May 27, 2013: website: You can say the thought is spinning in your head, or you can say the student is spinning at his desk, spread his mind and spread the blanket, turn over a lot of work and turn over the table. These are ambiguous words. Language is enriched not only by polysemantic words, but also by synonyms and antonyms. The Russian language is one of the richest languages in the world. It is unusually sonorous, melodic, and rich in its vocabulary and grammatical means. The number of words in the Russian language is so large that it is impossible to count them. The beauty and uniqueness of any language can be determined primarily by the richness of words. The largest dictionary of the Russian literary language, consisting of 17 volumes, contains 120,480 words, but not all words are included in it. It enriches the Russian language with the presence of polysemantic words. These words include most words in the Russian language. If we turn to D. Ushakov’s Russian language dictionary, we will find there forty meanings of the word “go”.
You can say the thought is spinning in your head, or you can say the student is spinning at his desk, spread his mind and spread the blanket, turn over a lot of work and turn over the table. These are ambiguous words. Language is enriched not only by polysemantic words, but also by synonyms, antonyms and homonyms. You can compare such sentences. The weather was good outside. The weather was wonderful, wonderful, excellent, amazing, magnificent autumn weather outside. By using synonyms in the second sentence, we gave the thought contained in it colorful imagery and emotional coloring. If you convey a thought using antonym words, then you can achieve, for example, clarity and unambiguity of formulation, assessment of an object or phenomenon, sign or action. The berry was not sweet, but sour.
What is the wealth of the Russian language?
Homonym words make our speech more diverse, richer, more beautiful: The girl was the personification of Slavic beauty with a waist-length brown braid, pitch-black eyebrows, a thin figure and always a friendly and good-natured smile on her face. A sand spit stretched along the shore for several meters and separated the noisy, restless sea from the quiet, always warmed by the sun, shallow backwater, where little children loved to swim. Phraseological phrases make our speech unusual and beautiful: to run away (to run away); scatter the mind (think); to smithereens (completely, completely, completely).
There are many words that convey the speaker’s emotional attitude to the subject, that is, they have expression. There are a large number of words that convey the most varied human feelings: tenderness, irony, admiration: What a luxurious corner of nature! What a bliss it is to relax here! (Positive expressive coloring) The Russian language is unusually rich in amazing proverbs and sayings. All this makes our language amazingly beautiful and emotional.
As the classic of Russian drama A.P. Chekhov said, bad speech should be considered the same obscenity as the inability to read and write. Speech culture is manifested in the correct pronunciation of words, competent construction of phrases and sentences, and our vocabulary also affects the high level of speech culture: the more words we know, the better.
Lev Uspensky argued that the beauty, richness and liveliness of a language depend mainly on what words to use and how exactly to do it. The more cultured a person is, the more subtly he is able to sense linguistic nuances, that is, he knows how to select words and synonyms that are suitable for a particular situation. The culture of a word is reflected in its appropriate use: if the expression does not correspond to the situation, it will most likely make a not very pleasant impression and, possibly, offend the interlocutor.
Our vocabulary becomes noticeably enriched over time, as we grow older, expand our life experience and master new knowledge. If a third-grader has 3,600 words, a teenager has 9,000, then an adult has 11,700, and an erudite has 13,500 words. The vocabulary of outstanding speakers, poets, and writers is even richer. For Shakespeare and Pushkin it was close to 20,000. A cultured person is distinguished by a clear understanding of the meaning of each word he uses.
For example, the speaker ends his speech with the call: “Let us be the instigators of the fight against discipline violators.” This phrase makes the audience laugh. Why? Because the word “instigators” is clearly out of place here, since it indicates those who are guilty of reprehensible actions, that is, troublemakers. Here the speaker confused the word with the similar-sounding “initiators,” that is, the initiators of good deeds.
Inaccurate, erroneous use of words inexorably reveals the low overall culture of a person. “I’m tired of running distances and filling out documents,” the girl complains. And it is absolutely clear that she does not distinguish between fairly popular concepts - distance (distance) from an authority (institution), with which a literate person is usually familiar.
If you are not sure of the meaning of a word, then do not be lazy to look into the current dictionary. Fortunately, now this can be done at any time of the day or night, the main thing is that the Internet is at hand. Solving charades, crosswords, chainwords and other linguistic games is not an empty pastime; it helps to enrich and clarify the content of concepts. Studying logic and rhetoric will also help you speak competently and beautifully.
Expressing your thoughts in public is always associated with a certain emotional stress. Some people worry more, others less. Anxiety can negatively affect the content of a speech, an answer in a lesson, or other public speaking, making them unsure and confused. A person shows less nervousness and excitement if he has prepared a lesson or speech well. Speech ease is an indicator of thorough preparation.
Rarely anyone dares to deny the richness of the Russian language. And the few who decide to enter into a debate on this topic will be mired in wild disappointment, because every even slightly educated inhabitant of the earth knows that the power of the great Russian language is indescribable! How specifically and briefly can we answer the question of where lies this power and strength that so glorifies our native language? In this article we will try to briefly understand how and why this language became the most open, huge and powerful.
Introduction
Before talking about the richness of the Russian language, it is worth remembering the ancient traditions. It is known that back in the 9th century the Slavs already spoke the Old Russian language. Of course, since then it has been subject to many changes and adjustments until it has become modern and generally accepted. It is worth saying that the development of this wonderful language was carried out not only by philologists and linguists, but also by talented people from all over Rus'. They improved it, made it more beautiful and brighter. Thanks to this, he became very interesting abroad. Many foreigners became interested in such a melodious and diverse language and wanted to study it. An interesting fact is that today our native language is one of the five most commonly used languages in the world.
The main factor of formation
What is the richness of the Russian language? The answer to this question is possible only after analyzing the history of the appearance and development of a language, because how can you judge something without knowing where it came from? If it were not for Christianity, then we can say with almost absolute certainty that the Russian language would definitely not be the way we know it today. It is worth understanding that Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian languages are very similar to each other. Perhaps, if it were not for the influence of religion, then all people would speak something common between these three languages, and then the ethnic picture of the world would have undergone strong changes.
Activities of Peter I
The peak of language development occurred in the 17th-18th centuries, and a great deal of credit for this belongs to Peter I. The turning point occurred in the 17th century, because it was then that the emperor actively reformed all areas of the state structure. Of course, all these changes could not ignore the most important thing - culture and language. He was able to introduce a civil script, which supplanted the Kirillov half-rut. He also obliged everyone to use new terminology, which was borrowed from European countries. It is worth noting here that all these innovations mostly related to military affairs. At this time, such words as guardhouse, password and corporal appeared in the Russian language. Peter I invested a significant amount of his funds to open printing houses. They published fiction books, as well as special political literature. All this made it possible to capture in writing the main values and cultural monuments of that time.
Mikhail Lomonosov
We must not forget about another very important person who made a significant contribution to the development of the language. We are talking about Mikhail Lomonosov. He wrote his works in correct Russian and tried to adhere to the rules of grammar as much as possible. After some time, these rules were officially introduced into the language, and what’s most interesting is that we still use many of them! The contribution of Mikhail Lomonosov is very much underestimated, but for the most part it was only thanks to him that such a branch of science as grammar appeared, which led to the publication of the first academic dictionary. With his own money, he published “Russian Grammar,” which to this day is one of the greatest assets of Russian culture. It was from this moment that the public recognition of the Russian language as great and powerful began. They became interested in it abroad and began to study and improve it. After the book was published, grammar textbooks for children were written and widely introduced into the education program. It was Mikhail Vasilyevich who divided the texts into styles, highlighting artistic, business and scientific.
The process of transforming the Russian language continues, and it is unlikely to ever end. New knowledge, new technology and new areas of science regularly emerge that require special vocabulary. Our language borrows a lot of words from abroad, but this does not prevent it from remaining just as popular, vibrant and multifaceted.
The power of language
Is it possible to definitely write what the richness of the Russian language is? It can be noted that today it is one of the most developed, popular and processed languages in the whole world, which has a huge book and written base. But what is the richness of the Russian language, how does it differ from others, what lexical and grammatical features make it the best? It is worth noting that when one begins to consider the significance and richness of a language, the first thing researchers look at is the dictionary. If it is full of words that convey different things in an accessible, understandable and eloquent language, and also consists of letters that are pleasant and convenient to pronounce, then we can say that the language is rich enough. K. Paustovsky has said more than once that in the Russian language alone, there are a huge variety of different designations to denote ordinary natural phenomena, such as rain, wind, lakes, sun, sky, grass, etc. The lexical richness of native speech is most clearly reflected in various dictionaries. V. Dal included more than 200 thousand words in his “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”.
Semantic richness
The richness and expressiveness of the Russian language largely depend on the meaning that words carry. At this point, our native language is also not inferior, because we have many synonyms, homonyms and simply meaningful words. We remember that synonyms are words that have a similar meaning. There are a lot of such words in the Russian language, which has more than once helped out unlucky poets who went crazy in search of a new rhyme: you just have to read the dictionary more carefully. It is important to understand that synonyms do not just call the same thing differently, they clarify only a certain property of an object, helping to describe something more deeply and significantly. Let's give a small example using the word "famous". It can easily be replaced by units such as “outstanding,” “great,” “wonderful,” and “famous.” Moreover, each adjective reveals a word in a special subtext. The adjective “great” characterizes something objectively, the word “outstanding” gives a comparative assessment, “famous” means a qualitative characteristic, and “wonderful” allows us to convey our attitude towards something.
Synonyms are an important and integral part of speech, because they allow you to figuratively diversify the language and avoid boring repetitions. The most interesting thing is that sometimes synonyms are used, which in their direct meaning may have nothing to do with the subject in question. For example, we say the word “many,” but in different contexts it can be replaced by such synonyms as darkness, abyss, abyss, ocean, swarm, etc. This is just one example, but how clearly it demonstrates the diversity of the Russian language.
Expression
In order to understand the richness of the Russian language, you need to remember such an important concept as expression, which allows you to describe emotions. There are positive and negative expressions. The first type includes words such as beautiful, luxurious, bold, charming and others. The second type includes words such as sloppy, absent-minded, chatterbox, etc. Our native language is incredibly rich in emotionally charged words that allow us to express emotions such as affection, anger, love, anger, etc., using a number of units, each of which has a unique meaning. Mikhail Lomonosov also emphasized this, saying that only two languages have a sufficient number of affectionate and derogatory words: Russian and Italian.
Phraseology
And yet the question of what constitutes the richness of the Russian language has not yet been fully resolved. Briefly, we can say that the richness of a language is predetermined by the richness of its individual units. We must not forget about phraseology, which is an important part of speech. Established expressions come from historical documents, past events and even from the present experience of the people. The statements of ordinary people most vividly and subtly convey different aspects of life. It is not for nothing that scientists collect folk wisdom bit by bit, because ethnicity is the best creator and keeper of life knowledge. Some scientists even compare a folk community to a philosopher who, while living life, learns valuable lessons from it. You can get acquainted with extensive Russian phraseology using the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by A. Molotov.
Enrichment with foreign words
Examples of the richness of the Russian language are impossible without words that came to us from abroad. They improve our language. It is worth saying that only the Russian language has such a huge number of prefixes and suffixes that allow you to create new words. Philologists rarely translate foreign words by transliteration - only if necessary. In all other cases, new unique words are born.
Grammar
What is the wealth of the Russian language if not in grammar? This is one of the most important components of speech. Our grammar is distinguished not only by its flexibility, but also by its expressiveness. Learning this language for foreigners is not an easy task. No matter how they talk about the complexity of other languages, Russian, with all its diversity, remains one of the most difficult. For example, we can consider the category of type, which indicates the way the action occurs. It is somewhat more complex than the category of time, because it allows you to characterize the action in different ways. For example, the verb “to do” can sound like “to do”, “to finish”, “to complete”, etc. Almost no other language in the world has such a variety of word forms.
Statements about the richness of the Russian language
We have covered many aspects of our speech. So, what is the richness of the Russian language? Let's briefly try to answer this question in the words of famous people. And Turgenev bequeathed: “Take care of the language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure and heritage passed on by our predecessors.” Nikolai Gogol put it very beautifully when he wrote: “You marvel at the preciousness of our language: every sound is a gift, everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself, and, truly, another name is even more precious than the thing itself.” made an interesting remark: “How beautiful the Russian language is! All the advantages of German without its terrible rudeness.”
Summing up the results of the article devoted to the Russian language, I would like to say that it is rightfully considered one of the richest, richest and most luxurious languages, but at the same time it is quite complex. Anyone who is lucky enough to be born and speak this language does not even realize the gift that he has received. What is the richness of the Russian language? The answer is simple: in our history and people, who created this invincible language.
The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages of the world, with a rich book and written tradition. We find many wonderful words about the Russian language in the works, articles, letters, speeches of progressive public and political figures, outstanding writers and poets:
The ruler of many languages, the Russian language is not only in the vastness of the places where it dominates, but also in its own space and contentment, it is great in comparison with everyone in Europe lt;..gt;. Charles the Fifth, the Roman Emperor, used to say that in Spanish with God, French with friends,
German - with enemies, Italian - to speak decently with the female sex. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would have added that it is decent for them to speak with all of them, for he would have found in him the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, in addition to the richness and strength in the images brevity of the Greek and Latin languages (M. Lomonosov).
It should not interfere with the freedom of our rich and beautiful language (A.S. Pushkin).
You marvel at the preciousness of our language: every sound is a gift, everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself and, really, another name is even more precious than the thing itself (N.V. Gogol).
...there is no word that would be so sweeping, smart, would burst out from under the very heart, would boil and flutter like a well-spoken Russian word (N.V. Gogol).
Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property passed on to us by our predecessors lt;..gt;. Treat this powerful weapon with respect; in the hands of skilled people it can perform miracles! (I.S. Turgenev).
The Russian language is real, strong, where necessary - strict, serious, where necessary - passionate, where necessary - lively and lively (L.N. Tolstoy).
You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that cannot be conveyed in Russian words. The sound of music, the spectral brilliance of colors, the play of light, the noise and shadow of gardens, the vagueness of sleep, the heavy rumble of a thunderstorm, the whisper of children and the rustle of sea gravel. There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language (K.G. Paustovsky).
The Russian people created the Russian language, bright as a rainbow after a spring shower, accurate as arrows, melodious and rich, sincere, like a song over the cradle lt;..gt;. What is Motherland? - this is the whole people. This is his culture, his language (A.K. Tolstoy).
Today it is difficult to believe that there was a time when it was necessary to defend and win the right to teach various subjects at universities in Russian. So, back in 1755, professor of philosophy N.N. Popovsky, a student of Lomonosov, in his introductory lecture convinced the audience that it was time for a lecture on philosophy in
Moscow University read not in Latin, but in Russian:
Previously, it (philosophy) spoke to the Greeks; the Romans lured her away from Greece; She adopted the Roman language in a very short time and reasoned in Roman with innumerable beauty, as not long before in Greek. Can't we expect similar success in philosophy as the Romans received?.. As for the abundance of the Russian language, the Romans cannot boast to us of that. There is no thought that would be impossible to explain in Russian.
...So, with God’s assistance, let us begin philosophy not in such a way that only one person in all of Russia, or several people, understands it, but in such a way that everyone who understands the Russian language can use it comfortably.
N.N. Popovsky began to give lectures in Russian. This innovation caused dissatisfaction on the part of foreign professors. The debate about whether it was possible to give lectures in Russian lasted for over ten years. Only in 1767 did Catherine II allow lectures to be given at the university in Russian. However, later they continued to be read in Latin and German.
What is the wealth of the Russian language, what properties of the lexical composition, grammatical structure, and sound side of the language create its positive qualities?
The richness of any language is determined, first of all, by the richness of its vocabulary. K.G. Paustovsky noted that for everything that exists in nature - water, air, clouds, sun, rain, forests, swamps, rivers and lakes, meadows and fields, flowers and herbs - there are a great many good words and names in the Russian language.
The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, the “Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian Language,” published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. IN AND. Dahl included more than 200 thousand words in the “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”.
The richness of a language is also determined by the semantic richness of a word, which is created by the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, etc.
There are many polysemantic words in the Russian language. Moreover, the number of meanings of one word can be very different. Thus, in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by D.N. Ushakova, the verb to go has 40 meanings.
Our language is very rich in synonyms, that is, words that are close in meaning. In one of his works, Academician L.V. Shcherba wrote:
Take, for example, the cycle of the word famous (as applied to a person), with which famous, outstanding, wonderful and large compete. All these words mean, of course, the same thing, but each approaches the same concept from a slightly different point of view: a great scientist is, as it were, an objective characteristic; an outstanding scientist emphasizes, perhaps, the same thing, but in a somewhat more comparative aspect; a remarkable scientist speaks of the main interest he excites; a famous scientist notes its popularity; the famous scientist does the same, but differs from the famous scientist in the superlative degree of quality.
Each of the synonyms, thus differing in the shade of meaning, highlights one particular feature of the quality of an object, phenomenon or some sign of action, and together the synonyms contribute to a deeper, more comprehensive description of the phenomena of reality.
Synonyms make speech more colorful, more varied, help avoid repetition of the same words, and allow you to express thoughts figuratively. For example, the concept of a large amount of something is conveyed by the words: a lot (of apples), darkness (of books), an abyss (of work), an abyss (of affairs), a cloud (of mosquitoes), a swarm of (thoughts), an ocean (of smiles), a sea (of flags) ), wood (pipes). All of the above words, with the exception of the word many, create a figurative idea of a large quantity.
There are many words in the Russian language that convey the speaker’s positive or negative attitude towards the subject of thought, that is, they have expression. Thus, the words bliss, luxurious, magnificent, fearless, charm contain positive expression, and the words chatterbox, klutz, stupidity, daub are characterized by negative expression.
There are a lot of words in the Russian language that are emotionally charged. This is explained by the fact that our language is rich in various suffixes that convey a person’s feelings: affection, irony, neglect, contempt. M.V. wrote about this distinctive feature of the Russian language. Lomonosov:
... derogatory names like courtyard, dress, girl, not every language has equal allowance. Russian and Italian are very rich in them, German is scarce, French is even scarcer.
The Russian language is unusually rich in figurative phraseology. The expressions “put on the back burner”, “Mama’s massacre”, “heavy are you, Monomakh’s hat”, “Arakcheev’s regime”, “here is St. George’s Day for you, grandmother” and many others that have received a figurative meaning are associated with the history of the Russian people, his past. How much subtle folk humor and irony are contained in phraseological units: “put your finger in the sky”, “sit in a galosh”, “pour from empty to empty”, “come to a head-to-head analysis”, “fire tower”, “two inches from the pot”.
Rich Russian phraseology is presented in the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by A.I. Molotkova (M., 2001). It contains 4 thousand dictionary entries.
And how many amazing proverbs and sayings are contained in the Russian language! Thus, in the collection of proverbs of the Russian people by V.I. Dahl devoted about 500 sayings to the theme “Rus-Motherland” alone (“The native side is the mother, the foreign side is the stepmother”, “From the native land - die, do not leave” and DR-) -
The Russian language dictionary is constantly enriched with new words. If the Russian language is compared with other languages, then it compares favorably in the variety and number of ways to form new words. New words are created using prefixes, suffixes, alternating sounds in the root, adding two or more stems, by rethinking (link, pioneer), splitting words into homonyms (month - moon and month - period of time), etc. The most productive is a morphological method of formation, with the help of which dozens of new words are created from the same root. Thus, from the root uch- the words are derived: teacher, study, learn, instruct, teach, retrain, memorize, accustom, instruct, teaching, scholarship, student, apprenticeship, scientist, teacher, educational, science, scientific, etc. According to “ Word Formation Dictionary of the Russian Language” by A.N. Tikhonov, the word-formation nest with this root includes more than 300 words.
The grammatical structure of the language is also rich, flexible and expressive. Let's take the species category as an example. Unlike the category of time, which indicates the relationship of the action to the moment of speech, the category of type indicates the manner in which the action occurs. So, in the aspect pair read - read the verbs characterize the action in different ways. The verb read (perfect form) indicates an action that has exhausted itself and cannot continue. The verb read (imperfect form) indicates an action that is not limited.
The poet V. Bryusov writes interestingly about this feature of the Russian language:
The power of the Russian verb lies in what school grammarians call species. Let's take four verbs of the same root: become, put, stand, become. From them, with the help of the prefixes pre-, with-, for-, from-, etc., inflections of “recurrence” and suffixes of “multiplicity”, you can form about 300 verbs, which, according to grammar, will be different “types” of the same verb . It is impossible to translate into any modern language all the shades of meaning that are obtained in this way... How, for example, to convey in French the difference between: “I rearrange the chairs”, “I rearrange them”, “I rearrange them”, “rearranged” , “rearranged”? Or is it possible to find words of the same root in another language to convey the phrase: “When the tincture was steeped, I insisted that it was time to instruct the workers how to place a funnel on a bottle? »
The richness, diversity, originality and originality of the Russian language allow everyone to make their speech rich and original.
K.I. is right a hundred times. Chukovsky, who wrote in the book “Alive as Life”:
“It is not for this that our people, together with the geniuses of the Russian word - from Pushkin to Chekhov and Gorky, created for us and our descendants a rich, free and strong language, striking with its sophisticated, flexible, infinitely varied forms, it is not for this that this was left to us as a gift the greatest treasure of our national culture, so that we, discarding it with contempt, reduce our speech to a few dozen cliched phrases.
This must be said with categorical severity.”
Russian language! For thousands of years people have created this flexible
inexhaustibly rich, intelligent, poetic and hardworking
an instrument of your social life, your thoughts, your
feelings, your hopes, your anger, your great
future.
A. N. Tolstoy
The language in which the Russian state of the great part of the world
commands, according to her power has natural abundance,
beauty and strength than any other European language
not inferior. And for this there is no doubt that the Russian
the word could not be brought to such perfection as
in others we are surprised.
M. V. Lomonosov
Beauty, greatness, strength and richness of the Russian language
it is clear enough from the books written in past centuries,
when there were still no rules for our essays
ancestors did not know, but they hardly thought that they existed
or there may be.
M. V. Lomonosov
Slavic-Russian language, according to the testimony of foreigners themselves
aestheticians, is not inferior in courage to the Latin,
nor in the smoothness of the Greek, surpassing all European ones:
Italian, French and Spanish, Colmi
more than German.
G. R. Derzhavin
Our Russian language, perhaps more than all new ones, is capable of
to approach classical languages in its richness,
strength, freedom of arrangement, abundance of forms.
N. A. Dobrolyubov
That the Russian language is one of the richest languages in the world,
there is no doubt about it.
V. G. Belinsky
How beautiful the Russian language is! All the benefits of German
without his terrible rudeness.
F. Engels
In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about destinies
my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great one,
mighty, truthful and free Russian language!.,
it is impossible to believe that such a language was not given to the great
to the people!
I. S. Turgenev
You marvel at the jewels of our language: no matter what the sound,
that’s a gift: everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself, and,
Indeed, another name is even more precious than the thing itself.
N.V. Gogol
Our language is expressive not only for high eloquence,
for loud, picturesque poetry, but also for tender
simplicity, for heart sounds and sensitivity. He's richer
harmony than French; more capable of outpouring
souls in tones; represents more similar
words, that is, consistent with the action being expressed: benefit,
which only indigenous languages have.
N. M. Karamzin
As a material for literature, the Slavic-Russian language has
undeniable superiority over all European ones.
A. S. Pushkin
In the continuation of the 18th century, new Russian literature
developed that scientific rich language with which we
we have now; language is flexible and powerful, capable of expressing
and the most abstract ideas of German metaphysics
and the light, sparkling play of French wit.
A. I. Herzen
May there be honor and glory to our language, which is in
its own native wealth, almost without any foreign
impurity, flows like a proud, majestic river - makes noise,
thunders - and suddenly, if necessary, softens, murmurs softly
stream and sweetly flows into the soul, forming everything
measures that consist only in the fall and rise
human voice!
N. M. Karamzin
Nothing is so ordinary for us, nothing is so simple
it seems like our speech, but in its essence there is nothing so
It is amazing, as wonderful as our speech.
A. N. Radishchev
We have been given possession of the richest, most accurate, powerful
and the truly magical Russian language.
K. G. Paustovsky
The Russian language opens up to the end in its truly
magical properties and wealth only to those who
loves and knows his people “to the bone” and feels the innermost
the beauty of our land.
K. G. Paustovsky
There is one significant fact: we are on our
in a still unsettled and young language we can convey
the deepest forms of spirit and thought of European languages.
F. M. Dostoevsky
The natural wealth of the Russian language and speech is so great,
that without further ado, listening to time with my heart,
in close communication with the common man and with the volume of Pushkin
in your pocket you can become an excellent writer.
M. M. Prishvin
The Russian language, as far as I can judge about it, is
the richest of all European dialects and it seems
deliberately created to express the subtlest shades.
Gifted with wonderful conciseness, united with clarity,
he is content with one word to convey thoughts,
when another language would require whole
phrases.
P. Merimee
Our speech is predominantly aphoristic, different
with its compactness and strength.
M. Gorky
The Russian language is inexhaustibly rich and everything is enriched with
amazing speed.
M. Gorky
Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language,—
This is a treasure, this is an asset passed on to us by our predecessors!
Treat this powerful one with respect
a tool.
I. S. Turgenev
Take care of the purity of your language like a shrine! Never
use foreign words. Russian language is so rich
and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us
I. S. Turgenev
Perception of other people's words, and especially without necessity,
there is not enrichment, but corruption of the language.
A. P. Sumarokov
I do not consider foreign words good and suitable,
if only they can be replaced by purely Russian ones or
more Russified. We must take care of our rich and beautiful
tongue from damage.
N. S. Leskov
Use a foreign word when there is an equivalent one
to him the Russian word means to insult and healthy
sense and common taste.
V. G. Belinsky
There is no doubt that there is a desire to replete Russian speech with foreign
words without need, without sufficient reason,
contrary to common sense and common taste; but she
harms neither the Russian language nor Russian literature,
but only to those who are obsessed with it.
V. G. Belinsky
Language is important for a patriot.
N. M. Karamzin
In relation to each person’s own language, one can
absolutely accurately judge not only his cultural
level, but also about its civic value.
K. G. Paustovsky
True love for one's country is unthinkable without love
to your language.
K. G. Paustovsky
Knowledge of the Russian language, a language that fully deserves
study and in itself, as one of the most
the strongest and richest of living languages, and for the sake of
The literature he reveals is no longer such a rarity...
F. Engels
The Russian language must become a world language. It will come
time (and it is just around the corner)—the Russian language will begin
study along all meridians of the globe.
A. N. Tolstoy
Language of Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky
- great and powerful... And we, of course, stand for
so that every resident of Russia has the opportunity to learn
the great Russian language.
V. I. Lenin
Thanks to the Russian language, we, representatives of multilingual
literature, we know each other well. Mutual
enrichment of literary experience comes through the Russian language,
through a Russian book. Publishing a book by any writer of ours
country in Russian means access to the very
to the general reader.
Yu. S. Rytkheu
When analyzing the Second World War, American military historians
We discovered a very interesting fact. Namely, that with a sudden
in a clash with Japanese forces, Americans tended to be much more
made decisions faster and, as a result, even won
superior enemy forces. Having studied this pattern
Scientists have concluded that the average word length of Americans
is 5.2 characters, while the Japanese have 10.8, therefore
it takes 56% less time to issue orders, which in a short time
combat plays an important role.
For the sake of “interest,” they analyzed Russian speech and it turned out that
that the word length in Russian is 7.2 characters per word
(on average), but in critical situations Russian-speaking
the command staff switches to profanity, and the length
words are reduced to (!) 3.2 characters per word. This is due to the fact
that some phrases and even phrases are replaced by ONE word.
For example, the phrase is given: “32nd yo @ no reason for this x @ y” -
"I order the 32nd to immediately destroy the enemy tank,
firing at our positions."
O Russian language!
With what carelessness and easy freedom
You scattered beauty everywhere
I can only compare you with wondrous nature,
Where were you able to catch the magic line?
Russian language is one of the richest languages in the world. This is the language of greatness, emotions, feelings.
The philosopher Ivan Alekseevich Ilyin, speaking at the Pushkin Jubilee in 1837, said about the Russian language: “And our Russia gave us one more gift: this is our marvelous, our mighty, our singing language. It contains all her gifts: the breadth of unlimited possibilities, and the wealth of sounds, and words, and forms; and spontaneity, and clarity, and simplicity, and scope, and guy; both dreaminess and beauty"
“Great, mighty, truthful and free,” I. S. Turgenev characterized the Russian language with these words.
The richness of any language is evidenced by its vocabulary. The vocabulary of the Russian literary language, which has evolved over many centuries, is very rich in the number of words, in the variety of shades of their meanings, and in the subtleties of stylistic coloring. The entire Russian people, their great writers, critics, and scientists participated in the creation of the dictionary of literary language vocabulary. It is known that the seventeen-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language includes 120,480 words. “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl 200,000 thousand. It is impossible to determine with maximum accuracy the number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched.
The reference dictionaries “New Words and Meanings” (edited by N.E. Kotelova), as well as the annual issues of the series “New in Russian Vocabulary: Dictionary Materials” eloquently speak about this. Thus, a dictionary-reference book on materials from the press and literature of the 70s. (1984) contains about 5,500 new words and phrases, as well as words with new meanings that were not included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language published before 1970. “Dictionary Materials-80” (1984) includes more than 2,700 dictionary entries and 1,000 new words with an incomplete description (without interpretations and etymological and word-formative references), found in periodicals from September to December 1980.
But the richness of a language is not judged by the number of words. The Russian language is enriched by polysemantic words, homonyms, antonyms, and synonyms. Paronyms, phraseological units, as well as layers of words representing the history of the development of our language - archaisms, historicisms, neologisms.
And I will focus on some of them.
Multiple meaning words.
The presence of many words in the Russian language not one, but several meanings constitutes the richness of speech, and allows you to use this feature as
means of expression. Here are some examples of polysemantic words: leaf (maple) - leaf (cardboard), deaf (old man) - deaf (wall), goes (man) - goes (film).
Homonyms
Homonyms (from the Greek homos - “same” and omyna - “name”) are words that are pronounced the same, but denote different, unrelated concepts: key (“source”) – key (“to unlock the lock” ) – key (“to the cipher”); scythe ("tool") - scythe ("hair") - spit ("view of a shallow or peninsula").
There are different types of homonyms. Homonyms are words that sound the same but are spelled differently: labor - tinder, onion - meadow.
Homonyms include words that sound different but are spelled the same: flour - flour, soar - soar, castle - castle.
Sometimes ambiguity arises due to homonymy:
Visit the bottom of science. (Science Day or Science Bottom?)
Everything will be ready by evening. (Evening hours or evening performance?)
Paronyms
Paronyms (from the Greek para - “about” and onyma - “name”) are words, in most cases the same root, similar in sound, but having different meanings: addresser - “sender” - addressee - “recipient”; emigrant – “leaving the country” – immigrant – “entering”.
Paronyms are the words methodical - methodological - methodological, the meaning of each of these words is determined by the primitive word in the process of word formation (methodicality - methodology - methodology). So, we say methodical attack - “strictly consistent, according to plan”, methodological manual - “done according to the method”, methodological analysis - “a set of research techniques”.
Paronyms are the words diplomatic and diplomatic. Diplomatic can be something that relates to diplomacy (diplomatic mail); diplomatic - something correct, consistent with etiquette (diplomatic behavior of the parties).
A typical speech error is the confusion of the paronym words present and provide. A certificate of illness of the child is presented to the school, the new teacher is introduced to the class, and the opportunity to take a field trip is provided. The meaning of these paronyms should be determined in this way: present: 1) give, hand over, report something for familiarization, information; 2) show, demonstrate something; provide: 1) give the opportunity to possess, dispose of, use something; 2) to give the opportunity to do something, to entrust someone with the execution of some task.
Mixing paronyms often leads to a distortion of the meaning: Put the step of your foot correctly (instead of: foot); He clicked the ankle of the gate (instead of the latch).
The confusion of paronyms also indicates the speaker’s insufficient speech culture: He put on a sweater (instead of: put on)
Archaisms, historicisms, neologisms.
Archaisms are outdated words that have left the active dictionary and instead of which new ones have appeared, having the same meaning: actor - actor, guilty - obliged, velmi - very, only - only. The following clericalisms sound archaic today: immediately, to enter with a petition, to collect, to take effect, in every possible way, in vain, so that, the above-mentioned, the below-mentioned, is subject to, add, much less, inflict, etc.
The composition of archaisms is unstable and changeable. Words that are included in the commonly used dictionary today may become archaisms tomorrow, and current archaisms may be forgotten tomorrow.
Historicisms are words that corresponded to ideological and everyday concepts and phenomena that are a thing of the past. These include the names of positions, occupations, and titles that no longer exist: boyar, mayor, policeman, overseer, leader of the nobility. It is impossible to replace these historicisms with modern words, since today the corresponding concepts no longer exist.
Words that appeared in the Russian language during the Soviet era became historicisms: surplus appropriation, shkrab (school worker), gubnaroobraz (provincial department of public education), NEP, educational program.
Historicisms and archaisms are introduced into speech to give color to a particular era. Thus, when describing the 18th century, you can use archaisms not only, ponezhe, sey, etc., as well as borrowed words that were in active use at that time: victoria, voyage, polites, without any sansu.
Neologisms are words that have recently appeared in a language. They are considered neologisms as long as speakers perceive their novelty.
Neologisms are born throughout the history of the people. Changes in the field of industrial and social relations, discoveries in science and technology, and the emergence of new concepts become the reason for their emergence in the language.
Words such as fax, copier, printer, mobile phone, pager, laptop and many others came into the literary language of the 20th century as neologisms. etc.
The creators of neologisms - terms in science and technology - in our time are scientists and inventors. Depending on the conditions of creation, neologisms are divided into two groups. The appearance of some is in no way connected with the name of the creator, while others, on the contrary, are introduced into use by famous people. No one can say who once coined the words: collective farm, Komsomol, five-year plan. But the authorship of the creators of the following words is fixed: constellation, full moon, attraction - M.V. Lomonosov; public, public, humane - N.M. Karamzin; concept – A.D. Cantemir; fade away - F.M. Dostoevsky; bungler – M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin; citizen - A.N. Radishchev.
Comparing the Russian language with other common languages of the world, such as laconic English or abrupt German, we involuntarily note the wealth of epithets, intricate phrases, subtle shades and other signs of true greatness and unprecedented diversity.
The Russian language has a huge vocabulary. The richness of the Russian language allows not only to accurately name this or that object, its signs, various actions, but also to express the most diverse shades of meaning, to show how the speaker evaluates the subject of speech. Thus, the concept of an expert in his field can be conveyed in the following words; “master, craftsman, virtuoso, artist, artist, specialist.” One can also say about a faithful friend with the words “reliable, devoted, constant, ready for fire and water.”
And how many words are there in the Russian language to denote the action “laugh”! If a person laughs quietly or on the sly, then they say he giggled, if suddenly he snorted, burst out laughing (colloquial), if loudly he laughed, laughed, burst into (or burst into) laughter, cackled (colloquial).
And here are the words the writer L. Kassil found and used in his story “Beijing Boots”. “Soon everyone was laughing: the boy in the elevator was laughing, the maid was giggling, the waiters were smiling in the restaurant, the fat hotel cook was quacking, the cooks were squealing, the doorman was grunting, the bellboys were fighting, the hotel owner himself was grinning.” These words are synonyms (9 words, 9 different shades and not a single repetition). Synonyms make speech varied, bright, colorful. Another example can be given: synonyms for the word “speak” - express. To express oneself, to pour out, to sing like a nightingale, to pronounce, to grind, to carry, to weave - differing in shades of meaning and scope of application, help to express a thought figuratively and at the same time avoid the monotony of repetition of words. Knowledge of synonyms is necessary in order to be able to express your thought most accurately, with all the necessary shades, choosing the desired word from a number of others that are similar in meaning.
The richness of speech is evidenced by the presence of proverbs and sayings in the language:
Russian proverbs and sayings are expressive - a treasury of wisdom:
Happiness will come and find it on the stove.
Don't be hasty with your tongue, be quick with your actions.
What goes around comes around.
Language opens the mind.
The appropriate use of proverbs and sayings enlivens speech.
The Russian language stands out among other languages for its amazing richness and word formation of morphemes - suffixes, prefixes. Prefixes and suffixes can change the meanings of words and give them the most subtle meanings, for example, run - come running, run across, run away. Run away, run out;
Boy - boy, little boy, little boy.
Shades of this thought can be expressed in both simple and complex sentences:
The snow melted from the fields and revealed the floating earth.
The snow melted from the fields, revealing the floating earth.
The snow melted from the fields, and the floating earth was exposed.
The snow melted from the fields and the floating earth was exposed.
Phraseologisms.
The wealth of the Russian language consists of phraseological units, that is, stable combinations with a non-free meaning of each word. The meaning of a phraseological unit is not the sum of the meanings of the words included in it, but something whole. For example, the phrase eat a dog means “to be experienced, sophisticated in some matters” and, of course, has nothing to do with the meaning of individual words - the dog has nothing to eat. The expression "sleeveless" means "somehow" (compare it with the expression he tried on a suit, lowering the sleeves of his shirt, where the words "lowered" and "sleeves" have a direct, independent meaning).
The origin of phraseological phrases cannot always be easily established.
Sleeves down and sleeves rolled up.
These expressions originated in those distant times when Russians wore clothes with very long sleeves: for men they reached 95 cm, and for women they were 40 cm longer. Try to work in clothes with such sleeves, it will be uncomfortable, it will turn out bad. To get things done, you had to roll up your sleeves. The people noticed this and began to talk about people who did something lazily, reluctantly, slowly, that they worked carelessly. About a competitive, skillful worker and now saying that he works with his sleeves rolled up, although the sleeves may be so short that there is no need to roll them up.
Based on their origin, phraseological phrases can be divided into the following groups:
1) proverbs and sayings: fall through the stump; pound water in a mortar; no stake, no yard; You can’t spoil porridge with butter; in the bag; to slurp jelly seven miles away; one swallow does not make spring; don’t put your finger in your mouth, etc.;
2) biblical expressions: throwing pearls before swine; not of this world; give a stone instead of bread; the left hand does not know what the right hand is doing; an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth; cherish as the apple of your eye, etc.;
3) mythological expressions: Sisyphean labor; flour of Tantalus; Augean stables; Ariadne's thread; Procrustean bed; Achilles' heel; sword of Damocles; reap laurels; Pyrrhic victory, etc.;
4) phraseological units of professional origin: to beat the buck; bring to white heat; play first violin; not a hitch; take fire; pull the gimp;
Idioms
The most stable phrases, indecomposable into their constituent elements and literally untranslatable into other languages, are called idioms. In such idiomatic expressions as look through your fingers, lead by the nose, don’t lose face in the mud, bring them to clean water, wash your hand with your hand, let your head be cut off, break into an open door, etc., the meaning of individual components completely ceases to be felt outside the whole . When translated into another language, the components of an idiomatic expression are completely freely replaced by others. For example, the Russian from the fire and into the fire corresponds to the German from the rain and into the downpour; for the German it will strike like a pistol shot - for the Russian it will hit you out of the blue; the Latin soul went to his feet - the German heart fell into his trousers, and the Russian - his soul went to his heels.
It is not difficult to notice that idiomatic expressions convey the idea very figuratively: putting your teeth on a shelf is an expression more vivid than starving, but there is no face on her - more than she has changed from fright.
The phraseology of the Russian language is a unique phenomenon; it clearly reflects the originality of the language and its national specificity. Phraseology contains rich synonymous possibilities: phraseological units
a) synonymous with certain literary words: nod off - doze off; pout your lips - be offended;
b) form a number of synonyms that differ in shades of meaning: work with sleeves rolled up - by the sweat of your brow - tirelessly;
c) form a number of stylistic synonyms: order to live long - throw back your legs.
Variety of intonation is also an important component of the richness of a language. Intonation expresses specific emotions and distinguishes between types of statements:
question, exclamation, motivation, narration; Intonation can characterize the speaker, the conditions and situation of communication, it has an aesthetic effect on the listener. Components of intonation: melody, logical stress, volume, tempo of speech, pauses. All intonation means of language make speech rich, give it brightness and expressiveness. It is clear that the intonation pattern, which diversifies speech, is especially significant in oral speech. However, in written speech, intonation is reproduced graphically, for example, by underlining, highlighting, changing the font and contributes to understanding the meaning of the text.
There are many words in the Russian language that have expression. Conveying the positive and negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech, they also introduce variety and indicate the individuality of the speaker’s choice. For example, generous, charming, magical, perfect, graceful - these words contain positive expression. An arrogant person, a bungler, a liar, a klutz, an ignoramus are characterized by negative expression.
Russian writers, masters of words, those who appreciate not only the meaning of words, but their sound, its expressive capabilities, admired the Russian language, noted different aspects, features, originality. So N.V. Gogol wrote with delight that in the Russian language “all the tones and shades, all the transitions of sounds from the hardest to the most gentle and soft; it is limitless and can, alive as life, be enriched every minute...” As if continuing the words of N.V. Gogol, critic V.G. Belinsky noted: “The Russian language is extremely rich, flexible and picturesque...”.
The classic of French literature Prosper Merimee, who studied the Russian language, wrote: “Rich, sonorous, lively, distinguished by the flexibility of stress and infinitely varied in onomatopoeia, capable of conveying the finest shades, endowed like Greek. With almost limitless creative thought, the Russian language seems to us created for poetry."
Enjoying the classic literary works of famous Russian authors, each time we find answers to many questions and topics that touch to the depths of our souls, since their mastery is truly amazing and makes us realize the true versatility and amazing harmony of the Russian language.
References:
1. V.A. Artyomov, Essay on the psychology of speech. – M., 1954
2. O.M. Kazartseva, Culture of speech communication. – M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2001,
3. A.V. Kalinin, Vocabulary of the Russian language. Moscow University Publishing House, 1978
4. D.E. Rosenthal, I.B. Golub, M.A. Telenkova, Modern Russian language. – M.: Rolf, 2002.
5. N.S. Valgina, Active processes in modern Russian language. – M.: Logos, 2003.
6. L .IN. Shcherba, Language system and speech activity. L., 1974