There are internal biological clocks that also affect the state of the body. When a person experiences a surge of energy, the internal organs interact with each other. Excitation stops after 24 hours. Of this long period, a person is in a state of full activity for only two hours. This short stage is accompanied by massive amounts of energy in the body, as well as a surge of energy.
Experts distinguish three groups of biorhythms, depending on their frequency.
- High-frequency rhythms with a period of no more than 30 minutes. These include the biorhythms of breathing, brain, intestines;
- Medium frequency rhythms with a period from 40 minutes to 7 days. This group includes changes in temperature, pressure, blood circulation;
- Low-frequency rhythms with a period from 10 days to several months.
Activity of human organs
Each organ in a person is a separate full-fledged unit, the state depends on the change of day and night. All organs are active at different times:
- liver – from 1 to 3 am;
- circulatory system - from 19 to 21 pm;
- stomach – from 7 to 9 am;
- heart – from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.;
- kidneys - from 17 to 19 pm;
- genitals - from 19 to 21 hours;
- bladder - from 15 to 17 hours of the day.
The functioning of all circulatory organs changes throughout the day. At about 1 pm and 9 pm their work slows down significantly. It is better not to exercise during this time. There is also a rhythm in the digestive system. In the morning, the stomach is cleansed and needs a large amount. In the evening, the activity of the stomach and kidneys increases. In slow mode, the digestive organs function from 2 to 5 am. In order not to disturb the rhythms of the digestive system, you should monitor your diet and observe the timing of meals and their quantity. The first part of the day should receive a sufficient amount of protein and fatty foods. In the evening, eat foods rich in carbohydrates.
Throughout the day, indicators such as body temperature, weight, blood pressure and breathing also change. The highest temperature and pressure are observed between 6 and 7 pm. The maximum body weight is usually at 8 pm, and the maximum breathing volume is at 1 pm. Low body temperature affects the slowdown of all processes in the body, and human life during this period is extended. When a person is sick, his temperature increases and the clock goes by much faster.
It is best to exercise between 10:00 and 12:00 or 16:00 and 18:00. At this time, the body is full of energy and strength. Mental activity at this time is the same. Creative inspiration is observed from 12 to 1 am. The highest levels of activity in the human body occur at 5-6 am. Many people get up to work at this time, and rightly so. In medical institutions they say that a woman’s birth at this time is painless and calm.
Biorhythms during sleep
Since childhood, parents always teach their children to go to bed from 21 to 23 hours. At this time, all vital processes slow down, and a loss of strength occurs. If you were unable to fall asleep at this time, then doing so will be even more problematic, because the closer to 24 hours, the more activity increases. This is especially useful for people with insomnia to know. If you can’t go to bed at 9 pm, then at least try to do it at the same time. Healthy sleep should last 8 hours. The critical period is 4-5 hours of sleep; this is vital for any organism. A normal healthy person should fall asleep within 10-15 minutes.
It is difficult to sleep on an empty stomach, so you can organize a small second dinner, for example, eat an apple, yogurt or drink a glass of kefir. The main thing is not to overeat. Many people know that nightmares are directly related to a person’s condition and health. Poor sleep can be caused by cardiovascular diseases. Before going to bed, you should thoroughly ventilate the room, because in most cases a person snores due to lack of oxygen. Many people do not remember their dreams, this is a positive characteristic, since the body was completely relaxed and the memory function did not work.
In order for all processes in the body to work correctly, follow a daily routine. The best start to the day will be 6 am. A contrast shower and a little warm-up will invigorate you and help you wake up. At 7-8 o'clock in the morning the amount of active substances increases. Allergy sufferers should be careful during this time. Under no circumstances should you drink alcohol; during this period the body is simply not ready for it. The healthiest breakfast will be between 7 and 9 am.
You can have breakfast at work, as long as the food is not too heavy. Anti-cellulite procedures are best done from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. At this time you will achieve the greatest effect and results. Minimum skin sensitivity at 9 am, so facial and body skin care will be of little use.
From 9 to 10 pm a person is most active; he easily solves all kinds of mental problems. Lunch should be from 13 to 14 o'clock in the afternoon, since at this time the largest amount of gastric juice is released. The body is vulnerable from 13 to 17 hours. The working day must end between 18:00 and 19:00.
It is rightly said that you cannot eat after 6 pm, because at this time the digestive processes slow down significantly. You can’t eat at a late time, since the body must rest and not digest the food, and besides, it still won’t be able to be completely digested. A useful fact for students and schoolchildren is that memory works best from 9 to 10 pm.
The biological clock
A person himself can build his own biological clock; all he has to do is give up bad habits and monitor his life activities. Work, sleep, rest and meals should be at the same time every day. Bad habits and poor sleep disrupt all biorhythms, disrupting the body’s vital functions. Always work in good light, preferably daylight. During the day, a person should always receive a sufficient amount of thermal radiation.
Experts have proven that a person’s level of health is much higher if he follows biological rhythms.
Many people associate the rhythm with the waltz. And indeed, its melody is a harmonious series of sounds placed in a certain order. But the essence of rhythm is much broader than music. These are sunrises and sunsets, winters and springs, and magnetic storms - any phenomenon and any process that repeats periodically. The rhythms of life, or, as they also say, biorhythms, are repeating processes in living matter. Have they always been there? Who invented them? How are they related to each other and what can they influence? Why does nature need them at all? Maybe the rhythms of life only get in the way, creating unnecessary frameworks and preventing you from developing freely? Let's try to figure it out.
Where do biorhythms come from?
This question is consonant with the question of how our world came into being. The answer may be this: nature itself created biorhythms. Think about it: all natural processes in it, regardless of their scale, are cyclical. Periodically, some stars are born and others die, activity on the Sun increases and decreases, year after year one season gives way to another, morning is followed by day, then evening, night, and then morning again. These are the rhythms of life known to all of us, in proportion to which life on Earth exists, and the Earth itself too. Subject to the biorhythms created by nature, people, animals, birds, plants, amoebas and slipper ciliates live, even the cells from which we all consist. The very interesting science of biorhythmology is engaged in the study of the conditions for the occurrence, nature and significance of biorhythms for all living beings on the planet. It is a separate branch of another science - chronobiology, which studies not only rhythmic processes in living organisms, but also their connection with the rhythms of the Sun, Moon, and other planets.
Why are biorhythms needed?
The essence of biorhythms is the stability of the occurrence of phenomena or processes. Stability, in turn, helps living organisms adapt to their environment, develop their own life programs that allow them to produce healthy offspring and continue their lineage. It turns out that the rhythms of life are the mechanism by which life on the planet exists and develops. An example of this is the ability of many flowers to open at certain times. Based on this phenomenon, Carl Linnaeus even created the world's first flower clock without hands or dial. Flowers showed time in them. As it turned out, this feature is associated with pollination.
Each flower, which opens by the clock, has its own specific pollinator, and it is for him that it releases nectar at the appointed hour. The insect seems to know (thanks to the biorhythms that have developed in its body) when and where it needs to go for food. As a result, the flower does not waste energy on producing nectar when there is no consumer for it, and the insect does not waste energy on unnecessary searches for the necessary food.
What other examples are there of the usefulness of biorhythms? Seasonal migrations of birds, migrations of fish for spawning, search for a sexual partner at a certain period in order to have time to give birth and raise offspring.
The importance of biorhythms for humans
There are dozens of examples of wise patterns between biorhythms and the existence of living organisms. Thus, the correct rhythm of a person’s life is subject to a daily routine that is unloved by many. Some of us hate eating or going to bed at certain hours, but our organs are much better off if we follow a cyclical schedule. For example, the stomach, having become accustomed to the schedule of food intake, will by this time produce gastric juice, which will begin to digest food, and not the walls of the stomach itself, rewarding us with an ulcer. The same applies to rest. If you do it at approximately the same time, the body will develop a tendency at such hours to slow down the work of many systems and restore the expended strength. By throwing the body off schedule, you can provoke unpleasant conditions and develop serious illnesses, from bad mood to headaches, from nervous breakdown to heart failure. The simplest example of this is the feeling of weakness throughout the body that occurs after a sleepless night.
Physiological biorhythms
There are so many rhythms of life that they decided to systematize them, dividing them into two main categories - physiological rhythms of life of organisms and environmental ones. Physiological ones include cyclic reactions in the cells that make up organs, the beating of the heart (pulse), and the breathing process. The duration of physiological biorhythms is very short, up to only a few minutes, and there are also those that last only a fraction of a second. For each individual they are their own, regardless of membership in the population or family ties. That is, even for twins they can be different. A characteristic feature of physiological biorhythms is their high dependence on a number of factors. Phenomena in the environment, the emotional and psychological state of an individual, diseases, any little thing can cause a disruption in one or several physiological biorhythms.
Ecological biorhythms
This category includes rhythms that have the duration of natural cyclic processes, so they can be both short and long. For example, a day lasts 24 hours, and the period is extended for 11 years! Ecological biorhythms exist on their own and depend only on very large-scale phenomena. For example, it is believed that days were once shorter because the Earth rotated faster. The stability of environmental biorhythms (length of day, seasons of the year, associated illumination, temperature, humidity and other environmental parameters) during the process of evolution was fixed in the genes of all living organisms, including humans. If you artificially create a new rhythm of life, for example, changing the places of day and night, organisms do not rebuild immediately. This was confirmed by experiments with flowers that were placed in pitch darkness for a long time. For some time, without seeing the light, they continued to open in the morning and close in the evening. It has been experimentally proven that changes in biorhythms have a pathological effect on vital functions. For example, many people with the change of clocks to summer and winter time have problems with blood pressure, nerves, and heart.
Another classification
The German doctor and physiologist J. Aschoff proposed separating the rhythms of life, focusing on the following criteria:
Temporal characteristics, such as periods;
Biological structures (population);
Rhythm functions, such as ovulation;
A type of process that generates a specific rhythm.
Following this classification, biorhythms are distinguished:
Infradian (last more than a day, for example, hibernation of some animals, the menstrual cycle);
Lunar (phases of the moon that greatly influence all living things, for example, during the new moon the number of heart attacks, crimes, car accidents increases);
Ultradian (lasting less than a day, for example, concentration, drowsiness);
Circadian (lasting about a day). As it turned out, the period of circadian rhythms is not related to external conditions and is genetically determined in living organisms, that is, it is innate. Circadian rhythms include the daily content of plasma, glucose or potassium in the blood of living beings, the activity of growth hormones, the functions of hundreds of substances in tissues (in humans and animals - in urine, saliva, sweat, in plants - in leaves, stems, flowers) . It is on this basis that herbalists advise harvesting this or that plant at strictly certain hours. In us humans, more than 500 processes with circadian dynamics have been identified.
Chronomedicine
This is the name of a new field in medicine that pays close attention to circadian biorhythms. There are already dozens of discoveries in chronomedicine. It has been established that many human pathological conditions follow a strictly defined rhythm. For example, strokes and heart attacks most often occur in the morning, from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m., and from 9 p.m. to 12 a.m. their occurrence is minimal, the pain is more intense from 3 a.m. to 8 a.m., hepatic colic more actively causes suffering at about one a.m., and hypertension The crisis becomes more pronounced around midnight.
Based on discoveries in chronomedicine, chronotherapy emerged, which deals with the development of drug regimens during periods of their maximum impact on the diseased organ. For example, the duration of action of antihistamines taken in the morning lasts almost 17 hours, and those taken in the evening last only 9 hours. It is logical that diagnoses are made in a new way using chronodiagnostics.
Biorhythms and chronotypes
Thanks to the efforts of chronomedics, a more serious attitude has emerged towards dividing people according to their chronotypes into owls, larks and pigeons. Owls, with a constant rhythm of life that is not artificially changed, as a rule, wake up themselves around 11 o’clock in the morning. Their activity begins to appear from 2 o'clock in the afternoon; at night they can easily stay awake almost until the morning.
Larks easily get up without being woken up at 6 am. At the same time, they feel great. Their activity is noticeable until about one o'clock in the afternoon, then the larks need rest, after which they are again able to do business until about 6-7 o'clock in the evening. Forced wakefulness after 9-10 pm is difficult for these people to endure.
Pigeons are an intermediate chronotype. They easily wake up a little later than larks and a little earlier than owls; they can actively do business all day, but must go to bed around 11 pm.
If owls are forced to work from dawn, and larks are assigned to the night shift, these people will begin to get seriously ill, and the enterprise will incur losses due to the weak working ability of such workers. Therefore, many managers try to set work schedules according to the biorhythms of their employees.
We and modernity
Our great-great-grandfathers lived a more measured life. The sunrise and sunset served as clocks, and seasonal natural processes served as a calendar. The modern rhythm of life dictates completely different conditions for us, regardless of our chronotype. Technological progress, as we know, does not stand still, constantly changes many processes to which our body barely has time to adapt. Hundreds of drugs are also being created that significantly affect the biorhythms of living organisms, for example, the timing of fruit ripening and the number of individuals in populations. Moreover, we are trying to correct the biorhythms of the Earth itself and even other planets, conducting experiments with magnetic fields, changing the climate as we please. This leads to chaos in our biorhythms that have been formed over the years. Science is still looking for answers to how all this will affect the future of humanity.
The frantic pace of life
While the impact of changes in biorhythms on civilization as a whole is still being studied, the impact of these changes on a specific person is already more or less clear. The current life is such that you need to have time to do dozens of things in order to be successful and implement your projects.
He is not even dependent, but in bondage to his daily plans and responsibilities, especially women. They need to be able to allocate time for family, home, work, study, for their health and self-improvement, and so on, although they still have the same 24 hours in a day. Many of us live in fear that if they don't make it, others will take their place and they will be left behind. So they set themselves a frantic rhythm of life, when they have to do a lot on the go, fly, run. This does not lead to success, but to depression, nervous breakdowns, stress, and diseases of the internal organs. In the frantic pace of life, many simply do not feel pleasure from it, do not receive joy.
In some countries, an alternative to the crazy race for happiness has become the new “Slow Living” movement, whose supporters try to derive joy not from an endless string of activities and events, but from living each of them with maximum pleasure. For example, they love to just walk down the street, just look at flowers or listen to birds singing. They are sure that the fast pace of life has nothing to do with happiness, despite the fact that it helps to get more material benefits and climb higher up the career ladder.
Pseudotheories about biorhythm
Soothsayers and oracles have long been interested in such an important phenomenon as biorhythms. By creating their theories and systems, they try to connect the life of each person and his future with numerology, the movement of planets, and various signs. At the end of the last century, the theory of “three rhythms” rose to the peak of popularity. For every person, the trigger mechanism is supposedly the moment of birth. At the same time, physiological, emotional and intellectual rhythms of life arise, which have their peaks of activity and decline. Their periods were 23, 28 and 33 days, respectively. Proponents of the theory drew three sinusoids of these rhythms, superimposed on one coordinate grid. At the same time, days on which the intersection of two or three sinusoids fell, the so-called zero zones, were considered very unfavorable. Experimental studies have completely refuted this theory, proving that people have very different periods of their activity biorhythms.
Any biological phenomenon, any physiological reaction is of a periodic nature, since living organisms, living for many millions of years in conditions of rhythmic changes in the geophysical parameters of the environment, have also developed ways of adapting to them.
Rhythm- a fundamental characteristic of the functioning of a living organism - is directly related to the mechanisms of feedback, self-regulation and adaptation, and the coordination of rhythmic cycles is achieved thanks to an important feature of oscillatory processes - the desire for synchronization. The main purpose of rhythm is to maintain the homeostasis of the body when environmental factors change. In this case, homeostasis is understood not as the static stability of the internal environment, but as a dynamic rhythmic process - rhythmostasis, or homeokinesis.
The body’s own rhythms are not autonomous, but are associated with the rhythmic processes of the external environment: the change of day and night, annual seasons, etc.
External time setters
There is no uniformity in the terminology characterizing external factors and the internal fluctuations generated by them. For example, there are names “external and internal time sensors”, “time setters”, “internal biological clocks”, “generators of internal oscillations” - “internal oscillators”.
Biological rhythm - periodic repetition of some process in a biological system at more or less regular intervals. Biorhythm is not just repeating, but also a self-sustaining and self-reproducing process. Biological rhythms are characterized by period, frequency, phase and amplitude of oscillations.
Period is the time between two points of the same name in a wave-like changing process, i.e. the duration of one cycle until the first repetition.
Frequency. Rhythms can also be characterized by frequency - the number of cycles occurring per unit of time. The frequency of rhythms can be determined by the frequency of periodic processes occurring in the external environment.
Amplitude is the greatest deviation of the studied indicator in any direction from the average. The amplitude is sometimes expressed through the mesor, i.e. as a percentage of the average value of all its values obtained during rhythm registration. Double the amplitude is equal to the amplitude of the oscillations.
Phase. The term "phase" refers to any distinct part of a cycle. Most often this term is used to describe the connection of one rhythm with another. For example, the peak of activity in some animals coincides in phase with the dark period of the light-dark cycle, in others - with the light period. If the two selected time periods do not coincide, then the term phase difference is introduced, expressed in the corresponding fractions of the period. Being ahead or behind in phase means that an event occurred earlier or later than expected. The phase is expressed in degrees. For example, if the maximum of one rhythm corresponds to the minimum of another, then the phase difference between them is 180?.
Acrophase is the point in time in the period when the maximum value of the studied indicator is noted. When recording acrophase (batiphase) over several cycles, it was noted that the time of its onset varies within certain limits, and this time is identified as a zone of phase wandering. The size of the phase wander zone is probably related to the period (frequency) of the rhythm. The frequency and phase of biorhythms are influenced not only by the frequency and phase of the external oscillatory process, but also by its level.
Exists circadian rule: Diurnal organisms are characterized by a positive correlation between illumination and circadian rhythm frequency, while nocturnal organisms are characterized by a negative correlation.
Classifications of biorhythms
The classification of rhythms depends on the selected criteria: according to their own characteristics, according to the functions they perform, the type of process that generates the oscillations, as well as according to the biosystem in which cyclicity is observed.
The range of possible rhythms of life covers a wide range of time scales - from the wave properties of elementary particles
(microrhythms) to global cycles of the biosphere (macro- and megarhythms). The limits of their duration range from many years to milliseconds, the grouping is hierarchical, but the boundaries between groups are in most cases arbitrary. The upper limit of mid-frequency rhythms is set at 28 hours to 3 seconds. Periods from 28 hours to 7 days are either classified as a single group of mesorhythms, or some of them (up to 3 days) are included in mid-frequency ones, and from 4 days - in low-frequency ones.
Rhythms are divided according to the following criteria (Yu. Ashoff,
1984):
According to its own characteristics (for example, by period);
By biological system (for example, population);
According to the nature of the process that generates rhythm;
According to the function that rhythm performs.
A classification based on the structural and functional levels of life organization is proposed:
Rhythms of the molecular level with a period of the second-minute range;
Cellular - from circa-hourly to circa-annual; organismal - from circadian to perennial;
Population-species - from perennial to rhythms lasting tens, hundreds and thousands of years;
Biogeocenotic - from hundreds of thousands to millions of years;
Biosphere rhythms - with a period of hundreds of millions of years.
The most popular classification of biological rhythms is F. Halberg and A. Reinberg (1967) (Fig. 4.1).
SEPARATE RHYTHMS
In living nature, the most clearly expressed rhythms are those with a period of about 24 hours - circadian (lat. circa- near, dies- day). Later prefix "circa" began to be used for other endogenous rhythms,
Rice. 4-1.Classification of biorhythms (F. Halberg, A. Reinberg)
corresponding to the cycles of the external environment: near-tidal, near-lunar, perennial (circatidal, circalunar, circannual). Rhythms with a period shorter than the circadian are defined as ultradian, while those with a longer period are infradian. Among the infradian rhythms, circaseptidian with a period (7–3 days), circavigentidian (21–3 days), circatrigentidian (30–5 days) and circannual (1 year–2 months) are distinguished.
Ultradian rhythmics
If the biological rhythms of this range are arranged in order of decreasing frequency, then a range from multi-hertz to multi-hour oscillations is obtained. Nerve impulses have the highest frequency (60-100 Hz), followed by EEG oscillations with a frequency from 0.5 to 70 Hz.
Decasecond rhythms were recorded in brain biopotentials. This range also includes fluctuations in pulse, respiration, and intestinal motility. Minute rhythms characterize the psychological and emotional state of a person: the bioelectrical activity of muscles, heart rate and respiration, the amplitude and frequency of movements change on average every 55 s.
Decaminute (90 min) rhythms were discovered in the brain mechanisms of night sleep, which were called slow- and fast-wave (or paradoxical) phases, while dreams and involuntary eye movements occur in the second phase. The same rhythm was subsequently discovered in ultra-slow fluctuations in the biopotentials of the waking brain, associated with the temporal dynamics of attention and operator vigilance.
Circular rhythms were found not only at the systemic level, but also at lower hierarchical levels. Many phenomena occurring at the cellular level have this rhythm: protein synthesis, changes in cell size and mass, enzymatic activity, cell membrane permeability, secretion, electrical activity.
Circadian oscillations
The circadian system is the basis through which the integrative activity and regulatory role of the neuroendocrine system manifests itself, carrying out the precise and subtle adaptation of the body to constantly changing environmental conditions.
Circadian periodicity was found in integral vital signs.
Performance at night decreases, and the time required to complete a task, both in the light and in the dark, is longer at night than during the day under the same conditions.
Training in the early morning hours has slightly less effect than in the middle of the day.
Students’ performance is highest in the pre-lunch hours, by 2 p.m. there is a significant decrease, the second rise occurs at 4-5 p.m., then a new decline is observed.
Daily periodicity is characteristic not only of GNI, but also of the underlying hierarchical systems of the body.
24-hour changes in cerebral and cardiac hemodynamics and orthostatic stability were recorded.
A daily rhythm of the conjugation of the phases of the cardiac cycle and respiration has been revealed.
The literature contains data on a nighttime decrease in pulmonary ventilation and oxygen consumption, a drop in minute volume of respiration (MVR) in young, mature and middle-aged individuals.
Circadian rhythm is also inherent in the functions of the digestive system, in particular, salivation, secretory activity of the pancreas, synthetic function of the liver, and gastric motility. It has been established that the highest rate of acid secretion with gastric juice is observed in the evening, and the lowest in the morning.
At the level of biochemical individuality, daily cyclicity is open for some substances.
Concentration of macro- and microelements: phosphorus, zinc, manganese, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and chlorine in human blood, as well as iron in blood serum.
Total content of amino acids and neurotransmitters.
Basal metabolism and the associated level of thyroid-stimulating hormone of the pituitary gland and thyroid hormones.
Sex hormone system: testosterone, androsterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin.
Hormones of the neuroendocrine stress regulation system - ACTH, cortisol, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, which accompanies
is caused by cyclical changes in glucose and insulin levels. A similar rhythmicity is known for melatonin.
Infradian rhythms
Biorhythmologists have described not only daily, but also multi-day (about a week, about a month) rhythms, covering all hierarchical levels of the body.
In the literature there is an analysis of the fine spectrum of fluctuations (with periods of 3, 6, 9-10, 15-18, 23-24 and 28-32 days) of heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle strength.
The rhythm of 5-7 days is recorded in the dynamics of the intensity of energy metabolism, mass and temperature of the human body.
Fluctuations in the results of clinical tests of the content of red blood cells and leukocytes in the blood are well known. In men, the number of neutrophils in venous blood changes over a period of 14 to 23 days.
Among the rhythms of this range, the most studied are the monthly (lunar) cycles. It has been established that during the full moon, the number of cases of postoperative bleeding is 82% higher than at other times; during the lunar phases, the incidence of myocardial infarction increases.
Circannual rhythms
In the body of animals and humans, oscillations of various physiological processes have been discovered, the period of which is equal to one year - perennial (circannual) or seasonal rhythms. Circannual periodicity has been determined for the excitability of the nervous system, hemodynamic parameters, heat production, response to acute cold stress, the content of sex and other hormones, neurotransmitters, child growth, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BIORHYTHMS
When studying periodic phenomena in living systems, it is important to find out whether the rhythm observed in a biological system reflects a reaction to a periodic influence external to this system (exogenous rhythm imposed by the pacemaker) or whether the rhythm is generated within the system itself (endogenous rhythm), finally whether there is a combination of an exogenous rhythm and an endogenous rhythm generator.
Pacemakers and functions
External pacemakers can be simple or complex.
Simple:
Serving food at the same time, which causes simple reactions limited mainly to involvement in the activity of the digestive system;
The change of light and darkness is also a relatively simple pacemaker, but it involves not only sleep or wakefulness (i.e. one system), but the entire organism in activity.
Difficult:
The change of seasons, leading to long-term specific changes in the state of the body, in particular, its reactivity, resistance to various factors: the level of metabolism, the direction of metabolic reactions, endocrine changes;
Periodic fluctuations in solar activity, often causing disguised changes in the body, largely dependent on the initial state.
Relationship between time setters and biorhythms
Our modern ideas about the connection between exogenous time-setters and endogenous rhythms (the idea of a single biological clock, polyoscillatory structure) are shown in Fig. 4-2.
Hypotheses about a single biological clock and the polyoscillatory time structure of the body are quite compatible.
The hypothesis of centralized control of internal oscillatory processes (the presence of a single biological clock) relates primarily to the perception of changes in light and darkness and the transformation of these phenomena into endogenous biorhythms.
Rice. 4-2.Mechanisms of interaction of the body with external time setters
Multioscillatory model of biorhythms. It is assumed that in a multicellular organism a main pacemaker can function, imposing its rhythm on all other systems. The existence (along with the central pacemaker) of secondary oscillators, which also have pacemaker properties, but are hierarchically subordinate to the leader, cannot be ruled out. According to one version of this hypothesis, disparate oscillators can function in the body, which form separate groups that work independently of each other.
MECHANISMS OF RHYTHMOGENESIS
There are several points of view on the mechanisms of rhythmogenesis. It is possible that the source of circadian rhythm is cyclic changes in ATP in the cytoplasm of cells or cycles of metabolic reactions. It is possible that the rhythms of the body determine biophysical effects, namely the influence of:
Gravitational field;
Cosmic rays;
Electromagnetic fields (including the Earth's magnetic field);
Atmospheric ionization, etc.
Rhythms of mental activity
Not only biological and physiological processes, but also the dynamics of mental activity, including emotional states, are subject to regular fluctuations. For example, it has been established that the waking consciousness of a person has a wave nature. Psychological rhythms can be systematized in the same ranges as biological ones.
Ultradian rhythms manifest themselves in fluctuations in perception thresholds, time of motor and associative reactions, and attention. The correspondence of bio- and psychorhythms in the human body ensures the normal functioning of all its organs and systems, so human hearing gives the greatest accuracy in assessing the time interval of 0.5-0.7 s, which is typical for the pace of movements when walking.
Clock rhythms.In the fluctuations of mental processes, in addition to temporary rhythms, so-called clock rhythms were discovered, which depend not on time, but on the sample number: a person cannot always react in the same way to presented stimuli.
If in the previous test the reaction time was short, then next time the body will save energy, which will lead to a decrease in the reaction rate and fluctuations in the value of this indicator from trial to trial. Tactical rhythms are more pronounced in children, and in adults they intensify with a decrease in the functional state of the nervous system. When studying mental fatigue, decasecond or two-minute (0.95-2.3 min) and ten-minute (2.3-19 min) rhythms were identified.
Circadian rhythmscause significant changes in the body’s activity, affecting the mental state and performance of a person. Thus, the electrical sensitivity of the eye changes throughout the day: at 9 a.m. it increases, by 12 p.m. it reaches a maximum and then decreases. Such daily dynamics are inherent not only in mental processes, but also in the psycho-emotional states of the individual. The literature describes the daily rhythms of intellectual performance, subjective readiness for work and the ability to concentrate, short-term memory. Persons with a morning type of performance have a higher level of anxiety and are less resistant to frustrating factors. People of morning and evening types have different thresholds of excitability, a tendency towards extraversion or introversion.
EFFECTS OF CHANGING TIME SETTERS
Biological rhythms are distinguished by great stability; changing the usual rhythms of time-setters does not immediately shift biorhythms and leads to desynchronosis.
Desynchronosis - mismatch of circadian rhythms - a violation of the original architectonics of the body's circadian system. When the synchronization of the body's rhythms and time sensors is disturbed (external desynchronosis), the body enters a stage of anxiety (internal desynchronosis). The essence of internal desynchronosis is a mismatch in the phase of the body's circadian rhythms, which results in various disturbances in its well-being: sleep disorders, loss of appetite, deterioration of well-being, mood, decline in performance, neurotic disorders and even organic diseases (gastritis, peptic ulcer, etc.) . The restructuring of biorhythms is most clearly manifested during rapid movements (air travel) on a global scale.
Long distance travel cause pronounced desynchronosis, the nature and depth of which are determined by: direction, time, duration of the flight; individual characteristics of the body; workload; climatic contrast, etc. Five types of movements are identified (Fig. 4-3).
Rice. 4-3.Chronophysiological classification of types of movement:
1 - transmeridian; 2 - translatitudinal; 3 - diagonal (mixed);
4 - transequatorial; 5 - asynchronous. (V.A. Matyukhin et al., 1999)
Transmeridian movement (1). The main indicator of such movement is the angular velocity of movement, expressed in degrees of longitude. It can be measured by the number of time zones (15?) crossed per day.
If the speed of movement exceeds 0.5 time zones per day, external desynchronosis - the difference in the phases of the actual and expected maximums of the daily curve of physiological functions.
Changing 1-2 time zones does not cause desynchronization (there is a dead zone within which phase desynchronization does not appear). When flying across 1-2 time zones, the flattening of daily fluctuations in physiological functions typical for phase desynchronization is not observed, and the rhythm is gently “delayed” by external time sensors.
As you move further east or west, the phase mismatch increases as a function of time. At different geographic latitudes, the critical angular velocity is achieved at different linear speeds of movement: in subpolar latitudes, even at low speeds corresponding to the speed of a pedestrian, desynchronization cannot be ruled out. Almost all vehicles speed significantly exceeds 0.5 arc-hours per day. The effect of desynchronization of biological rhythms manifests itself in the most pronounced form with this type of movement.
When the speed of movement exceeds three or more time zones per day, external synchronizers are no longer able to “delay” circadian fluctuations in physiological functions and desynchronosis occurs.
Translatitudinal movement (2) - along the meridian, from south to north or from north to south - without causing a phase mismatch of the sensors, gives an effect perceived as a mismatch of the actual and expected amplitudes of the synchronizers. At the same time, the phases of the annual rhythm change, and seasonal desynchronization appears.
The first place in such movements is the discrepancy between the seasonal readiness of physiological systems and the requirements of a different season in a new place. There is no phase mismatch between the rhythms of external sensors and the body’s biorhythms, but their daily amplitudes do not coincide.
The distance of movement, at which climatic conditions and the structure of photoperiodism in a new place begin to cause tension in the mechanisms of maintaining the seasonal rhythm of physiological functions, depends on geographic latitude: an assessment of the width of the insensitivity zone shows that it can vary from 1400 km at the equator to 150 km at a latitude of 80? .
- “Window of chronophysiological insensitivity”, its linear and angular dimensions depend on latitude. The speed, expressed in the number of “windows” crossed per day, will, at equal linear speed, increase in the direction from the equator to the pole to very large values. Narrowing
“windows” as you move north are an important circumstance, indicating increased chronophysiological tension when moving in subpolar latitudes compared to low or middle latitudes.
Moving diagonally (3) implies changes in longitude and latitude, great climatic contrast and significant changes in standard time. These movements are not a simple sum (superposition) of the effects of “horizontal” (1) and “vertical” (2) movement. This is a complex set of chronobiological stimuli, the reaction to which may differ significantly from reactions to each type of desynchronization considered in isolation.
Moving to another hemisphere (4) crossing the equatorial zone. The main influencing factor of such movement is the contrasting change of season, causing deep seasonal desynchronosis, displacement and inversion of the phase of the annual cycle of physiological functions.
The fifth type of movement is the chronoecological regime, in which the oscillatory properties of the environment are sharply weakened or completely absent. Such movements include:
Orbital flights;
Staying in conditions with sharply weakened daily and seasonal synchronizers (submarines, spacecraft);
Shift work schedules with staggered shift schedules, etc. It is proposed to call environments of this type “asynchronous”. The impact of such “chronodeprivation” causes gross violations of daily and other periodicity.
SUBJECTIVITY OF TIME PERCEPTION
The passage of time is perceived subjectively, depending on the intensity of the physical or mental activity of each individual. Time seems to become more capacious when you are busier or when it is necessary to make the right decision in an extreme situation.
In a matter of seconds, a person manages to do the most difficult work. For example, a pilot in an emergency decides to change the tactics of controlling the aircraft. At the same time he
instantly takes into account and compares the dynamics of development of numerous factors influencing flight conditions.
In the process of studying the subjective perception of time, the researchers used the “individual minute” test. At a signal, the person counts down the seconds, and the experimenter watches the stopwatch hand. It turned out that for some the “individual minute” is shorter than the true one, for others it is longer; the discrepancies in one direction or another can be very significant.
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATE GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
Highlands. In high altitude conditions, the circadian rhythms of hemodynamics, respiration, and gas exchange depend on meteorological factors and change in direct proportion to changes in air temperature and wind speed and in inverse proportion to changes in atmospheric pressure and relative air humidity.
High latitudes. The specific properties of the polar climate and environmental features determine the biorhythms of the inhabitants:
During the polar night there are no reliable circadian fluctuations in oxygen consumption. Since the value of the oxygen utilization coefficient reflects the intensity of energy exchange, the decrease in the range of fluctuations in oxygen consumption during the polar night is indirect evidence in favor of the phase mismatch of various energy-dependent processes.
Residents of the Far North and polar explorers during the polar night (winter) experience a decrease in the amplitude of the daily rhythm of body temperature and a shift of acrophase to the evening hours, and in spring and summer to the daytime and morning hours.
Arid zone. When a person adapts to the desert, rhythmic fluctuations in environmental conditions lead to synchronization of the rhythm of the functional state of the body with these fluctuations. In this way, partial optimization of the activity of compensatory mechanisms under extreme environmental conditions is achieved. For example, the acrophase of the rhythm of the weighted average skin temperature occurs at 16:30, which practically coincides with the maximum air temperature, body temperature
reaches its maximum at 21:00, correlating with the maximum heat generation.
METHODS OF STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT IN CHRONOBIOLOGY
Cosine function. The simplest periodic process is a harmonic oscillatory process, described by a cosine function (Fig. 4-4):
Rice. 4-4.The main elements of the harmonic (cosine) oscillatory process: M - level; T - period; ρ A, ρ B, αφ A, αφ B - amplitudes and phases of processes A and B; 2ρ A - scope of process A; αφ H - phase difference between processes A and B
x(t) = M + рХcos2π/ТХ(t-αφ Х),
Where:
M - constant component; ρ - amplitude of oscillations; T - period, h; t - current time, h; aαφ H - phase, h.
When analyzing biorhythms, they are usually limited to the first member of the series - a harmonic with a period of 24 hours. Sometimes a harmonic with a period of 12 hours is also taken into account. As a result of approximation, the time series turns out to be represented by a small number of generalized parameters - level M, amplitude p, phase αφ.
The phase relationships between two harmonic oscillatory processes can be different. If the phases of two processes are the same, they are called in-phase; if the difference between the phases is T/2, they are called anti-phase. We speak about the phase advance or phase lag of one harmonic process A relative to another B when αφ A<αφ B или αφ A >αφ B respectively.
The described parameters, strictly speaking, can only be used in relation to a harmonic oscillatory process. In fact, the daily curve differs from the mathematical model: it may be asymmetrical relative to the average level, and the interval between maximum and minimum, unlike a cosine wave, may not be equal to 12 hours, etc. In view of these reasons, the use of these parameters to describe a real oscillatory periodic or close to periodic process requires a certain amount of caution.
Chronograms.Along with the harmonic approximation of the time series, the traditional method of presenting the results of biorhythmological research in the form of daily chronograms is widely used, i.e. averaged over many individual measurements of daily curves. On the chronogram, along with the average value of the indicator for a certain hour of the day, a confidence interval is indicated in the form of a standard deviation or error of the average.
There are several types of chronograms found in the literature. If the dispersion of individual levels is large, the periodic component may be masked. In such cases, preliminary normalization of daily curves is used, so that it is not the absolute values of the amplitude p that are averaged, but the relative ones (p/M). For some indicators, the chronogram is calculated in shares (percentages) of the total daily volume of consumption or excretion of some substrate (for example, oxygen consumption or potassium excretion in the urine).
The chronogram gives a fairly clear idea of the nature of the daily curves. By analyzing the chronogram, it is possible to approximately determine the oscillation phase, absolute and relative amplitude, as well as their confidence intervals.
Kosinor- statistical model of biorhythms based on approximation of the oscillation curve of a physiological indicator
harmonic function - cosinor analysis. The purpose of cosine analysis is to present individual and mass biorhythmological data in a comparable, unified form that is accessible for statistical assessments. Daily cosinor parameters characterize the severity of the biorhythm, transition processes during its restructuring, and the presence of a statistically significant difference between some groups and others.
Cosinor analysis has obvious advantages over the chronogram method, since it allows the use of correct statistical methods to analyze the structure of biorhythms.
Cosinor analysis is performed in two stages:
At the first stage, individual daily curves are approximated by a harmonic (cosine) function, as a result of which the main parameters of the biorhythm are determined - the average daily level, amplitude and acrophase;
At the second stage, vector averaging of individual data is carried out, the mathematical expectation and confidence intervals of the amplitude and acrophase of daily fluctuations of the studied indicator are determined.
QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CONTROL
1. Give examples of temporary parameters of the body and its systems?
2. What is the essence of synchronizing the work of various body systems?
3. What is biological rhythm? What characteristics does it have?
4. What classifications of biorhythms can you give? What is the fundamental difference between different types of biorhythms?
5. Name the mechanisms of rhythmogenesis.
6. What rhythms of mental activity do you know?
7. What happens when timers are removed or changed?
8. What types of movements do you know?
9. Name the methods of statistical analysis in chronobiology.
10. What is the fundamental difference between cosinor analysis?
Time: 2 hours.
Learning objective: understand the significance of the body’s biorhythms as a background for the development of adaptive reactions.
1. Chronophysiology- the science of the time dependence of physiological processes. An integral part of chronobiology is the study of biological rhythms.
The rhythm of biological processes is an integral property of living matter. Living organisms live for many millions of years under conditions of rhythmic changes in the geophysical parameters of the environment. Biorhythms are an evolutionarily fixed form of adaptation that determines the survival of organisms by adapting them to rhythmically changing environmental conditions. The fixation of these biorhythms ensured the anticipatory nature of changes in functions, i.e. functions begin to change even before corresponding changes occur in the environment. The advanced nature of changes in functions has a deep adaptive meaning and significance, preventing the tension of restructuring the body's functions under the influence of factors already acting on it.
2. Biological rhythm (biorhythm) is called a regular self-sustaining and to a certain extent autonomous alternation in time of various biological processes, phenomena, and states of the body.
Classification of biological rhythms.
According to the classification of chronobiologist F. Halberg, rhythmic processes in the body are divided into three groups. The first includes high frequency rhythms with a period of up to 1/2 hour. Medium frequency rhythms have a period from 1/2 hour to 6 days. The third group consists of rhythms with a period from 6 days to 1 year (weekly, lunar, seasonal, annual rhythms).
ABOUT circadian biorhythms divided into circadian, or circadian (circa - about, dies - day, lat). Example: alternation of sleep and wakefulness, daily changes in body temperature, performance, urination, blood pressure, etc.
Chronotype- this is a specific organization of the work of the whole organism during the day. Experts involved in occupational physiology believe that maximum performance(and, accordingly, activity) exists in two time periods: from 10 to 12 and from 16 to 18 hours, at 14 hours there is a decline in performance, and there is also a decline in the evening. Minimum performance at 2 – 4 am. However, a large group of people (50%) have increased performance in the morning (“larks”) or in the evening and night (“night owls”). It is believed that there are more “larks” among workers and office workers, and “night owls” among representatives of creative professions. However, there is an opinion that “larks” and “owls” are formed as a result of many years, preferably morning or evening vigil.
The body's resistance is highest in the morning. The sensitivity of teeth to painful stimuli is highest in the evening hours (maximum at 18 o'clock).
Rhythms with a period of less than a day- infradian (infra - less, lat., i.e. the cycle is repeated less than once a day). Example: phases of normal sleep, periodic activity of the digestive tract, rhythms of breathing and cardiac activity, etc.
Rhythms with a period of more than a day- ultradian (ultra - over, lat., i.e. frequency more than once a day). Example: the menstrual cycle in women, hibernation in some animals, etc.
According to the classification of Smirnov V.M., all biorhythms are classified by source of origin: physiological, geophysical and geosocial biorhythms.
Physiological rhythms- continuous cyclic activity of all organs, systems, individual cells of the body, ensuring the performance of their functions and occurring regardless of social and geophysical factors.
Physiological biorhythms were formed in the process of evolution as a result of an increase in the functional load on individual cells, organs, and systems.
The importance of physiological rhythms lies in ensuring the optimal functioning of cells, organs and systems of the body. The disappearance of physiological biorhythms means the cessation of life. The ability to change the frequency of physiological rhythms ensures rapid adaptation of the body to various living conditions.
Geosocial biorhythms are formed under the influence of social and geophysical factors.
The significance of geosocial biorhythms lies in the body’s adaptation to the work and rest regime. The occurrence of self-oscillations in living systems with periods close to the cycles of work and rest indicates the high adaptive capabilities of the organism.
Geophysical biorhythms- these are cyclic changes in the activity of cells, organs, systems and the body as a whole, as well as resistance, migration and reproduction, caused by geophysical factors. Geophysical biorhythms are cyclic fluctuations in physiological biorhythms caused by changes in environmental factors.
Geophysical biorhythms were formed under the influence of natural factors; they are largely associated with the seasons and phases of the moon.
The significance of geophysical biorhythms is that they ensure the body’s adaptation to cyclical changes in nature.
Table 1. Characteristics of human biorhythms
|
Types of biorhythms |
Heritability |
Sustainability |
Species specificity |
|
Physiological |
Congenital |
Constant at rest, quickly (seconds-minutes) change with changes in the intensity of the body's work |
Characteristic |
|
Geophysical |
Congenital |
Very stable, can change slowly over several generations when the environment changes. Some (menstrual cycle) do not change at all |
Characteristic of certain biorhythms (for example, the menstrual cycle) |
|
Geosocial |
"Fusion" of innate and acquired rhythms with a predominance of the latter |
Stable, but can change slowly with changes in work and rest schedules, place of residence |
Not typical |
Table 2. Classification of human biorhythms
|
Name of biorhythms |
Biorhythm frequency |
|
Basic physiological rhythms |
|
|
Electroencephalogram cycles: alpha rhythm | |
|
Cycles of cardiac activity |
60 – 80 /min |
|
Breathing cycles | |
|
Digestive system cycles: basal electrical rhythms peristaltic waves of the stomach hungry periodic stomach contractions | |
|
Geosocial biorhythms |
|
|
Circadian (circadian): |
|
|
ultradian (level of performance, hormonal changes, etc.) |
0.5 – 0.7 /day |
|
circadian (level of performance, intensity of metabolism and activity of internal organs, etc.) |
0.8 – 1.2 /day |
|
infradian (for example, the release of certain hormones in the urine) |
1 / (28 hours – 4 days) |
|
Periweekly (circaseptal), for example, level of performance |
1 / (7±3 days) |
|
Geophysical biorhythms |
|
|
Perimenstrual (circatrigyntaneous), e.g. menstrual cycle) |
1 / (30±5 days) |
|
Circannual (circannual): |
|
|
ultraannular (airway resistance in women) |
1/ (several months) |
|
circannular (airway resistance in men, B-lymphocyte content in humans, metabolism) |
1/(about a year) |
Changes in human performance occur in accordance with three cycles:
1.physical rhythm (duration - 23 days); 2. emotional rhythm (duration - 28 days).
In its positive period, people tend to be in a good mood and are very sociable. 3. intellectual rhythm (duration - 33 days).
These rhythms are “started” at the moment of birth and then persist with amazing constancy throughout life. The first half of the period of each rhythm is characterized by an increase, the second - by a decrease in physical, emotional and intellectual activity. The day of transition from the positive half of the cycle to the negative or vice versa is called critical, or zero. It is on this day that accidents happen to people more often.
3 . Biorhythm parameters :
Period(T) - the duration of one cycle, that is, the length of the time interval before the first repetition. Expressed in units of time.
Frequency- the number of cycles completed per unit of time is the frequency of the process.
Mezor(M) - level of the average value of the indicators of the process being studied (average value of the useful signal). Allows you to judge the average daily value of the indicator, as it allows you to ignore random deviations.
Amplitude(A) - the greatest deviation of the signal from the mesor (in both directions from the average). Characterizes the power of the rhythm.
Rhythm phase(Φ, φ,∅) - any part of the cycle, an instantaneous state, the moment of the cycle when a specific signal value is recorded. In this case, the cycle duration is usually taken as 360 ° C, or 2π radians.
Acrophase- the point of time in the period that corresponds to the maximum of the sinusoid, - when the maximum value of the parameter under study is noted. It is of great importance for pharmacological correction.
Bathyphase- point in time in the period when the minimum value of the studied parameter is noted.
There are a large number of different factors that ensure the formation of biological rhythms.
The main ones are the following:
photoperiod (change of light and darkness), affecting motor activity;
cyclic fluctuations of the geomagnetic field;
cyclical diets;
cyclical changes in environmental temperature (day-night, winter-summer) due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, as well as around the Sun;
cyclical phases of the moon;
cyclical changes (albeit minor) in the Earth's gravitational force.
Social factors play a particularly important role in the formation of human biorhythms; These are mainly cyclical regimes of work, rest, and social activities. However, the main (primary) factor in the formation of human biorhythms is geophysical factor (photoperiodism)- alternation of light and dark times of the day, which predetermines the motor and creative activity of a person as part of the day-night cycle.
Gravity plays an important role in the formation of biorhythms and life itself. Life developed on Earth under the influence of gravity. The most convincing example of the reaction of plant organisms to gravity is the geotropism of plants - the growth of roots downward and stems upward under the influence of gravity. This is why plant life is disrupted in space: roots grow in different directions rather than into the ground.
B iological clock - these are structures and mechanisms of biological rhythms, formed and consolidated under the influence of geophysical and social factors.
Hypotheses about clock localization:
The biological clock is localized in the pineal gland. P The production of melatonin closely correlates with changes in lighting (day-night) and sex hormones. In the dark, the production of melatonin in the pineal gland increases, and in the light - serotonin.
The biological clock is localized in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus.
The role of a clock is performed by cell membranes (membrane theory).
The role of the clock is performed by the cerebral cortex. In animals with the cerebral cortex removed, the sleep-wake cycle is disrupted.
Widespread chronon hypothesis. According to the chronon hypothesis, the cellular clock is the protein synthesis cycle, which lasts about 24 hours.
There is a “large” biological clock that counts the duration of life. They state the total changes in the homeostasis of the body from the moment of its birth to death. The “large” biological clock “runs” unevenly. Many factors influence them, speeding them up (risk factors) or slowing them down, shortening or lengthening their lives.
The rhythm-setting stimulus can also be external. The “lunar month” turned out to be evolutionarily fixed in the rhythm of physiological processes (menstrual cycle), since the Moon influences a number of terrestrial phenomena, which in turn affect living organisms, and they adaptively change their functions. Physical synchronizers also include fluctuations in air temperature and humidity, barometric pressure, and the strength of the Earth's electric and magnetic fields, which also change in connection with solar activity, which also has periodicity. A. L. Chizhevsky rightly associated the “echo of solar storms” - a number of human diseases - with solar activity.
Under natural conditions, the rhythm of a person's physiological activity is synchronized with his social activity, usually high during the day and low at night. When a person moves across time zones (especially quickly on an airplane through several time zones), it is observed desynchronization of functions. This manifests itself in fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbance, mental and physical depression; Digestive disorders and changes in blood pressure are sometimes observed. These sensations and functional disorders arise as a result of desynchronization of the circadian fixed rhythms of physiological processes with the changed time of daylight hours (astronomical) and social activity in a person’s new place of residence.
A common type of desynchronization of biological and social rhythms of activity is work in the evening and night shifts in enterprises with round-the-clock operation. When moving from one shift to another, desynchronization of biorhythms occurs, and they are not fully restored by the next working week, since on average it takes about 2 weeks to adjust a person’s biorhythms. Workers with intense work (for example, air traffic controllers, airline pilots, night transport drivers) and variable work shifts often experience temporary disadaptation - desynchronosis. These people often have various types of stress-related pathologies - peptic ulcers, hypertension, neuroses. This is the price for disrupting circadian biorhythms.
Desynchronosis is a disorder of circadian biorhythms.
1. mismatch (several days);
2. gradual formation of new biorhythms (7 – 10 days);
3. full recovery (h/w 14 days.)
Questions for self-study
The concept of chronophysiology.
Human biorhythms, their classification.
Characteristics of the main parameters of biorhythms.
Factors that determine biorhythms.
Control of internal oscillatory processes in the body
The concept of desynchronosis.
Homework
Make a table of the rhythmic processes of the body according to the following scheme:
Draw a biorhythm curve and indicate its phases.
Draw a graph of the daily rhythm of human performance.
Independent work in class
Table 7.2
|
Action program |
Guidelines for action |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1. Make graphs of physical, emotional and intellectual biorhythms |
Build graphs of physical, emotional and intellectual biorhythms. To do this, fill out the table “Indicators of the physical, emotional and intellectual cycles.” Analyze the resulting graphs of physical, emotional and intellectual biorhythms using tables 34, 35, 36. Draw a conclusion. |
Table “Indicators of physical, emotional and intellectual cycles”
A - according to the table. 30 find the remainder when dividing the number of years lived by the period of the corresponding cycle. The number of years lived is determined as follows: the year of birth is subtracted from the current year and another one is subtracted. B – using table 31, determine the number of leap years. We are talking about whole years, where the year of birth and the current year are not taken into account. B – using table 32, determine the remainder of dividing the number of whole months lived in the year of birth; if it is a leap year and February is lived in its entirety, then add 1. D – using table 33, find the remainder of dividing the number of whole months lived in the current year. D – add 1 if the current year is a leap year and the month of February has passed. E – write down the number of days lived in a given month. Then divide the sum of each cycle by the length of the period of the same cycle. So, divide the amount received in the physical cycle by 23, in the emotional cycle - by 28, in the intellectual cycle - by 33. Then add one to the resulting balance and get the day of the cycle. Build a graph based on your results. today's date |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
2. Definition chronotype person |
Determine your chronotype using the proposed test. For each test question, choose one answer option. |
1. Is it difficult for you to get up early in the morning: a) yes, almost always; b) sometimes; c) extremely rare? 2. If you had the opportunity to choose what time you would go to bed: a) after 1 am; b) from 23:30 to 1:00; c) from 22 hours to 23 hours 30 minutes; d) until 22 o'clock? 3 . What kind of breakfast do you prefer during the first hour after waking up: a) hearty; 6) less dense; c) you can limit yourself to a boiled egg or a sandwich; d) is a cup of tea or coffee enough? 4. If you remember your last disagreements at work and at home, then mainly at what time they occurred: a) in the first half of the day; 6) in the afternoon? 5. What could you give up more easily: a) morning tea or coffee; b) from evening tea? 6. How easily are your eating habits disrupted during vacations or vacations: a) very easily; b) quite easy; c) difficult; d) remain unchanged? 7 . If you have important things to do early in the morning, how much earlier do you go to bed compared to your usual routine: a) more than 2 hours; 6) for 1-2 hours; c) less than 1 hour; d) as usual? 8. How accurately can you estimate a period of time equal to a minute: a) less than a minute; b) more than a minute? |
Table 1
|
Answer options | ||||||||
table 2
Test control
The main factor in the formation of biorhythms
1) social;
2) geophysical (photoperiodism);
3) physiological.
Biorhythms are basic
1) physiological;
2) geosocial;
3) geophysical
Physiological biorhythms
1) a fusion of congenital and acquired biorhythms;
2) genetically programmed, have species specificity;
3) cyclical changes in the activity of cells, organs and systems due to geophysical factors.
Geophysical factors include
1) regime of work, rest, social activities;
2) gravity, magnetic field of the earth, photoperiodism.
Geosocial biorhythms
1) genetically programmed;
2) have species specificity;
3) can change during ontogenesis.
According to the chronohypothesis, the cellular clock is
1) pineal gland and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus;
2) cerebral cortex;
3) protein synthesis cycle.
The pineal gland produces melatonin in large quantities.
3) in the evening.
Choose the correct sequence of stages of desynchronosis
1) restructuring, stabilization, mismatch;
2) stabilization, mismatch, restructuring;
3) mismatch, restructuring; stabilization.
A new circadian biorhythm is developed in humans
1) after 24 hours;
2) after 6 months;
3) after 3 – 4 weeks.
The body's resistance is highest...
1) in the morning;
2) in the evening hours;
Answers
1 -2; 2 – 1; 3 – 2; 4 – 2; 5 – 3; 6 – 3; 7 – 2; 8 – 3; 9 – 3; 10 – 1.
Tasks
The pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin, which inhibits the action of gonadotropic hormones. Light inhibits melatonin synthesis. Is it possible on this basis to assert that the pineal gland takes part in the regulation of the annual rhythms of mammalian fertility?
During the summer holidays, students flew from Vladivostok to Moscow. With a sharp change in time zones, the body's functioning was disrupted: appetite worsened, performance decreased, drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night was observed, blood pressure dropped slightly (≈ 115/60 mmHg). What is this condition called? What advice would you give to students?
Why do you think some people easily get up in the morning and fall asleep in the evening, while others have difficulty?
Why do you think India and China include the lunar cycle in the civil calendar?
Answers
The more light (long day), the higher the activity of gonadotropic hormones, and, consequently, sex hormones that regulate sexual behavior. Therefore, breeding periods occur in spring and summer.
This condition is called desynchronosis. It occurs when normal rhythms fail, which has a detrimental effect on a person’s well-being. To quickly adapt to changing conditions, you need to stick to your usual daily routine.
The reason is that the biological clock that determines the sleep-wake cycle varies from person to person. Research shows that early risers have shorter body clock cycles than night owls. This means that early risers sleep just when their sleep cycle is at its peak, so they wake up alert and refreshed. Night owls are usually forced to wake up at the peak of their sleep cycle, at which time their melatonin levels are elevated, and they feel drowsy and tired.
One of the most important biorhythms is menstruation. The monthly biorhythm refers to the lunar cycle, the duration of which is 29.5 days. The lunar cycle has a huge impact on all processes occurring on our planet: sea ebbs and flows, breeding periods in animals, the intensity of oxygen absorption by plants, etc. The change in the phases of the Moon is felt especially clearly by people experiencing health problems. For example, on new moon days, when the gravitational effect of the Moon on the Earth’s shell is especially strong, the number of relapses of diseases of the cardiovascular system increases, brain activity decreases, and the number of mental disorders increases.
Questions for self-control
What is the chronon hypothesis?
What is acrophase, bathyphase, mesor, period, frequency, amplitude of biorhythm?
How do geosocial biorhythms differ from geophysical ones?
What is the difference between physiological and geosocial biorhythms?
What is a biological clock and where is it located?
At what time of day is the body's resistance highest?
Literature
Main:
Normal physiology. Textbook. / Ed. V.M. Smirnova. – M.: Academy, 2010
Normal physiology. Textbook. / Ed. A.V., Zavyalova. V.M. Smirnova.- M.: “Medpress-inform”, 2009
Guide to practical training in normal physiology / Ed. CM. Budylina, V.M. Smirnova. M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2005
Additional:
Normal physiology. Textbook. / Edited by V.N. Yakovleva. M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2006
Normal physiology. Textbook. / Ed. R.S. Orlova, A.D. N Orlova. M. Publishing group "GEOTAR-Media", 2005
Situational tasks in normal physiology; edited by L.D. Markina. - Vladivostok: Medicine Far East, 2005
Human physiology. Textbook./ Ed. V.M. Pokrovsky, G.F. Briefly.- M.: Medicine, 2003
Guide to practical classes in physiology / Ed. K.V. Sudakova M.: Medicine, 2002
Human physiology. Textbook./ Ed. ON THE. Agadzhanyan, V.I. Tsirkina.-SP.: SOTIS, 2002
Human physiology. Textbook./ Ed. V.M. Smirnova. M.: Medicine, 2002