This region includes three countries, former republics. Soviet. Union. On the one side,. Georgia,. Armenia and Azerbaijan differs quite significantly from each other. In addition, they are close not only geographically; they are united into one region; they are also united by a common history of recent centuries and many pressing problems that they have in common. The key country of this part. Asia is a cargo museum.
611 Georgia
General information. Official name -. Republic. Georgia. Capital -. Tbilisi (1.2 million people). Area - more than 69 thousand km 2 (118th place in the world). Population - 5 million people (106th place). The official language is Georgian. Monetary unit - l ari
Geographical position. The country is located in the central and western parts. Transcaucasia. West Side. Georgia has wide access to the Black Sea. Directly borders four countries. In the north and half a night in the east it is. Russia, east and southeast -. Azerbaijan, south -. Armenia and Türkiye. Current geographical location. Georgia is not very favorable. It is surrounded by crisis countries and some of their territories, where war continues almost continuously. Especially extreme there is a border. Georgia s. Northern. Caucasus. Russian. Federationderation.
The history of the emergence and development of BC in the modern territory. States emerged in Georgia. Colchis and Iberia. In the 1st century BC they became dependent on. The Roman Empire did not accept Christianity in the 4th century. In the 5th century. Iberia (Kartliya) was annexed to Persia. From the VIII century it became an independent state, which reached its peak. HP during the reign of the queen. Tamara. Later broke up into. Kartliya. Kakheti and the First Century. In the 19th century it was annexed to Russia. The growth of the national liberation struggle led to the revival of an independent state in 1917. However, in 1921, Georgia was occupied by the Russian Soviet Union. USSR included. Transcaucasian. Federation (together with Azerbaijan and Armenia). In 1936 it became a union republic. Since the declaration of independence in 1991, the country has been constantly plagued by acute internal conflicts due to attempts to separate the autonomies (Abkhazia, Adjara, South Ossetia), which escalated into a civil war with intervention. Russia. The conservation of conflicts took place and entered a chronic stage. Georgia is constantly trying to get out of trusteeship. Russia and enter. EU and. NATO and go to the EU. NATO.
State structure and form of government. Georgia is a unitary state and a presidential republic. The head of state and head of the executive branch is the president. The government is headed by the prime minister. The highest legislative body is parliament. It is unicameral and consists of 235 deputies elected for a term of 4 years. Administrative-territorial. Georgia is divided into 10 districts, 2 autonomous republics and 1 autonomous region.
Natural conditions and resources. Relief. Georgia is very diverse. Mountains and plateaus predominate. The highest point in the country is Mt. Shkhara (5068 m) is located in the north. Georgia in the mountains. Big. Caucasus. In the south and at a higher altitude. The volcanic plateau rises from thousands of meters above sea level. In the east of the country, mountain systems are no higher than 2 thousand m. The western part is flat. Colchis lowland.
Most of. Georgia lies in the subtropical climate zone. In the west near the coast. The Black Sea contains humid subtropics. In winter, the temperature of the coldest month (January) is up to 6 °. C. The amount of precipitation is up to 2000 mm per year. Further east, the climate becomes more continental. There is less precipitation. Winter is cold, and summer is warmer.
The densest river network and deepest rivers are where there is a lot of precipitation, that is, there are large rivers in the west. Rioni and. Kura belong to the basins of different seas. On the rivers. Western. Georgia experiences frequent floods. There are not many lakes in the country.
Soil cover. Georgia is very colorful. In the west, red and yellow soils dominate. In the east there are chestnut, brown and black soils. Brown forest soils formed under the mountain forests. On the. Colchis lowland and subtropical podzolic and bog soils are common.
A unique and rich flora. There are endemic and relict species, such as cherry laurel, boxwood, persimmon, etc. The significant forest cover of the territory reaches 35%. There are valuable types of trees - beech, oak, hornbeam, spruce, pine, etc. The forests are home to roe deer, red deer, lynx, and brown bear. In the mountains. In the Caucasus, chamois, bezokar and goats, and tur turi are still found.
The main minerals are manganese ore and coal. There are significant deposits of copper and polymetallic ores. Rich reserves of valuable building materials, in particular tuff and marble. There are numerous sources and thermal waters of the river have significant reserves of hydropower resources.
The largest natural resources. Georgia's recreational resources are of world importance. Among them, unique mineral medicinal waters stand out.
Population. Population density c. Georgia is 72 people per 1 km 2. Natural conditions determine the unevenness of its distribution; settlements are rare in mountainous areas. Almost 90% of the population lives at altitudes not exceeding 1000 m. They occupy only 46% of the country's territory. The urban population predominates - 59%. In addition to the capital, the largest cities include. Kutaisi (240 thousand people). Rustavi (156 thousand people). The country is experiencing a slight population growth of 2.8%. Except December. Uzin (72% of the population) is inhabited by Armenians (8%) and Russians (6%). Orthodox Christians predominate among believers (66%). Muslim Georgians live in Adjara (11% (11%).
Farming. Georgia is an industrial-agrarian state with a specific combination of economic sectors that has developed historically. First of all, this is the mining of manganese ore, the food industry, subtropical agriculture and recreational complexes.
The industry is represented by energy, which is based on coal mining. Tkibuli and. Tkvarcheli, electricity production at thermal and hydroelectric power plants. The largest among the latter. Ingu. Urskaya. Hydroelectric power station.
Ferrous metallurgy is represented by the Rustavi Iron and Steel Works and the Ferroalloy Plant. Zestafoni. They work on local manganese and imported iron ores. There are enterprises for the extraction and mining of copper and polymetallic ores. V. Rustavi operates a powerful chemical plant that produces nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic resins, fibers, and caprolactam. There are several enterprises in the woodworking, furniture and pulp and paper industries.
There are six large light industrial factories in the country. They produce silk, cotton fabrics, knitwear, carpets and shoes
very part of the economy. Georgia has an extensive agro-industrial complex. Here they grow tea, citrus fruits, wheat, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, grapes, tobacco, and raise cattle (1 million heads) and sheep. Processing branches of the food industry are represented by enterprises of the tea, wine and fruit and vegetable canning industries. Famous Georgian wines, which have no taxes in the world, are produced in... Kakheti and. Imereti, cognac and champagne - c. Tbilisi. Throughout the territory there are numerous factories producing canned fruit and vegetables. Other branches of the food industry include the bottling of mineral waters, the production of tung and essential oil, the tobacco and butter and cheese industries.
Transport network. Georgia is represented by railways (about 1500 km) and roads (11 thousand km). There are significant seaports. Poti,. Batumi, Sukhumi and the oil pipeline. Baku -. Supsa
Culture and social development in the country 99% of the population is literate. In Georgia, there are 19 higher educational institutions, 32 theaters and 10 museums. It belongs to the world-class historical and cultural heritage. Gelati Monastery. Total on the list. UNESCO -. With objects. The average life expectancy is 76 years, for men - 69 years. The largest newspaper is Sakartvelos Republic Republic.
On July 22, 1992, diplomatic relations were established between Ukraine and. Republic. Georgia by exchange of notes. There is an embassy and trade and economic mission in Kyiv. Republic. Georgia
Questions and tasks
1. Justify why. Georgia has a key place among countries. Transcaucasia
2. Why population. Is Georgia distributed so unevenly?
3. What economic development resources does it have? Georgia?
A region in Asia located south of the Main, or Watershed, Range of the Greater Caucasus. Transcaucasia includes most of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, the Colchis Lowland and the Kura Depression, the Karabakh Mountains, the Armenian Highlands, the Talysh Mountains with the Lenkoran Lowland.
Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, as well as partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic are located within. It borders on the north with the Russian Federation, on the south with Turkey and Iran. In recent years, the term “South Caucasus” has become widespread in international documents to designate Transcaucasia.
Climate.
and the nature of both parts of Transcaucasia is very different. Eastern Transcaucasia has a continental climate with little precipitation; Western Transcaucasia, on the contrary, has a maritime climate and is irrigated very abundantly. Many areas of Eastern Transcaucasia require artificial irrigation, while in Western Transcaucasia, on the contrary, some places suffer from excess moisture.
Story.
Transcaucasia is a geopolitical region separate from the Caucasus, which since ancient times has represented a link between the countries of the East and the West and was located at the crossroads of trade routes between the Near and Middle East and Europe, migration waves, and armies of conquerors who sought to conquer the ancient and medieval states of Transcaucasia. There were wide trade and cultural ties between these states among themselves and with the neighboring countries of Europe and the East - Iran, India, China, etc. Here in the 9th-6th centuries BC. there was one of the oldest states in the world - Urartu, later Armenia, which during the period of its power covered the entire Armenian Highlands, and closer to our era - the Colchis kingdom, Caucasian Albania (Agvank), Armenia. What remains from ancient civilizations are masterpieces of architecture and outstanding literary monuments.
The presence of fertile lands, water resources and a mild climate contributed to the creation of developed agriculture - irrigated agriculture, pasture farming. Trade led to the development of crafts, the construction of cities, and the development of transport. On the other hand, rich lands constantly attracted the attention of strong and warlike neighbors - first it was the Roman Empire, then Byzantium, the Arabs. In the XIII-XV centuries - the Tatar-Mongols and Tamerlane. Transcaucasia then became the object of rivalry between Persia (Iran) and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). The Middle Ages were a time of endless wars, feudal strife and devastating campaigns of foreign conquerors. The southern neighbors treated Christians - Georgians and Armenians - especially cruelly. It was somewhat easier for the peoples who converted to Islam.
Further developments could lead to virtually complete physical extermination of the Christian peoples of Transcaucasia. Under these conditions, joining Russia at the beginning of the 19th century contributed to the survival of the Transcaucasian peoples and their introduction to the values of European civilization.
The Soviet period in the history of Transcaucasia was marked by a significant rise in industry in the region, the strengthening of economic ties within the USSR, the leveling of the level of socio-economic development of the Transcaucasian republics, an increase in the educational level of the population, and the creation of a large national intelligentsia. At the same time, the level of development of the productive forces remained insufficient for the full use of human resources, especially in rural areas, which led to an outflow of the population to cities and outside the Transcaucasus.
The liberalization of political life and the development of glasnost in the late 1980s and early 1990s led to a sharp rise in nationalism, for which the leadership of the republics turned out to be unprepared. A chain reaction began, which ultimately led to the decision to secede from the USSR. Events in Transcaucasia played an important role in the collapse of the Soviet Union. A series of bloody conflicts occurred between Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, Georgia and Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia.
Transcaucasia after the collapse of the USSR.
At the moment, in Azerbaijan, a significant part of foreign exchange income comes to the republic from numerous Azerbaijani citizens engaged in economic activities in Russia. The main export pipeline Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan has been built, which will provide Azerbaijan with an alternative access to world hydrocarbon markets.
Armenia is experiencing difficulties communicating with the outside world, being blocked by two neighboring countries - Azerbaijan and Turkey. The country has been at war since the early 1990s. Georgia has to solve a whole tangle of interconnected problems - problems with the economy, the resort Black Sea coast of Abkhazia is inaccessible, social tension in internal Georgia is increased by the presence of several hundred thousand refugees from Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
The influence of Transcaucasia on art.
At the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 4th century. in western Transcaucasia - Armenia and Georgia - feudal relations developed, which was facilitated by the adoption of Christianity at the very beginning of the 4th century. Being politically dependent on the Byzantine Empire and the Iranian Sassanid state, the peoples of Transcaucasia accepted the progressive elements of their culture. Along with this, the vibrant, uniquely evolving culture of each of these peoples itself influenced the development of architecture. A particularly large contribution to world architecture was made in the 4th-7th centuries. during the formation of the eastern school of Byzantine architecture, which was then strongly influenced by Transcaucasian architecture. During this era, the architecture of Armenia and Georgia developed in similar ways.
The Transcaucasian republics of the CIS include Azerbaijan and Georgia, two bordering Russia, as well as Armenia, which during the Soviet period constituted one Transcaucasian economic region.
The area of the three republics is 186.1 thousand km 2, the population is 17.3 million people.
The largest republic in terms of area and population is Azerbaijan, the smallest is Armenia.
Conditions for economic development. The economic and geographical situation of the Transcaucasian republics has currently worsened. Several points of military action in this region caused irreparable damage to the entire economic complex. Currently there is no direct railway connection from Georgia to Russia through Abkhazia; the complexity of Azerbaijan’s connections with the Nakhichevan Republic, which is part of Azerbaijan, is caused by the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh.
Among the minerals found here are coal, oil, gas, alunites, and salts. Among the metamorphic and igneous, one can distinguish ores of iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, polymetallic, as well as deposits of marble, tuff, pumice, arsenic and barite ores.
The agroclimatic potential of the territory is quite high, which, along with the altitudinal zone, determines a significant variety of conditions for growing crops and raising animals.
Population. The population of the Transcaucasian republics is constantly increasing. Azerbaijan has the highest growth rates (up to 1% per year), Georgia has approximately 0.01%, and Armenia 0.1%. Significant natural growth due to high birth rates is typical only for Azerbaijan (9%). This indicator turns out to be almost zero in Georgia (0.1%). In Armenia it is slightly more than 3%.
The territory is distinguished by its high population density, and in Armenia it reaches the maximum values in the CIS (128 people/km 2 ).
In Georgia the share of the urban population is 56%, in Azerbaijan 54%, in Armenia - 68%.
The main titular peoples of Transcaucasia belong to different language families. Georgians are representatives of the Kartvelian language family of the Kartvelian group, Armenians also form their own group in the Indo-European language family, Azerbaijanis belong to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family. The majority of the Georgian population are Christians, Azerbaijanis are adherents of Shiite Islam, and Armenians are Christians and Monophysites.
Farming. The severe economic crisis that engulfed the entire post-Soviet space after the collapse of the USSR manifested itself to the maximum extent in the republics of Transcaucasia.
Industry. Now, as elsewhere in the CIS, in the republics of Transcaucasia, industries that have their own resource supply have come to the fore.
Azerbaijan is increasing its oil and gas production, attracting significant foreign investment.
Georgia currently stands out as a major exporter of manganese ore, and is also trying to re-establish ties with Russia in terms of selling wine and citrus fruits to our market.
Armenia, experiencing the most serious energy difficulties, was forced to restart a nuclear power plant that was closed after the Spitak earthquake (1988). This made it possible to restore, to some extent, the smelting of copper and molybdenum.
Agriculture. In Georgia, where a significant part of the lowland areas is located in a humid subtropical climate, the cultivation of tea, citrus fruits, and tobacco has developed; in the Kura and Alazani valleys, significant areas are occupied by vineyards. Field crops include wheat, barley, and corn. Sheep are grazed in mountainous areas.
In Azerbaijan, the climate is much drier, which leads to the use of additional irrigation in agriculture for growing cotton, vegetables, and grain crops. In the northern and western regions, as well as in Georgia, grapes are grown. Significant areas of semi-desert pastures are used for grazing fine fleece and Karakul sheep.
Armenia differs from the other two republics in more severe climatic conditions. The grapes here have to be protected from severe frosts during the winter, but due to the dry climate, the grapes gain a lot of sugar in the summer, which makes it possible to produce cognac. Vegetables and grains are grown in the Ararat Valley; there are many peach and apricot orchards on the slopes.
Transport. Difficult terrain complicates the development of transport routes on the territory of the Transcaucasian republics. But still, in terms of the density of railways and roads, they can be placed in the middle of the list of CIS countries. Among the railways, one can highlight the Trans-Caucasus.
This region includes three countries that are former republics of the Soviet Union. On the one hand, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan differ quite significantly from each other. On the other hand, they are close not only geographically. They are also united into one region by the common history of recent centuries and many pressing problems that have common roots. The key country in this part of Asia is Georgia.
Georgia
General information. The official name is the Republic of Georgia. The capital is Tbilisi (1,200,000 people). Area - more than 69 thousand km 2 (118th place in the world). Population - 5 million people (106th place). The official language is Georgian. The monetary unit is l ari.
Geographical position. The country is located in the central and western parts of Transcaucasia. The western part of Georgia has wide access to the Black Sea. Directly borders four countries. In the north and northeast it is Russia, in the east and southeast it is Azerbaijan, in the south it is Armenia and Turkey. The current geographical position of Georgia is not very favorable. It is surrounded by crisis countries and some of their territories, where war continues almost continuously. Particularly extreme is the border between Georgia and the North Caucasus of the Russian Federation.
History of origin and development. BC, the states of Colchis and Iberia arose on the territory of modern Georgia. In the 1st century BC That is, they became dependent on the Roman Empire, and in the 4th century. n. e. accepted Christianity. In the 5th century Iberia (Kartliya) was annexed to Persia. From the 8th century turned into an independent state, which reached its peak in the 12th century. during the reign of Queen Tamara. Later it split into Kartli, Kakheti and Imereti. In the 19th century it was annexed to Russia. The growth of the national liberation struggle led to the revival of an independent state in 1917. However, in 1921. Georgia was occupied by Russian Soviet troops. RUB 31,922 Joined the USSR as part of the Transcaucasian Federation (together with Azerbaijan and Armenia). In 1936 it became a union republic. After the declaration of independence in 1991, acute internal conflicts constantly continue in the state due to attempts to separate the autonomies (Abkhazia, Adjara, South Ossetia), which escalated into a civil war with Russian intervention. The conflicts have ceased and entered a chronic stage. Georgia is constantly trying to get out of Russia's tutelage and join the EU and NATO.
State structure and form of government. Georgia is a unitary state and a presidential republic. The head of state and head of the executive branch is the president. The government is headed by the prime minister. The highest legislative body is parliament. It is unicameral and consists of 235 deputies elected for a term of 4 years. Administratively, Georgia is divided into 10 districts, 2 autonomous republics and 1 autonomous region.
Natural conditions and resources. The relief of Georgia is very diverse. Mountains and plateaus predominate. The highest point in the country, Mount Shkhara (5,068 m), is located in the north of Georgia in the Greater Caucasus Mountains. In the south, a volcanic highland rises to a height of more than 1,000 meters above sea level. In the east of the country, mountain systems are no higher than 2 thousand meters. The western part is occupied by the flat Colchis lowland.
Most of Georgia lies in the subtropical climate zone. In the west, off the Black Sea coast, there are humid subtropics. In winter, the temperature of the coldest month (January) is up to + 6 ° C. The amount of precipitation is up to 2000 mm per year. Further east, the climate becomes more continental. There is less precipitation. Winter is cold and summer is warmer.
A dense river network and deep rivers where there is a lot of precipitation, that is, in the west. The largest rivers Rioni and Kura belong to the basins of different seas. There are frequent floods on the rivers of Western Georgia. There are few lakes in the country.
The soil cover of Georgia is very variegated. In the west, red and yellow soils dominate. In the east there are chestnut, brown and black soils. Brown forest soils formed under the mountain forests. Subtropical podzolic and bog soils are common in the Colchis Lowland.
A unique and rich flora. There are endemic and relict species, such as cherry laurel, boxwood, persimmon, etc. Significant forest cover of the territory reaches 35%. There are valuable types of trees - beech, oak, hornbeam, spruce, pine, etc. The forests are home to roe deer, red deer, lynx, and brown bear. In the Caucasus mountains you can still find chamois, bezokarov goats, and aurochs.
The main mineral resources are manganese ore and coal. There are significant deposits of copper and polymetallic ores. Rich reserves of valuable building materials, in particular tuff and marble. There are numerous sources of thermal waters. The rivers have significant reserves of hydropower resources.
The largest natural resources of Georgia of world importance are recreational resources. Among them, unique mineral healing waters stand out.
Population. The population density in Georgia is 72 people per 1 km2. Natural conditions determine the unevenness of its distribution; settlements are rare in mountainous areas. Almost 90% of the population lives at altitudes not exceeding 1000 m. They occupy only 46% of the country's territory. The urban population predominates - 59%. In addition to the capital, the largest cities include Kutaisi (240 thousand people), Rustavi (156 thousand people). The country has seen a slight increase in population - 2.8%. In addition to Georgians (72% of the population), there are Armenians (8%) and Russians (6%). Orthodox Christians predominate among believers (66%). Muslim Georgians live in Adjara (11%).
Farming. Georgia is an industrial-agrarian state with a specific combination of economic sectors that has developed historically. First of all, this is the mining of manganese ore, the food industry, subtropical agriculture and the recreational complex.
Industry is represented by energy, based on the mining of coal in Tkibuli and Tkvarcheli, and the production of electricity at thermal and hydroelectric power plants. The largest among the latter is the Inguri hydroelectric power station.
Ferrous metallurgy is represented by the Rustavi metallurgical plant and the ferroalloy plant in Zestafoni. They work on local manganese and imported iron ores. There are enterprises for the extraction and enrichment of copper and polymetallic ores. A powerful chemical plant operates in Rustavi, which produces nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic resins, fibers, and caprolactam. There are several enterprises in the woodworking, furniture and pulp and paper industries.
There are six large light industrial factories in the country. They produce silk and cotton fabrics, knitwear, carpets and shoes.
The most part of the Georgian economy is its extensive agro-industrial complex. Here they grow tea, citrus fruits, wheat, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, grapes, tobacco; Cattle (1 million heads) and sheep are raised. Processing branches of the food industry are represented by enterprises of the tea, wine and fruit and vegetable canning industries. Famous Georgian wines, which have no analogues in the world, are produced in Kakheti and Imereti, cognac and champagne - in Tbilisi. Throughout the territory there are numerous factories that produce canned fruit and vegetables. Other branches of the food industry include the bottling of mineral waters, the production of tung and essential oils, the tobacco and butter-cheese industries.
Georgia's transport network is represented by railways (about 1,500 km) and roads (11 thousand km). There are significant seaports of Poti, Batumi, Sukhumi and the Baku-Supsa oil pipeline.
Culture and social development. In the country, 99% of the population is literate. There are 19 higher educational institutions in Georgia. There are 32 theaters and 10 museums. The Gelati Monastery belongs to the world-class historical and cultural heritage. Total in the UNESCO list - C objects. The average life expectancy is 76 years, for men - 69 years. The largest newspaper is Sakartvelos Republic.
On July 22, 1992, diplomatic relations were established between Ukraine and the Republic of Georgia through an exchange of notes. There is an embassy and trade and economic mission of the Republic of Georgia in Kyiv.
Questions and tasks
1. Justify why Georgia is given a key place among the countries of Transcaucasia.
2. Why is the population of Georgia distributed so unevenly?
3. What resources for economic development are there in Georgia?