By the beginning of the 9th century, tribal unions first appeared in the East Slavic lands, and later, as a result of their unification, strong inter-tribal groupings appeared. The whole life of the Slavs led to this result: the development of economic and trade ties that pulled the lands together, religious community (most of the Eastern Slavs by this time prayed to the same gods). This was facilitated by the general military strengthening - repelling external enemies, in particular the Khazars, and organizing long-distance campaigns of conquest.
The centers of such a union were the Middle Dnieper region, led by Kiev, and the northwestern region, led by the cities of Ladoga and Novgorod. These were the most developed East Slavic lands in all respects. There, the initial East Slavic statehood began to take shape, which strengthened and developed those features of the state that arose in ancient times.
One of these signs was, as already mentioned, the emergence of princely power, squads, and governors. In the 9th century. they showed their veto power in relations with their neighbors. A number of blows were struck against Khazaria, and the glades were freed from paying tribute to it. The attacks of the Russian army on the Crimean possessions of Byzantium date back to the same time. It was from this time that the first news from Greek and Eastern authors reached us about the name “Dews”, “Rus” of the Eastern Slavs, the inhabitants of the Dnieper region. Sometimes the tracks were used in relation to the Slavs and the former name of the peoples of these places - Scythians, and sometimes the terms "Scythian-Taurs" and "Tavro-Scythians" were used. The Taurians were the oldest tribes, known from ancient sources, who inhabited the mountainous and coastal part of the Crimea, which received the name Tavrika from them, and then Tavria, Taurida. Therefore, it is more correct to call the Eastern Slavs as the rest of the world and ancient chronicles called them - Rus', Russians, Rusyns.
The Russians moved on high-speed boats, which could move both with oars and under sails, and covered long distances along rivers, the Black, Azov, and Caspian seas. From one body of water to another, ships were dragged by dragging, for which special wooden rollers were used. The Russians also knew the equestrian system. The cavalry squad often accompanied the fighting boats along the shore.
A blow to the Crimean possessions of Byzantium at the beginning of the 9th century. - this is the first mention of the state formation of Rus' known to us. The Russians conquered the entire coast of Crimea to the Kerch Strait, stormed the city of Surozh (present-day Sudak) and plundered it. The legendary news has been preserved that the leader of the Russians, in order to recover from an illness, received baptism from the hands of a local Greek bishop, and the illness immediately receded. This fact is significant. At that time, most European countries (the Frankish Empire, the English kingdoms, Gothic Spain and others) adopted Christianity. The transition from paganism to a new monotheistic faith marked the advent of a new civilization, a new spiritual life, a new culture in these countries, the unity of the entire people within the state, and Rus' took the first, still rather timid, step on this path. He has not yet shaken the foundations of Slavic paganism.
A few years later (in 830), Rus' launched a second offensive, this time on the southern coast of the Black Sea. True, the Russian army had not yet decided to storm Constantinople itself. In 838–839 in Constantinople, and then in the Frankish state, embassies of the state of Rus' appeared - in Byzantium to regulate its relations with the recent enemy, and in the land of the Franks - to establish diplomatic and trade relations with the powerful Western empire.
Finally, on June 18, 860, an event occurred that literally shook the world of that time. Constantinople unexpectedly came under a fierce attack by the Russian army. The Russians approached from the sea in two hundred boats. They besieged the city for a week, but it survived. Having taken a huge indemnity (military tribute) and concluded an honorable peace with Byzantium, on June 25 the Russians lifted the siege and went home. The names of the Russian princes who led the campaign have been preserved. These were Askold (?-882) and Dir (?-882). From that time on, Rus' was officially recognized as a great empire. June 25th can be considered the day of the beginning of Russian statehood. This was two years before the so-called calling of the Varangians and goes back to the history of Southern Rus'.
A few years later, Greek priests appeared in the land of the Russians and baptized their leader and his squad. Presumably it was Askold.
So from 860 the news of the second baptism of the Russians comes.
In the second half of the 9th century. squads from the Middle Dnieper region broke through the Khazar cordons to the Volga, North Caucasus, and the Caspian Sea. They tried to attack Bulgaria in the Balkans.
The Kyiv armies also went north to bring under the control of Kyiv the entire Slavic part of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” and the exits to the Baltic Sea. Attempts were made, unsuccessful so far, to take possession of Polotsk and conquer Polopan.
The Slavic south began an active offensive against the Slavic north.
During these same decades, in the area of the lake. Ilmen, r. Volkhov, on the shores of Lake Ladoga. events took place that became remarkable in Russian history. A powerful alliance of Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes was formed here, the unifier of which was the Ilmen Slavs (Slovenians). This unification was facilitated by the struggle that began here between the Slovenians, Krivichi, Meri and Chud with the Varangians, who for some time managed to establish control over the local population. And just as the glades overthrew the power of the Khazars in the south, in the north an alliance of local tribes drove out the Varangian rulers. However, later discord began between the local tribes. The chronicle says, “And generation after generation rose.” Under these conditions, they decided to stop the never-ending civil strife in the traditional way - by inviting another ruler from the outside. The choice fell on the Varangian princes, and they appeared in the Russian north-west with their squads.
Who were the Varangians? This question has haunted historians both in our country and abroad for over two hundred years.
Some considered the Varangians to be Normans, Scandinavians, based on the fact that this was the era of Norman sea invasions of rich European countries, where the Norman robbers went for prey.
For a long time, the so-called “Normanists” had the point of view that it was the Normans who created the Old Russian state in the lands of the Slavs (the so-called Norman theory of the origin of the Russian state), and the Slavs themselves were unable to create a state due to backwardness and doom. These views were especially popular in the West during periods of acute confrontation between our Motherland and its Western enemies. Later, when scientists both in Russia and in other countries proved that statehood was maturing among the Slavs long before the appearance of the Normans, this Point of View was rejected.
However, even today there are Normanists and anti-Normanists, only the dispute is about something else - who were the Varangians by nationality? Normanists consider them Scandinavians and believe that the name Rus' is of Scandinavian origin. The main argument of the Normanists is the numerous artifacts of Scandinavian origin in the Slavic lands and information in Western sources about a certain Popik of Friesland, whom they identify with Rurik of Novgorod. Anti-Normanists prove that the first Russian princes in the Russian north-west have nothing to do with Scandinavia. They could have been either Balts or Pomeranian Slavs from the southern shores of the Baltic: Vagr (Polabian Slavs; historian V.N. Tatishchev suggested that it was they who gave the name to the Varangians mentioned in Rus'), Lyutichs, Bodrichis, Ruyans (residents of the island of Rügen, Slavic Ruyan, considered the religious center of the Pomeranian Slavs). As for archaeological finds, this is only evidence of trade and other contacts in the region. Recent works by historians have shown that the Friesland prince had nothing to do with the Slavic lands.
And, nevertheless, the dispute about the origin of the Varangians is still ongoing, and essentially the dispute is about the fate of Russia, the Eastern Slavs, about their historical self-sufficiency and independence.
And what does Nestor the chronicler, whose information is primarily used by both, say about this? He writes that at the request of various tribes, Varangian princes appeared in the Slavic lands in 862 - Prince Rurik and his brothers and their squads. “Those Varangians were called Rus,” he notes, just as the Swedes, Normans, English, etc. had their ethnic names. Thus, for him “Rus” is, first of all, a national definition.
The Varangians, in his opinion, “sit” to the east of the Western peoples, along the southern shore of the Varangian (Baltic) Sea. “But the Slavic language and Russian are one,” the chronicler emphasizes. This means that those princes who were invited by the Ilmen Slavs and Krivichi were related to them, and the newcomers painlessly and quickly penetrated into the Russian environment.
Thus, the name “Rus”, “Russians” appeared in the 9th century. both in the Slavic north and south.
As has been shown, the Slavs occupied vast territories in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe from ancient times. Among these Slavic tribes, the names Rus and Rusyns were very common. In the West they were called rutens, rugs. The descendants of these Rusyns still live in Germany, Hungary, and Romania. In the Slavic language, "blond" means "light." This is a typically Slavic word and a typically Slavic ethnonym. The resettlement from the Danube, from Transcarpathia to the Dnieper region brought this name here. The Slavs came to the Slavs, the Rusyns came to the glades.
Other Rus, Ruthenians, and Ruthenians lived in the lands adjacent to the southern shores of the Baltic Sea. There have long been strong Slavic tribal alliances there, which waged a harsh struggle with the Germanic tribes.
At the time of the creation of tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs, the Baltic Slavs already had their own state formations with princes, squads, and a detailed pagan religion, very close to East Slavic paganism. From here there were constant migrations to the East. The Varangians - Rus' came here not only with peace, but also with war. And only later the Ilmen Slavs, the Krivichi, invited the Varangian princes to lead their lands, stop local civil strife and protect them from Varangian raids.
This case was very typical for the entire European history. Information has been preserved that the princes who came were relatives of the former local princely dynasty - the Ilmen Slavs. However, there is no data about the name “Rus” in Scandinavia, just as there is no data that in Scandinavia at that time there was a princely, royal power or some kind of long-term state formation that could send its princes to the Slavic lands. And no later branched trade relations between Rus' and Scandinavia, as well as the appearance of hired Scandinavian squads here, can explain to us the fact of the appearance in 862 of the Varangians - Rus of non-Slavic or Baltic origin - in the northwestern Slavic lands. But the dispute continues.
The chronicle says that after turning to the Varangians in 862, three brothers arrived from their lands to the Slavic and Finno-Ugric lands - Rurik, Sineus and Truvor with their squads. According to this version, the eldest, Rurik, sat down to reign among the Ilmen Slavs. His first residence was the city of Ladoga, then he moved to Novgorod, where he “cut down” a fortress for himself. Novgorod had a number of advantages over Ladoga: it was located in the center of the Slavic lands, the most developed here, and was more advantageously located on the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.” The middle brother, Sineus, settled in the lands of the Finnish tribe, all in the city of Beloozero, and the younger brother - in the lands of the Krivichi, in the fortress of Izborsk. There is a lot of legend in this story, starting with the scheme widespread in Europe with the appearance of three brothers in foreign lands (let us remember, for example, Kiya, Shchek and Khoreb). But a reliable fact is the appearance of a Varangian ruler in the northwestern Russian lands.
But according to some data, soon the Novgorodians began a struggle against Rurik, which probably flared up after he began to exceed his powers as an “arbiter” in local affairs and a “hired sword” defending the land from enemies, and took full power into his own hands . But Rurik suppressed the uprising and established himself in Novgorod. Some of the dissatisfied boyars fled to Kyiv.
Subsequently, Rurik united under his command the entire north and north-west of the East Slavic and Finno-Ugric lands. Thus, in the north, as in the south, a strong state center was formed, uniting the surrounding lands under a single princely authority. Now Novgorod stood against Kyiv, Rurik - against the Kyiv princes and those who supported them in the south. Both of these centers called themselves Russia: Southern Rus', where the local Polyansky dynasty established itself, and Northern Rus', where Slavic immigrants from the southern Baltics took power. Rivalry between these centers began immediately after their formation. Kyiv launched an offensive to the north and tried to recapture the lands of the Krivichi and Polonians from Novgorod. Rurik also launched an attack on Polotsk. A historical confrontation was brewing between the two East Slavic centers.
In 879, Rurik died, leaving behind his young son Igor. Either the governor or Rurik’s relative Oleg (?–912) took control of all affairs in Novgorod. But Igor remained the official Novgorod prince. Power was inherited - from father to son. This is how the Rurik dynasty began, which ruled the Russian lands in a straight line until the death in 1598 of its last representative, the childless Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible.
It was Oleg who was destined to unite two Old Russian state centers. In 882, he gathered a large army and launched a campaign to the south. The striking force of Oleg’s army was the Varangian squad. Along with him were detachments representing all the northwestern Russian lands: here were the Ilmen Slavs, the Krivichi, as well as their allies and tributaries - Chud, Merya, everyone. Little Igor sailed with him in the prince’s boat.
The first blow was to those territories and cities for which there had long been a dispute between Kiev and Novgorod. Oleg captured the main city of the Krivichi, Smolensk, then took Lyubech. Having sailed to Kyiv, he realized that it would be difficult for him to take the well-fortified and populous city by storm. In addition, the experienced warrior Askold, who distinguished himself in battles with Byzantium, reigned here; He also fought against the Bulgarians, Khazars and the new steppe nomads of the Pechenegs. And then Oleg resorted to a trick. Having hidden the soldiers in the boats, he sent news to the Kyiv prince that a merchant loaf had sailed from the north, and the merchants were inviting the princes to go ashore. The Kiev ruler, who did not suspect anything, came to the meeting.
Oleg's warriors jumped out of cover and surrounded the Kievites. Oleg picked up little Igor in his arms and declared to the Kyiv ruler that he did not belong to the princely family, but he himself “was of the princely family,” and Igor was the son of Prince Rurik. Askold was killed right there on the shore, and Oleg established himself in Kyiv and made this city his capital. He declared: “Let Kyiv be the mother of Russian cities.” One might think that the Kyiv pagans did not stand up for their Christian ruler and helped Oleg’s pagans take possession of the city. Thus, probably, ideological views for the first time in Rus' influenced the change of power.
So, the Novgorod North defeated the Kyiv South. Novgorod became the unifier of Russian lands into an East Slavic state.
Since then, 882 has been celebrated as the beginning of a unified Russian state.
However, this was only a military victory. In economic, commercial, and cultural terms, the Middle Dnieper region was far ahead of other Slavic lands. At the end of the 9th century. it was the historical center of Russian lands, and Oleg, by making Kyiv a capital city, only confirmed this position.
Oleg did not complete his military successes here. He continued the unification of the remaining Slavic lands. Firstly, he streamlined his relations with Northern Russia: he imposed tribute on the territories under his control - he “set tribute” to the Ilmen Slavs, Krivichi, and other tribes and peoples who lived there. Oleg also concluded an agreement with the Varangians, which was valid for about 150 years. According to it, Rus' was obliged to pay some Varangian southern Baltic state 300 silver hryvnia (this was the largest monetary unit in Rus') annually for peace on the Russian northwestern borders and for regular military assistance to Rus' from the Varangians. We are talking specifically about a South Slavic, Pomeranian state, since at that time there was no state in Scandinavia with which such a long-term agreement could be concluded.
Then Oleg undertook campaigns against other Slavic tribal unions - against the Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichi, imposing a tribute on them with furs. Here he encountered Khazaria, whose tributaries were the Radimichi and the northerners. But military success again accompanied Oleg. Now these East Slavic tribes ceased their dependence on Khazaria and became part of Rus'. However, the inhabitants of the Slavic northeast - the Vyatichi - still remained tributaries of Khazaria.
At the turn of the 9th–10th centuries. Oleg suffered a painful defeat from the nomadic horde of the ancestors of the Hungarians - the Ugric tribes of the Magyars, or Hungarians. These were the last surges of the Great Migration. The Hungarians left the Trans-Urals and broke through the Black Sea steppes into Europe. But along the way they encountered another large Turkic horde - the Pechenegs, suffered a series of defeats from them and rolled further to the west. The Hungarians only touched the Russian lands during their nomadic movement. Oleg came out to meet them, but was defeated and locked himself behind the Kyiv walls. The Hungarians besieged the city, but could not take it, and then the opponents made peace. According to the peace treaty, the Russians paid tribute to the Hungarians, supplied them with food for the road, and the Hungarians promised to be loyal allies of Rus' in the fight against common enemies. This happened in 898. That was the beginning of relations between Rus' and Hungary. Soon the Hungarians broke through into the Danube region and in the Pannonian Lowland (part of the territory of modern Hungary) created their own state, or, as they began to say, “found their homeland.” Since then, peace and alliance between the two countries have existed for more than 200 years.
Having united the East Slavic lands, defending them from the onslaught of foreigners, Oleg gave the princely power unprecedented authority and international prestige. He took the title of Grand Duke, i.e. the prince of all princes. The remaining rulers of individual Russian principalities became his tributaries, vassals, although they retained the rights to govern their principalities.
The new state of Rus' was not inferior in scale to the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne or the Byzantine Empire, however, many of its regions were sparsely populated and unsuitable for life.
In addition, the difference in the level of development of individual parts of the state was too great, moreover, it immediately became multinational, incorporating different peoples. All this made it loose and fragile.
Prince Oleg was known not only for his unification policy and the fight against the Khazars. From their very inception, the rulers of Rus' set themselves large-scale tasks: mastering the mouth of the Dnieper, the mouth of the Danube, establishing themselves in the Northern Black Sea region and the Balkans, breaking through the Khazar cordons to the east and subordinating the Taman Peninsula and the Kerch Strait to their control. These were strategically important operational points on trade routes, strong military bridgeheads. Some of these tasks were outlined by the Antes, and later by the Polyansky princes, and now matured and united Rus' again tried to repeat the impulse of its ancestors.
Part of this policy was the famous campaign of Rus' against Byzantium in 907.
At the beginning of summer, a huge Russian army on boats and on horseback moved along the shore towards Constantinople. The Greeks, as they had done before, closed the Bay of Constantinople with a huge chain, throwing it from one bank to the other to prevent the advance of Russian ships. They hoped for mighty city walls. Unable to take the city with a direct attack, the Russians landed on the shore, “made war” on the outskirts of the city, took huge booty, and then pulled the ships onto land, raised the sails and, under the cover of the boats that protected them from enemy arrows, moved under the very walls of the city. This practice of moving ships on rollers during the assault on cities was used by many seafaring peoples at that time. The Greeks were horrified at the sight of this unusual sight and asked for peace.
According to the peace treaty, the Greeks undertook to pay a monetary indemnity to Rus', pay tribute annually, and open the Byzantine market widely to Russian merchants. They even received the right to duty-free trade within the empire, which was unheard of.
As a sign of the end of hostilities and the conclusion of peace, the Russian Grand Duke hung his shield on the gates of the city. This was the custom of many peoples of Eastern Europe.
In 911 Oleg confirmed his agreement with Byzantium. A Russian embassy appeared in Constantinople, which concluded the first written agreement in the history of Eastern Europe with the empire. One of the articles discussed the establishment of a military alliance between Byzantium and Russia. From now on, Russian troops began to regularly appear as part of the Byzantine army, and Russian squads attacked the enemies of the Byzantine Empire in Transcaucasia.
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The purpose of the lesson:
Equipment: manual “History of Russia in portraits and illustrations from the 9th century to the 30s.” XII century” is presented on each desk, textbook by A.A. Vakhrushev, D.D. Danilov “The world around us” 3rd grade. (“My Fatherland”) interactive board, presentation.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment: Getting students in the mood for work.
The bell rang and we started the lesson. Let's try to make us feel comfortable with our communication, pleased with our knowledge, and surprised with our efforts.
Slide 2 – Lesson plan
1. Updating knowledge.
Slide number 3 – “The Slavs came and sat along the Dnieper”
Questions for the class
What topic did we study in the last lesson?
What new have we learned from this topic?
Now we know that our ancestors were the Eastern Slavs.
We look at the map of the settlement of Slavic tribes.
Students answer the following questions (ability to extract information from a historical map):
Show on the map the places of settlement of the Drevlyans, Polyans, Dregovichs, Krivichis and Radimichis, and explain why these tribes were called that way.
The chronicle records: “The Slavs came and sat along the Dnieper.”
How do you understand this statement of the chronicler? (The children’s answer is based on knowledge about natural areas, geographical location and the significance of the river from the course “The World Around us” for grade 2)
Do you think there was a trade route along the Dnieper before the arrival of the Slavs?
(Long before the arrival of the Slavs, trade communications between the Varangians and the Greeks already passed along the Dnieper)
Do you think the Slavs got involved in this trade or remained indifferent?
The route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” is a trade route from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.
Let's look at the “path from the Varangians to the Greeks.”
Together with the children we find the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. (we show the path on the map on the interactive board)
We find the Varangian Sea (Baltic) and begin the journey on the Varangian boat.
Slide No. 5 – Traveling on the map
We trace: Which rivers, lakes and seas does the water trade route pass through?
Why did you have to swim upstream? (Work according to the map)
Student answer: the Volkhov River flows into Lake Ladoga, the Lovat River flows into Lake Ilmen
What city - the tribal center of the Ilmen Slavs arose on the banks of the Volkhov? (Novgorod)
Teacher: How can overseas guests get from one river to another?
Students find the clue - “drag”.
A portage is a section between two navigable rivers, through which in the old days a ship was dragged to continue its journey.
Slide No. 6 - Why was the city of Smolensk called that?
Did the rooks need to be repaired after being dragged?
(Where the ancient merchants pitched their ships before sailing to Kyiv is Smolensk, the main city of the Slavic Krivichi tribe)
What is the southernmost city of the East Slavic world located on the Dnieper?
Using the map, students find Kyiv.
Teacher: Kyiv was a key assembly point for Russian trade; trading boats flocked to it from everywhere from the Volkhov, from the Western Dvina, the Upper Dnieper and its tributaries.
Slide No. 7 - Why do you think the Varangian merchants considered the path after Kyiv down the Dnieper difficult?
Leading question-hint: What impeded the movement of the boat in the north in the river basin: Lovat and Western Dvina. (Work according to the map) (Volok)
Teacher's explanation:
After Kyiv, the Dnieper flows through the steppe and there were rapids in the lower reaches of the Dnieper.
The Dnieper rapids are a rocky elevation of the river bottom that accelerates the flow and impedes navigation.
This is a place where steppe nomads often attacked merchant caravans of ships.
Who can say what significance the trade route had for Rus'?
Russian merchants often visited Constantinople and saw the structure of the state in the Byzantine Empire.
Conclusion. The trade “route from the Varangians to the Greeks” that passed along the Dnieper became a source of wealth and prosperity for Russian cities located at the crossroads of the busy roads of the past. There is a need for protection from enemies.
Statement of the lesson problem.
Prerequisites for the creation of a state among the Eastern Slavs.
What is a state? (Students rely on knowledge of topic No. 3 “Where the Motherland Begins”)
Slides No. 8–9 – Why didn’t such a state arise on Slavic territory in the 7th–8th centuries? (We lead students to the idea that the creation of a state requires certain conditions)
Work in groups (filling out the table) (Appendix 1)
Checking the completion of the table by group
Slide No. 10 – Social stratification of the Eastern Slavs.
We begin to consider the conditions for the formation of a state on the land of Ancient Rus'.
We know from the textbook that the Slavic tribe consists of clans or, in other words, clan communities.
The prince and the boyars stand out.
At the beginning of the 9th century. The formidable Pecheneg nomads appeared in the southern steppes.
To protect against the attacks of steppe nomads, what should the Slavic tribe have done? (The appearance of a military squad)
Who became the head of this military squad?
In the 9th century. Trade began to play an increasingly important role in the life of the Slavs.
What were the people whose main occupation was trade called? (Merchants)
What could Russian merchants trade?
Who produced Russian goods - fabrics, dishes, weapons, jewelry? (Craftsmen)
Teacher: In the cities, power passed to the princes, who established and maintained order. Gradually, the cities subjugated the surrounding territories, which were inhabited by various East Slavic tribes. This is how reigns arose that recognized the power of a single prince.
Slide No. 11 – Phys. just a minute
Slide No. 12 – The general military threat came from
The general military threat that came from the steppe nomads in the south and the Vikings in the northwest, from the Ugrians in the southwest, and civil strife among the tribes forced the princes to unite and create a state.
Finding a solution to a problem is the discovery of new knowledge.
Slides No. 13 – Founder of the princely dynasty
Slide number 14 – The reign of Askold and Dir in Kyiv
Slides No. 15 -16 – Formation of two state centers
To prove that in the 9th century. Two state centers have been formed: in Kyiv and Novgorod, we will fill out the scheme in groups. One group represents Novgorod, and the other – Kyiv.
Each group fills out its own column on the card. Students are asked to open the manual and find the answer on the map
Group work using cards. (Appendix 2)
What conclusion have we come to? (Student statements)
Conclusion: That on the land of the Eastern Slavs in the 9th century two state centers were formed. In the 9th century, the prerequisites for the transition to a new stage of civilization and the creation of a state arose in the world of the Eastern Slavs.
Slide No. 17 – Formation of the Old Russian state - Kievan Rus
In 879 Rurik died. His son Igor was still too young, so Rurik’s relative Oleg took power in Novgorod.
Oleg decided to take possession of the “path from the Varangians to the Greeks” and unite all the East Slavic tribes.
In 882, Oleg took the young Igor and, at the head of his squad, set off on a campaign south along the Dnieper.
By cunning, having captured Kyiv and killed Askold and Dir, Oleg united Novgorod and Kyiv. Thus, in 882, the northern and southern lands of Rus', stretching from Ladoga to the lower reaches of the Dnieper, were united into a single state.
Writing in a notebook.
In 882, the formation of a single ancient Russian state took place - Kievan Rus. The capital became the city of Kyiv. The Grand Duke of Kiev Oleg became the ruler of the Old Russian state.
Slide number 18 - Why does a state arise in Rus'?
1. Tools of labor are developed
2. Trade is developing. (Trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”)
3. The development of tools leads to the emergence of social, or public, inequality.
4. Development of a certain standard of living of people.
5. A state almost always arises where it is necessary to protect borders from some external threats
Slide No. 19 – Why did Oleg declare Kyiv the capital of the state?
Slide No. 20–21 – Primary consolidation
Now the students are given cards with a table that they fill out. This is followed by discussion between groups. (Appendix 3)
Slide number 22 - “And Oleg ruled over the glades, and the Drevlyans, and the northerners, and the Radimichi.”
Slide number 23 – How did the first princes rule Russia?
The prince, ruling Kievan Rus, relied on what military force? (Druzhina)
Who helped him control the Ancient
Slide No. 24 – Signs of a state in the 9th–10th centuries.
Group work on the table. (Appendix 4)
Slide number 25 – What is a state?
The state has its own territory, which is controlled by the head of state, who has an army and a treasury, and so that this treasury is not empty, everyone pays taxes.
Slide number 26 – “Paths of the Great Polyudye”
What is polyudye?
Polyudye is the annual collection of tribute by the Kyiv princes from the lands under their control.
What time of year is tribute collected? (Winter)
What is tribute?
Tribute is a natural or monetary collection from conquered tribes and peoples.
What products and goods did the Russian people give to the prince?
(Flax, furs, honey, wax, fish....)
Slide number 27 – The campaign of Grand Duke Oleg and his squad to Constantinople and the conclusion of a duty-free trade agreement with Byzantium.
Ruling Kievan Rus, Oleg relied on what military force? (Druzhina)
How did the prince's squad live? (military spoils, trade and polyudya)
What was the reason for Oleg and his squad going to Constantinople?
The squad is the armed detachment of the prince.
Tsargrad - this is how in Rus' the capital of the Byzantine state was called ConstantinopleRus.
Slide No. 28 – Phys. just a minute
They stood up together.
Once! Two! Three!
We are now heroes!
We'll put our palms to our eyes,
Let's spread our strong legs.
Turning to the right
Let's look around majestically,
And you need to go left too
Look from under your palms.
And to the right and again
Over the left shoulder.
Slide number 29 – The fate of Prince Igor.
How many campaigns did Igor make against Byzantium?
Give the dates of your trips. (1st campaign in 941 ended in failure, 2nd campaign in 944 ended in the conclusion of a mutually beneficial agreement.)
Why did Prince Igor return to the city of Iskorosten?
The chronicle says: “If a wolf gets into the habit of the sheep, he carries out the whole flock.” Who owns this statement?
What happened between the residents of Iskorosten and the squad of Prince Igor?
Slide number 30 – Wise ruler Olga”
Olga's revenge on the Drevlyans.
“I want to take revenge for my husband’s insult.”
The chronicle says: “Olga went with her son and retinue across the Drevlyan land, establishing a schedule for tribute and taxes.” From now on, all tribes subordinate to Kyiv began to pay a strictly defined amount of tribute.
Pogost was a place where taxes were collected under the first Russian princes.
Taxes - payments in products, money.
Lesson - a certain amount of tribute was established for each community.
In 957 Olga went to Constantinople. The Patriarch of Constantinople himself performed the baptismal ceremony over Olga. Konstantin Porphyrogenitus became her godfather
Slide number 31 - Prince Svyatoslav - a real ancient Russian knight
Who was the first famous conquering ruler in Rus'? (Homework - tell us about the military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav, and how they influenced the development of the Old Russian state)
By the beginning of the reign of Svyatoslav, Kievan Rus was a fully formed state - with a developed system for collecting tribute.
Which Russian prince, starting the war, sent a warning to his enemies: “I’m coming to you”?
What did the expression “I'm coming to you” mean?
With which nomads in 964-967? Svyatoslav led the war?
Where did Svyatoslav die?
Slide number 32 – Fight for the throne
Prince Svyatoslav divided the land between his sons.
In 972, Svyatoslav died, and soon the brothers quarreled among themselves and went to war against each other.
The first strife began in Rus'. Oleg and Yaropolk died in the struggle.
In 980, Vladimir became the sole ruler of Rus'.
Slide number 33 – Strengthening the defense of Rus'
Rus' experienced an increasingly strong onslaught of nomads - the Pechenegs.
The Pechenegs periodically plundered Russian cities and villages, took the inhabitants captive, and then sold them in slave markets.
Slide No. 34 – Strengthening the Defense of Rus'
When did the formidable Pecheneg nomads first come to Russian land? (In 968, the Pechenegs siege Kyiv)
How did Prince Vladimir strengthen the border of the state to prevent Pecheneg raids? (built fortresses and outposts)
How was communication between the outposts? (signal fires on the towers)
In which fairy tale by Pushkin is this described? (“The Tale of the Golden Cockerel”)
Slide No. 35 – Strengthening the Old Russian state under the reign of Prince Vladimir
Why are most Russian epics associated with the name of Prince Vladimir?
In epics, Vladimir appears as a fighter against nomadic tribes, a patron of heroes, and a generous ruler. This is due to the enormous organizational measures taken by Vladimir to protect the borders, which were deposited in people’s memory.
Which Russian heroes do you know from Russian epics?
Where do you think Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich are depicted in this picture?
Slide number 36 – Religious reforms
Strengthening the pagan faith (986)
What religion did the Slavs worship?
What pagan gods do you know?
By order of Vladimir, pagan idols were placed near the princely palace. But it was not possible to strengthen paganism with a pantheon of main gods.
It was difficult to force people to believe in the old gods in a new way, and in its previous form, paganism did not suit the authorities. Why?
The pantheon of pagan gods (980) did not lead to the unity of the cult and separated parts of the country.
Slide number 37 – Religious reforms
Orthodox Christianity. Catholic Christianity. Islam. Judaism.
Slide No. 38-39 - Why did Prince Vladimir abandon paganism and choose Orthodox Christianity?
Slide number 40 - Why did Prince Vladimir abandon paganism and choose Orthodox Christianity? (Children's statement)
A single country also required a single religion. Until the 10th century, the Eastern Slavs worshiped pagan gods. In Europe at this time Christianity was established everywhere. Christians also appeared in Rus', and even the great Olga, Vladimir’s grandmother, accepted the new faith and was baptized. Taking all this into account, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, on the advice of many of his close associates, also decided to become a Christian and baptize his subjects.
Slide No. 41 – Strengthening the Old Russian state under the rule of the prince Vladimir
In what century did pagan Ancient Rus' become an Orthodox - Christian country?
How did the baptism of Rus' take place? (Look at the illustration)
Find the prince and princess during the baptism of the people of Kiev?
Which priests baptized Russian people? (Greek)
Writing in a notebook.
988 adoption of Christianity in Rus'.
Slide No. 42 – The meaning of accepting Christianity in Rus'
1. Strengthened the state and the power of the prince;
3. Contributed to the introduction of Rus' to Byzantine culture
Stone construction began in Rus'
The Tithe Church is the first stone church of Kievan Rus, which was erected by Byzantine and Russian craftsmen in honor of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in 988-996. Prince Vladimir allocated a tenth of his income - tithes - for the maintenance and construction of the temple (hence the name of the Church of the Tithes). Vladimir transferred the ashes of his grandmother, Princess Olga, to the Tithe Church.
Slide No. 43 – Lesson summary
Now you know that at the end of the 10th century, during the reign of Vladimir, Christianity was adopted in Rus'. This new religion replaced paganism. After its adoption, many good things came into the lives of people who sought to observe the commandments of the Orthodox faith. Results of Vladimir's reign: under Prince Vladimir, the Old Russian state was formed with a single territory, a system of power, a single faith and Orthodox culture.
Slide number 44 – Homework
Slide No. 45 – 47 list of used literature
Slide number 48 – reference
Presentation No. 1 When did the state appear in Rus'?
Presentation No. 2 Main events in the life of the first princes
Presentation No. 3 The First Princes
Presentation No. 4 Rulers of Rus' crossword puzzle
Presentation No. 5 Ancient Rus' crossword puzzle
Presentation No. 6 Terms
Established by the 9th century. The ancient Russian feudal state (also called Kievan Rus by historians) arose as a result of a very long and gradual process of splitting society into antagonistic classes, which took place among the Slavs throughout the 1st millennium AD. Russian feudal historiography of the 16th - 17th centuries. sought to artificially connect the early history of Rus' with the ancient peoples of Eastern Europe known to it - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans; The name of Rus' was derived from the Saomat tribe of Roxalans.
In the 18th century Some of the German scientists invited to Russia, who had an arrogant attitude towards everything Russian, created a biased theory about the dependent development of Russian statehood. Relying on an unreliable part of the Russian chronicle, which conveys the legend about the creation of three brothers (Rurik, Sineus and Truvor) as princes by a number of Slavic tribes - Varangians, Normans by origin, these historians began to argue that the Normans (detachments of Scandinavians who robbed in the 9th century on seas and rivers) were the creators of the Russian state. The “Normanists”, who had poorly studied Russian sources, believed that the Slavs in the 9th-10th centuries. They were completely wild people who allegedly knew neither agriculture, nor crafts, nor settled settlements, nor military affairs, nor legal norms. They attributed the entire culture of Kievan Rus to the Varangians; the very name of Rus' was associated only with the Varangians.
M.V. Lomonosov vehemently objected to the “Normanists” - Bayer, Miller and Schletser, marking the beginning of a two-century scientific debate on the issue of the emergence of the Russian state. A significant part of the representatives of Russian bourgeois science of the 19th and early 20th centuries. supported the Norman theory, despite the abundance of new data that refuted it. This arose both due to the methodological weakness of bourgeois science, which failed to rise to an understanding of the laws of the historical process, and due to the fact that the chronicle legend about the voluntary calling of princes by the people (created by the chronicler in the 12th century during the period of popular uprisings) continued in the 19th - XX centuries maintain its political significance in explaining the question of the beginning of state power. The cosmopolitan tendencies of part of the Russian bourgeoisie also contributed to the predominance of the Norman theory in official science. However, a number of bourgeois scientists have already criticized the Norman theory, seeing its inconsistency.
Soviet historians, approaching the question of the formation of the ancient Russian state from the position of historical materialism, began studying the entire process of the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of the feudal state. To do this, it was necessary to significantly expand the chronological framework, look into the depths of Slavic history and attract a number of new sources depicting the history of the economy and social relations many centuries before the formation of the ancient Russian state (excavations of villages, workshops, fortresses, graves). A radical revision of Russian and foreign written sources speaking about Rus' was required.
The work on studying the prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state has not yet been completed, but already an objective analysis of historical data has shown that all the main provisions of the Norman theory are incorrect, since they were generated by an idealistic understanding of history and an uncritical perception of sources (the range of which was artificially limited), as well as the bias of the researchers themselves. Currently, the Norman theory is being propagated by certain foreign historians of capitalist countries.
Russian chroniclers about the beginning of the state
The question of the beginning of the Russian state was of keen interest to Russian chroniclers of the 11th and 12th centuries. The earliest chronicles apparently began their presentation with the reign of Kiy, who was considered the founder of the city of Kyiv and the Kyiv principality. Prince Kiy was compared with other founders of the largest cities - Romulus (founder of Rome), Alexander the Great (founder of Alexandria). The legend about the construction of Kyiv by Kiy and his brothers Shchek and Khoriv apparently arose long before the 11th century, since it was already in the 7th century. turned out to be recorded in the Armenian chronicle. In all likelihood, the time of Kiya is the period of the Slavic campaigns on the Danube and Byzantium, i.e. VI-VII centuries. The author of “The Tale of Bygone Years” - “Where did the Russian land come from (and) who in Kyiv began first as princes...”, written at the beginning of the 12th century. (as historians think, by the Kyiv monk Nestor), reports that Kiy traveled to Constantinople, was an honored guest of the Byzantine emperor, built a city on the Danube, but then returned to Kyiv. Further in the “Tale” there is a description of the struggle of the Slavs with the nomadic Avars in the 6th – 7th centuries. Some chroniclers considered the beginning of statehood to be the “calling of the Varangians” in the second half of the 9th century. and to this date they adjusted all the other events of early Russian history known to them (Novgorod Chronicle). These works, the bias of which had been proven long ago, were used by supporters of the Norman theory.
East Slavic tribes and tribal unions on the eve of the formation of a state in Rus'
The state of Rus' was formed from fifteen large regions inhabited by Eastern Slavs, well known to the chronicler. The glades have long lived near Kyiv. The chronicler considered their land to be the core of the ancient Russian state and noted that in his time the glades were called Russia. The neighbors of the glades in the east were the northerners who lived along the Desna, Seim, Sula and Northern Donets rivers, which retained the memory of the northerners in their name. Down the Dnieper, south of the glades, lived the Ulichi, who moved in the middle of the 10th century. in the area between the Dniester and Bug rivers. In the west, the neighbors of the glades were the Drevlyans, who were often at enmity with the Kyiv princes. Even further to the west were the lands of the Volynians, Buzhans and Dulebs. The extreme East Slavic regions were the lands of the Tiverts on the Dniester (ancient Tiras) and on the Danube and the White Croats in Transcarpathia.
To the north of the glades and Drevlyans were the lands of the Dregovichs (on the swampy left bank of the Pripyat), and to the east of them, along the Sozha River, the Radimichi. The Vyatichi lived on the Oka and Moscow Rivers, bordering on the non-Slavic Meryan-Mordovian tribes of the Middle Oka. The chronicler calls the northern regions in contact with the Lithuanian-Latvian and Chud tribes the lands of the Krivichi (the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper and Dvina), Polochans and Slovenes (around Lake Ilmen).
In the historical literature, the conventional term “tribes” (“tribe of the Polyans”, “tribe of the Radimichi”, etc.) was established for these areas, which, however, was not used by the chroniclers. These Slavic regions are so large in size that they can be compared to entire states. A careful study of these regions shows that each of them was an association of several small tribes, the names of which were not preserved in sources on the history of Rus'. Among the Western Slavs, the Russian chronicler mentions in the same way only such large areas as, for example, the land of the Lyutichs, and from other sources it is known that the Lyutichs are not one tribe, but a union of eight tribes. Consequently, the term “tribe,” which speaks of family ties, should be applied to much smaller divisions of the Slavs, which have already disappeared from the memory of the chronicler. The regions of the Eastern Slavs mentioned in the chronicle should be considered not as tribes, but as federations, unions of tribes.
In ancient times, the Eastern Slavs apparently consisted of 100-200 small tribes. The tribe, representing a collection of related clans, occupied an area approximately 40 - 60 km across. Each tribe probably held a council that decided the most important issues of public life; a military leader (prince) was elected; there was a permanent squad of youth and a tribal militia (“regiment”, “thousand”, divided into “hundreds”). Within the tribe there was its own “city”. There a general tribal council gathered, bargaining took place, and a trial took place. There was a sanctuary where representatives of the entire tribe gathered.
These “cities” were not yet real cities, but many of them, which for several centuries were the centers of a tribal district, with the development of feudal relations turned into either feudal castles or cities.
The consequence of major changes in the structure of tribal communities, replaced by neighboring communities, was the process of formation of tribal unions, which proceeded especially intensively from the 5th century. Writer of the 6th century Jordanes says that the general collective name of the populous people of the Wends “now changes depending on the different tribes and localities.” The stronger the process of disintegration of primitive clan isolation, the stronger and more durable the tribal unions became.
The development of peaceful ties between tribes, or military victories of some tribes over others, or, finally, the need to combat a common external danger contributed to the creation of tribal alliances. Among the Eastern Slavs, the formation of the fifteen large tribal unions mentioned above can be attributed to approximately the middle of the 1st millennium AD. e.
Thus, during the VI - IX centuries. prerequisites for feudal relations arose and the process of formation of the ancient Russian feudal state took place.
The natural internal development of Slavic society was complicated by a number of external factors (for example, raids by nomads) and the direct participation of the Slavs in major events in world history. This makes the study of the pre-feudal period in the history of Rus' especially difficult.
Origin of Rus'. Formation of the Old Russian people
Most pre-revolutionary historians connected the questions of the origin of the Russian state with questions of the ethnicity of the “Rus” people. about which the chroniclers speak. Accepting without much criticism the chronicle legend about the calling of the princes, historians sought to determine the origin of the “Rus” to which these overseas princes supposedly belonged. “Normanists” insisted that “Rus” are the Varangians, Normans, i.e. residents of Scandinavia. But the lack of information in Scandinavia about a tribe or locality called “Rus” has long shaken this thesis of the Norman theory. “Anti-Normanist” historians undertook a search for the “Rus” people in all directions from the indigenous Slavic territory.
Lands and states of the Slavs:
Eastern
Western
State borders at the end of the 9th century.
Ancient Rus were sought among the Baltic Slavs, Lithuanians, Khazars, Circassians, Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region, Sarmatian-Alan tribes, etc. Only a small part of scientists, relying on direct evidence from sources, defended the Slavic origin of Rus'.
Soviet historians, having proven that the chronicle legend about the calling of princes from overseas cannot be considered the beginning of Russian statehood, also found out that the identification of Rus' with the Varangians in the chronicles is erroneous.
Iranian geographer of the mid-9th century. Ibn Khordadbeh points out that “the Russes are a tribe of Slavs.” The Tale of Bygone Years talks about the identity of the Russian language with the Slavic language. The sources also contain more precise instructions that help determine which part of the Eastern Slavs one should look for Rus' among.
Firstly, in the “Tale of Bygone Years” it is said regarding the glades: “even now the calling Rus'.” Consequently, the ancient tribe of Rus was located somewhere in the Middle Dnieper region, near Kyiv, which arose in the land of glades, to which the name of Rus subsequently passed. Secondly, in various Russian chronicles of the time of feudal fragmentation, a double geographical name for the words “Russian land”, “Rus” is noticed. Sometimes they are understood as all East Slavic lands, sometimes the words “Russian land”, “Rus” are used in lands should be considered more ancient and in a very narrow, geographically limited sense, denoting the forest-steppe strip from Kiev and the Ros River to Chernigov, Kursk and Voronezh. This narrow understanding of the Russian land should be considered more ancient and can be traced back to the 6th-7th centuries, when it was within these limits that a homogeneous material culture existed, known from archaeological finds.
By the middle of the 6th century. This is also the first mention of Rus' in written sources. One Syrian author, a successor to Zechariah the Rhetor, mentions the “ros” people, who lived next door to the mythical Amazons (whose location is usually confined to the Don basin).
The territory delineated by chronicles and archaeological data was home to several Slavic tribes that had lived here for a long time. In all probability. The Russian land got its name from one of them, but it is not known for certain where this tribe was located. Judging by the fact that the oldest pronunciation of the word “Rus” sounded slightly different, namely as “Ros” (the people “ros” of the 6th century, “Rus’ letters” of the 9th century, “Pravda Rosskaya” of the 11th century), apparently , the initial location of the Ros tribe should be sought on the Ros River (a tributary of the Dnieper, below Kiev), where, moreover, the richest archaeological materials of the 5th - 7th centuries were discovered, including silver items with princely signs on them.
The further history of Rus' must be considered in connection with the formation of the Old Russian nationality, which eventually embraced all the East Slavic tribes.
The core of the Old Russian nationality is that “Russian land” of the 6th century, which, apparently, included the Slavic tribes of the forest-steppe strip from Kyiv to Voronezh. It included the lands of the glades, northerners, Rus' and, in all likelihood, the streets. These lands formed a union of tribes, which, as one might think, took the name of the most significant tribe at that time, the Rus. The Russian union of tribes, famous far beyond its borders as the land of tall and strong heroes (Zachary the Rhetor), was stable and long-lasting, since a similar culture developed throughout its entire territory and the name of Rus' was firmly and permanently attached to all its parts. The union of the tribes of the Middle Dnieper and Upper Don took shape during the period of the Byzantine campaigns and the struggle of the Slavs with the Avars. The Avars failed in the VI-VII centuries. invade this part of the Slavic lands, although they conquered the Dulebs who lived to the west.
Obviously, the unification of the Dnieper-Don Slavs into a vast union contributed to their successful fight against the nomads.
The formation of the nationality went in parallel with the formation of the state. National events consolidated the ties established between individual parts of the country and contributed to the creation of an ancient Russian nation with a single language (if there were dialects), with its own territory and culture.
By the 9th - 10th centuries. the main ethnic territory of the Old Russian nationality was formed, the Old Russian literary language was formed (based on one of the dialects of the original “Russian land” of the 6th - 7th centuries). The Old Russian nationality arose, uniting all the East Slavic tribes and becoming the single cradle of three fraternal Slavic peoples of later times - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.
The Old Russian people, who lived in the territory from Lake Ladoga to the Black Sea and from Transcarpathia to the Middle Volga, were gradually joined in the process of assimilation by small foreign-language tribes that came under the influence of Russian culture: Merya, Ves, Chud, the remnants of the Scythian-Sarmatian population in the south, some Turkic-speaking tribes.
When faced with the Persian languages spoken by the descendants of the Scythian-Sarmatians, with the Finno-Ugric languages of the peoples of the northeast and others, the Old Russian language invariably emerged victorious, enriching itself at the expense of the defeated languages.
Formation of the state of Rus'
The formation of a state is the natural completion of a long process of the formation of feudal relations and antagonistic classes of feudal society. The feudal state apparatus, as an apparatus of violence, adapted for its own purposes the tribal government bodies that preceded it, completely different from it in essence, but similar to it in form and terminology. Such tribal bodies were, for example, “prince”, “voivode”, “druzhina”, etc. KI X -X centuries. the process of gradual maturation of feudal relations in the most developed areas of the Eastern Slavs (in the southern, forest-steppe lands) was clearly defined. Tribal elders and leaders of squads who seized communal land turned into feudal lords, tribal princes became feudal sovereigns, tribal unions grew into feudal states. A hierarchy of landowning nobility was taking shape. collaboration of princes of different ranks. The young emerging class of feudal lords needed to create a strong state apparatus that would help them secure communal peasant lands and enslave the free peasant population, and also provide protection from external invasions.
The chronicler mentions a number of principalities-tribal federations of the pre-feudal period: Polyanskoe, Drevlyanskoe, Dregovichi, Polotsk, Slovenbkoe. Some eastern writers report that the capital of Rus' was Kiev (Cuyaba), and besides it, two more cities became especially famous: Jervab (or Artania) and Selyabe, in which, in all likelihood, you should see Chernigov and Pereyas-lavl - the oldest Russian cities always mentioned in Russian documents near Kiev.
Treaty of Prince Oleg with Byzantium at the beginning of the 10th century. already knows the branched feudal hierarchy: boyars, princes, grand dukes (in Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Lyubech, Rostov, Polotsk) and the supreme overlord of the “Russian Grand Duke”. Eastern sources of the 9th century. They call the head of this hierarchy the title “Khakan-Rus”, equating the Kyiv prince with the rulers of strong and powerful powers (Avar Kagan, Khazar Kagan, etc.), who sometimes competed with the Byzantine Empire itself. In 839, this title also appeared in Western sources (Vertinsky annals of the 9th century). All sources unanimously call Kyiv the capital of Rus'.
A fragment of the original chronicle text that survived in the Tale of Bygone Years makes it possible to determine the size of Rus' in the first half of the 9th century. The Old Russian state included the following tribal unions that previously had independent reigns: Polyans, Severyans, Drevlyans, Dregovichs, Polochans, Novgorod Slovenes. In addition, the chronicle lists up to one and a half dozen Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes who paid tribute to Rus'.
Rus' at that time was a vast state that had already united half of the East Slavic tribes and collected tribute from the peoples of the Baltic and Volga regions.
In all likelihood, this state was reigned by the Kiya dynasty, the last representatives of which (judging by some chronicles) were in the middle of the 9th century. Princes Dir and Askold. About Prince Dir, Arab author of the 10th century. Masudi writes: “The first of the Slavic kings is the king of Dir; it has extensive cities and many inhabited countries. Muslim merchants arrive in the capital of his state with all kinds of goods." Later, Novgorod was conquered by the Varangian prince Rurik, and Kyiv was captured by the Varangian prince Oleg.
Other eastern writers of the 9th - early 10th centuries. They report interesting information about agriculture, cattle breeding, beekeeping in Rus', about Russian gunsmiths and carpenters, about Russian merchants who traveled along the “Russian Sea” (Black Sea), and made their way to the East by other routes.
Of particular interest are data on the internal life of the ancient Russian state. Thus, a Central Asian geographer, using sources from the 9th century, reports that “the Rus have a class of knights,” that is, feudal nobility.
Other sources also know the division into noble and poor. According to Ibn-Rust (903), dating back to the 9th century, the king of the Rus (i.e., the Grand Duke of Kiev) judges and sometimes exiles criminals “to the rulers of remote regions.” In Rus' there was a custom of “God’s judgment”, i.e. resolving a controversial case by combat. For especially serious crimes, the death penalty was applied. The Tsar of the Rus traveled around the country annually, collecting tribute from the population.
The Russian tribal union, which turned into a feudal state, subjugated the neighboring Slavic tribes and organized long campaigns across the southern steppes and seas. In the 7th century the sieges of Constantinople by the Rus and the formidable campaigns of the Rus through Khazaria to the Derbent Pass are mentioned. In the 7th - 9th centuries. Russian prince Bravlin fought in the Khazar-Byzantine Crimea, marching from Surozh to Korchev (from Sudak to Kerch). About the Rus of the 9th century. a Central Asian author wrote: “They fight with the surrounding tribes and defeat them.”
Byzantine sources contain information about the Rus who lived on the Black Sea coast, about their campaigns against Constantinople and about the baptism of part of the Rus in the 60s of the 9th century.
The Russian state developed independently of the Varangians, as a result of the natural development of society. At the same time, other Slavic states arose - the Bulgarian Kingdom, the Great Moravian Empire and a number of others.
Since the Normanists greatly exaggerate the impact of the Varangians on Russian statehood, it is necessary to resolve the question: what actually is the role of the Varangians in the history of our Motherland?
In the middle of the 9th century, when Kievan Rus had already formed in the Middle Dnieper region, on the distant northern outskirts of the Slavic world, where the Slavs lived peacefully side by side with the Finnish and Latvian tribes (Chud, Korela, Letgola, etc.), detachments of Varangians began to appear, sailing from across the Baltic Sea. The Slavs even drove away these detachments; we know that the Kyiv princes of that time sent their troops to the north to fight the Varangians. It is possible that it was then that, next to the old tribal centers of Polotsk and Pskov, a new city, Novgorod, grew up in an important strategic place near Lake Ilmen, which was supposed to block the Varangians’ path to the Volga and Dnieper. For nine centuries until the construction of St. Petersburg, Novgorod either defended Rus' from overseas pirates, or was a “window to Europe” for trade in the Northern Russian regions.
In 862 or 874 (the chronology is confusing), the Varangian king Rurik appeared near Novgorod. From this adventurer, who led a small squad, the genealogy of all Russian princes “Rurik” was traced without any particular reason (although Russian historians of the 11th century traced the genealogy of the princes from Igor the Old, without mentioning Rurik).
The alien Varangians did not take possession of Russian cities, but set up their fortified camps next to them. Near Novgorod they lived in the “Rurik settlement”, near Smolensk - in Gnezdovo, near Kiev - in the Ugorsky tract. There could have been merchants here and Varangian warriors hired by the Russians. The important thing is that nowhere were the Varangians masters of Russian cities.
Archaeological data show that the number of Varangian warriors themselves who lived permanently in Rus' was very small.
In 882, one of the Varangian leaders; Oleg made his way from Novgorod to the south, took Lyubech, which served as a kind of northern gate of the Kyiv principality, and sailed to Kiev, where by deception and cunning he managed to kill the Kyiv prince Askold and seize power. To this day, in Kyiv, on the banks of the Dnieper, a place called “Askold’s grave” has been preserved. It is possible that Prince Askold was the last representative of the ancient Kiya dynasty.
The name of Oleg is associated with several campaigns for tribute to neighboring Slavic tribes and the famous campaign of Russian troops against Constantinople in 911. Apparently Oleg did not feel like a master in Rus'. It is curious that after a successful campaign in Byzantium, he and the Varangians around him ended up not in the capital of Rus', but far to the north, in Ladoga, from where the path to their homeland, Sweden, was close. It also seems strange that Oleg, to whom the creation of the Russian state is completely unreasonably attributed, disappeared from the Russian horizon without a trace, leaving the chroniclers in bewilderment. Novgorodians, geographically close to the Varangian lands, Oleg’s homeland, wrote that, according to one version known to them, after the Greek campaign, Oleg came to Novgorod, and from there to Ladoga, where he died and was buried. According to another version, he sailed overseas “and I pecked (him) in the foot and from that (he) died.” The people of Kiev, repeating the legend about the snake that bit the prince, said that he was allegedly buried in Kyiv on Mount Shchekavitsa (“Snake Mountain”); perhaps the name of the mountain influenced the fact that Shchekavitsa was artificially associated with Oleg.
In the IX - X centuries. The Normans played an important role in the history of many peoples of Europe. They attacked from the sea in large flotillas on the shores of England, France, Italy, and conquered cities and kingdoms. Some scholars believed that Rus' was subjected to the same massive invasion of the Varangians, forgetting that continental Rus' was the complete geographical opposite of the Western maritime states.
The formidable fleet of the Normans could suddenly appear in front of London or Marseilles, but not a single Varangian boat that entered the Neva and sailed upstream the Neva, Volkhov, Lovat could go unnoticed by the Russian watchmen from Novgorod or Pskov. The portage system, when heavy, deep-drawing sea vessels had to be pulled ashore and rolled along the ground on rollers for dozens of miles, eliminated the element of surprise and robbed the formidable armada of all its fighting qualities. In practice, only as many Varangians could enter Kyiv as the prince of Kievan Rus allowed. It was not for nothing that the only time the Varangians attacked Kyiv, they had to pretend to be merchants.
The reign of the Varangian Oleg in Kyiv is an insignificant and short-lived episode, unnecessarily inflated by some pro-Varangian chroniclers and later Norman historians. The campaign of 911 - the only reliable fact from his reign - became famous thanks to the brilliant literary form in which it was described, but in essence it is only one of many campaigns of Russian squads of the 9th - 10th centuries. to the shores of the Caspian and Black Sea, about which the chronicler is silent. Throughout the 10th century. and the first half of the 11th century. Russian princes often hired troops of Varangians for wars and palace service; they were often entrusted with murders from around the corner: hired Varangians stabbed, for example, Prince Yaropolk in 980, they killed Prince Boris in 1015; Varangians were hired by Yaroslav for the war with his own father.
To streamline the relationship between the mercenary Varangian detachments and the local Novgorod squad, the Truth of Yaroslav was published in Novgorod in 1015, limiting the arbitrariness of violent mercenaries.
The historical role of the Varangians in Rus' was insignificant. Appearing as “finders,” aliens attracted by the splendor of the rich, already far-famous Kievan Rus, they plundered the northern outskirts in separate raids, but were able to get to the heart of Rus' only once.
There is nothing to say about the cultural role of the Varangians. The treaty of 911, concluded on behalf of Oleg and containing about a dozen Scandinavian names of Oleg's boyars, was written not in Swedish, but in Slavic. The Varangians had nothing to do with the creation of the state, the construction of cities, or the laying out of trade routes. They could neither speed up nor significantly delay the historical process in Rus'.
The short period of Oleg’s “reign” - 882 - 912. - left in the people's memory an epic song about the death of Oleg from his own horse (arranged by A.S. Pushkin in his “Song of the Prophetic Oleg”), interesting for its anti-Varangian tendency. The image of a horse in Russian folklore is always very benevolent, and if the owner, the Varangian prince, is predicted to die from his war horse, then he deserves it.
The fight against Varangian elements in the Russian squads continued until 980; there are traces of it both in the chronicle and in the epic epic - the epic about Mikul Selyaninovich, who helped Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich fight the Varangian Sveneld (the black raven Santal).
The historical role of the Varangians is incomparably smaller than the role of the Pechenegs or Polovtsians, who really influenced the development of Rus' for four centuries. Therefore, the life of only one generation of Russian people, who suffered the participation of the Varangians in the administration of Kiev and several other cities, does not seem to be a historically important period.
Slide 2
What does the science of history study?
Humanity's past
Slide 3
People lived on the territory of our country 35–40 thousand years ago.
Slide 4
Monument "Millennium of Russia"
Slide 5
Russia is 1000 years old.
Slide 6
How old is our country - 40 thousand or one thousand?
Slide 7
What is a state?
The state is the organization of society in any country. A state must have a government, laws, law enforcement, and an army.
Slide 8
What is a country?
A country is a territory with borders in which the government is located. The main city is the capital.
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
East Slavs
Eastern Slavs are tribes that in ancient times lived on the territory of our Motherland. From them came modern peoples - Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians.
Slide 12
A tribe is a union of clans living on the same land and descended from the same ancestor. A clan is a union of families descended from the same ancestor.
Slide 13
Where and how did the ancient Slavs live?
The settlement of Slavic tribes began in the 6th century. It went up the Dnieper and its tributaries. Dense forests had already begun here - first deciduous, and to the north - mixed and coniferous. Full-flowing rivers flowed among the forests. The Slavs built villages along the banks of these rivers.
Slide 14
Agriculture
Agriculture was the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs. This is confirmed by archaeological excavations, during which seeds of cereals (rye, barley, millet) and garden crops (turnips, cabbage, carrots) were discovered. Industrial crops (flax, hemp) were also grown
Slide 15
beekeeping
The Slavs developed beekeeping - collecting honey from wild bees. This was not a simple collection of honey from wild bees, but also caring for hollows with “boards” and even creating them.
Slide 16
Hunting and fishing
The Slavs hunted a wide variety of animals. The rivers abounded in fish, which the Slavs caught in various ways: they set traps and hit them with a spear. Fish formed an important part of the diet of the Eastern Slavs.
Slide 17
Svarog
Svarog - God of fire, blacksmithing. Heavenly blacksmith and great warrior. Svarog was the owner and keeper of the sacred fire and its creator. It was Svarog who gave people pincers and taught them how to smelt copper and iron.
Slide 18
The genus is the parent of all living things. The genus gave birth to everything that we see around.
Slide 19
What events indicate the beginning of the formation of a state?
A strong squad is a service of order. Kyiv is the capital. “The tribes united” – a single territory, a border. The Grand Duke - government, laws.
Slide 20
Grand Duke Oleg
In 882 he united most of the East Slavic tribes under his rule.
Educational- identify the difference in the life of the Eastern Slavs before the emergence of the state and after its formation, determine the time of formation of the Old Russian state.
Developmental- continue to work on developing the ability to analyze a historical text, draw conclusions, highlight the main and secondary, expand and deepen students’ knowledge, develop students’ information and communication competencies.
Educational- to form the patriotic consciousness of students, a sense of love and pride in the history of their country, education of information culture, respect for the interlocutor, the ability to argue, present material, and work in a group.
Lesson objectives:
- To consolidate the idea of the diversity of objects in the surrounding world, the diversity of their properties, actions, relationships;
- Develop mental actions in the process of analyzing objects;
- Develop an information culture, present information in different forms;
- To form an idea of the Old Russian state and the time of its formation;
- To teach how to correlate a historical event with a certain stage in the development of the state;
Used pedagogical technologies, methods and techniques: the lesson is built on problem-dialogic technology, the technology of productive reading, the technology of assessing student achievements are used (the main technologies of the OS “School 2100”).
Various forms of work: individual, frontal.
Equipment: PC, multimedia projector, Microsoft PowerPoint presentation, table “River of Time in Russian History”, “Magic rulers” for assessing students’ knowledge.
During the classes:
I.Organizing time.
Guys, today we have guests at our history lesson, say hello to them. Check if you are all ready for the history lesson?
II. Checking homework. Updating knowledge.
What country do you and I live in? ( Russia)
Can our country be called a state? Why?
So what is a state?
- What was our country called before?( Rus)
When did the state appear in Rus'?
III.Lesson topic message.
Today in history lesson we will learn when the state appeared in Rus'.
IV. Explanation of new material.
- The Eastern Slavs, who were our ancestors, lived on the territory of our Motherland. Look at the map, where the territory occupied by the tribes belonging to the group of Eastern Slavs is indicated in green. This territory was located between the Baltic and Black Seas.
What is a tribe? ( Tribe is a union of clans living on the same land and descended from the same ancestor)
What is a genus? ( A clan is a union of families descended from the same ancestor. In one clan, everyone is related)
What tribes are shown on the map? ( Drevlyans, Polyans, Krivichi, Vyatichi, Radimichi, etc.)
In front of us is a Slavic village. Look carefully at the screen and tell me where the Slavs built their villages? ( Along river banks and near forests)
What did the forest give to people? ( Firewood for heating, logs for construction, food extraction - hunting, extraction of honey from wild bees - beekeeping)
And the river? ( Fish - fishing)
What else was the river needed for? ( In order to move along it: in winter on ice, and in summer on boats)
What else are the Slavs doing in the illustration? ( They graze livestock, which means cattle breeding is developed)
Where else did the Slavs get food, do you think? ( They grew it themselves, which means agriculture developed)
Now let's go visit a Slavic family. See what family members are doing? ( The girl is preparing food.)
What does she cook in? (In the dishes)
Where did they get it from? ( We made it ourselves)
Who makes dishes from clay? ( potter)
What else are family members doing? ( The head of the family chops wood with an ax, the housewife brings food into the house)
Please note that the ax and plow have metal parts, which means what kind of craft developed? ( blacksmith)
What are they wearing? ( In clothes) Where did they get it from? ( We sewed it ourselves) Of what? ( From fabric that we ourselves wove) That's right, near the woman we see a loom.
Open your workbooks to page 10 and complete task 1. Insert the appropriate words.
Let's check.
-“... The river flowed in the forests, in the meadows,
The rooks slid along the current
And on the high banks
Villages could be seen here and there...
N. Konchalovskaya."
Where could the Eastern Slavs sail? ( Fishing)
This boat was too big for fishing. And they transported goods for sale. Trading was a dangerous and profitable business. Therefore, to protect their ships, merchants or guests began to hire and arm special people who united in squads. At the head of the squad was a military leader - a prince. Trade contributed to the emergence of cities. In many cities, the right to establish and maintain order and exercise power passed to the princes. Gradually, the cities subjugated the surrounding territories. And to strengthen the power of their cities, the prince and his retinue collected tribute from these territories, which was called polyudye.
Look carefully at the map and name the neighbors of the Eastern Slavs. ( Varangians and Khazars)
Right. These were quite militant neighbors, and they constantly attacked the territory of the Slavs. Why do you think they did this? ( To seize territory, profit from goodness)
What conclusion can we draw? ( The common military threat that came from the Khazars in the south and the Varangians in the north-west forced the princes to unite and create a state.)
One of the large cities was Novgorod, where Prince Oleg reigned.
The answer to the question of what Grand Duke Oleg is famous for can be found in the textbook on page 30.
V.Lesson summary.
When was the Old Russian state formed in Rus'? ( In 882)
VI. Homework.