Used in poetry various techniques gain phonetic expressiveness speech. Poets strive to achieve sound similarity of vocabulary, selecting words that repeat the same or similar sounds, entire consonances. However, it would be wrong to think that sound repetitions are a mandatory feature poetic speech. In the Russian system of versification, sound repetitions are not a canonized device, as, for example, in Finnish, Estonian, Yakut and some other languages.
The repetition of sounds in poetic speech does not always have aesthetic value. It can be random, since with a limited number of sounds, their repetition in words is inevitable. In everyday speech, we do not attach importance to this (no one will pay attention, for example, to the repetition of the consonant with in the weather report: According to weather forecasters, light snow is expected in Moscow and the region in the next 24 hours...).
In poetic speech, sound repetitions become vivid stylistic device sound recording. For example:
Elderberry has flooded the entire garden!
Elderberry is green, green!
Greener than mold on a vat.
Green means summer is at the beginning!
Blue - until the end of days!
The elderberry of my eyes is greener!
(M.I. Tsvetaeva)
Here both vowels (a, e) and consonants (l, n, z, h) are repeated; the polyphonic “roll call” of sounds seems to reflect the exuberant triumph of colors. The more sounds are involved in such a “roll call”, the more noticeable their repetition, the greater the aesthetic pleasure the sound of the text brings us. Moreover, as emphasized modern research phonics, “a noticeable deviation in the number of sounds from the norm sharply increases their information content, the corresponding symbolism seems to flash in the consciousness (subconscious) of the reader, coloring phonetic meaning the entire text."
Audio repeats often used when creating artistic images A.S. Pushkin: Look: he’s walking under a separate arch full moon; Cherished in eastern bliss, you left no traces on the northern, sad snow; At first I was torn and cried, and almost divorced my husband; Whose noble hand will pat the old man’s laurels!; An angry chorus starts an obscene argument among the heirs.
Depending on the nature of the repeated sounds, there are two main types of sound repetitions: alliteration and assonance.
Alliteration is the repetition of the same or similar consonants (The snow is still white in the fields, and in the spring the waters are noisy - they run and wake up the sleepy shore, they run and shine, and say ... - Tyutch.). With the greatest certainty, our hearing picks up the repetition of consonants that are in the pre-stressed position and at the absolute beginning of the word. We notice the repetition of not only identical consonants, but also those that are similar in some way (place of formation, participation of the voice, etc.). Thus, alliteration into d - t, z - s, and the like is possible, as well as into labials, sonorants, etc.:
Goy, my dear Rus',
Huts - in the vestments of the image...
No end in sight -
Only blue sucks his eyes.
(S.A. Yesenin)
I believe: he will never come
shameful prudence.
(V.V. Mayakovsky)
Alliteration is the most common type of sound repetition. This is explained by the dominant position of consonants in the sound system of the Russian language. Consonant sounds play the main meaning-distinguishing role in language. Indeed, each sound carries certain information. However, six vowel phonemes are significantly inferior to thirty-seven consonants in this respect. Let's compare the “recording” of the same words made using only vowels or only consonants. It is hardly possible to guess any words behind the combinations eai, ayuo, ui, eao, but it is worth passing on the same words to the consonants, and we can easily “read” the names of Russian poets: Drzhvn, Btshkv, Nkrsv. The semantic weight of consonants contributes to the establishment of various subject-semantic associations, therefore the expressive and figurative possibilities of alliteration are wider than those of assonance.
Assonance is the repetition of vowels (It's time, it's time, the horns are blowing... - P.). The basis of assonance is usually only percussion sounds, since in unstressed position vowels often change significantly. Therefore, sometimes assonance is defined as the repetition of stressed or weakly reduced unstressed vowels. So, in the lines from “Poltava” by A.S. Pushkin’s assonances on a and o are created only by highlighted vowels: Quiet Ukrainian night. The sky is transparent. The stars are shining. The air does not want to overcome its drowsiness. And although in many unstressed syllables variants of these phonemes, conveyed by the letters o, a, are repeated; their sound does not affect the assonance.
In cases where unstressed vowels do not undergo changes, they can enhance assonance. For example, in another stanza from “Poltava” the sound of speech is determined by the assonance in y, since the quality of this sound does not change and in the unstressed position y emphasizes the phonetic similarity of the highlighted words: But in the temptations of long punishment, having endured the blows of fate, Rus' grew stronger. So heavy damask, crushing glass, forges damask steel (in the last two lines the assonance on y is combined with the assonance on a).
In the same text, different sound repetitions are often used in parallel. For example: Chalk, chalk all over the earth to all limits. The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning (Past.) - here there is assonance on e, and alliteration on m, l, s, v; labials are repeated in the first two lines; the sound “roll call” involves combinations of consonants ml, vs - sv.
There is another classification of sound repetitions, which is based on the distribution of repeated sounds in the text. Depending on the place of repeated sounds in words and poetic line repetitions have received various names.
The repetition of initial consonants in words is called anaphora (The golden stars dozed off, the mirror of the backwater trembled... - Yes.). With an adjacent anaphor, consonant words stand side by side (as in the example given), with a separate one they do not immediately follow each other (- Friend! Don’t look for me! Another fashion! Even old people don’t remember me. - Col.).
The repetition of final sounds in words is called epiphora (They made noise, sparkled and attracted to the distance, and drove away sorrows, and sang in the distance... - Balm.). Like anaphora, epiphora can be adjacent or separate. With adjacent epiphora, consonant words are usually grammatically dependent: they agree (On a blue evening, on a moonlit evening, I was once handsome and young. - Yes.).
The combination of epiphora and anaphora gives the poetic speech a special musicality (Cruel May with white nights! Eternal knocking on the gate: come out! Blue haze behind your shoulders, uncertainty, death ahead! - Bl.).
One should not think that the use of various sound repetitions always indicates the high stylistic merits of the work. The abuse of alliteration and assonance leads to an obsessive and sometimes unnatural intensification of the phonetic side of speech, for example, in the poem “Spring Hosts” by I. Severyanin:
Sleepy hosts of somnambulists of spring
Sleepily they beckon into illumined dreams.
The streams rumble clearly at night.
The sonorous speeches of the stream are hot.
The lilacs are crying to the lunar refrain.
The eyes laugh at the sandy sirens.
Lunar captivity of the epic wave.
Sleepy hosts of the spring moon.
Enthusiasm sound side speech in such cases is detrimental to the content: words are “attracted” by their sound contrary to their meaning.
Strings
Violin
Balalaika
Electric guitar
Tremolo on an electric guitar is made by quick, short movements of the pick up and down. In this case, the plectrum pulls the string with the same force both when moving down and when moving up, and the hand is as relaxed as possible to achieve high speed. In most cases, the tremolo technique is used in conjunction with a distortion or delay effect.
It is most actively used in heavy styles of music, for example black metal, punk rock, alternative rock. Also very often used in post-rock, to achieve maximum density the sound of a background instrument.
Some electric guitars use a tremolo system to change the tone of the sound.
Classical guitar
Tremolo on a classical guitar is made by repeatedly striking one string with two (fingers "i", "m") or three ("i", "m", "a") fingers. There is also new technology: The tremolo is played by alternating fingers p-i-m.
Brass
Wind instruments
Main article: Tremolo (harmonica)
Tremolo on a harmonica is made by closing and opening the palms of the hands, forming a chamber around the harmonica.
Drums
Snare drum
The so-called “drum roll”. On a snare drum, tremolo is played by bouncing the sticks off the surface of the drum (head). Each hand makes two or several quick strikes in a row on the rebound, while the hands alternate. The bounce is played by “pressing” the stick into the drum after the first hit, and the pressing should not be too weak or too strong - the rebound should be “controlled”. For proper tremolo on the snare drum, drummers practice exercises on the rhythm of the rebound, the number of hits from each hand, etc.
Percussion
On high-pitch idiophones (xylophone, bells, etc.), the tremolo is played by alternating single strokes of each hand. In this case, the hand should be as relaxed as possible to achieve greater smoothness and “melody” of the sound, as well as for the ease of the performer.
Notes
see also
- Tremolo on harmonica
| Technique of playing string instruments | |
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Synonyms:See what "Tremolo" is in other dictionaries:
In music trembling of sounds and merging them into one drawn-out sound. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907. tremolo (Italian tremolo lit. trembling) music. repeated rapid repetition of one sound; also fast... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- [tremolo], uncl., cf. (Italian tremolo) (music). Very rapid repetition, repeated alternation of one or more (not adjacent, cf. trill) sounds, giving the impression of trembling. The tremolo of violins was heard. “There was a dull sound in his voice... ... Dictionary Ushakova
- (Italian tremolo, literally trembling), a method of playing on musical instruments: repeated rapid repetition of one sound; rapid alternation of 2 non-adjacent sounds or 2 consonances (intervals, chords), separate sound and consonances... Modern encyclopedia
Noun, number of synonyms: 3 trembling (21) repetition (73) tremolando (1) ... Synonym dictionary
- (trembling) rapid repetition of the same note or rapid alternation of two notes that are more than a second apart. In T., all of its notes are not written out, but one whole, half or quarter note is placed, making up the sum of small notes... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
- (trembling) rapid repetition of the same note or rapid alternation of two notes that are more than a second apart. In T., all of its notes are not written out, but one whole, half or quarter note is placed, making up the sum of small ones... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- [re], unchangeable; Wed [ital. tremolo] Music. Very rapid repetition of one sound or alternation of several non-adjacent sounds, giving the impression of trembling. T. in the high registers of the string. T. orchestra. * * * tremolo (Italian tremolo, literally ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Italian tremolo, literally trembling) (musical), rapid repetition of one sound, as well as two sounds separated from each other by an interval of at least a third, or two chords, in each of which at least one sound is in a similar ... Big Soviet encyclopedia
- (Italian tremolo, lit. trembling) multiple rapid repetition of one sound, interval or chord, as well as alternation of two sounds located at a distance of at least a minor third, or parts of a decomposed chord. T. executable on FP... Music Encyclopedia
TREMOLO TREMOLO (Italian tremolo, literally - trembling), a technique of playing musical instruments: repeated rapid repetition of one sound; rapid alternation of 2 non-adjacent sounds or 2 consonances (intervals, chords), a separate sound and a consonance.
Modern encyclopedia. 2000 .
Synonyms:See what "TREMOLO" is in other dictionaries:
In music the trembling of sounds and their merging into one drawn-out sound. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907. tremolo (Italian tremolo lit. trembling) music. repeated rapid repetition of one sound; also fast... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- [tremolo], uncl., cf. (Italian tremolo) (music). Very rapid repetition, repeated alternation of one or more (not adjacent, cf. trill) sounds, giving the impression of trembling. The tremolo of violins was heard. “There was a dull sound in his voice... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Noun, number of synonyms: 3 trembling (21) repetition (73) tremolando (1) ... Synonym dictionary
- (trembling) rapid repetition of the same note or rapid alternation of two notes that are more than a second apart. In T., all of its notes are not written out, but one whole, half or quarter note is placed, making up the sum of small notes... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Tremolo symbol on one note. Tremolo (Italian tremolo, literally trembling) is a type of melisma, a technique for playing strings, keyboards, percussion and other musical instruments: multiple rapid repetition of one sound or... ... Wikipedia
- (trembling) rapid repetition of the same note or rapid alternation of two notes that are more than a second apart. In T., all of its notes are not written out, but one whole, half or quarter note is placed, making up the sum of small ones... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- [re], unchangeable; Wed [ital. tremolo] Music. Very rapid repetition of one sound or alternation of several non-adjacent sounds, giving the impression of trembling. T. in the high registers of the string. T. orchestra. * * * tremolo (Italian tremolo, literally ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Italian tremolo, literally trembling) (musical), rapid repetition of one sound, as well as two sounds separated from each other by an interval of at least a third, or two chords, in each of which at least one sound is in a similar ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (Italian tremolo, lit. trembling) multiple rapid repetition of one sound, interval or chord, as well as alternation of two sounds located at a distance of at least a minor third, or parts of a decomposed chord. T. executable on FP... Music Encyclopedia