ability to correctly assess what new
products can be successfully offered to customers, what production technologies
management of existing products is worth implementing to achieve greater benefits.
These people are ready to risk their savings for the sake of new commercial
projects. They have the ability to coordinate the use of other factors
tors of production to create the necessary benefits for society.
It is impossible to measure the volume of a society's entrepreneurial resource.
a clear picture of it can be formed on the basis of data on the number of
those owners of companies who created them and manage them.
In the twentieth century, another type of production factors gained great importance:
quality: information , that is, all the knowledge and information that is necessary
people for conscious activity in the world of economics.
By constantly improving the ways of using economic resources,
owls, people based their economic activities on two important
shih element: specialization and trade.
Specialization has three levels:
1) specialization of individuals;
2) specialization of activities of economic organizations;
3) specialization of the country's economy as a whole.
The basis of all specialization is the specialization of people's labor, which
defined:
a) Conscious division of labor between people.
b) Training people in new professions and skills.
c) The possibility of cooperation, that is, cooperation to achieve a common
further goal.
The first division (specialization) of labor arose about 12 thousand years ago
ago: some people specialized only in hunting, others were
farmers or farmers.
There are now thousands of professions, many of which require training in specific skills and techniques.
Why is specialization the most important tool in the economic life of mankind?
First, people are endowed with different abilities; they are different
complete certain types of work. Specialization gives everyone the opportunity
a person to find that job, that profession where he can express himself at his best.
the best side.
Secondly, specialization allows people to achieve greater and greater skill.
lousy in the activity chosen for oneself. And this leads to the production of goods
or providing services with higher quality.
Thirdly, the growth of skill allows people to spend on the production of goods
less time and no loss of time when switching from one
type of work to another.
Thus, specialization is the main way to increase
productivity all resources (factors of production) that people use to produce the economic goods they need, and first
the entire labor resource.
Performance is the amount of benefits that can be obtained from the use of
the formation of a unit of a certain type of resource for a fixed period
period of time.
Thus, labor productivity is determined by the number of products that
a worker made a swarm in a unit of time: in an hour, in a day, in a month, in a year.
One of the most significant inventions of mankind in the field of specialization
socialization and division of labor came into existence as a conveyor belt. This is the most powerful remedy
increasing labor productivity.
The creator of the assembly line was Henry Ford (1863-1947), the father of mass automobiles.
mobile industry, a talented person. The idea of the conveyor was born to him after
how the car manufacturing company he created ceased
cope with orders that have doubled in one year.
Then (in the spring of 1913) in the magneto assembly shop, Ford launched the first
world conveyor. Until this time, the collector worked at a table where he had
complete set of parts. A skilled assembler assembled about 40 magnetos per shift.
Now each assembler had to perform one or two operations on
assembly (that is, he specialized even more than when he could perform
all assembly operations). This allowed us to reduce the time required to assemble one
magneto from 20 min to 13 min. 10 sec. And after Ford replaced the previous
a low table on a moving belt raised higher, which set the pace
work, assembly time was reduced to 5 minutes. Labor productivity is possible
grew 4 times! After introducing the principle of conveyor assembly in all workshops
labor productivity increased 8.1 times, which made it possible in 1914 to increase
double the production of cars. Ford got the opportunity to produce its own cars
tires at lower costs than competitors, sell them cheaper and
capture the sales market. This led to the fact that competitors also had to
implement a conveyor at your enterprises.
Thanks to labor specialization and increased labor productivity, people
came to the transition from the random and irregular exchange of existing drones -
gami to constant trade in them. There has been a transition from self-sufficiency, then
eat from subsistence farming, to receiving goods produced by others
people. People gradually became convinced that thanks to the exchange of goods it is possible
get more benefits at your disposal and make them more diverse -
mi compared to their independent production. Having realized this, people began
They did not engage in exchange from time to time, but made it the basis of their life. This is how they appeared goods And services , used by them for regular communication
The ability to exchange goods is a unique ability of people, distinguished
separating them from other inhabitants of the Earth. As the great shot pointed out wittily,
Landish economist Adam Smith (1723–1790):
“No one has ever seen a dog deliberately exchange a bone with another dog...”
The regular exchange of goods and services was the basis for the most important
spheres of human activity - trade , that is, the exchange of goods in the form of purchase
or the sale of goods and services for money.
Trade was born in ancient times, it is older even than agriculture.
It existed during the Paleolithic - at the dawn of the Stone Age, around
30,000 years ago. At first, tribes that lived far away traded among themselves.
to each other. They traded luxury goods (precious and decorations)
stones, spices, silks, rare wood, etc.). Were engaged
these traveling merchants were Arabs, Frisians, Jews, Saxons, and then Italians.
Over time, trading cities appeared in Europe: Venice, Genoa and
river cities of Germany - Hamburg, Stettin, Danzig and others.
Trade has played a big role in human history. Thanks to her
merchants set sail in search of new lands where they could extract
expensive goods. Columbus's main goal was also trade interests.
res. He wanted to find a shorter route to the shores of India, so that it would be easier and
It is cheaper to transport goods to Europe. Thanks to trade, many were made
other geographical discoveries, and also the birth of modern industrial
ness. Large handicraft production began to emerge from merchant money.
production, and then manufactories - the harbingers of plants and factories.
It was trade that united people into companies specializing in
production of certain goods.
Not a single person is capable of mastering all the many professions required.
required to create all the variety of benefits that are used today
The combination of trade and specialization enables people to gain
benefits in greater volume, in a wider range and faster.
If a country skillfully uses a combination of specialization and trade, it will lead to:
Increased labor productivity;
An increase in the volume of available benefits;
Increasing growth in people's consumption of goods, according to income growth
sellers;
Increased income from trade, which can be used for development and
improvement of production and labor specialization.
This applies to all countries, even those that have great natural resources, since the wealth of subsoil, arable land and forests themselves
prosperity is not guaranteed.
Thus, Russia has enormous natural resources, their rational use
This could make the people of Russia one of the richest in the world. But Russia, not
despite the fact that it was under the control of the planning and command system,
spent its natural resources on a huge scale, did not provide
high level of well-being for its citizens.
According to UN experts, Russia is only at the level of wealth
53rd place. It can rise higher only by increasing the scale of production -
production of economic benefits useful to people. This problem can only be solved
having mastered the art of rational organization of economic activity.
4. Limited economic resources and the resulting
communication problems.
To satisfy their needs for goods, people need much more resources than have always been available to humanity.
People faced limited resources back in ancient times, when
land was the only available source of production of goods.
The graph shows the emergence of a gap between material
desires of people and the possibilities of their satisfaction.
The increase in natural resources occurs due to the development of deposits
mineral deposits, construction of hydroelectric power stations, development
virgin lands, etc. On the graph, the line for the volume of resources is gently rising
swaying. A line that rises steeply - human potency -
tee. In the first period of human development, nature’s potential to feed people, of whom there were few, exceeded their capacity.
necessities. Due to population growth and increasing needs of people
humanity is faced with a new situation - shortage.
Humanity could have died out 11-16 thousand years ago due to lack of
food and he managed to escape only due to the emergence of agriculture.
The needs of people and the population of the Earth continue to remain constant.
but to increase. The increase in the volume of living goods lags behind the growth in people's needs, despite the fact that they have learned to use natural resources and other factors of production.
With the exception of a small number of goods - air, rain, solar heat - all other means of satisfying the needs of mankind
are available in limited quantities. Thus, oil reserves in the bowels of the Earth are
amount to 128.6 billion tons. This is her physical limitation. People actively use
they call it, but for now it is only available to those who can pay the costs of
its extraction and transportation. The economic problem is not created by physical
such a limited resource, and the opportunity to obtain it only by spending other
resources. So, to extract additional oil, you need to spend
other limited resources: electricity, labor of oil workers, metal for
manufacturing of oil equipment and oil pipeline pipes), etc.
Consequently, the economic activity of people is always directed
to withdraw resources from the sphere of satisfaction alone in order to satisfy
needs of other people.
Economic resources are always limited.
Limitation labor is due to the fact that the number of able-bodied people in any country is strictly fixed at any given time.
In terms of physical and mental abilities, not all people are suitable for performing specific jobs. This problem can be partially solved by
attracting workers from other countries, retraining and retraining of workers
botniks to more effective specialties, but this does not give immediate
result, since it requires a certain time for their implementation.
Limitation land(natural resources) is determined by the geography of the country and the presence of mineral deposits in its depths. This limitation can be reduced by converting previously barren soils into
agricultural grounds.
Limitation capital determined by the previous development of the country,
with what she managed to accumulate. This limitation can be reduced by
construction of new factories, highways, gas pipelines and additional
equipment manufacturing. But this takes time and costs.
Limitation entrepreneurship due to the fact that nature does not
endows everyone with this talent.
Limitation resources made people accept the appropriate
measures. People have long begun to secure economic resources in their own
ness. An individual or group of people can:
- own resources, that is, actually possessing them;
- use resources, that is, use them at your discretion
to obtain current income;
- dispose of, that is, have the right to transfer them to other persons, for example
Other people must respect these rights. Securing resources in your own
Citizenship allows them to provide these resources for a fee to those who need them. The forms of income from this can be very different and depend on the type of resources provided.
Most of Russia's large fortunes (wealth) are associated with shadow ownership.
property (criminal access to resources, etc.) and with post-state
property (privatization, land, budget funds).
As a result of “privatization” under the guise of the slogan about the voucher people-
After privatization, property turned out to be dispersed, torn between
separate links of technological chains that are inseparable by nature.
This has led to the inefficiency of the Russian economy today.
5. Conclusion. Principles of distribution of benefits.
To satisfy its ever-increasing needs, humanity
forced to constantly seek answers to the main questions of the fundamentals of economic
life, that is, the main issues of economics:
1. What to produce and in what quantity?
2. How to produce?
3. How to distribute the goods produced?
When deciding the question “What and in what quantity to produce?”, people ultimately
account distribute limited resources between producers of various -
new benefits.
When deciding the question “How to produce?”, people choose their preferred
they are methods (technologies) for producing the goods they need.
Each of the possible technological solutions involves
its combination and scale of use of limited resources. And
Therefore, choosing the best option is not an easy task, which requires comparison -
planning, weighing the value of various resources.
Answering the question “How to distribute the goods produced?”,
people decide who and how much benefits should ultimately go to. How
carry out the distribution of benefits so that it does not cause people to feel un-
fairness due to differences in living comfort?
People solved this problem like this:
- "the right of the strong"- the best and in full is received by the one who can
take benefits from the weaker by force of fist and weapon;
- "principle of equalization"- everyone receives approximately equally so that
“no one was offended”;
- "Queue principle"- the benefit goes to the one who took a place in the queue first
those who want to receive this benefit.
Life has proven the harmfulness of using these principles, since they are not
interest people in more productive work. With such a distribution
sharing benefits, even if you work better than others and get more for it,
acquisition of the desired good is not guaranteed. Therefore, in the vast majority of countries in the world (and in all the richest countries) currently
a complex market distribution mechanism prevails.
Bibliography:
1.I.V. Lipsits “Economics”, Moscow, 1998
2. G. Yavlinsky “Russian Economy: legacy and opportunities”, EPIcenter,